National Culture,Economic Development,Population Growth
and Environmental Performance: The Mediating Role of Education
Yu-Shu Peng Shing-Shiuan Lin
ABSTRACT.Literature on ethical behavior has paid little attention to the mechanism between macro-environmental variables and environmental performance. This study aims at constructing a model to examine the relationships which link cultural values,population growth,economic development,and environmental performance by incorporating the mediating role of education.The multiple linear regression model was employed to test the hypotheses on a3-year-pooled sample of51countries.Empirical results conclude that national culture,economic development,and population growth would significantly influence environmental per-formance directly.In addition,through the mediating effect of education,population growth and national cul-ture would significantly affect environmental performance indirectly.These findings provide theoretical and mana-gerial implications for constructing the mechanism of cultural values and ethical behavior in general and envi-ronmental management in particular.
KEY WORDS:national culture,environmental perfor-mance,education,cross-cultural,ethical behavior Introduction
Previous studies on environmental performance have showed economic development(e.g.,Husted,2005; Mendelsohn,1994)and demographic growth(e.g., Burns et al.,1994;Husted,2005)are important predictors of environmental degradation of a coun-try.Beyond economic and demographic dimensions, Vitell et al.(1993)highlighted the in?uence of na-tional culture on ethical decision-making and pro-posed a conceptual model discussing the effects of cultural values on ethical decision-making,as based on the typology of Hofstede(1980).
Utilizing the propositions of Vitell et al.(1993), Husted(2005)veri?ed the hypothesized correlated relationship between national culture and environ-mental performance.Notably,Husted(2005)is one of the few studies to discuss the main effect of national culture on moral behavior at the analytical level of a country among the abundant empirical researches of culture’s consequences for the past two decades. What Husted(2005)contributed helps us?gure out the logic concerning how national culture affects environmental outcome of a country:although the relationship between them seems like fatalism–we could not change our environmental behaviors since our national culture has been predetermined. Reviewing180studies adopting Hoftstede’s national culture framework,Bradley et al.(2006) made recommendations for researchers who will use Hofstede’s framework in the future.One of the proposed recommendations is to include theoreti-cally relevant contextual moderators and mediators. In fact,Carrol and Gannon(1997)has proposed an integrated model of culture and ethical behaviors showing parenting,socialization,education,and religion would be the primary mechanisms of cul-tural transmission.
Compared with more empirical studies focused on contextual moderating effects(e.g.,Husted, 1999,2000,2005),few studies have been concerned with if there is a mediating role between cultural values and their consequences(e.g.,Kirkman and Shapiro,2001;Van Dyne et al.,2000).This disre-gard not only re?ects the theoretical gap of national culture but also hinders our understanding of how
Journal of Business Ethics(2009)90:203–219óSpringer2009 DOI10.1007/s10551-009-0036-x
environmental management practices could stop the environmental degradation across countries.Simi-larly,although scholars have argued and proved that economic development and population growth are important factors of determining the level of the environmental performance(e.g.,Gnyawali,1996; Grafton and Knowles,2004;Husted,2005),yet few studies have ever tried further to?nd the possible mechanism between them.Nevertheless,the work of Carrol and Gannon(1997)may provide impor-tant clues for constructing a mediated model among macro-environmental variables.
Given its theoretical signi?cance and practical relevance,the mechanism linking cultural values, economic development,population growth,and envi-ronmental outcomes deserves systematic and in-depth analysis.In particular,we argue education would be one of the bridges to connect those macro-environmental variables according to Carrol and Gannon(1997).Speci?cally,this study attempts to answer the following two research questions:(1) what factors determine the environmental perfor-mance of a country and(2)is education a mediating variable which connects demographic,socioeco-nomic variables,and environmental performance?In the following section,we?rst review the literature to develop a set of hypotheses,through a vector of geographic factors,and then test the hypotheses on a 3-year pooled sample of51countries.Finally,we discuss the?ndings and conclude the article by suggesting new directions for future studies. Literature review and hypothesis construction
Based on Hofstede’s(1980)framework,many studies have shown culture has main associations between cultural values and societal outcomes,as well as cultural values being a moderator at the analytical levels of individual,group,and country.Most pre-vious studies were conducted at the individual and country level,and only few studies were conducted at the group level.At the country level,research issues have mainly included organization behavior, human resource management,international business studies,alliance formation,innovation and research and development,and?nally societal outcomes (Bradley et al.,2006),while only relatively few studies have focused on the ethical behaviors(e.g., Husted,1999,2000,2005).
