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初中英语语法之形容词

初中英语语法之形容词
初中英语语法之形容词

2013年初三英语复习学案

萧东来 2013-04

初中英语语法之形容词、副词

形容词:

一、形容词的一般用法

1.作定语,一般放在所修饰词的前面。

例如,It’s a cold and windy day.

2.作表语,放在系动词的后面。

例如,He looks happy today.

3.形容词修饰 something,anything,nothing,everything 等复合不定代词时,须放在其后。

例如,Would you like something hot to drink

4.表示长、宽、高、深及年龄的形容词,应放在相应的名词之后。

例如,How long is the river It’s about two hundred kilometers long.

5.只能作表语的形容词:afraid 害怕;alone 独自的;asleep 睡着的;awake 醒着的;alive 活着的;well 健康的;ill 病的;frightened 害怕的

例如,The man is ill.(正) The ill man is my uncle.(误)

6.只能作定语的形容词:little 小的;only 唯一的;wooden 木质的;woolen 羊毛质的;elder 年长的

例如,My elder brother is in Beijing. (正) My brother is elder. (误)

7.貌似副词的形容词:lonely 独自的;friendly 友好的;lively 生动的;lovely 可爱的

8.复合形容词:snow-white 雪白的 English-speaking 说英语的; full-time 全日制的;well-known 众所周知的;kind-hearted 善良的;man-made 人造的;take-away 可以带走的;ten-year-old

十岁的。

二、多个形容词修饰名词时,其顺序为:

限定词(冠词、指示代词、形容词性物主代词、数词) ——描绘词(大小,长短,形状,新旧,长幼,颜色)——出处——材料性质——类别——名词 (此项不要求掌握)

A small round table 一张小圆桌

A tall white building 一幢高大的白色建筑物

A dirty old black shirt 一件又脏又旧的黑色衬衣

A famous American medical school 一个非常著名的美国医学院

三、形容词常用句型

1.“It’s +adj.+of+sb.+不定式”表示“某人(做某事)怎么样”。

注意:这一句型中常用描述行为者的性格、品质的形容词, good(好的),如 kind(友善的), nice(友好的),polite(有礼貌的),clever(聪明的),foolish(愚蠢的),lazy(懒惰的),careful(细心的), careless(粗心的),right(正确的),wrong(错误的)等。

例如,It’s very kind of you to help me.(=You are very kind to help me.)你能帮助我,真好。

It’s very rude of her to say such words.(=She is very rude to say such words.)她说这样的话,真粗鲁。

It’s foolish of him to go alone.(=He is foolish to go alone.)他单独出去太傻了。

2.“It’s+adj.+for+sb.+不定式”表示“做某事对某人来说怎么样”。

注意:这一句型中常用的形容词有 important(重要的),necessary(必要的),difficult(困难的), easy(容易的), hard(艰难的), dangerous(危险的), safe(安全的),useful(有益的), pleasant(舒适的),interesting(有趣的),impossible(不可能的)等。

例如 It’s not easy for them to learn a foreign language.

(=To learn a foreign language is no t easy for them.)

对于他们来说学好一门外语不容易。

It’s very important for students to listen to teachers carefully.

(=To listen to teachers carefully is very important for students.)对于学生来说上课认真听老师讲课是非常重要的。

It’s necessary for us to get to school on time

. (=To get to school on time is necessary for us.)

对于我们来说按时到校是非常必要的。

3. 表示感情或情绪的形容词, glad(高兴的),如 pleased(高兴的), sad(忧伤的),

thankful(感激的)等常接不定式。

例如,Glad to see you.见到你非常高兴。

I’m very sorry to hear the bad news.听到这个坏新闻,我非常难过。

4. 表示能力和意志的形容词,如 ready(乐意的,有准备的),able(有能力的),sure(一定),

等常接不定式。

例如,He is always ready to help others.他总是乐于助人。

四、一些形容词的用法辨析:

⑴ whole 与 all:记住两个词序:① the whole + 名词;②all (of) the + 名词。

如:He was busy the whole morning.( 整个早晨他都很忙 )

