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Antigenic variation of Ehrlichia chaffeensis resulting from differential expression of the 28-kDa

Antigenic variation of Ehrlichia chaffeensis resulting from differential expression of the 28-kDa
Antigenic variation of Ehrlichia chaffeensis resulting from differential expression of the 28-kDa

10.1128/IAI.70.4.1824-1831.2002.

2002, 70(4):1824. DOI:Infect. Immun. David H. Walker and Xue-Jie Yu

S. Wesley Long, Xiao-Feng Zhang, Hai Qi, Steven Standaert,

the 28-Kilodalton Protein Gene Family

Resulting from Differential Expression of Antigenic Variation of Ehrlichia chaffeensis https://www.doczj.com/doc/c6458307.html,/content/70/4/1824Updated information and services can be found at: These include:

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I NFECTION AND I MMUNITY,Apr.2002,p.1824–1831Vol.70,No.4 0019-9567/02/$04.00?0DOI:10.1128/IAI.70.4.1824–1831.2002

Copyright?2002,American Society for Microbiology.All Rights Reserved.

Antigenic Variation of Ehrlichia chaffeensis Resulting from Differential Expression of the28-Kilodalton Protein Gene Family

S.Wesley Long,1Xiao-Feng Zhang,1Hai Qi,1Steven Standaert,2David H.Walker,1and Xue-Jie Yu1* Department of Pathology and WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases,

University of Texas Medical Branch,Galveston,Texas77555-0609,1and

Suite02,3525Ensign Road NE,Olympia,Washington985062

Received4October2001/Returned for modi?cation8November2001/Accepted8January2002

The transcriptional activity and allele variation of the28-kDa outer membrane protein gene(p28)of

Ehrlichia chaffeensis were analyzed to determine the mechanism of the antigenic variation of the28-kDa outer

membrane proteins.Reverse transcriptase PCR ampli?cation of mRNA indicated that16of the22members

of the p28multigene family were transcribed.Amino acid sequence analysis indicated that the p28-19protein

was produced in vitro in the Arkansas strain.The p28-19gene and its promoter region were sequenced and

compared in12clinical isolates of E.chaffeensis to determine allele variation.The variation of the p28-19gene

among the isolates is limited to three types represented by strains Arkansas,91HE17,and Sapulpa,respec-

tively.These results indicate that the majority of the p28genes are active genes and that antigenic variation

of the E.chaffeensis28-kDa proteins may result from differential expression of the p28gene family members

rather than gene conversion.

Ehrlichiae are small,obligately intracellular,gram-negative bacteria that reside in the endosomes of host cells.Tick-borne ehrlichiae are maintained in nature by causing prolonged or persistent infection in their natural animal hosts(1,2,5,6,11, 19).Prolonged ehrlichial infection in human beings has been reported for Ehrlichia chaffeensis(7,17)and Anaplasma phago-cytophila9;H.W.Horowitz,J.Raffalli,R.B.Nadelman,J.Wu, and G.P.Wormser,Letter,Lancet351:650,1998).E.canis also causes chronic human infection(15).Persistent infection by E.chaffeensis and E.canis may be caused by immune eva-sion through antigenic variation of the28-kDa outer mem-brane proteins.There are at least22copies(alleles)of the 28-kDa-protein gene(p28)in the chromosome of E.chaffeen-sis,the pathogen of human monocytotropic ehrlichiosis(13). The alleles have20to80%homology and are organized in a single locus in the genome(22).The p28alleles are predicted to encode proteins ranging from25to32kDa(22).Although all of the p28alleles are complete genes,it is not clear whether they are active genes or pseudogenes.Characterization of the transcriptional activities of the p28alleles will reveal the mech-anism of the28-kDa protein’s antigenic variation.

The objectives of this study were to investigate the transcrip-tional activity of each of the p28alleles in a single isolate of E. chaffeensis,to investigate the variation of the p28-19allele in different E.chaffeensis isolates,and to illustrate the model of antigenic variation of the28-kDa proteins.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Ehrlichia isolates.All of the E.chaffeensis isolates studied were from mono-cytotropic ehrlichiosis patients and have been reported previously(3,4,8,10,14, 18).The isolates were cultivated in DH82cells with5%bovine calf serum-supplemented minimal essential medium at37°C.Ehrlichiae were harvested when100%of the cells were infected(approximately5days postinfection).The cells were centrifuged for20min at12,100?g to pellet the ehrlichiae.The pellet was suspended in SPK buffer(0.2M sucrose and0.05M potassium phosphate buffer,pH7.4)(20)and sonicated twice for10s each time on ice at40W with an Ultrasonic Processor(Sonic&Materials Inc.,Newtown,Conn.).The suspen-sion was centrifuged at200?g for10min to remove cell debris.The supernatant was centrifuged through a30%Percoll column at63,000?g for30min. One-third of the solution from the bottom of a centrifuge tube was collected by aspiration with a pipette.One volume of SPK was added to the collected solu-tion,and the mixture was centrifuged at12,100?g for20min to collect the ehrlichiae.