Adopting the revised model proposed by Hunt and Vitell(1992),Vitell et al.(1993)provided a conceptual framework to examine how culture in?uences one’s perceptions and ethical decision-making in business.In order to accomplish the task, they?rst used the cultural typology proposed by Hofstede(1980)but subsequently developed speci?c propositions relating Hofstede’s cultural dimensions to informal and formal codes of behavior,the per-ception of ethical problems,the perception of the consequences of behavior,and the evaluation of the relative importance of stakeholders.The pioneering effort of Vitell et al.(1993)has thus?lled up the signi?cant gap in the conceptualization of business ethics relative to different in?uences.
Mainly on the basis of Vitell et al.(1993),Bryan W. Husted has performed a stream of empirical studies on the association between cultural values and un/ethical behaviors such as corruption,software piracy,and environmental sustainability.Through the empirical results of Husted(1999,2000,2005),some proposi-tions about the relationships between cultural values and ethical behaviors have been con?rmed.Brie?y, Husted(1999,2000,2005)has paid more attention to the main and interacting effects of cultural factors, whereas he did not try to explore the mechanism of connecting cultural variables and those ethical out-comes.Furthermore,since Husted(1999,2000, 2005)adopted cross-sectional research design,the hypothesized relationships between cultural values and outcomes would be unstable at different observing time points.1
In addition to the discussion about the association between national culture and environmental perfor-mance,previous studies have also demonstrated that economic development and population growth are crucial predictors of environmental performance.For example,one cross-country survey on the relation-ship between social capital and environmental per-formance found that measures of population density and per capita income are shown to have a signi?-cantly negative and a signi?cantly positive effect on several measures of environmental performance (Grafton and Knowles,2004).The same argument was also proposed by Husted(2005),and he further emphasized the moderating effects of macro-environmental variables.According to mentioned
204Yu-Shu Peng and Shing-Shiuan Lin
above,scholars tend to put more concern with the direct effects and moderating effects of geographic factors,while neglecting to construct a mediated model to predict the difference of environmental performance across countries.
One of few studies–Carrol and Gannon(1997)–developed a comprehensive model of the in?uence of culture on the ethical behaviors among managers. The origins of culture including history,resource, and geography determine the national cultures which are re?ected on managerial values,belief,and practices.Through the primary(parenting,sociali-zation,education,and religion)and secondary(laws, human resource management systems,and organi-zational culture)mechanisms of cultural transmis-sion,the modal values and beliefs of managers as well as their subsequent ethical behaviors are affected. The model of Carrol and Gannon(1997)may pro-vide an important clue to construct a mediated model which begins with national culture,and then education to environmental performance.
After reviewing literature-related ethical behav-iors,we have found education has been regarded and included as a critical antecedent of ethical behavior. For example,scholars have used education to predict the rate of software piracy across nations(e.g., Andre′s,2006a,b;Depken and Simmons,2004; Marron and Steel,2000).The other examples are Grafton and Knowles(2004)and Park et al.(2007), which used education to predict the level of envi-ronmental performance.There are two points nee-ded to mention.First,the empirical?ndings are not very consistent to show that education is an effective factor to determine ethical behavior.Second,extant studies did not further explore the possibility of education being the bridge to connect socioeco-nomic variables with ethical behavior.Hence,we think there is still room for discussing the role of education plays based on sounder theoretical foun-dations and improvement of measurement. Based on the framework of Carrol and Gannon (1997),we are interested in exploring the relation-ships between macro-environmental variables and environmental performance.First,we will discuss how education plays a mediating role connecting macro-environmental variables,such as national culture,economic development,and population growth,and the environmental performance of a country.This part is the main theme of the present article.Second,the direct effect of macro-environmental variables on environmental perfor-mance is also being investigated.We will pay more attention to the in?uence of economic development and population growth on environmental perfor-mance.In particular,the non-linear effect of popu-lation growth on the environmental performance will be elaborated in the following section.Due to insuf?cient empirical studies and inconsistent con-clusions,2we put less concern on the direct effect of national culture on environmental performance.To the best of our knowledge,there are only three recent studies dealt with this issue,most of which deduce the relationship between national culture and environmental performance by the de?nitions of the four cultural dimensions.Husted(2005)found that individualism,power distance,and masculinity are signi?cant predictors of environmental perfor-mance,while the other two studies Park et al.(2007) and Ringov and Zollo(2007)indicated that only power distance and masculinity could explain the difference of environmental performance across countries.