He can remember all the words he learns.(他能记住学过的所有单词)

⑵ tall 与 high, short 与 low :

指人的个子时用 tall 与 short;指其他事物时一般用 high 与 low。

如:He’s very tall/short.(他个子高/矮)

Tall trees are standing on both sides of that avenue.(大道的两侧有高大的树木)

A few people live on high mountains.(少量的人住在高山上)

⑶ real 与 true

real 一般指东西的真假,译为“真的”;而 true 则指事情或消息的可靠性,译为“真实的”。

如:This is a real diamond(钻石) and it’s very expensive.(这是货真价实的钻石,非常贵)

--Is that true—Yes. I heard it with my own ears (那真实吗是的,我亲耳所听)

⑷ interested 与 interesting 的区别:

interesting 指事物本身“有趣”,而 interested 指人对……感到“有趣”,一般说来,加-ing的形容词修饰“事物”,加-ed的形容词修饰“人”

interesting使人感到高兴--interested感到高兴的

exciting令人激动的--excited感到激动的

boring令人厌烦的 -- bored感到厌烦的

disappointing令人失望的--disappointed感到失望的

encouraging令人鼓舞的--encouraged感到鼓舞的

pleasing令人愉快的--pleased感到愉快的

satisfying令人满意的---satisfied感到满意的

surprising令人惊异的--surprised感到惊异的

worrying令人担心的--worried感到担心的

embarrassing 令人尴尬的 -- embarrassed 感到为难的

如:This book is interesting and you will be interested in it.

(这本书很有趣,你会对它感兴趣的)

⑸ such,so 用法:such + a(an) + 名词(单数)(+that 从句)

so + 形容词/副词+that 从句

I have never seen such a foolish boy.(我从来没有见过这么蠢的男孩 )

He is so clever that he can work out the problem .

(他这么聪明,会解出这道题)

⑹ good 与 well

well:表示“好”时,作状语用,放在行为动词之后

Study well and make progress every day.(好好学习,天天向上)

Well 还可以表示“(身体)好”

—How are you —I am very well. (你好吗我很好。)

good 作定语或表语用如:

Doing sports is good for us.(进行运动对我们有益)

⑺ nice与fine的区别:nice 表示令人愉快的,可以指东西、人物外表等,fine一般指身体或天气好。如:Let’s go and share (分享) the nice cake. (我们去分享那块美味的蛋糕吧)

She is a nice girl..(他是个漂亮的姑娘)

What a fine day! (多好的天气!)

He’s fine recently(最近).(近来他身体不错)

⑻ too much 与 much too

too much 表示“太多的”,修饰事物数量;much too 表示“太过分”, 修饰形容词或副词。

如:I am full because I have had too much rice. 我饱了,因为我吃了太多的米饭)

That coat is much too dear .(那件大衣太贵了)

⑼ quick、fast 与soon

quick 往往指反应速度快,fast 往往指动作快,而 soon 则表示时间上很快即将发生。

如:After a quick breakfast, he hurried to school(匆匆地吃过早饭,他朝学校赶去) A train is much faster than a bus. (火车比公共汽车快得多)

His father will be back soon.(他父亲很快就要返回中国)

⑽ lonely 与 alone

lonely 是表示心理活动的形容词,意思是:“孤独的,寂寞的”,作定语或表语;alone 的意思是:“独自的,单独的”,指无人陪伴,仅作表语,(作为副词的 alone 可作状语)。

如:He lives alone but he doesn’t feel lonely.(他一人独住,但是并不感到孤独)

He is a lonely person. You can not easily get on well with him .