Selection of an E.chaffeensis clone by limiting dilution.E.chaffeensis strain Arkansas-infected DH82cells from a150-cm2?ask were sonicated at40W for 10s.The lysate was centrifuged at200?g for5min,and the supernatant was ?ltered through a0.45-?m-pore-size syringe-driven?lter to obtain a single-cell suspension of E.chaffeensis.The?ltered lysate was diluted in cell culture medium in10-fold increments from10?1to10?6,and each dilution was added to four wells of a24-well plate with0.1ml in each well.The cells were incubated at37°C with5%CO2,and the medium was changed every3days.On days7,14,21,and 28postinoculation,cells were examined by PCR and Diff-Quik staining for E. chaffeensis infection.For PCR,500?l of supernatant of the cell culture from each well was centrifuged at15,800?g for10min in a microcentrifuge.The pellet was resuspended in50?l of distilled water.Ten microliters of the suspen-sion was used to amplify the p28-19gene with primers1819f(GTG GCA AAA GAA TGT AGC AAT AAG)and1336r(GCT GTT GTG TAA CTG TAG ACT GGT).PCR ampli?cation was performed for30cycles of94°C for1min,50°C for1min,and72°C for1min with a?nal extension of7min.For Diff-Quik staining,200?l of supernatant from each well was centrifuged onto a slide with a Cytospin centrifuge.The slides were stained and examined for E.chaffeensis morulae.

DNA and RNA preparation.Genomic DNA was prepared from Percoll gra-dient-puri?ed ehrlichiae by using an IsoQuick nucleic acid extraction kit(ORCA Research,Inc.,Bothell,Wash.)in accordance with the instructions of the man-ufacturer.A QIAquick PCR puri?cation kit(Qiagen,Inc.,Santa Clarita,Calif.) was used to purify PCR products for DNA sequencing.A High Pure Plasmid Isolation Kit(Roche,Indianapolis,Ind.)was used to purify plasmid DNA.Total RNA was extracted from E.chaffeensis-infected DH82cells by using an Rneasy Mini kit(Qiagen,Valencia,Calif.).

Analysis of E.chaffeensis strain Arkansas p28transcription by RT-PCR.The transcription of various p28genes was assessed in the cultured Arkansas isolate of E.chaffeensis by reverse transcriptase(RT)PCR.Primers were designed to amplify12of the p28genes(p28-1?,p28-1,p28-2,p28-3,p28-4,p28-5,p28-6, p28-7,p28-8,p28-9,p28-16,and p28-19)and15of the intergenic regions(sp1?, sp1,sp2,sp3,sp4,sp5,sp6,sp7,sp8,sp9,sp10,sp11,sp12,sp13,and sp18)(Table 1).The intergenic regions were spanned by primers designed from the sequences

*Corresponding author.Mailing address:301University Blvd.,

Galveston,TX77555-0609.Phone:(409)747-1786.Fax:(409)747-

2415.E-mail:xuyu@https://www.doczj.com/doc/c6458307.html,.

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TABLE 1.Primers for ampli ?cation of 28-kDa protein-encoding genes and their intergenic sequences

Gene

Primer Sequence

p28-1?p1?f ATC GGA TAT TCA GGA GGA GGT CT p1?r CAA GGG GGT ACT GAA CTG ATA GG p28-1p1f CAA AGG AAA TAA GCG GTG GTA A p1r GGC TTG CTG TTT GGT GGT GTT p28-2p2f ACC TGA AGC GTT GGA AGA GC p2r GGG AAC CCG GAA GAT GAG TAA p28-3p3f ATT AGG GAT AGG TTT GTC TGT p3r CTT TGA AGT AAT GGG ATA GC

p28-4p4f CAA ATC AAA CGC TTA TAA CCT ACA G p4r GCC CTA CAA GAT CTT CAC CAA T p28-5p5f AAC CCT CTG ACA GTA ATC CTA AAA A p5r TCC CAA CTT CAC CAC CAA AAT p28-6p6f ACA GGG CAG TAT AGA CCA GGA GTA p6r TTC ACC ACC AAA ATA AGC AAC AT

p28-7p7f ATT CAA CAT TCC TTA TAA CAC AAA A

p7r AGA ATA ATG GAT AAC TGA TAC CTA CCT T p28-8p8f TTC TAG CCC TAC CTC AAA CAA C p8r TGC GTA TAC AGG TCC AAA ATC p28-9p9f CAC ATC TGA GGC CTC TTC TAC A p9r ATT CCT GCG CAT ACA TAC G p28-16p16f CGC TTC GCA TTT TGG AGT TTT p16r GTG CCG AGA AGA TGG GAC AGA p28-19

p19f GAA GCG CAA TAT CCA ACT CCT C p19r TGA CCA ATA AAC ACA GAA G

Intergenic region 1–2sp1f TAT CCA TCA CCA ACA CCA CCA AAC AG sp1r GCA AAG ATA ATG AAG GCA CAA

