Name: __________________________ Date: _____________
1. Economists use the term money to refer to:
A) income.
B) profits.
C) assets used for transactions.
D) earnings from labor.
2. Macroeconomists call assets used to make transactions:
A) real income.
B) nominal income.
C) money.
D) consumption.
3. All of the following are considered major functions of money except as a:
A) medium of exchange.
B) way to display wealth.
C) unit of account.
D) store of value.
4. People use money as a store of value when they:
A) hold money to transfer purchasing power into the future.
B) use money as a measure of economic transactions.
C) use money to buy goods and services.
D) hold money to gain power and esteem.
5. People use money as a unit of account when they:
A) hold money to transfer purchasing power into the future.
B) use money as a measure of economic transactions.
C) use money to buy goods and services.
D) hold money to gain power and esteem.
6. People use money as a medium of exchange when they:
A) hold money to transfer purchasing power into the future.
B) use money as a measure of economic transactions.
C) use money to buy goods and services.
D) hold money to gain power and esteem.
7. When a pizza maker lists the price of a pizza as $10, this is an example of using money
as a:
A) store of value.
B) unit of account.
C) medium of exchange.
D) flow of value.
8. Money's liquidity refers to the ease with which:
A) coins can be melted down.
B) illegally obtained money can be laundered.
C) loans can be floated.
D) money can be converted into goods and services.
9. To make a trade in a barter economy requires:
A) currency.
B) a check.
C) scrip.
D) a double coincidence of wants.
10. Money that has no value other than as money is called ______ money.
A) fiat
B) intrinsic
C) commodity
D) government
11. A country that is on a gold standard primarily uses:
A) commodity money.
B) fiat money.
C) credit money.
D) the barter system.
12. In prisoner of war camps during World War II, the “currency” used was:
A) chocolates.
B) cigarettes.
C) gold.
D) IOUs.
13. An important factor in the evolution of commodity money to fiat money is:
A) a desire to reduce transaction costs.
B) a desire to increase transaction costs.
C) the fact that gold is no longer highly valued.
D) a desire to use gold for jewelry.
14. The use of fei as money on the island of Yap illustrates the idea of money as a social
convention because:
A) only fei physically in the possession of the owner is accepted in transactions.
B) legal claim to a fei never seen by current generations was accepted in transactions.
C) the central bank of Yap accepts fei in exchange for paper certificates.
D) the government of Yap verifies the authenticity of fei used for transactions.
15. In a country on a gold standard, the quantity of money is determined by the:
A) government.
B) central bank.
C) amount of gold.
D) buying and selling of government securities.
16. The quantity of money in the United States is essentially controlled by the:
A) President of the United States.
B) Department of the Treasury.
C) Federal Reserve.
D) system of commercial banks.
17. The central bank in the United States is the:
A) Bank of America.
B) U.S. Treasury.
C) U.S. National Bank.
D) Federal Reserve.
18. In the United States, monetary policy is controlled by:
A) the President.
B) the Congress.
C) the Federal Reserve.
D) the Treasury Department.
19. To increase the money supply, the Federal Reserve:
A) buys government bonds.
B) sells government bonds.
C) buys corporate stocks.
D) sells corporate stocks.
20. To reduce the money supply, the Federal Reserve:
A) buys government bonds.
B) sells government bonds.
C) creates demand deposits.
D) destroys demand deposits.
21. Open-market operations are:
A) Commerce Department efforts to open foreign markets to international trade.
B) Federal Reserve purchases and sales of government bonds.
C) Securities and Exchange Commission rules requiring open disclosure of market
trades.
D) Treasury Department purchases and sales of the U.S. gold stock.
22. Currency equals:
A) M1.
B) the sum of funds in checking accounts.
C) the sum of checking accounts and paper money.
D) the sum of coins and paper money.
23. Demand deposits are funds held in:
A) currency.
B) certificates of deposit.
C) checking accounts.
D) money markets.
24. All of the following assets are included in M1 except:
A) currency.
B) demand deposits.
C) traveler's checks.
D) money market deposit accounts.
25. Money market mutual fund shares are included in:
A) M1 only.
B) M2 only.
C) both M1 and M2.
D) neither M1 nor M2.
26. Credit card balances are included in:
A) M1 only.
B) M2 only.
C) both M1 and M2.
D) neither M1 nor M2.
27. Checking account balances that are linked to debit cards are included in:
A) M1.
B) M2 only.
C) both M1 and M2.
D) neither M1 nor M2.
28. Credit cards:
A) are part of the M1 money supply.
B) are part of the M2 money supply.
C) are part of both the M1 and M2 money supply.
D) do not affect the money supply.
29. Payment is deferred by using _______, but immediate access to funds occurs when
using ______.
A) currency; demand deposits
B) credit cards; debit cards
C) demand deposits; savings deposits
D) debit cards; credit cards
30. In the United States, the money supply is determined:
A) only by the Fed.
B) only by the behavior of individuals who hold money and of banks in which money
is held.
C) jointly by the Fed and by the behavior of individuals who hold money and of banks
in which money is held.
D) according to a constant-growth-rate rule.
31. The money supply consists of:
A) currency plus reserves.
B) currency plus the monetary base.
C) currency plus demand deposits.
D) the monetary base plus demand deposits.
32. Bank reserves equal:
A) gold kept in bank vaults.
B) gold kept at the central bank.
C) currency plus demand deposits.
D) deposits that banks have received but have not lent out.
33. In the United States, bank reserves consist of:
A) currency and demand deposits.
B) vault cash and deposits at the Federal Reserve.
C) gold deposits at the Federal Reserve.
D) the money supply.
34. Assets of banks include:
A) money market mutual funds.
B) currency in the hands of the public.
C) loans to customers.
D) demand deposits.
35. Liabilities of banks include:
A) reserves.
B) currency in the hands of the public.
C) loans to customers.
D) demand deposits.
36. In a system with 100-percent-reserve banking:
A) all banks must hold reserves equal to 100 percent of their loans.
B) no banks can make loans.
C) the banking system completely controls the size of the money supply.
D) no banks can accept deposits.
37. In a 100-percent-reserve banking system, if a customer deposits $100 of currency into a
bank, then the money supply:
A) increases by $100.
B) decreases by $100.
C) increases by more than $100.
D) remains the same.
38. In a 100-percent-reserve banking system, banks:
A) can increase the money supply.
B) can decrease the money supply.
C) can either increase or decrease the money supply.
D) cannot affect the money supply.
39. In a system with fractional-reserve banking:
A) all banks must hold reserves equal to a fraction of their loans.
B) no banks can make loans.
C) the banking system completely controls the size of the money supply.
D) all banks must hold reserves equal to a fraction of their deposits.
40. Banks create money in:
A) a 100-percent-reserve banking system but not in a fractional-reserve banking
system.
B) a fractional-reserve banking system but not in a 100-percent-reserve banking
system.
C) both a 100-percent-reserve banking system and a fractional-reserve banking
system.
D) neither a 100-percent-reserve banking system nor a fractional-reserve banking
system.
41. If there is no currency and the proceeds of all loans are deposited somewhere in the
banking system and if rr denotes the reserve–deposit ratio, then the total money supply is:
A) reserves divided by rr.
B) 1/rr.
C) reserves times rr.
D) reserves divided by (1 – rr).
42. In a fractional-reserve banking system, banks create money when they:
A) accept deposits.
B) make loans.
C) hold reserves.
D) exchange currency for deposits.
43. In a fractional-reserve banking system, banks create money because:
A) each dollar of reserves generates many dollars of demand deposits.
B) banks have the legal authority to issue new currency.
C) funds are transferred from households wishing to save to firms wishing to borrow.