(他是个孤独的人,你要和他相处好实在不易)

⑾ other 与 else 的区别:other 放在名词前;else 修饰不定代词、疑问词,要后置,如:The other students are on the playground. (其他学生在操场上)

Who else can work out this maths problem(还有谁能解出着道数学题)

Do you have anything else to say for yourself (你还有什么要为自己说的吗

⑿ sick 与 ill 区别:sick 和 ill 都表示“生病的”,但是,sick可以做定语、表语,而 ill 只做表语。

如:He has been ill/sick for a long time and he is very weak now. (他病了很久,现在非常虚弱)

Vets treat sick pets .(兽医治疗患病的宠物)

⒀ the poor (穷人们) ,the rich (富人们):“the+形容词”这一结构可以表示一类人, 复数含义。

the old 老人 the young 年轻人 the blind 盲人 the deaf 聋子

如:We must try our best to help the poor.(我们应该尽力帮助穷人们)

副词

用来说明事情发生的时间、地点、原因、方式、程度等的词叫做副词。

1、副词的分类:

时间副词today, tomorrow ,yesterday, now, then, early, late, soon, tonight,already, 地点副词here, there,home, anywhere, outside, inside,

频度副词once,twice, always ,often, usually,sometimes,

程度副词very,too, enough, quite,

方式副词well, hard, fast, carefully等-ly结尾的副词

疑问/连接副词how, where, when, why,

其他副词too, also, nor, so,等

2、副词在句子中的位置以及作用:

⑴作状语:

①时间副词:一般放在句首或句尾,注意,early、late、before、later、yet 等一般放在句尾 ,already 、 just 一般放在动词的前面。

如 We will visit the Great Wall tomorrow.(我们明天要去参观长城)

They have already been to the UK twice. (他们去过英王国两次) ]

②频度副词:一般放在 be 动词之后或者助动词与主要动词之间,但 sometimes还可以放在句首或句尾,once 可放在句尾,twice、three times 等一般放在句尾。

如:Sometimes I get up early.(我有时起得早)

③方式副词:一般放在行为动词之后

如:We should do our homework carefully .

④地点副词一般放在句尾,

如: He ran outside .

⑤程度副词:修饰动词时,放在动词之前;修饰形容词或副词时,放在形容词或副词之前。但注意,enough 总是放在被修饰的形容词或动词的后面;

如:I nearly forgot all about it (我几乎把那事全忘了)

She got to the station early enough to catch the first bus bus.(她早早地赶到车站赶上了首班车) ⑥疑问副词:用于对句子的状语进行提问,位置总是在句首。

如:When were you born(你什么时候出生的)

⑦连接副词:用来引导从句,在从句中作状语。

Could you tell me how I can get to the station

⑧关系副词:用来引导定语从句,在从句中作状语。

如:This is the place where Mr Zhang lived.(这就是张先生住的地方)

⑨ [注意]“动词+副词”的宾语如果是代词(it,them,him等),则代词放在动词与副词中间。 turn it off, turn it down,wake him up,take it out ......

如:He wrote down the word.(他写下了那个词。)→He wrote it down.(他把它写了下来。)一些副词的用法辨析

1. sometimes、 sometime、 some times 、some time 的用法:

Sometimes (有时)用于一般现在时

sometime (在将来某时)用于将来时、

some times (数次)表示次数、

some time (一些时间)表示一段时间。

如:Sometimes they go hiking in the mountains. (他们有时徒步旅行到山里去)

I will stay here some time.(我会在这儿呆些时候的)

I will meet your father sometime.(我什么时候要见见你的父亲。)

2. how、what 用于感叹句的用法:对句子中的形容词或副词感叹时用how,对人或事物(可能含

有形容词作修饰语)进行感叹用 what.

如:What a fine day (it is) today! (今天天气真好!)

How difficult (the problem is) !(问题)真难呀!