Cultural values and educational level
National culture is de?ned as‘the values,beliefs and assumptions learned in early childhood that distin-guish one group of people from another’(Newman and Nollen,1996).Carrol and Gannon(1997) proposed an eclectic model,in which national cul-ture value will transmit the modal value and belief to the managers and thus subsequent ethical behaviors through primary and secondary transmission mech-anisms.The primary transmission system includes parenting,socialization,education,and religion,and the secondary transmission system covers laws, human resource management systems,and organi-zational culture.
In this study,we employed a similar approach by investigating the impact of Hofstede’s national cul-ture framework on education attainment rates and national environmental management.Speci?c to our research context,we believe that national culture could also be applied to national environmen-tal performance via educational level improve-ment.Therefore,we infer that these four cultural dimensions may affect a nation’s environmental
National Culture,Economic Development,Population Growth and Environmental Performance205
performance through the mediating effect of education.In the following subsections,we will elaborate on the ways that four cultural dimensions could contribute to the educational level and envi-ronmental management performance of a country. Individualism–collectivism
This cultural dimension examines to what extent the degree of the society is individual or collective in relation to achievement and interpersonal relation-ships.High individualism indicates the importance of the individual in the society,and personal rights tend to be very in?uential within these societies. Low individualism typi?es a society that is more collectivist in nature.These societies would exhibit close ties between individuals,extended families,and collectives where everyone takes responsibility for fellow members of their group(Hofstede,1991). In an individualist society,the organization would emphasize individual work performance;in a col-lectivist society,organization would prefer to adopt the work group type to execute tasks.Consequently, people in individualist cultures need to have better educational backgrounds enabling ful?llment of tasks alone.For example,education seems to be valued in the United States if it leads to short-term success,i.e., there is a clear relationship between going to school and obtaining a job(Carrol and Gannon,1997). Hypothesis1-1The higher the level of individualism
of a country,the higher the educa-
tional level of the country.
Power distance
This dimension examines the degree of equality and inequality among people in a society.At one end of the continuum,a high power distance indicates that inequalities of wealth and power are openly tolerated within the society.These societies could follow a caste system that limits signi?cant upward mobil-ity of its citizens.At the other end of the contin-uum,a low power distance indicates the society de-emphasizes the differences between citizens’power and wealth.In such countries,equality and opportunity for everyone is stressed more than in high power distance countries(Hofstede,1991). Citizens in low power distance countries are more likely to have equal rights and wealth to be enrolled in school and thus have higher education.It is rea-sonable to expect that people in low power distance cultures are more likely to have higher education than people in higher power distance cultures.On the contrary,people in high power distance cultures have lower levels of education.
Hypothesis1-2The higher the level of power dis-
tance of a country,the lower the
educational level of the country. Uncertainty avoidance
Research has shown that people in high uncertainty avoidance cultures have a strong resistance to change (e.g.,Kale and Barnes,1992),while people in low uncertainty avoidance cultures do not fear the future and exhibit lower change resistance(e.g.,Kale,1991; Nakata and Sivakumar,1996;Ueno and Sekaran, 1992).Presumably,this is because change often involves uncertainties.
Therefore,it is reasonable to expect that people in high uncertainty avoidance cultures prefer to have a stable career compared with people in low uncer-tainty avoidance cultures.Consequently,people in high uncertainty avoidance cultures have higher needs for education.