D) the wealth of the economy expands when borrowers undertake new debt
obligations.
44. The difference between banks and other financial intermediaries is that only banks have
the legal authority to:
A) transfer funds from savers to borrowers.
B) pay interest on debt obligations.
C) manage portfolios of assets.
D) create assets that are part of the money supply.
45. Financial intermediation is the process of:
A) settling disputes between borrowers and lenders.
B) advising corporations on whether to expand using debt or equity.
C) transferring funds from savers to borrowers.
D) converting from a barter economy to a money economy.
46. The banking system creates:
A) liquidity.
B) wealth.
C) reserves.
D) currency.
47. The value of banks' owners' equity is called bank:
A) deposits.
B) reserves.
C) capital.
D) liquidity.
48. A bank balance sheet consists of only the following items:
Deposits $1,000
Reserves $100
Securities $400
Debt $500
Loans $2,000
What is the value of bank capital?
A) –$1,000
B) +$500
C) +$1,000
D) +$1,500
49. The minimum amount of owners' equity in a bank mandated by regulators is called a
_____ requirement.
A) reserve
B) margin
C) liquidity
D) capital
50. The use of borrowed funds to supplement existing funds for purposes of investment is
called:
A) arbitrage.
B) leverage.
C) convergence.
D) intermediation.
Use the following to answer questions 51-53:
51. (Table: Bank Balance Sheet) Based on the table, what is the leverage ratio at the bank?
A) 3
B) 4.67
C) 5
D) 10
52. (Table: Bank Balance Sheet) Based on the table, what is the reserve-deposit ratio at the
bank?
A) 3 percent
B) 5 percent
C) 10 percent
D) 15 percent
53. (Table: Bank Balance Sheet) Based on the table, owners' equity will fall to zero if loan
defaults reduce the value of total assets by _____ percent.
A) 10
B) 20
C) 30
D) 40
54. The amount of capital that banks are required to hold depends on the:
A) amount of deposits held at a bank.
B) riskiness of the bank's assets.
C) reserve requirements set by the Fed.
D) level of deposit insurance coverage.
55. The monetary base consists of:
A) currency held by the public, plus reserves held by banks.
B) all outstanding currency, plus reserves held by banks.
C) all outstanding currency, plus demand deposits.
D) all bank reserves.
56. The size of monetary base is determined by:
A) the Federal Reserve.
B) the Federal Reserve and banks.
C) preferences of households about the form of money they wish to hold.
D) business policies of banks and the laws regulating banks.
57. If currency held by the public equals $100 billion, reserves held by banks equal $50
billion, and bank deposits equal $500 billion, then the monetary base equals:
A) $50 billion.
B) $100 billion.
C) $150 billion.
D) $600 billion.
58. If currency held by the public equals $100 billion, reserves held by banks equal $50
billion, and bank deposits equal $500 billion, then the money supply equals:
A) $100 billion.
B) $150 billion.
C) $600 billion.
D) $650 billion.
59. The reserve–deposit ratio is determined by:
A) the Federal Reserve.
B) business policies of banks and the laws regulating banks.
C) preferences of households about the form of money they wish to hold.
D) the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC).
60. The currency–deposit ratio is determined by:
A) the Federal Reserve.
B) business policies of banks and the laws regulating banks.
C) preferences of households about the form of money they wish to hold.
D) the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC).
61. The preferences of households determine the:
A) reserve–deposit ratio.
B) currency–deposit ratio.
C) size of the monetary base.
D) loan–deposit ratio.
62. If the monetary base is denoted by B, rr is the ratio of reserves to deposits, and cr is the
ratio of currency to deposits, then the money supply is equal to ______ divided by
______ multiplied by B.
A) (rr + 1); (rr + cr)
B) (cr + 1); (cr + rr)
C) (rr + cr); (rr + 1)
D) (rr + cr); (cr + 1)
63. The ratio of the money supply to the monetary base is called:
A) the currency–deposit ratio.
B) the reserve–deposit ratio.
C) high-powered money.
D) the money multiplier.
64. High-powered money is another name for:
A) currency.
B) demand deposits.
C) the monetary base.
D) M2.
65. If the ratio of reserves to deposits (rr) increases, while the ratio of currency to deposits
(cr) is constant and the monetary base (B) is constant, then:
A) it cannot be determined whether the money supply increases or decreases.
B) the money supply increases.
C) the money supply decreases.
D) the money supply does not change.
66. If the ratio of currency to deposits (cr) increases, while the ratio of reserves to deposits
(rr) is constant and the monetary base (B) is constant, then:
A) it cannot be determined whether the money supply increases or decreases.
B) the money supply increases.
C) the money supply decreases.
D) the money supply does not change.
67. The money supply will increase if the:
A) currency–deposit ratio increases.
B) reserve–deposit ratio increases.
C) monetary base increases.
D) discount rate increases.
68. The money supply will decrease if the:
A) monetary base increases.
B) currency–deposit ratio increases.
C) discount rate decreases.
D) reserve–deposit ratio decreases.
69. If the reserve–deposit ratio is less than one, and the monetary base increases by $1
million, then the money supply will:
A) increase by $1 million.
B) decrease by $1 million.
C) increase by more than $1 million.
D) decrease by more than $1 million.
70. If the currency–deposit ratio equals 0.5 and the reserve–deposit ratio equals 0.1, then the
money multiplier equals:
A) 0.6.
B) 1.67.
C) 2.0.
D) 2.5.
71. If the monetary base equals $400 billion and the money multiplier equals 2, then the
money supply equals:
A) $200 billion.
B) $400 billion.
C) $800 billion.
D) $1,000 billion.
72. When the Fed makes an open-market sale, it:
A) increases the money multiplier (m).
B) increases the currency–deposit ratio (cr).
C) increases the monetary base (B).
D) decreases the monetary base (B).
73. If you hear in the news that the Federal Reserve conducted open-market purchases, then
you should expect ______ to increase.
A) reserve requirements
B) the discount rate
C) the money supply
D) the reserve–deposit ratio
74. When the Federal Reserve conducts an open-market purchase, it buys bonds from the:
A) public.
B) U.S. Treasury.
C) Internal Revenue Service.
D) International Monetary Fund.
75. For borrowing from the discount window, the Fed sets the _____ of borrowing,
compared to borrowing using the Term Auction Facility, where the Fed sets the _____ of borrowing.
A) maximum quantity; minimum quantity
B) minimum price; maximum price
C) quantity; price
D) price; quantity
76. When banks borrow through the Term Auction Facility, the price of borrowing is
determined by:
A) the Federal Reserve.
B) a competitive bidding process.
C) the difference between the discount rate and the interest rate on three-month
Treasury securities.
D) open-market operations.
77. The more funds that the Federal Reserve makes available for banks to borrow through
the Term Auction Facility, the _____ the monetary base and the _____ the money
supply.
A) smaller; smaller
B) smaller; greater
C) greater; greater
D) greater; smaller
78. Two ways for banks to borrow reserves from the Federal Reserve are through:
A) the discount window and the Term Auction Facility.
B) open-market operations and excess reserve swaps.
C) decreasing the reserve–deposit ratio and decreasing the currency–deposit ratio.
D) fractional-reserve banking and financial intermediation.
79. When the Fed decreases the interest rate paid on reserves, it:
A) increases the reserve–deposit ratio (rr).
B) decreases the reserve–deposit ratio (rr).
C) increases the monetary base (B).
D) decreases the monetary base (B).
80. When the Fed decreases the interest rate paid on reserves, if the ratio of currency to
deposits decreases also while the monetary base is constant, then:
A) it cannot be determined whether the money supply increases or decreases.
B) the money supply increases.
C) the money supply decreases.
D) the two changes exactly offset each other.