3. already、yet 的用法:

already 在完成时中,一般用于肯定句, yet 一般用于否定句和疑问句。

如: I have finished it already.(我已经做好了)

I have not had my breakfast yet. .(我还没有吃早饭呢。) 4. hard 与 hardly 的用法:

hard 作为副词意思是:“努力地,,猛烈地”,hardly 是否定词,意思是:“几乎不”,一般与情态动词 can/could 连用。

如:They study English very hard.(他们英语学得很刻苦)

He can hardly understand it ,can he 他几乎听不懂,不是吗6

5. how 的几个短语:

how often“多常,每隔多久”,用于一般时态,对表示频度的词语进行提问;

how soon“多久以后”,用于将来时态;

how long“多久”,用于过去时、完成时或其他时;

how many times“多少次”,用于过去时或完成时,对总计次数进行提问;

how much “多么,多少”,对程度进行提问,也可以对数量(不可数)或金钱进行提问。

How far “多远”,对距离提问

6. no more、not...any more、 no longer、 not ...any longer 不再:

如:He no longer lived there. (他不再住在那里)

He didn’t smoke any more/longer. (他不再抽烟了)

...to... 与 so...that...,enough to do 之间的转换:

too/so 后面跟形容词或副词, to 后跟动词, enough放在形容词副词之后,that 后面跟

从句。

too + adj.+ to do sth. (“太…以致不…”) 是否定的结构, 用于简单句;

adj.+enough to do sth. (足够做...) 用于简单句

so + adj .+ that + 从句 (“如此…以致…”)用于复合句。

以致

...)

致能...) 8 .so 与 such 的区别

①so 修饰形容词或副词;such 修饰名词,

例如 My brother runs so fast that I can’t follow him.我弟弟跑得那么快以至于我跟不上他。

He is such a clever boy.他是一个这样聪明的孩子。

②so 修饰的形容词后可以有一个单数的可数名词,

其结构是“so+形容词+a/an+可数名词单数”.

such可以修饰可数名词单复数和不可数名词,名词前可以有形容词作定语,其结构是“such+a/an+形容词+可数名词单数”,“such+形容词+可数名词复数/不可数名词”。例如,He is so clever a boy.=He is such a clever boy.他是一个如此聪明的孩子。

It is so cold weather.(误) It is such cold weather.这么冷的天气。(正) They are so good students. (误) They are such good students. 他们是那么好的学生。(正)

③如果可数名词复数前有many,few 或不可数名词前有much,little修饰,用so不用such.

例如,so many(如此多的);so few(如此少的)可以加可数名词复数 so much(如此多的);so little(如此少的)可以加不可数名词

形容词、副词的原级、比较级和最高级

分类:形容词和副词有原级、比较级、最高级。

一、原级变为比较级和最高级有规则变化和不规则变化两种。

1、规则变化单音节词和少数双音节词

(1)一般情况在原级词尾加-er构成比较级,加-est构成最高级。如:high→higher→highest。(2)以e结尾的词,直接加-r 或-st。如:large→larger→largest。

(3)重读闭音节,末尾只有一个元音字母加一个辅音字母的词,先双写这一辅音字母再加-er 或 -est。如:big→bigger→biggest。

(4)以“辅音字母 + y”结尾的词,先变“y”为“i”,再加-er 或-est。

如:happy→happier→happiest。

(5)大部分双音节词和所有多音节词在原级前加more构成比较级,加most构成最高级。

如:slowly-more slowly-most slowly beautiful-more beautiful-most beautiful 2、不规则变化,需要特殊记忆。

good / well→better→best bad / ill→worse→worst

many / much→more→most little→less→least

far→farther→farthest(表示距离) / far→further→furthest (表示程度)

old→older / elder→oldest (表示年龄) / eldest (表示兄弟姐妹之间的长幼关系)

二、形容词和副词的原级、比较级和最高级的用法:

1、讲述某人/物自身的情况时,用原级。

如 They ran quite fast.(它们跑得相当快)

The weather looks rather bad.(天气看上去相当糟)

I am so happy!(我是如此的快乐)

表示两者之间没有差别时,使用句型: as + 形容词/副词原级 + as

. 如:He is as tall as his younger sister. (他和他妹妹一样高)

表示第一个人比不上第二个人时,使用句型:not as / so + 形容词/副词原级 + as

He doesn’t runs as/so fast as his friend. 他和他朋友跑的不一样快。

2、讲述两者有差异,前者超过后者时,用比较级。

基本句型: (much/a little/even/still/a lot)+形容词副词比较级+than+……

如:He runs a lot faster than I.他跑得比我快多了。

讲述两者有差异,前者不及后者时,用比较级。

句型是: less+ (多音节形/副)比较级 + than +….