Intergenic region 2–3sp2f TAT GTC TTG GGG TTG GTG GTA A

sp2r TGT ATG CTC CTT CAA ATT CTA TCC TAA Intergenic region 3–4sp3f ATA TGT ATA GGC GTT GGT GGA GAT TTT sp3r CTG TAG GTT ATA AGC GTT TGA TTT GAG TA Intergenic region 4–5sp4f CTC AAA TCA AAC GCT TAT AAC CTA CAG T sp4r TAC AAC ATC AAA ATC CCC ATA AGA GC Intergenic region 5–6sp5f ACG TAT GTA TAG GAG TTG GAG GAG sp5r AAG TGT TAG GAT CGA TAG AAG ACG Intergenic region 6–7sp6f TAT GTG CAG GTA TTG GTG AAG ATT sp6r AAC GTG GTA TAG AAG CCG CAT TTA Intergenic region 7–8sp7f AAG GGT TGA GGT AGA ATG GTC sp7r CCT AAC TTG CCT TGG TAT GCT A Intergenic region 8–9sp8f TTC TAG CCC TAC CTC AAA CAA C

sp8r TGC GTA TAC AGG TCC AAA ATC Intergenic region 9–10sp9f TCA AGG CAA GGT AGG TAT TAG TTA TTC T sp9r CCT CCA GGG TTT TTA GCA TCA A Intergenic region 10–11sp10f ATA GGG GTG GAT GCA ATA GAA T sp10r TAG CGT AGA AGA ATC CAA GTG C Intergenic region 11–12sp11f TGC CCT AAA CAC AAA GAA ACA T

sp11r GTC CAC TAA CAT ATA ACC CAA ACT G Intergenic region 12–13sp12f TTA ATG ACG CAC CCA AAG TT sp12r TTC GCC ACC AAA GTA TGC Intergenic region 13–14sp13f ATG GCT GCT ATG ATT TTT CTT C sp13r CTG TAT CTT CCG CTT TAG GTT C Intergenic region 1?sp1?f TTA ATG CAG ACA ACT ATG GTG GTG sp1?r GAA GTT TTG ATA GGT GTT GTC TTG V7,V9isolate p28-19V2f GCA GTG CAA TAC CTC ACA CTC A V2r ATG TCC GCC GAC AAA GAC AGA AG V5,Jax isolate p28-19V5f GCA GTG CAA TAT CTC ACA CCA C p19r TGA CCA ATA AAC ACA GAA G V1,V6isolate p28-19

p19f GAA GCG CAA TAT CCA ACT CCT C

p19r

TGA

CCA

ATA

AAC

ACA

GAA

G

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in neighboring p28genes such that ampli?cation would occur only if the two genes were transcribed as a single mRNA.Primers for the ampli?cation of p28-10,p28-11,p28-12,p28-13,p28-14,p28-15,p28-17,p28-18,p28-20,and p28-21were reported previously(22).Primer function was assessed by PCR ampli?cation by25cycles of94°for30s,50°for1min,and72°for30s with a ?nal extension of5min.Two reactions were then set up for each primer pair,one RT-PCR and one PCR using the RNA template as a negative control.The RT-PCRs were carried out with the Roche Titan One-Step RT-PCR system (Roche Biochemicals,Indianapolis,Ind.).The control PCRs were carried out with the Roche PCR Master Kit(Roche Biochemicals).The reaction mixtures were incubated at50°for30min.Ampli?cation was then carried out for10cycles of94°for30s,50°for1min,and72°for30s,followed immediately by25cycles of94°for30s,50°for1min,and72°for30s extended by an extra5s for each cycle,followed by a5-min?nal extension.

Analysis of p28-19transcription in E.chaffeensis isolates by RT-PCR.Primers were designed to amplify the p28-19gene from several different isolates of E. chaffeensis(Table1).Isolates V7and V9were ampli?ed with primers V2f and V2r.Isolates V5and Jax were ampli?ed with primers V5f and p19r.Isolates V1 and V6were ampli?ed with p19f and p19r(22).Control RT-PCRs and PCRs were set up as detailed above and ampli?ed by the same protocols.