81. When the Fed increases the discount rate, it:
A) increases the reserve to deposit ratio (rr).
B) decreases the reserve to deposit ratio (rr).
C) is likely to increase the monetary base (B)
D) is likely to decrease the monetary base (B).
82. The interest rate charged on loans by the Federal Reserve to banks is called the:
A) federal funds rate.
B) prime rate.
C) discount rate.
D) Treasury bill rate.
83. When the Fed increases the interest rate paid on reserves, it:
A) increases the reserve–deposit ratio (rr).
B) decreases the reserve–deposit ratio (rr).
C) increases the monetary base (B).
D) decreases the monetary base (B).
84. If the Federal Reserve wishes to increase the money supply, it should:
A) decrease the discount rate.
B) increase interest paid on reserves.
C) sell government bonds.
D) decrease the monetary base.
85. The most frequently used tool of monetary policy is:
A) open-market operations.
B) changes in the discount rate.
C) changes in reserve requirements.
D) changes in interest rate paid on reserves
86. To increase the monetary base, the Fed can:
A) conduct open-market purchases.
B) conduct open-market sales.
C) raise the interest rate paid on reserves.
D) lower the required reserve ratio.
87. To increase the money multiplier, the Fed can:
A) conduct open-market purchases.
B) conduct open-market sales.
C) raise the interest rate paid on reserves.
D) lower the interest rate paid on reserves.
88. If the Federal Reserve increases the interest rate paid on reserves, banks will tend to
hold _____ excess reserves, which will _____ the money multiplier.
A) more; increase
B) more; decrease
C) fewer; increase
D) fewer; decrease
89. Open-market operations change the ______; changes in interest rate paid on reserves
change the ______; and changes in the discount rate change the ______.
A) monetary base; monetary base; monetary base
B) money multiplier; money multiplier; money multiplier
C) monetary base; money multiplier; monetary base
D) money multiplier; monetary base; money multiplier
90. Excess reserves are reserves that banks keep:
A) in their vaults.
B) at the central bank.
C) to meet legal reserve requirements.
D) above the legally required amount.
91. Quantitative easing is most closely akin to:
A) discount lending.
B) open-market operations.
C) fractional-reserve banking.
D) capital requirements.
92. Compared to typical open-market operations, when pursuing quantitative easing,
Federal Reserve purchases tended to be _____ securities.
A) safer and shorter-term
B) tax-favored and foreign
C) smaller-denomination and higher-grade
D) riskier and longer-term
93. The quantitative easing operations conducted by the Federal Reserve between 2007 and
2011 resulted in _____ increases in the monetary base and _____ increases in money supply.
A) no; no
B) large; larger
C) large; smaller
D) small; smaller
94. The quantitative easing policy conducted by the Federal Reserve between 2007 and
2011 resulted in a large increase in the monetary base that was partially offset by:
A) a significant increase in the reserve–deposit ratio.
B) a significant decrease in the reserve–deposit ratio.
C) open-market purchases.
D) open-market sales.
95. To prevent banks from using excess reserves to make loans that would increase the
money supply, the Federal Reserve could conduct open-market ______ and _____ the interest rate paid on bank reserves.
A) purchases; raise
B) purchases; lower
C) sales; raise
D) sales; lower
96. Between August 1929 and March 1933, the money supply fell 28 percent. At that time
the monetary base ______ and the currency–deposit and reserve–deposit ratios both ______.
A) fell; fell
B) fell; rose
C) rose; fell
D) rose; rose
97. If many banks fail, this is likely to:
A) increase the ratio of currency to deposits.
B) decrease the ratio of currency to deposits.
C) have no effect on the ratio of currency to deposits.
D) decrease the amount of currency in circulation, if the Fed takes no action.
98. If many banks fail, this is likely to:
A) cause surviving banks to lower their ratios of reserves to deposits.
B) cause surviving banks to raise their ratios of reserves to deposits.
C) have no effect on the ratio of reserves to deposits in surviving banks.
D) cause surviving banks to hold less currency.
99. In 1932, the U.S. government imposed a two-cent tax on checks written on deposits in
bank accounts. This action would be expected to ______ the currency–deposit ratio and ______ the money supply.
A) increase; increase
B) increase; decrease
C) decrease; increase
D) decrease; decrease
100. If the monetary base fell and the currency–deposit ratio rose but the reserve–deposit ratio remained the same, then:
A) the money supply would fall, but not by as much as it would have fallen if the
reserve–deposit ratio had risen.
B) the money supply would fall, but not by as much as it would have fallen if the
reserve–deposit ratio had fallen.
C) the money supply would fall more than it would have fallen if the reserve–deposit
ratio had risen.
D) it is impossible to be certain whether the money supply would fall or rise in this
case.
101. Assume that the monetary base (B) is $100 billion, the reserve–deposit ratio (rr) is 0.1, and the currency–deposit ratio (cr) is 0.1.
a. What is the money supply?
b. If rr changes to 0.2, but cr is 0.1 and B is unchanged, what is the money supply?
c. If rr is 0.1 and cr is 0.2, but B is unchanged, what is the money supply?
102. As the U.S. economy approached the millennium, January 1, 2000, many people cautiously began to hold larger than normal quantities of currency as protection against
a possible disruption of banking services that could result from computer glitches.
a. How did this greater preference for currency affect the money supply?
b. How could the Federal Reserve offset such an increase in currency preferences? 103. The Federal Reserve's tools to control the money supply include: open-market operations, the discount rate, and interest payments on reserves.
a. How should each instrument be changed if the Fed wishes to decrease the money supply
b. Will the change affect the monetary base and/or the money multiplier?
104. Some economists have advocated replacing government deposit insurance with 100-percent- reserve banking. Under this plan, banks would hold all deposits as
reserves. Deposit insurance would no longer be necessary, because banks would always have the reserves to meet customer withdrawals.
a. What would happen to the money supply (defined as currency and bank deposits) in the
transition from fractional-reserve to 100-percent-reserve, if this plan were implemented,
holding other factors constant?
b. What will be the value of the money multiplier?
105. Why does the Federal Reserve not have complete control over the size of the money supply? Give at least two reasons.
106. Construct a bank balance sheet with the following items: reserves, deposits, loans, securities, capital, and debt. Choose values so that the reserve–deposit ratio is 10 percent and the leverage ratio is 10. Give an example of a change in asset values that would
push bank capital to zero. What happens when bank capital is gone?
107. As the 2008–2009 financial crisis unfolded, one major U.S. bank had a leverage ratio of
54. In Canada regulators put a ceiling on bank leverage ratios of 20. Compare the
change in asset values that would push the capital in the U.S. bank to zero with the
change required to eliminate capital in a Canadian bank at the ceiling-leverage ratio.
What is the implication of the differences in maximum leverage ratios for the stability of the banking system?
108. Economists occasionally speak of “helicopter money” as a short-hand approach to explaining increases in the money supply. Suppose the Chairman of the Federal Reserve flies over the country in a helicopter dropping 10,000,000 in newly printed $100 bills (a
total of $1 billion). By how much will the money supply increase if, holding everything
else constant:
a. all of the new bills are held by the public?
b. all of the new bills are deposited in banks that choose to hold 10 percent of their deposit
reserves (and no one in the economy holds any currency)?
c. all of the new bills are deposited in banks that practice 100-percent-reserve banking?
d. people in the economy hold half of their money as currency and half as deposits, while b
choose to hold 10 percent of their deposits as reserves?
109. A macroeconomist threatens to call the Secret Service to have Mr. Biggy Rich arrested for counterfeiting because Mr. Rich claims he “makes a lot of money.”
a. Carefully explain why the macroeconomist is making this threat based on the
macroeconomic definition of money. Be sure to explain the macroeconomic functions o
money.
b. Suggest an alternative phrase that Mr. Rich can use that will not result in a charge of
counterfeiting.