如:I think English is less difficult than maths. (我认为英语不比数学难)

几点说明

1)两者比较时用比较级,其结构为“... 比较级 + than ...”。

如:Actions speak louder than words.

2)在两者之间选择“哪一个更……”时,用句型“Which / Who is +比较级, ... or ...”。

如:Which sweater is cheaper, the red one or the yellow one

3)表示“两者之间更……的一个”时,用“the + 比较级”。

如:Lucy is the taller of the twins.

4)表示“越……,越……”时,用“the + 比较级,the + 比较级”。

如:The more you eat, the fatter you will become. 5)表示“越来越……”时,用“比较级 + and + 比较级”,多音节词和部分双音节词用“more and more + 形容词原级”。如:We should make our country more and more beautiful. 6)形容词比较级前可以用下列词修饰:much, a little, far, a bit, a lot, even, still, rather 等。

如:It's much colder today than yesterday.

3、三者或三者以上的人或物进行比较时,用形容词最高级形式。形容词最高级前通常需加定冠

词the,句末常接in / of短语来表示范围。

1)句型是:(the) +形容词/副词最高级 +in / of ….(比较的范围)

如:He is the strongest of all the boys.

2.)表示“最……之一”时,用“one of + the + 最高级”。

如:The light bulb is one of the most helpful inventions.

3.)形容词最高级前可以由物主代词、指示代词、名词所有格等修饰,此时不用定冠词the。

如: Yesterday is her happiest day in her life.

例题解析

1. I have ________ to do today .

A.anything important important

B. nothing something

答案 B 形容词修饰复合不定代词时应放在其后面。故排除 C、D,句意,表示肯定用 something.

2 —Is chemistry more difficult than physics

—No,chemistry isn’t as____as physics. A easy difficult

答案 B(not)as…as 中应接形容词原级,结合上句“化学没有物理难”,故 B 是正确的

3.Beijing is becoming_________and______.

beautiful,more ,beautiful

,more beautiful beautiful,more beautiful

答案 C 比较级+and+比较级,表示“越来越…”,多音节的形容词“more and more+形容词”。children there are in a family,_____their life will be.

less,the better fewer,the better ,richer ,poorer

答案 B the+比较级,the+比较级,表示“越……越……”,由句意得知“家里孩子越少,生活会越好”。children 是可数名词,应用 few 来修饰。

5.The experiment was ________ easier than we had expected.

more much

答案 C much 可修饰比较级,easier 本身已是比较级,不能再用 more.

6 Oct 15th was one of ________ days in Shenzhou-V was sent up successfully.

A. exciting exciting most exciting exciting

答案 C 根据“one of+最高级+复数名词”固定句型应选 C。

’s seven o’clock in the afternoon,but they are ______ having a meeting.

A already

答案 B still 意为“仍旧,仍然”,这句话的意思是:现在已经是下午七点,他们仍旧在开会。 not to speak _______ when we are in the reading room.

答案 D“在阅览室里不要大声说话”,副词 loudly 修饰动词 speak.

9.“______ has this food store been in business”“Since 2001.” long often old soon

答案 A“since+过去时间点”为“从过去的某一时间到现在”表示一段时间,故选“how long”.

10.—What was the weather like yesterday

—It was rained so ___ that people could _________go out.

…hard …hardly …hardly …hard

答案 C rain 在句中是动词,作谓语,后面用副词修饰,hard 作副词,是“猛烈地”的意思,hardly 是“几乎不”的意思。

-同步练习

a ____ cough!You seem_____ill.