N-terminal sequencing of p28of E.chaffeensis.The proteins of puri?ed E. chaffeensis strain Arkansas were separated on a12%polyacrylamide gel(15by20 cm).The proteins were transferred onto a polyvinylidene di?uoride membrane and stained with Coomassie brilliant blue R.Each of the?ve protein bands from 25to32kDa was excised from the membrane.The N-terminal sequences of the proteins were determined with the Applied Biosystems494/HT PROCISE Se-quencing System in the Protein Chemistry Laboratory at the University of Texas Medical Branch.

Sequencing of the p28-19allele in E.chaffeensis isolates.Two primers were designed from the DNA sequences(GenBank accession no.AF062761)of E. chaffeensis strain Arkansas to amplify the p28-19alleles in the clinical isolates of E.chaffeensis.Forward primer1819f is derived from the intergenic sequence70 bp downstream of the stop codon of p28-18.Reverse primer1336r is comple-mentary to the intergenic sequence293bp downstream of the stop codon of p28-19.The primer pair is predicted to amplify a1.4-kb DNA fragment including the p28-19gene and DNA sequences?anking the gene on both the5?and3?ends.The primers are speci?c to p28-19and do not anneal to the DNA se-quences of other p28multigenes.PCR ampli?cation was performed as described above.

PCR products were cloned into vector pCR4TOPO and sequenced by using the primers complementary to the vector DNA sequence,except for V5,which was sequenced directly by using PCR primers.Sequencing was performed with an ABI Prism377DNA sequencer(Perkin-Elmer Applied Biosystems)in the Protein Chemistry Laboratory at the University of Texas Medical Branch. Cloning of the intergenic sequences of p28genes into pKK232-8to evaluate promoter function.The pKK232-8vector(Amersham Pharmacia Biotech,Pis-cataway,N.J.)contains the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase(cat)gene without a promoter.If a promoter sequence is cloned into the pKK232-8vector,the promoter will drive the transcription of the cat gene.Thus,Escherichia coli transformed with a plasmid containing a promoter preceding the cat gene would have a chloramphenicol resistance phenotype.The entire intergenic sequences upstream of the p28-14and p28-19genes were ampli?ed by PCR using primer pairs p14sf(ATT GCT CAA CCA TAA AAT AAT GGG A)and p14sr(GTT AAT AAA CCT TTT ATA AAA G)and1819f and1819r(ATA ACC TAA TAG TGA CAA ATA AAT),respectively.The PCR products were?rst cloned into vector pBlue-TOPO(Invitrogen,Carlsbad,Calif.)to obtain the Bam HI and Hin dIII restriction sites for subsequent cloning of the insert into the pKK232-8 vector.The recombinant plasmid was digested with Bam HI and Hin dIII to release the insert.After gel electrophoresis,the insert was excised from the agarose gel and puri?ed by using a Gel Extraction kit(Qiagen,Inc.).The DNA fragment was cloned into Bam HI/Hin dIII-digested,alkaline phosphatase-treated vector pKK232-8.The plasmid containing the intergenic sequence upstream of the p28-14gene was designated pKK1314,and the plasmid containing the inter-genic sequence upstream of the p28-19gene was designated pKK1819.To char-acterize the precise location of the p28-19gene promoter,further deletion of part of the insert in the pKK1819plasmid was done by restriction enzyme digestion or PCR.Plasmid pKK1819was digested with Spe I and ligated again with T4ligase to delete36bp on the5?end of the insert,and the derived recombinant plasmid was designated pKK1819S.The intergenic sequence was also ampli?ed by using primer1819f2(GAC TTG CTT TTA TAT GAC ACT TC)and primer1819r,which ampli?ed a product of60bp.The PCR product was cloned into vector pCR pBlue-TOPO(Invitrogen).The insert was digested with Bam HI and Hin dIII and cloned directionally into pKK232-8.The resulting plas-mid was designated pKK70.

cat expression in E.coli was measured by determining the growth curve of E. coli.A single colony of E.coli was inoculated into2ml of ampicillin-containing Luria-Bertani(LB)broth and shaken at37°C overnight.One milliliter of the E. coli culture was mixed with20ml of LB medium containing ampicillin(?nal concentration of100?g/ml),and then the culture medium was divided equally into two parts.Chloramphenicol was added to one part to a?nal concentration of34?g/ml.The bacterial suspensions were distributed into a96-well plate with 100?l in each well.Each sample was prepared in triplicate.The plates were shaken at250rpm at37°C.The optical density of the E.coli samples at a wavelength of600?was read every0.5h for3h.