110. Explain at least three factors that will affect the quantity of reserves that a bank wishes to hold.
一、选择题 (每小题 1 分，共 30 分) 1．The government reports that "GDP increased by 1.6 percent in the last quarter." This statement means that GDP increased a. by 6.4 percent for the year. b. at an annual rate of 6.4 percent during the last quarter. c. at an annual rate of 1.6 percent during the last quarter. d. at an annual rate of .4 percent during the last quarter. 2．A Brazilian company produces soccer balls in the United States and exports all of them. If the price of the soccer balls increases, the GDP deflator a. and the CPI both increase. b. is unchanged and the CPI increases. c. increases and the CPI is unchange d. d. and the CPI are unchanged. 3．The price of CD players increases dramatically, causing a 1 percent increase in the CPI. The price increase will most likely cause the GDP deflator to increase by a. more than 1 percent. b. less than 1 percent. c. 1 percent. d. It is impossible to make an informed guess without more information. 4．A nation's standard of living is measured by its a. real GDP. b. real GDP per person. c. nominal GDP. d. nominal GDP per person. 5．In 2002 President Bush imposed restrictions on imports of steel to protect the U.S. steel industry. a. This is an inward-oriented policy which most economists believe have adverse effects on growth. b. This is an inward-oriented policy which most economists believe have beneficial effects on growth. c. This is an outward-oriented policy which most economists believe have adverse effects on growth. d. This is an outward-oriented policy which most economists believe have beneficial effects on growth. 6．Generally when economists and the text talk of the "interest rate," they are talking about the a. real interest rate. b. current nominal interest rate. c. real interest rate minus the inflation rate. d. equilibrium nominal interest rat e. 7．An increase in the budget deficit a. makes investment spending fall. b. makes investment spending rise. c. does not affect investment spending. d. may increase, decrease, or not affect investment spending. 8．Norne Corporation is considering building a new plant. It will cost them $1 million today to build it and it will generate revenues of $1,121 million three years from today. Of the interest rates below, which is the highest interest rate at which Norne would still be willing to build the plant? a. 3 percent b. 3.5 percent c. 4 percent d. 4.5 percent 9．Recent entrants into the labor force account for about a. 1/2 of those who are unemployed. Spells of unemployment end about 1/5 of the time with people leaving the labor force. b. 1/3 of those who are unemployed. Spells of unemployment end about 1/2 of the time with people leaving the labor force. c. 1/4 of those who are unemploye d. Spells of unemployment end about 1/2 of the time with people leaving the labor force. d. 1/4 of those who are unemployed. Spells of unemployment end about 1/5 of the time with people
一．单项选择题(20小题，每小题1分，满分20分） 1．下列哪一项记入GDP ( B )。 A．购买普通股票B．银行向某企业收取一笔利息 C．纺纱厂买进100吨棉花D．购买一辆用过的保时捷911跑车 2．公务员的工资属于（ C ） A．消费B．投资 C．政府购买D．转移支付 3．三部门经济的均衡条件是（ B ）。 A．I+G+X=S+T+M B．I+G=S+T C．I=S D．Y=G+T 4．实际ＧＤＰ等于（B） A．GDP折算指数除以名义ＧＤＰB．名义ＧＤＰ除以GDP折算指数 C．名义ＧＤＰ乘以GDP折算指数D．名义ＧＤＰ减去GDP折算指数 5．在计算GDP的政府支出部分的规模时，正确的选项为（ A ） A．计入政府用于最终商品和劳务的支出 B．计入政府用于商品的支出，不计入用于劳务的支出 C．计入政府用于最终商品和劳务的支出，以及政府的全部转移支付 D．计入政府的转移支付，不计入政府用于商品和劳务的支出 6．以下四种情况中，投资乘数最大的是（ C ）。 A．边际消费倾向为0.2 B．边际消费倾向为0.8 C．边际储蓄倾向为0.1 D．边际储蓄倾向为0.9 7．最大和最小的乘数值为（ C ） A．+∞和-∞B．+∞和0 C．+∞和1 D．100和0 8．如果边际储蓄倾向为0.3，投资支出增加90亿元，这将导致均衡水平GDP增加( D )。A．30亿元B．60亿元C．270亿元D．300亿元 9．在一个由家庭、企业、政府、国外部门构成的四部门经济中，GDP是（ C ）的总和。A．消费、净投资、政府购买、净出口B．工资、地租、利息、利润、折旧 C．消费、总投资、政府购买、净出口D．消费、总投资、政府购买、总出口 10.线性消费曲线与45度线之间的垂直距离为（A ）。 A．储蓄B．收入C．自发性消费D．总消费 11．一国的GNP大于GDP，说明该国公民从外国取得收入（ C ）外国公民从该国取得收入。A．等于B．小于C．大于D．以上都有可能 12.在自发消费为正数的线形消费函数中，平均消费倾向（ A ）。 A．大于边际消费倾向B．小于边际消费倾向 C．等于边际消费倾向D．以上都有可能 13.在一般情况下,国民收入核算体系中数值最小的是（ B ）。 A．个人收入B．个人可支配收入C．国民生产净值D．国民收入 14．在IS曲线上存在储蓄和投资均衡的收入和利率的组合点（B ）