A.terrible,terribly ,terrible ,terrible ,terribly

2.I feel even_____now. A bad

3.She was very happy. She ran_____of all the runners. quickest C. slowest

4.Keep quiet,’s_____noisy here. too many too much

5.—Have you _____ spoken to a foreigner

—No,_____. ,never ,never ,already ,ever

6.He is taller than_________in his class. boy other boy other boys

7.I’ll go and visit you ____ next week. times time

8.The car is seems to be flying.

and faster and fast and fast and faster

is as _____ as should learn it well.

important most important more important

10.Music is not so useful as ’s ________ useful than science. C more lot

11.We’ve never heard of_____story before.

a strange strange a strange strange

must wear can keep your eyes______.

my glasses to me, can_____read the words in the newspaper.

C clearly

14.Three years _______,he become a driver.

lately

is ______ enough to carry the heavy box.

A. stronger stronger C. strong strongest

16.I bought _____ exercise-books with____money.

few,a few few,a little little,a few little,a little

17.The box is _____ heavy for the girl____carry.

,to ,too ,that ,to

you have ____ to tell us

new something new anything

19.—Do you think the fish tastes_______ —She cooked it______,I think.

A good,good

B well,good

C well,well

D good,well

20.She played the piano_____than we had thought.

A. successful successful successfully

参考答案1-5:ACACB 6-10:CADAB 11-15:ABABC16-20:BACDD

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eg: I was having dinner at a restaurant. eg: The two children are playing table tennis in the school. eg: Mr.Black gave us some advice on how to learn English well. eg: Paris is the capital of France. ①规则复数变化形式 可数名词在表示两个或两个以上的概念时需要用复数形式。可数名词单数形式变成复数形式的一般规则如下表:

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形容词 一.定义: 用来修饰名词,表示人或事物的性质、状态和特征的词,叫形容词。 二. 注意:有些形容词只能作表语,如:alone, afraid, asleep 等。例如: Don't wake the sleeping baby up. He is asleep. The old man is alone. 形容词用来修饰something, anything, nothing, everything等不定代词,要放在这些词的后面。 例如: You'd better tell us something interesting. The police found nothing strange in the room. 多个形容词做定语时排列的先后顺序是:1)冠词或人称代词2)数词3)性质4)大小5)形状6)表示老少,新旧7)颜色8)事务、质地、人的国籍、用途。 例如:His grandpa still lives in this small short house.他爷爷还住在这个矮小的房子里。 The woman bought two beautiful Chinese plates.那个妇女买了两个漂亮的中国盘子。 形容词名词化:有些形容词前加定冠词后变成名词,表示一类人,谓语常用复数。这类词有:rich / poor; good / bad ; young / old ; healthy / ill ; living / dead ; black / white (表示人种等)。 例如:The young should take good care of the old.年轻人应该好好照顾老人。 The rich never help the poor in this country.在这个国家,富人从来不帮助穷人。 形容词短语做定语时要后置。 如:They are the students easy to teach.他们是很容易较的学生。 We live in a house much larger than yours.我们住的房子比你们的大得多。 else要放在疑问代词或复合不定词之后。 如:Did you see anybody else?你看到别的人了吗?

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[ There is an orange on the table . 桌上有一个橘子。 an orange 一个橘子an new orange (×)→a new orange (○) 一个新橘子 a desk a old desk (×)→an old desk (○)一张旧课桌 a和an的使用区别 a加在以辅音开头的名词前,如a book,a pen。 an加在以元音开头的名词前,如an egg,an apple。 注意 ! 有时a,an后面紧接的不是单数名词,而是a (an) +形容词+单数名词的形式。 这时判断用a还是an来表示“一个”的概念时,要看形容词开头字母的发音,而不 是看名词。 2.复数 英语中,如果要表示两本书、三个学生、四把椅子这些两个或两个以上的概念时,要用名词的复数形式,名词的复数形式是在单数名词后加上词尾-s或-es构成的。 变复数时情况如下: (1)一般情况下,在词尾加s. eg.book——books,dog——dogs,pen——pens,boy——boys 以轻辅音结尾的名词后的s的读音为[s],以浊辅音和元音结尾名词后的s读音为〔z〕。 (2)以s,x,ch,sh结尾的词名词变复数时,要在词尾加es.

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