Nucleotide sequence accession numbers.The nucleotide sequences obtained in this study have been assigned GenBank accession numbers AF077732, AF077733,AF077734,AF393388,AF393389,AF393390,AF393391,AF393392, AF393393,AF393394,and AF393395.

RESULTS

Limiting-dilution selection of a clone of E.chaffeensis.At day 14postinoculation,E.chaffeensis morulae were observed by Diff-Quik staining and E.chaffeensis DNA was detected by PCR ampli?cation in all of the wells of cells inoculated with the10?1and10?2dilutions of E.chaffeensis,in two of the four wells of cells inoculated with the10?3dilution,and in one of the four wells inoculated with the10?4dilution.No cells in-oculated with the10?5and10?6dilutions were positive for ehrlichial morulae or PCR ampli?cation of ehrlichial DNA in a4-week course of assays for E.chaffeensis.Clone31from the 10?3dilution and clone41from the10?4dilution of E. chaffeensis were cultivated in cell culture for transcriptional analysis of the p28multigene family.

Transcription of E.chaffeensis strain Arkansas p28genes. Our examination of the RNA of E.chaffeensis clone41by RT-PCR revealed the transcription of16of22p28genes(Fig.

1).The p28-2,p28-6,p28-13,p28-14,p28-17,and p28-21genes could not be detected by RT-PCR ampli?cation.This experi-ment was repeated,and PCRs performed simultaneously on E. chaffeensis isolate DNA indicated that the ampli?cation con-ditions were appropriate for ampli?cation of the genes studied. All of the intergenic or spacer regions examined could not be detected by RT-PCR(Fig.1).Ampli?cation of template RNA with Taq polymerase was negative for all primer pairs(data not shown).Subsequently,we examined the transcription of p28 genes in clone31and in the uncloned mixed population of E. chaffeensis by RT-PCR.The transcription patterns of clone31 and the mixed population of E.chaffeensis were identical to the pattern of clone41(data not shown).

Amino acid sequencing.To determine which of the p28 proteins were produced by E.chaffeensis,all?ve proteins rang-ing from25to32kDa were subjected to N-terminal amino acid sequencing.The N-terminal amino acids of two proteins were successfully sequenced.The sequence was DRVNIGTVG XLGKQGRRLV for band1,which was identical to histone H3 and might have been derived from the host cells.The N-terminal sequence of the protein from band3was DPAGSG INGNFYISGKYMP.This sequence is identical to that of the protein encoded by p28-19after removal of the signal peptide. The results indicate that this protein is the product of the p28-19gene.

The promoter of the p28genes.The promoter function of the intergenic sequences upstream of the p28-14and p28-19 genes was characterized.These genes were chosen because

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they were representatives of a nontranscribed gene (p28-14)and a transcribed gene (p28-19).Chloramphenicol minimally inhibited the growth of E.coli transformed by the plasmid containing the intergenic sequence upstream of the p28-14gene (Fig.2).Chloramphenicol had no effect on the growth of E.coli transformed by plasmid pKK1819containing the inter-genic sequence upstream of the p28-19gene (Fig.3).The precise location of the promoter of the p28-19gene was further characterized by nested deletion of the insert in plasmid pKK1819.pKK1819S was derived from pKK1819by Spe I di-gestion to delete 36bp from the 5?end of the intergenic sequence.pKK70contains 60bp from the 3?end of the inter-genic sequence.The DNA fragments in pKK1819,pKK1819S,and pKK70start from the same point at the 3?end but end at different points at the 5?end.Chloramphenicol had no effect on the growth of E.coli containing plasmid pKK1819and

only

FIG.1.Transcriptional analysis of the p28genes and their intergenic sequences (sp)by RT-PCR.PCR ampli ?cation of the DNA template with Taq polymerase is shown as a positive control.On the left of each panel is a DNA standard(s)in base pairs.M,1-kb DNA ladder markers.

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slightly inhibited the growth of E.coli containing pKK1819S.The growth of E.coli containing pKK70was completely inhib-ited by chloramphenicol (Fig.3).The experiments were re-peated three times,and the results were similar.These results indicate that the intergenic sequences upstream of the p28-14and p28-19genes both have promoter functions.The promoter of the p28-19gene is within the 237-bp DNA sequence up-stream of the ATG initiation codon of p28-19.Either part or all of the promoter sequences are located 70bp upstream of the ATG codon since the 70-bp DNA sequence has no pro-moter function.