宏观经济学试题库 第一单元 一、单项选择题 1、宏观经济学的中心理论是（） A、价格决定理论； B、工资决定理论； C、国民收入决定理论； D、汇率决定理论。 2、表示一国在一定时期内生产的所有最终产品和劳务的市场价值的总量指标是（） A、国民生产总值； B、国内生产总值； C、名义国民生产总值； D、实际国民生产总值。 3、GNP核算中的劳务包括（） A、工人劳动； B、农民劳动； C、工程师劳动； D、保险业服务。 4、实际GDP等于（） A、价格水平除以名义GDP； B、名义GDP除以价格水平； C、名义GDP乘以价格水平； D、价格水平乘以潜在GDP。 5、从国民生产总值减下列项目成为国民生产净值（） A、折旧； B、原材料支出； C、直接税； D、间接税。 6、从国民生产净值减下列项目在为国民收入（） A、折旧； B、原材料支出； C、直接税； D、间接税。 二、判断题 1、国民生产总值中的最终产品是指有形的物质产品。（） 2、今年建成并出售的房屋和去年建成而在今年出售的房屋都应计入今年的国民生产总值。 （） 3、同样的服装，在生产中作为工作服就是中间产品，而在日常生活中穿就是最终产品。 （） 4、国民生产总值一定大于国内生产总值。（） 5、居民购房支出属于个人消费支出。（） 6、从理论上讲，按支出法、收入法和部门法所计算出的国民生产总值是一致的。（） 7、所谓净出口是指出口减进口。（） 8、在三部门经济中如果用支出法来计算，GNP等于消费＋投资＋税收。（） 三、简答题 1、比较实际国民生产总值与名义国民生产总值。 2、比较国民生产总值与人均国民生产总值。 3、为什么住房建筑支出作为投资支出的一部分？ 4、假定A为B提供服务应得报酬400美元，B为A提供服务应得报酬300美元，AB商定相 互抵消300美元，结果A只收B100美元。应如何计入GNP？ 第一单元答案： 一、C、A、D、B、A、D； 二、错、错、对、错、错、对、对、错； 三、1、实际国民生产总值与名义国民生产总值的区别在于计算时所用的价格不同。前者用不变价格，后者用当年价格。两者之间的差别反映了通货膨胀程度。 2、国民生产总值用人口总数除所得出的数值就是人均国民生产总值。前者可以反映一国的综合国力，后者可以反映一国的富裕程度。 3、由于能长期居住，提供服务，它比一般耐用消费品的使用寿命更长，因此把住房的
宏观经济学考试题
1.如果2008-2011年的消费价格指数CPI分别为100、110、118.8、118.8，求：（1）计算2009-2011年通货膨胀率 （2）假设一组工人签了从2010年初开始为期2年的合同，其年工资的增长率为△W/W=0.15.在现有的CPI水平下，其实际工资如何变化？ （3）假设工资率依据下面公式计算△W/W=0.08+0.8△CPI/CPI，其实际工资如何变化？ 解（1）2009:[(110-100)/100]*100%=10% 2010:[(118.8-110)/110]*100%=8% 2011:[(118.8-118.8)/118.8]*100%=0% （2）当△W/W=0.15时，名义工资将以15%的速度增加，因为2010年的通货膨胀率为8%，实际工资可能上升7%；因为2011年的通货膨胀率为0%，实际工资可能上涨15%，与名义工资同比增长。 （3）△W/W=0.08+0.8△CPI/CPI ①2009年的名义工资上涨0.08+0.5*10%=13%，扣除10%的通货膨胀率，实际工资水平上涨3% ②2010年的名义工资上涨12%，扣除8%的通货膨胀率，实际工资上涨4% ③2011年的名义工资上涨8%，扣除0%的通货膨胀率，实际工资上涨8% 1.A国的居民把他们的全部收入用于苹果、面包和衣服。在2006年，他们用200元买了100个苹果，75元买了25个面包，50元买了1件衣服。2007年，他们用225元买了75个苹果，120元买了30个面包，120元买了4件衣服。基年2007年，用CPI来计算2006年到2007年的通货膨胀率。 2006:200/100=2 75/25=3 50/1=50 2007:225/75=3 120/30=4 120/4=30 CPI2006：(2*75+3*30+4*50)/(225+120+120)*100=94.6 CPI2007:465/465*100=100 通货膨胀率=（100-94.6）/94.6*100%=5.7%
1、在以下列函数描述的经济体中，考察税收对均衡收入决定的作用。 C=50+0.8YD, I=70, G=200, TR=100, t=0.20 （1）计算模型中的均衡收入和乘数； （2）计算预算赢余； （3）设想t增加到0.25，新的均衡收入是什么？新的乘数是什么？ （4）计算预算赢余的变动。如果c是0.9而不是0.8，预算赢余是增加还是减少？ 2、在三部门经济中，已知消费函数为C=100+0.9YD，YD为可支配收入，投资I=300亿 元，政府购买G=160亿元，税收TA=0.2Y。试求： （1）均衡的国民收入水平； （2）政府购买乘数； （3）若政府购买增加到300亿元时，新的均衡国民收入。 3、考虑如下经济： （1）消费函数是) C- Y + =，投资函数是r 200T ( 75 .0 200- =，政府购买和税收都是 I25 100，针对这个经济体，画出r在0~8之间的IS曲线。 （2）在该经济下，货币需求函数是r / =，货币供给M是1000，物价水 ) (- P Y d M100 平P是2，针对这个经济，画出r在0~8之间的LM曲线。 （3）找出均衡利率r和均衡收入水平y。 （4）推导并画出总需求曲线。 4．某一两部门的经济由下述关系式描述：消费函数C=100+0.8Y,投资函数为I=150-6i，货币需求函数为L=0.2Y-4i，设P为价格水平，货币供给为M=150。 试求：（1）总需求函数 （2）若P=1，均衡的收入和利率各为多少？
（3）若该经济的总供给函数为AS=800+150P，求均衡的收入和价格水平。5．以下等式描绘一个经济（C、I、G等以10亿美元为计量单位，i以百分率计量，5%的利率意味着i=5）。 M C=0.8(1-t)Y，t=0.25，I=900-50i，G=800，L=0.25Y-62.5i, 500 = P （1）描述IS曲线的是什么方程？ （2）描述LM曲线的是什么方程？ （3）什么是均衡的收入与均衡的利率水平？ 6．在三部门经济中，消费函数为YD 20- I5 =，货币需求函数 C8.0 80+ =，投资函数为i 为i T25 G，税收Y M，充 = =，名义货币供给量90 .0 Y L10 4.0- = =，政府采购支出20 分就业的产出水平285 Y。 = （1）若价格水平2 IS-决定的均衡收入和利率各是多少？ P，则LM = （2）若总供给曲线方程为P AD-决定的均衡收入和价格各是多 =，则AS Y40 235+ 少？ （3）若通过变动政府购买来实现充分就业，则政府购买的变动量是多少？ （4）若通过变动货币来实现充分就业，则需要如何变动货币供应量？ 7．考虑一个经济，其生产函数为Y=K?（AN）1- ?，A=4K/N。假定储蓄率为0.1，人口增长率为0.02，平均折旧率为0.03，?=0.5。 （1）将生产函数化为Y=αK。α为多少？ （2）模型中产出增长率和资本增长率是多少？ （3）是什么因素使它成为一个内生增长模型？ 8．假设经济体的人均生产函数为y=k为人均资本。求： （1）经济体的总量生产函数；
第二讲 配套习题及答案 1.若效用函数现为： γγ-=1),(l c l c u （10<<γ） 其他条件与实例中给出的相同，试分别求分散经济与计划经济的最优解。 计划者目标函数为： }{max 1,γγ-l c l c ..t s αα --==10 )(l h zk y c 代约束条件进目标函数，可以得到无约束的最大化问题： { }γγαα ---110])([max l l h zk l 一阶条件为： )(l FOC γγααγ γγγααγγγγα-------=--l l h k z l l h k z )1()()()1()1(011)1(0 求解可得： αγγ--=*1)1(h l αγ αγ--= *1) 1(h n 代*n 进生产函数可得： α ααγαγ-**??? ? ??--==10 1)1(h zk y c 企业利润函数为： wn k r n zk -+-=-)1(1ααπ 企业利润最大化的一阶条件为：
