句子成分(1)

1 句子成分

• 主语 subject 谓语 predicate 宾语 object表语 predicative

• 宾补 complement定语 attribute状语 adverbial同位语 appositive

1. I met my best friend Tom at the station yesterday

↓↓

㈠主语

主语: 可以作主语的成分有名词, 主格代词,动词不定式, 动名词等等。主语一般在句首。

• Jane is good at playing the piano.

• She went out in a hurry.

• Four plus four is eight.

• To see is to believe.

• Smoking is bad for health.

• The young should respect the old.

• What he has said is true.

㈡谓语 谓语: 简单谓语由动词或动词词组构成, 一般在主语之后。

• I saw the flag on the top of the hill?

• He looked after two orphans.

• 复合谓语 由情态动词或助动词+动词;

• He can speak English well.

• She has finished the homework.

（三）宾语

宾语：动作的接受者，一般在谓语后面或介词后面。

●I like my job.

●We are interested in English.

He wanted to leave here.

●They enjoyed playing computer games.

●He asked where he was.

• 宾语分为直接宾语和间接宾语.直接宾语指物,间接宾语指人.

• He gave me some books.

↓ ↓

●Please pass me the book.

●He bought me some flowers.

(四)宾语补足语

• 宾语补足语: 位于宾语之后对宾语作出说明的成分。

• I found the book interesting.

• Do you hear Tom singing?

• He made himself understood.

• She asked me to lend her a hand.

• Please make yourself at home.

• Please keep the dog out.

• We must keep it a secret. 2 (五)定语

• He is a clever boy.

• They are building a stone bridge.

• There are 54 students in our class.

• Do you known Betty’s sister?

• He bought some sleeping pills.

• There is a sleeping baby in bed.

• His spoken language is good.

• I met a friend on my way home.

（六）状语

• 用于修饰形容词,副词,动词,介词短语或句子.可表示时间,地点,原因,结果,目的,方式,伴随,条件,程度,让步,频率等.

• I will be back in a while.

• They are playing on the playground.

• He was late because he got up late.

• He got up so late that he missed the train.

（七）表语

• 在系动词后的部分就是表语

• 常见的系动词有:

• Be动词 (am, is, are)

• 感官系动词 feel, smell, sound, taste, look

• 变化系动词 become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come

• 状态系动词 seem, keep, remain, stay, appear.

• The war was over.

• They seem to know the truth.

• Time is precious.

• I’m not quite myself today.

• Who was the first?

• He is out of condition.

• The book is what I need.

• The apple tastes good.

八、同位语

同位语 当两个指同一事物的句子成分放在同等位置时, 一个句子成分用来说明和解释另一个句子成分, 这个句子成分就叫做它的同位语。

We students should study hard. (students是we的同位语, 都是指同一批“学生”)

We all are students. (all是we的同位语, 都指同样的“我们”)

五大基本句型

• 一: Ｓ Ｖ (主＋谓) 二: Ｓ Ｖ Ｐ (主＋系＋表)

• 三: Ｓ Ｖ Ｏ (主＋谓＋宾) 四: Ｓ Ｖ ｏ Ｏ (主＋谓＋间宾＋直宾)

• 五: Ｓ Ｖ Ｏ Ｃ (主＋谓＋宾＋宾补)

基本句型 一:ＳＶ(主＋谓) 3 谓语:不及物动词(vi.)没有宾语, 形成主谓结构。 如: We come.

1. The sun rose. 2. Who cares? 3. What he said does not matter.

4. They talked for half an hour. 5. The pen writes smoothly

基本句型二：Ｓ│Ｖ(是系动词)│ Ｐ(表语)

1. This is an English-Chinese dictionary.

2. The dinner smells good.

3. Everything looks different.

4. He is growing tall and strong.

5. Our well has gone dry.

6. His face turned red.

基本句型 三:Ｓ Ｖ Ｏ (主＋谓＋宾)

此句型的特点是：谓语动词都是及物动词,必须

跟有一个宾语, 即动作的承受者, 才能使意思完整。

Ｓ│Ｖ(及物动词)│Ｏ(宾语)

1. Who│knows│the answer?

2. He │has refused│to help them.

3. He│enjoys│reading.

4. He│said│“Good morning.”

5. He│admits│that he was mistaken.

基本句型 四:Ｓ Ｖ ｏ Ｏ

(主＋谓＋间宾＋直宾)

有些及物动词可以有两个宾语, e.g.

give/pass/bring/show。这两个宾语通常一个

指人(间接宾语); 一个指物(直接宾语)。

--Give me a cup of tea please.

--Give a cup of tea to me please.

give sb sth= give sth to sb

Ｓ│Ｖ(及物)│ｏ(多指人)│Ｏ(多指物)

1. She ordered herself a new dress.

2. He brought you a dictionary.

3. I showed him my pictures.

4. I told him that the bus was late.

5. He showed me how to run the machine.

基本句型 五:Ｓ Ｖ Ｏ Ｃ

(主＋谓＋宾＋宾补)

此句型的特点是: 动词虽然是及物动词, 但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思, 必须加上一个补充成分来补足宾语, 才能使意思完整。作宾语补足宾语补足语: 位于宾语之后对宾语作出说明的成分。可以用语的有名词, 形容词, 不定式,动名词, 分词, 介词短语等。

The war made him a soldier. 名词

New methods make the job easy.形容词

I often find him at work.介词短语 4 The teacher ask the students to close

the windows.动词不定式

I saw a cat running across the road.动名词

Exercises:分析句子结构

• You are a student.

• He felt happy today.

• What you said made me happy.

• Could you give me some advice on how to learn English well?

• After he finished his homework, he went away.

• He likes pop music.

一) 挑出下列句中的宾语

① My brother hasn't done his homework.

② People all over the world speak English.

④ How many new words did you learn last class?

⑤ Some of the students in the school want

to go swimming, how about you?

⑥ The old man sitting at the gate said he was ill.

(二) 挑出下列句中的表语

-- The old man was feeling very tired.

-- The leaves have turned yellow.

-- Soon they all became interested in the subject.

(三) 挑出下列句中的定语

1. What is your given name?

2. I am afraid some people forgot to sweep the floor.

3. The man downstairs was trying to sleep.

4. I am waiting for the sound of the other shoe!

(四) 挑出下列句中的宾语补足语

① She likes the children to read newspapers and books in the reading-room.

② He asked her to take the boy out of school.

③ She found it difficult to do the work.

④ They call me Lily sometimes.

⑤ I saw Mr Wang get on the bus.

(五) 挑出下列句中的状语

① There was a big smile on her face.

② Every night he heard the noise upstairs.

③ He began to learn English when he was eleven.

④ The man on the motorbike was traveling too fast.

⑤ With the medicine box under her arm, Miss Li hurried off.

⑥ She loves the library because she loves books.

⑦ I am afraid that if you've lost it, you must pay for it.

⑧ The students followed Uncle Wang to see the other machine.