Allele variations of the p28-19gene of 12E.chaffeensis iso-lates.DNA sequencing indicated that both the promoter re-gion and the coding sequences of p28-19varied among the clinical isolates of E.chaffeensis studied (Fig.4A and B).The coding sequences had more variations than the promoter,and the variations were present throughout the coding sequences.The mutations included base pair changes,insertions,and de-letions.Although varied,both the promoters and the coding regions were readily classi ?ed into three genetic groups.Group I included isolates Sapulpa,V2,V7,and V9;group II included isolates 91HE17,V4,V5,V8,and Jax;and group III included isolates Arkansas,V1,and V6(Fig.5).The variation within each group was less than 0.5%,and the variation among the groups was 10.6to 14.5%.The genetic groups did not correlate with the geographic distribution of the organisms.The organ-isms from one geographic area were not necessarily similar to each other,such as isolates V1to V9,which were from central Tennessee and adjacent southern Kentucky.In some cases,isolates from different geographic areas were found to belong to the same genetic group.For example,organisms in the 91HE17genetic group were from Tennessee (V4,V5,and V8),Florida (Jax),and Arkansas (91HE17).In fact,all three groups

contained organisms from different geographic areas.The vari-ations in the promoter regions of these isolates were also of three types,which corresponded very well to each genetic group.The organisms in the same group had the same pro-moter sequences,and no organisms in different groups had the same promoter https://www.doczj.com/doc/c6458307.html,pared with all 22members of the p28multigene family of strain Arkansas,the analyzed DNA sequences from all of the isolates studied had the highest level of homology to p28-19and less homology to other alleles of p28.

p28-19transcription in selected isolates of E.chaffeensis .RNA was puri ?ed from E.chaffeensis isolates V1,V5,V6,V7,V9,and Jax,and RT-PCR was performed to evaluate speci ?c p28-19transcription with genetic group-speci ?c primers.Tran-scription of p28-19was detected via RT-PCR ampli ?cation in all of the isolates tested (data not shown).

DISCUSSION

In the Arkansas isolate examined by RT-PCR,mRNA was detected in 16alleles of the p28gene of E.chaffeensis ,indicat-ing that multiple genes were transcribed.These mRNAs were transcribed from clone 41,which was derived from an endpoint dilution of E.chaffeensis .At the endpoint dilution,on average,there was 0.25organism per well.In the titer prior to the endpoint,there was 0.75organism per well.In dilutions be-yond the endpoint,there were no organisms present in the wells.To produce a single-cell organism,E.chaffeensis -infected DH82cell lysate was ?ltered with a bacterial ?lter.The pore size of the ?lter (0.45?m)is smaller than the diameter of E.chaffeensis (0.5?m)and therefore would only allow single-organism squeezing into the ?lter.Thus,the chance of clone 41being derived from multiple organisms is very

unlikely.

FIG.2.Growth rate of E.coli.E.coli harboring plasmid pKK232-8or pKK1314was cultivated in LB medium containing ampicillin or LB medium containing both ampicillin and chloramphenicol (Ch).The standard deviation of the value at each time point was obtained from triplicates of one experiment.OD,optical

density.

FIG.3.Growth curves of E.coli.E.coli harboring plasmid pKK1819,pKK1819S,pKK70,or pKK232-8was cultivated in LB medium containing ampicillin or LB medium containing both ampicillin and chloramphenicol (Ch).The standard deviation of the value at each time point was obtained from triplicates of one experiment.OD,optical density.

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The lack of detectable transcripts of p28-2,p28-6,p28-13,p28-14,p28-17,and p28-21was unlikely to have resulted from low quality or quantity of the templates because the same batch and the same amount of RNA were positive by RT-PCR using other p28gene primers.These results indi-cate that these p28genes of the Arkansas strain were not transcribed in DH82cell culture.These genes were not transcribed under the conditions investigated but may be transcribed under other conditions since all p28genes are complete genes (22).The fact that p28-14had a promoter but was not transcribed in our study further indicated that the silent genes could be transcribed under other conditions.No detectable transcript levels were detected for the inter-genic sequences,indicating that the p28genes were tran-scribed monocistronically.Because transcripts were not de-tected by RT-PCR for the p28-13,p28-14,p28-17,and p28-21genes,these genes were transcribed neither mono-cistronically nor polycistronically with their

neighboring

FIG.4.(A)Clustal alignment of the promoter region of the p28-19gene of the E.chaffeensis isolates studied.Low-passage isolates V1,V4,and V7represent the three genetically de ?ned groups Arkansas,91HE17,and Sapulpa,respectively.(B)Clustal alignment of the coding region of the p28-19gene of E.chaffeensis isolates.V1,V4,and V7represent the three groups Arkansas,91HE17,and Sapulpa,respectively.

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genes.These results are consistent with a previous study (22).A recent report indicated that E.canis p28genes are polycistronically transcribed (13).The differences between our results and the previous results suggest that the p28genes of E.chaffeensis and E.canis are transcribed differ-ently.