Hypothesis1-3The higher the level of uncertainty
avoidance of a country,the higher
the educational level of the country. Masculinity–femininity
This dimension focuses on the degree the society reinforces,or does not reinforce,the traditional masculine work role model of male achievement. This is shown by the level of inequality between males and females.In a country with high mascu-linity,there is a higher degree of gender differ-entiation.In these societies,the male controls a signi?cant portion of the society and power struc-ture,with females being dominated by males.At the other end of the continuum,a low masculinity country has a small level of differentiation and dis-crimination between genders;females are treated equally to males in all aspects of the society in these communities(Heffernan and Farrell,2005). According to the above perspective,we infer that in masculine societies males aiming to consolidate
206Yu-Shu Peng and Shing-Shiuan Lin
their power structure and competition with others will need to obtain more knowledge to reinforce their ability.In such circumstances,a female’s edu-cational level would be lower than a male’s.There-fore,the citizen’s average education enrollments in a masculine country would be lower than for a femi-nine country.
Hypothesis1-4The higher the level of masculinity of
a country,the lower the educational
level of the country.
Economic development and educational level
The improvement of economic development could allow the government to have suf?cient budget to offer related educational construction;moreover,the increase of gross national product(GNP)per capita could enhance the people’s ability to assume educa-tion-related expenses(Chang,2004).Therefore, economic development would enhance a people’s capability regarding education attainment and further strive for higher socioeconomic status(Rubinson and Ralph,1984).On the contrary,a low socioeconomic status would diminish the student’s chances of uni-versity enrollment(Sewell and Hauser,1976). According to the?ndings of Meyer(1977),there is a signi?cant relationship between GNP per capita and school enrollment rate.
Hypothesis2The higher the level of economic
development of a country,the higher
the educational level of the country.
Population growth and educational level
Classical demographic transition theory predicts that fertility decline will occur naturally as associated with socioeconomic development.The mass schooling by the state would change the family economy by raising the costs of children because of the many costs directly or indirectly associated with school atten-dance.Thus,Caldwell(1980)argued that the onset of the fertility transition in developing countries would be linked with the achievement of‘‘mass formal schooling.’’
From another perspective,previous scholars indicated that education,or literacy,has been found to be the strongest inverse correlation of the crude birth rate in macro-level socioeconomic regressions (Charles and Ruder,1977;Ronald,1973).The hypothesized relationship has been borne out by many empirical studies in contemporary developed and developing countries(Harvey,1979).In other words,the negative relationship between education and fertility implies that a high level of education is associated with both low level of fertility and early fertility decline(Van de Walle,1980).Based on the above discussion,we infer the third hypothesis as follows.
Hypothesis3The higher the population growth rate
of a country,the lower the educational
level of the country.
Educational level and environmental performance
Prior studies have shown a positive relationship exists between the level of education and moral judgment(Bebeau,1994;Rest,1986).Individuals who take courses in ethics tend to have higher levels of moral sensitivity(Ofsthun,1986).Research by Bebeau(1994)on ethical sensitivity in the?eld of dentistry indicated that individuals in professional areas that require higher education(dentist versus hygienist)incline to demonstrate higher levels of ethical https://www.doczj.com/doc/ca70597.html,ing a cognitive mapping tech-nique,Swenson-Lepper(2005)found that level of education is positively correlated with moral sensi-tivity.Examining major factors in?uencing con-sumers’intention to buy advertised green products, Chan(2004)argued that consumers’educational level is a signi?cant determinant of green purchase intention.This?nding echoes those of previous environmental research;in the environmental liter-ature,education has consistently been shown to be an important demographic factor that positively affects environmental consciousness(Arbuthnot and Lingg,1975).
At the country level,Grafton and Knowles(2004) explored the relationship between social capital and environmental performance.In this study,they used average years of schooling(AYS)of the population
National Culture,Economic Development,Population Growth and Environmental Performance207
aged25or older to be the proxy of social capacity which is one of the dimensions of social capital. Environmental performance was measured by eight different kinds of indexes.3Using cross-country data from a sample of low,middle,and high-income countries,empirical results surprisingly showed that AYS could not effectively predict the degree of any kind of indexes of environmental performance.4 They inferred this?nding could be attributed that the state of the environment is dominated by eco-nomic and demographic factors.Another reason we surmise is that the higher education proxy such as tertiary education may be more appropriate to re?ect the in?uence of education on ethical behaviors. Carrol and Gannon(1997)argued the primary mechanism of cultural transmission will affect the modal values and beliefs of managers as well as their subsequent ethical behaviors.Since education is one of the critical components of the primary mechanism of cultural transmission,we expect that business executives with higher educational level would have more appropriate environmental managerial behavior.