0)1(11=+-=??--r n k z k αααπ 0)1(=--=??-w n k z n αααπ 利用这两个一阶条件可以取得均衡的价格解，为： α ααγαγ-*?? ????--=1)1(0 h zk w 11)1(110 -?? ????--=--*α ααγαγαh k z r 2.假设行为人的效用函数如下：)ln()ln(l c U +=，其中c 是行为人的消费，l 是行为人每天用于闲暇的时间。行为人每天的时间除了用于闲暇，就是用于工作，但他既可以为自己工作也可以为别人工作。他为自己工作时的产出函数为5.0)(4s n y =，其中s n 为用于自己工作的时间。如果他为别人工作，每小时得到的报酬是工资，记为w （当然是用消费品衡量的）。试写出该行为人的最优化问题，并求解之。 )ln(){ln(max ,,l c s n l c + ..t s w n l n c s s )24()(45.0--+= 代约束条件进目标函数，分别对l 和s n 两个变量求一阶导数，并令其为零，有： )(l FOC l w n l n w s s 1 )24()(45 .0=--+ )(n FOC 0)24()(4)(25 .05.0=--+--w n l n w n s s s 求解上述联立方程，可得： w n s 4= *
宏观经济学习题库
宏观经济学习题集 一、选择题 1、今年的名义GDP增加了，说明（） A. 今年物价上涨了 B. 今年的物价和产出都增加了 C. 今年的产出增加了 D. 不能确定 2、下列项目那一项计入GDP？（） A. 政府转移支付 B. 购买一辆用过的车 C. 购买普通股股票 D. 购买彩票赢得1 万元 E. 企业支付的贷款和债券利息 3、下列说法错误的是（） A. 某建筑去年已经完成，今年的销售金额应加入今年GDP B. 总投资和净投资 C. 转移支付增加了，但GDP 不增加 D. 如果两个邻居相互帮助为对方扫雪，并且分别向对方支 付费用，会增加GDP 4、某国的GNP大于GDP，说明该国居民从外国得到的收入与外国从该国获得的收入相比关系 A. 大于 B. 小于 C. 等于 D. 无法判断 5、假设一个经济第一年即基年的当期产出为500亿元，如果第8 年GNP 折算指数提高了一倍，而实际产出增加了50%，则第8 年的名义产出等于（） A. 2000 亿元 B. 1500 亿元 C. 1000 亿元 D. 750 亿元 6、四部门经济总需求与总供给正确的恒等关系式是（） A. C+S+T=C+I+G B. C+T+M=C+T+G C. I+G+X=C+S+T D. I+G+X=S+T+M 7、根据简单的国民收入决定模型，引起国民收入减少的原因是（） A. 消费增加 B. 消费减少 C. 储蓄减少 D. 投资增加 8、在凯恩斯消费函数中，平均消费倾向一般（） A. 小于边际消费倾向 B. 大于边际消费倾向 C. 等于边际消费倾向 D. 以上说法均不准确 9、在以下四种情况中，乘数最大的是（） A. 边际消费倾向为0.6 B. 边际消费倾向为0.4 C. 标记消费倾向为0.75 10、如果与收入无关的消费为300亿元，投资为400亿元，在边际消费倾向为0.9，则两部门经济的均衡收入水平为（） A. 770 亿元 B. 4300 亿元 C. 3400 亿元 D. 7000 亿元 11、计划投资若超过计划储蓄，那么（） A.总供给将大于总需求 B.在未充分就业下将增加就业 C.将产生通货膨胀缺口 D.经济将处于非预期状态 12、若计划投资超过计划储蓄，那么（） A. GNP 下降，但储蓄S 将不变 B. GNP 将下降，但储蓄S将上升 13、当边际消费为0.8，税率为25%时，若政府转移支付增加50 亿美元，这将使预算盈余（） A. 减少50亿美元 B. 增加25亿美元 C. 减少25亿美元 D. 增加50亿美元 14、边际储蓄倾向若为0.25，则边际消费倾向为（） A. 0.25 B. 0.75 C. 1.0 D. 1.25 15、一般的说，位于IS 曲线左下方的收入和利率的组合，都是（） A.投资小于储蓄的组合 B.投资大于储蓄的组合 C.投资等于储蓄的组合 D.货币供给大于货币需求的组合 16、政府支出的减少使IS曲线（） A. 向左移动 B. 向右移动 C. 保持不动 D. 斜率变化 17、假定货币需求为L=kY-hr，货币供给增加10 亿美元而其他条件不变，会使LM（） A. 右移10亿美元 B. 右移k乘10亿美元 C. 右移10亿美元除以k D. 右移k除以10亿美元 18、当经济中存在失业时，应该采取的财政政策工具是（） A. 增加政府支出 B. 提高个人所得税 C. 增加货币发行量 D. 以上说法均不正确
第九章 一、单项选择题 1. 国内生产总值是（A ）的市场价值的总和。 A. —定时期内在一国（地区）境内生产的所有最终产品与服务 B. —定时期内在一国（地区）境内交换的所有最终产品与服务 C. 一定时期内在一国（地区）境内生产的所有产品与服务 D. —定时期内在一国（地区）境内交换的所有产品与服务 2. 名义GDF和实际GDP勺主要区别是（B ）。 A. 名义GDP按价格变化做了调整，而实际GD测没有 B. 实际GDP按价格变化做了调整，而名义GD测没有 C. 名义GDP更适合于比较若干年的产出 D. 实际GDP S通货膨胀时增长更多 5. 政府向公务员支付的工资属于（C ）。 A. 消费 B. 投资 C. 政府购买 D. 转移支付 6. 如果个人收入为3000元，个人所得税为150元，个人消费为2000元，个人储蓄为850元，则个人可支配收入为（B ）0 A. 3000 元 B.2850 元 C. 2000 元 D.1000 元 10. 某个大学生毕业后未能立即找到工作，属于（ A ）。 A. 摩擦性失业 B. 结构性失业 C. 周期性失业 D. 季节性失业 11. 由于经济萧条而形成的失业属于（C ）0 A. 摩擦性失业 B. 结构性失业 C.周期性失业 D. 永久性失业 12. 某个纺织工人因为纺织业不景气而失去工作，这种失业属于（ B ）o A. 摩擦性失业 B. 结构性失业 C. 周期性失业 D. 永久性失业二、多项选择题 1. 国内生产总值的含义有（ABCE ）o A. 是市场价值的概念 B. 测度的是最终产品和服务的价值 C. 是一定时期生产的最终产品和服务的价值 D. 是一定时期实际销售的最终产品和服务的价值 E. 计算的是流量而不是存量 2.国民收入核算体系包括的总量指标有（ABCDE ) o A.国内生产总值 B.国民生产总值 C.国民生产净值 D.国民收入 E.个人收入
一、名词解释 1．国民生产总值是指一个国家（地区）所有常住机构单位在一定时期内（年或季）收入初次分配的最终成果（简称GNP）。 2．结构性失业是由于经济结构的变化，劳动力的供给和需求在职业、技能、产业、地区分布等方面的不协调所引起的失业。 3．消费函数是反映人们的消费支出与决定消费的各种因素之间的依存关系。 4．通货膨胀在经济学上，通货膨胀意指整体物价水平持续性上升。 5．表明失业与通货膨胀存在一种交替关系的曲线，通货膨胀率高时，失业率低；通货膨胀率低时，失业率高。 1、D， 2、A， 3、A ， 4、A， 5、C， 6、A， 7、B， 8、D， 9、A，10、B，11、D，12、B，13、C，14、C，15、C。 二、单项选择题（每题2分，共30分） 1、自发投资支出减少10亿美元，会使IS：(). A．右移10亿美元；B．左移10亿美元； C．右移支出乘数乘以10亿美元；D．左移支出乘数乘以10亿美元。 2、假定货币供给量和价格水平不变，货币需求为收入和利率的函数，则收入增加时：(). A．货币需求增加，利率上升；B．货币需求增加，利率下降； C．货币需求减少，利率上升；D．货币需求减少，利率下降。 3、扩张性财政政策对经济的影响是：(). A、缓和了经济萧条但增加了政府的债务； B、缓和了萧条也减轻了政府债务； C、加剧了通货膨胀但减轻了政府债务； D、缓和了通货膨胀但增加了政府债务。 4、市场利率提高，银行的准备金会：() A、增加； B、减少； C、不变； D、以上几种情况都有可能。 5、中央银行在公开市场上卖出政府债券是企图（）. A、收集一笔资金帮助政府弥补财政赤字； B、减少商业银行在中央银行的存款； C、减少流通中基础货币以紧缩货币供给； D、通过买卖债券获取差价利益。 6、总需求曲线向右上方移动的原因是（）。 A、政府支出的增加 B、政府支出的减少 C、私人投资的减少 D、消费的减少 7、货币供给(M1)大致等于(). A、公众持有的通货 B、公众持有的通货加上活期存款 、C公众持有的通货加上银行准备金D、公众持有的通货加上银行存款 8、总需求曲线()。 A、当其他条件不变，政府支出减少时会右移 B、当其他条件不变，价格水平上升时会左移 C、当其他条件不变，税收减少时会左移 D、当其他条件不变，名义货币供给增加时会右移 9、如果IS曲线保持不变而LM曲线向右下方移动，则均衡利率()，国民收入()。