We attempted to sequence all ?ve proteins ranging from 25to 32kDa because the predicted molecular sizes of all p28proteins are in this range.The predominant p28protein pro-duced in strain Arkansas was from the p28-19gene.Our results are consistent with those of a previous study (12)in which the amino acid sequence of the p28-19gene product was obtained.RT-PCR analysis indicated that the p28-19gene was tran-scribed in all of the isolates examined.The inconsistency be-tween the number of p28proteins expressed as determined by amino acid sequencing and the number of genes transcribed as determined by RT-PCR indicates that some p28proteins are expressed but are dif ?cult to sequence and/or that the p28genes may be transcribed but are not necessary expressed.It is possible that posttranscriptional regulation is involved in the expression of p28genes.It will be interesting to investigate the regulation of p28protein expression.

We further sequenced the p28-19gene in 12clinical iso-lates of E.chaffeensis for comparison of allele variation to investigate whether gene conversion is involved in the anti-genic variation of the p28protein.Allelic variation of p28-19of E.chaffeensis has been observed previously among the few clinical isolates available (16,21).The question that remains to be answered is whether the variations are stable or variation is a continuous event that results from gene conversion and is involved in the short-term antigenic vari-ation of E.chaffeensis to evade the host immune system.The

p28genes have been hypothesized to participate in the short-term antigenic variation of E.chaffeensis through gene recombination (16).However,our results did not support this hypothesis.Although the DNA sequences of p28-19in 12clinical isolates of E.chaffeensis varied,the variation was limited to three types.Thus,each variant was apparently stable.Otherwise,we would not expect to ?nd identical stable variants in the expression site among the isolates from different geographic areas.The homology of the p28-19gene that we sequenced from all of the isolates we studied was much higher for the p28-19gene than for other alleles of the p28multigene family of strain Arkansas.These results indicate that the sequences that we obtained from the 12isolates were a counterpart of the p28-19gene.

Our results indicate that most of the p28alleles are actively transcribed and that there is very limited allelic variation of a gene expressed among the E.chaffeensis isolates we studied.From these results,we conclude that differential expression,rather than conversion,of the p28gene may be involved in the antigenic variation of the p28protein.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

This study was supported by a grant from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (AI 45871).

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五分钟教你学会五线谱

五分钟教你学会五线谱 一、以下图示五条线,就是五线谱.分一、二、三、四、五条线 二、五条线中间的空白处为间,共有四间 三、放在五线谱开头分别为高音谱号和低音谱号。 四、五线谱、简谱音阶对照示意图 五、简谱唱法与五线谱的音名唱法对照表 六、简谱与钢琴(电子琴)键盘位置对照图 七、你先在下面钢琴上试一下 八、你现在可以享受学会五线谱的喜悦了,练好下面的乐曲,你就学会了弹钢琴了。 用鼠标先点键盘,再按下问号键,就会出现钢琴上的黑白键提示。 O(∩_∩)O哈哈~~感觉如何?记得下次来弹琴可不要忘了带朋友一起来享受啊 附:乐谱 《月亮代表我的心》:LOQSONQS STUVTS QPOOO QPOOO PQPOMPQP LOQSONQS STUVTSQPOOO QPOOO PQPMNOPO QSQPOSN MNMNMLQ SQPOSN MNOOOPQP LOQSONQSSTUVTS QPOOO QPOOO PQPMNOPO 《心语心愿》:TVUTSTQ TSTVUVUTUV VWXXXXW VUTUS TVUTST QSTXWVUV VUTTTTSSTQ SSTXWVUVV VUTTSUT

《童话》:LONOL LONOL LONO OOMMLLONOL LQPPO LONOM MMOTS PPRRQQ QQNPOONOONOR LSRQPPPRRQQ QQVUTUV VPOT TTSSSLSRQQRQ QRQ RQPOOQST TTSPPRQOQST TTSPPRQRQPO PQMMOONO 《安静》:QQQQPONPPPO LQPOOOLQPOOPQQQQPONPPPO LQPOOOLQPOOPPQRRRRRQPOOOPPLSSSRQPPPQQMRQRQPOONOL QRQRQPOPSLQRSRQSLQRSRQSLQRSRQOPPPQOSSOONOOSSOONOO RRQQPPORRQQPPOLQRSRQSLQRSRQSLQRSRQOPPPQOSSOONOOSSOONOO RRQQPPOORQPOMOO 《好好恋爱》:JKLLLLLKJIIL NNONOOOPQNNLHMMMJMOLLLLJHKKKJKLMMMOMLJKJJKLLLLJIHHO NMLMLJHHMMLLLKJ OOOONOPPLRQLLRPLRQRQRQPO ONMMQMQMLLQLQLRQRQOP LRQLLRSPLRQQQRQPQONMMQMQMLLQLQPOMOPNMNMNQPOO 《痴心绝对》:OPQQQRQPPOPPSP ONOOOQQOOMNNQNMLMMMRRQSO MLMMMRROOMPOOPQQQRQPPOPPSP ONOOOQQOOMNNQNMLMMRRQSOMLMMMRROOONO 《会呼吸的痛》:STVTXXTW WWVUVWXWSV VUTUVRRRVVWVSSS SYXWXX STVTXXTWWWVUVWXWSVV VUTUVRRRVVWVSSS STUVVUVV 《欢乐颂》:J J K L L K J I H H I J J I IJ J K L L K J I H H I J I H H II J H I J K J H I J K J I H I E J J K L L K J I H H I J I H H 《小星星》OOSSTTS RRQQPPO SSRRQQP SSRRQQPOOSSTTS RRQQPPO 《千千阙歌》:HHIJ LMONNNLJ IIIJK MOQPPNLHHIJ LMONNNLJ IIIJKMOQPPNLMLMLMNNMN PPPPNOPQQQPPPOQ NLMLMOPQQPQ QPOP OMM LMOP QQPQQSTSQQQQPPOPOM QQRQPOP QQ Q PPOP OMOO 《婚礼进行曲》:HKKK HLJK HKNNMLKJKL HKKK HLJK HKMOMKILMKNMLII JKLL NMLIIJKLL HKKK HLJK HKMOMKILMKILMKK 《樱花》MMN- MMN- (-延长音的意思) MNON MNMK- ( 下划线是连音的意思)J HJ K JJHG- MMN-MMN-JKNMK J--- 想唱就唱onopol jkkklj onopol lmmmon onopqolj opolj onopqolo rqpoq qrstoopqp pqrs srqpq qrstss uuvuspq rqrs qrst oopqp pqs quuqv vuvtsootsrqrs ts qrst oopqp pqrs srqpq qrstss uuvuspq rqrs qrst oopqp pqsquuqv vuvtsoo tsrqrs 梦里qqqqqqpo lmoooomq qqqqstsqp lpppppsq qqrs oopq llmoqpsq qqrsoopq llmoqpoo opqrsssrqrss ssssvtsq qqpo opm moppppqp opqrsssrqrssssssvtsq qqpo opm mopqqqqpom

五分钟教你认识简谱和五线谱

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6、此调为F大调 D小调,我们加上三个b号就得到了 ,由原来的F大调变成了F小调,它的关系大小调就是bA大调 F小调。 7、此调为#F大调,减去三个#号只剩下三个#号就得到 ,由原来的#F大调变成#F小调,它的关系大小调就是 A大 调 #F小调。8、此调为G大调,因为不足三个#号,我们先 加上两个b号,我们去把#号去掉只剩下两个b号就得到了,由原来的G大调变成G小调,最后得到的关系大小调就是 bB大调 G小调。9、 此调为bA大调,我们在它的基础上加上三个b号就得到了 ,此调为bA小调,它的关系大小调是bC大调,一般我们不说bC大调,都是B大调,它跟B大调是等音调关系。以上是7个降号,我们去掉5个b号剩下的两个b号再加上三个#号,把那两b号变成#号就得到 五个#号就民B大调,#G小调。 10、此调为A大调 #F小调的话,正好三个#号,我们都去 掉了,由原来的A大调变成了A小调,它的关系大小调就是 C大调 A小调。 11、此调为bB大调,我们加上三个b号就得到了

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生:准备好了! 2、欣赏《摇篮曲》,导入情景。 师:请大家安静地闭上眼睛,静静聆听一首乐曲。你联想到了什么?……想好的同学,请轻轻睁开眼睛,慢慢走回座位。(学生依次回座位,屏幕空白页) 生:我想到了妈妈陪我入睡。 生:我想到了花园里,蝴蝶翩翩起舞。 生:我想到美丽夜空,月亮出来了…… 师:说得真好。请看,这首优美的《摇篮曲》把我们带到了这里(屏幕呈现-星空)。今天我们就来学习一首和繁星有关的歌曲。(ppt歌曲) 【设计意图:通过常规律动《if you are happy and you ko nw it》激发学生的表现热情。让学生在激情表演喜、怒、哀、乐的情绪中,开启音乐学习的旅程。此处强调带着问题倾听,通过静听《摇篮曲》,创设教学情景,引导学生感受夜色的美好与宁静。】 二、学习歌曲熟悉曲谱 1、初听

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五分钟教你认识简谱及五线谱

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