《宏观经济学》试题一 一、单项选择题 1、宏观经济学的中心理论是（） A、价格决定理论； B、工资决定理论； C、国民收入决定理论； D、汇率决定理论。 2、表示一国在一定时期内生产的所有最终产品和劳务的市场价值的总量指标是（） A、国民生产总值； B、国内生产总值； C、名义国民生产总值； D、实际国民生产总值。 3、GNP核算中的劳务包括（） A、工人劳动； B、农民劳动； C、工程师劳动； D、保险业服务。 4、实际GDP等于（） A、价格水平除以名义GDP； B、名义GDP除以价格水平； C、名义GDP乘以价格水平； D、价格水平乘以潜在GDP。 5、从国民生产总值减下列项目成为国民生产净值（） A、折旧； B、原材料支出； C、直接税； D、间接税。 6、从国民生产净值减下列项目在为国民收入（） A、折旧； B、原材料支出； C、直接税； D、间接税。 二、判断题 1、国民生产总值中的最终产品是指有形的物质产品。（） 2、今年建成并出售的房屋和去年建成而在今年出售的房屋都应计入今年的国民生产总值。 （） 3、同样的服装，在生产中作为工作服就是中间产品，而在日常生活中穿就是最终产品。（） 4、国民生产总值一定大于国内生产总值。（） 5、居民购房支出属于个人消费支出。（） 6、从理论上讲，按支出法、收入法和部门法所计算出的国民生产总值是一致的。（） 7、所谓净出口是指出口减进口。（） 8、在三部门经济中如果用支出法来计算，GNP等于消费＋投资＋税收。（） 三、简答题 1、比较实际国民生产总值与名义国民生产总值。 2、比较国民生产总值与人均国民生产总值。 3、为什么住房建筑支出作为投资支出的一部分？ 4、假定A为B提供服务应得报酬400美元，B为A提供服务应得报酬300美元，AB商定相互 抵消300美元，结果A只收B100美元。应如何计入GNP？ （一）答案 一、C、A、D、B、A、D； 二、错、错、对、错、错、对、对、错； 三、1、实际国民生产总值与名义国民生产总值的区别在于计算时所用的价格不同。前者用不变
宏观经济学 一、单项选择题 加速原理断定A、GDP的增加导致投资数倍增加 下列各项中（）项不属于生产要素供给的增长C、人才的合理流动 如果名义GDP由20000亿上升到23000亿，且GDP缩减指数由125上升至150，则B、实际GDP下降 中央银行提高贴现率会导致货币供给量的B、减少和利息率提高 自然失业率C、是经济处于潜在产出水平时的失业率 下列各项中哪一项不列入国内生产总值的核算B、政府给贫困家庭发放的一笔救济金 如果由于投资支出下降而导致GDP下降，可预期B、消费C和储蓄S将下降 LM线上的每一个点都表示使A、货币供给等于货币需求的收入和利率的组合 某人正在等待某项工作，这种情况可归类于B、失业 消费者储蓄增多而消费支出减少，则C、GDP和储蓄S都将下降 如果某人刚刚进入劳动力队伍尚未找到工作，这是属于A、摩擦性失业 如果由于投资支出下降而导致GDP下降，可预期B、消费C和储蓄S将下降 在充分就业的情况下，下列哪一因素最可能导致通货膨胀D、政府支出不变但税收减少 在坐标图上,表示收入和消费关系的45度线意味着C、所有的点表示消费等于收入 下列各项中（）项不属于生产要素供给的增长C、人才的合理流动 下列哪种情况不可能同时发生B、需求不足失业和需求拉动的通货膨胀 一个家庭当其收入为零时,消费支出为3000元,当其收入为8000元时,其消费支出为6000元,在图形上,消费和收入之间成一条直线,则边际消费倾向为A、3/8 当某一经济社会处于经济周期的扩张阶段时B、总需求逐渐增加，但没有超过总供给 通货膨胀是A、货币发行量过多而引起的一般物价水平普遍持续的上涨 菲利普斯曲线说明C、通货膨胀与失业率之间呈负相关 在国民收入核算体系中,计入GDP的政府支出是指B、政府购买物品和劳务的支出 下列哪一项计入GDP D、银行向某企业收取一笔贷款利息
一、概念辨析 1．国内生产总值（GDP ）与国民生产总值（GNP ） 2．政府支出与政府购买 3．消费者价格指数与GDP 消胀指数 4．实际总支出与计划总支出 5．流动性偏好与流动性陷阱 6．固定汇率制与可变汇率制 7．预算盈余与充分就业预算盈余 8．汇率上升与货币升值 9．经常账户与资本账户 10．商品市场均衡曲线（IS ）与货币市场均衡曲线(LM) 11．边际消费倾向与边际储蓄倾向 12．贸易均衡与国际收支均衡 二、简述题（图解题） 1．恒等式“储蓄等于投资”（如果是四部门经济则为“国民储蓄等于国民投资”）在传统意义上很好理解，比如你把钱存银行，银行贷款给企业投资。那么假设人把钱放枕头底下，该恒等式还成立吗？ 2．如果甲乙两个国家合并成一个国家，对GDP 总和会有什么影响（假定两国产出不变）？ 3．在实行累进税制的国家，比例所得税为何能对经济起到自动稳定器的作用？ 4．写出现代菲利普斯曲线方程，配以图形简述其如何解释经济中的滞胀现象？ 5．货币需求对利率的弹性越大，货币政策就越无效的判断是否正确? 6．凯恩斯认为人们的货币需求行为由哪些动机决定？ 7．政府采购支出增加一定会挤出私人投资和导致通货膨胀吗？ 8．古典学派和凯恩斯主义的总供给观点各自基于怎样的假定前提以及适合在什么情况下分析宏观经济问题？ 9．在国民收入核算中，NX G I C Y +++≡；在均衡收入的决定中，只有当AD Y =时，NX G I C Y +++=才会成立。这是否存在矛盾，并请说明理由。 10．名义货币存量的增加使AD 曲线上移的程度恰恰与名义货币增加的程度一致，为什么？ 11．封闭经济中的IS 曲线和开放经济中的IS 曲线哪一个更陡峭？ 12．贸易伙伴收入提高、本国货币真实贬值将对本国IS 曲线产生何种影响？ 13．凯恩斯学派认为货币政策的传递机制包含哪些环节？最主要的环节是什么？ 14．经济处于充分就业状态。若政府要改变需求构成，从消费转向投资，但不允许超过充分就业水平。需要采取何种形式的政策组合？运用IS —LM 模型进行分析。 15．考虑两种紧缩方案，一种是取消投资补贴；另一种是提高所得税率。运用IS —LM 模型分析两种政策对收入、利率与投资的影响。 16．利用IS —LM 模型分析价格沿AD 曲线变动，利率会发生什么变化？
一、名词解释 自动稳定器：亦称内在稳定器，是指经济系统本身存在的一种会减少各种干扰对国民收入冲击的机制，能够在经济繁荣时期自动抑制通胀，在经济衰退时期自动减轻萧条， 无需政府采取任何行动。 流动性陷阱：又称凯恩斯陷阱，指当利率极低，人们会认为这时利率不大可能再下降，或者说有价证券市场的价格不大可能再上升而只会跌落，因而人们不管有多少货币 都愿意持在手中，这种情况称为凯恩斯陷阱 货币投机需求：是指个人和企业为了抓住购买有价证券的机会以获利而产生的持币要求。国际收支均衡曲线：在其他有关变量和参数既定的前提下，在以利率为纵坐标，收入为横坐标的直角坐标系内，国际收支函数的几何表示即为国际收支曲线或称 BP曲线 奥肯定律：失业率每高于自然失业率1个百分点，实际GDP将低于潜在GDP2个百分点 生命周期消费理论：由美国经济学家莫迪利安尼提出，其核心理论在于，消费不单纯取决于现期收入，人们根据自己一生所能得到的劳动收入和财产，在整个生命 周期内平均安排消费，偏重对储蓄动机的分析 挤出效应：政府支出增加所引起的私人消费或投资降低的作用。扩张性财政政策导致利率上升，从而挤出私人投资，进而对国民收入的增加产生一定程度的抵消作用，这种 现象称为挤出效应。简单地说，挤出效应是指政府支出增加所引起的私人消费或 投资降低的作用 凯恩斯主义极端情形：是指IS曲线为垂直线而LM曲线为水平线的情况，这种情况下财政 政策非常有效，而货币政策完全无效 米德冲突：是指在许多情况下，单独使用支出调整政策或支出转换政策而同时追求内、外均衡两种目标的实现，将会导致一国内部均衡与外部均衡之间冲突 成本推进的通货膨胀：又称成本通货膨胀或供给通货膨胀，是指在没有超额需求的情况下由于供给方面成本的提高所引起的一般价格水平持续和显着地上涨 二、计算题 1、假定货币需求为L＝0．2Y，货币供给为M＝200，消费C＝90＋0．8Yd，税收T＝50，投资I＝140－5r，政府支出G＝50，求： （1）均衡收入、利率和投资； 由c＝90＋0.8yd，t＝50，i＝140－5r，g＝50和y＝c＋i＋g可知 IS曲线为y＝90＋0.8yd＋140－5r＋50＝90＋0.8(y－50)＋140－5r＋50＝240＋0.8y－5r 化简整理得，均衡收入为y＝1 200－25r ① 由L＝0.20y，MS＝200和L＝MS可知(这里有点看不懂啊MS是什么啊？) LM曲线为0.20y＝200，即y＝1 000 ② 这说明LM曲线处于充分就业的古典区域，故均衡收入为y＝1 000， 联立式①②得1 000＝1 200－25r 求得均衡利率r＝8， 代入投资函数，得i＝140－5r＝140－5×8＝100 （2）若其他情况不变，政府支出G增加20，那么收入、利率和投资有什么变化? 在其他条件不变的情况下，政府支出增加20亿美元将会导致IS曲线发生移动，此时由y＝c＋i＋g可得新的IS曲线为y＝90＋0.8yd＋140－5r＋70＝90＋0.8(y－50)＋140－5r＋70＝260＋0.8y－5r化简整理得，均衡收入为y＝1 300－25r 与LM曲线y＝1 000联立得1 300－25r＝1 000 由此均衡利率为r＝12，代入投资函数得i＝140－5r＝140－5×12＝80 而均衡收入仍为y＝1 000。 （3）是否存在“挤出效应”?
一、选择题(每小题 1 分，共30 分) 1．In the United States real GDP is reported each quarter. a. These numbers are adjusted to make them measure at annual and seasonally adjusted rates. — b. These numbers are adjusted to make them annual rates, but no adjustment for seasonal variations are made. c. These numbers are quarterly rates that have been seasonally adjuste d. d. These numbers are at quarterly rates and have not been seasonally adjusted. 2．The price of CD players increases dramatically, causing a 1 percent increase in the CPI. The price increase will most likely cause the GDP deflator to increase by a. more than 1 percent. b. less than 1 percent. c. 1 percent. d. It is impossible to make an informed guess without more information. 3．If increases in the prices of . medical care cause the CPI to increase by 2 percent, the GDP deflator will likely increase by a. more than 2 percent. ( b. 2 percent. c. less than 2 percent. d. All of the above are correct. 4．The traditional view of the production process is that capital is subject to a. constant returns. b. increasing returns. c. diminishing returns. d. diminishing returns for low levels of capital, and increasing returns for high levels of capital.5．Which of the following is correct a. Political instability can reduce foreign investment, reducing growth. . b. Gary's Becker proposal to pay mothers in developing countries to keep their children in school has not worked very well in practice. c. Policies designed to prevent imports from other countries generally increase economic growth. d. All of the above are correct. 6．Use the following table to answer the following question. Assume that the closing price was also the average price at which each stock transaction took place. What was the total dollar volume of Gillette stock traded that day / a. $912,840,000 b. $91,284,000 c. $9,128,400 d. $912,840 7．Suppose that in a closed economy GDP is equal to 10,000, taxes are equal to 2,500 Consumption equals 6,500 and Government expenditures equal 2,000. What are private saving, public saving, and national saving a. 1500, 1000, 500 b. 1000, 500, 1500 c. 500, 1500, 1000 d. None of the above are correct. 8．Risk-averse people will choose different asset portfolios than people who are not risk averse. Over a long period of time, we would expect that — a. every risk-averse person will earn a higher rate of return than every non-risk averse person. b. every risk-averse person will earn a lower rate of return than every non-risk averse person.
宏观经济学习题集 第一章正名 本章重点： 1)经济学的规范性和实证性定义的内涵与外延。 2)凯恩斯主义（及新凯恩斯主义）与古典（及新古典）经济学的区别与联系。 本章难点： 1)微观经济学均衡与宏观经济学均衡的区别及简单的动态经济学基础。 2)经济体制和经济人行为的相互关系。 一、判断题 1.“经济学研究如何有效配置稀缺资源”这种定义将经济学纳入规范科学领域。 2.“宏观经济学是研究宏观经济变量是如何决定的。”这种定义是将宏观经济学作为一门 实证科学。 3.在新古典学派看来资本主义市场经济是不完全竞争型市场经济。 4.由于凯恩斯的宏观经济政策在面对20世纪30年代西方资本主义社会经济危机时表现出 的无能，使得人们开始对传统的凯恩斯理论重新进行审视。 5.在宏观经济学研究中，当经济处于均衡时，供给等于需求。 6.因为企业所有制（产权制度）制约企业制度的设计，所以一种企业所有制，只能对应一 种企业制度。 7.在任何经济环境下，宏观经济变量的决定必然是经济人行为的综合结果。 8.在动态系统中，如果存在不动点，那么其只能收敛于一点，即只有一个不动点。 二、选择题 1.经济学中的规范含义是什么 A. 是指经济学的研究要符合规范要求、不能随心所意 B. 是指经济学研究的目的在于解释经济现象，回答为什么等客观性问题 C. 是指经济学的研究目的在于回答“好与不好”等价值判断的问题 D. 是指经济学研究能够对各种经济现象给出规范性的解释
2.经济学中的实证含义是什么？ A. 实证顾名思义就是指经济学的理论要能够指导实践 B. 实际上实证的前提是要符合规范的要求 C. 经济学研究的目的在于能够回答“应不应该”或“好还是坏”等问题，并能得到来自实践的支持，就是实证 D. 通俗地讲，就是回答经济现象是什么？为什么？ 3.经济学的规范和实证的关系正确理解是 A. 规范和实证是彼此对立的，因而经济学要么是规范的，要么就是实证的 B. 因为经济学是社会学科，因而本质上经济学始终是规范的 C. 规范以实证为基础，实证以规范为目的，因为经济学的目的是造福于人类 D. 两者就是一回事，不过是一枚硬币的两面 4.以下那个判断属于实证经济学？ A. 通货膨胀率下降了 B. 失业率太高了 C. 经理人的工资不应该太高 D. 降低失业率比抑制通货膨胀率更重要 5.下列哪种表述属于实证表述 A. 政府应该降低税收刺激经济以防经济恶化 B. 减少货币供给将降低通货膨胀率 C. 央行应该降低货币供给 D. 社会应该要求福利领取者去找工作 6.以下各项中不属于宏观经济学中探讨的经济变量是： A、就业率 B、国民生产总值 C、通货膨胀率