Hypothesis4The higher the educational level of a
country,the higher the social and
institutional capacity of the country for
environmental performance.
Economic development and environmental performance From the perspective of suppliers,MNCs in devel-oped and developing countries,aiming to minimize the costs of production and enhance their competi-tiveness,might have slack resources to perform environmental management(Berry and Rondinelli, 1998);from the perspective of consumers,Henriques and Sadosky(1999)indicated that a?rm’s formula-tion of its environmental plan is positively in?uenced by pressure from customers,shareholders,govern-ment regulations,neighborhood,and community groups.The public has put increasing pressure on governments to enact environmental regulations and legal restrictions that mitigate the adverse effects of pollution(Berry and Rondinelli,1998).
Under pressure from supply and demand sides, poor countries are less likely to invest in scienti?c research or environmental enforcement;further-more,the social and institutional capacity(SIC)for environmental performance is likely to be lower.In contrast,people in wealthier countries are better informed and able to make greater demands on corporations for socially and environmentally respon-sible performance(Gnyawali,1996;Husted,2005). According to the above argument,we infer Hypothesis5as follows:
Hypothesis5The higher the level of economic
development of a country,the higher
the social and institutional capacity
of the country for environmental
performance.
Population growth and environmental performance Population growth is often attributed to as an in?uencing factor of environmental degradation (Brundtland et al.,1987;Burns et al.,1994).Previous studies indicate that a negative relationship exists between population growth and environmental performance(e.g.,Husted,2005),while in the present study we infer that there might be an inverted U-shape relationship between them by arguing that there are two major contrasting forces to determine the level of environmental performance.For gov-ernments,one of two kinds of pressure they face is from the sense of environmental protection per-ceived by civilians,which prevents governments from adopting large-scale exploitation of natural resource,while the other kind of pressure is associ-ated with the consideration of food production suf-?ciency which might coerce governments to deplete more nature resource.
When the population growth rate is in the low–medium growth stage,the sense of environmental protection perceived by civilians is getting stronger with population https://www.doczj.com/doc/ca70597.html,ger populations encour-age greater specialization and increased investments in knowledge(Becker et al.,1999),which is bene-?ciary to environmental performance.During this stage,the positive effects on environmental perfor-mance both from the sense of environmental pro-tection and food production productivity would curb governments to consume more nature resource;
208Yu-Shu Peng and Shing-Shiuan Lin
when the population growth rate is continually increasing,larger and denser populations will force governments to distort markets with subsidies and to relax environmental enforcement,thus diminishing the nation’s social and institutional capabilities to respond to environmental degradation(Husted, 2005).Although the sense of environmental pro-tection perceived by civilians is still high,it may be overwhelmed by the consideration of food produc-tion suf?ciency.Malthus’s1798Principle of Popu-lation which mentions that there is an unbalance growth between population and food production can help explain why governments may scarify envi-ronment performance for producing more food during high population growth stage. Hypothesis6There is an inverted U-shape rela-
tionship between the rate of popula-
tion growth and the social and
institutional capacity of a country for
environmental performance. Methodology
Conceptual model
On the basis of the section of literature review and hypothesis construction,the framework of this research is illustrated in Figure1.In this study,we try to explore the relationships among socioeco-nomics,cultural variables,and environmental per-formance.We investigate the relationship between economic development,population growth,and education in advance and then explore the associa-tions between education,economic development, population growth,and environmental performance. In addition,in order to examine if the proposed model is ideal,this study uses a fully mediated model (Figure2)and a partially mediated model(Figure3) as our competing models.
Sample
The research sources were from three international surveys:the Hofstede culture study,the World Bank, and the World Economic Forum.The data of cultural dimensions were obtained from the Hofstede study (1997).The data of environmental performance was taken from the Global Leaders of Tomorrow Envi-ronmental Task Force of the World Economic For-um.The data of GNP per capita,population growth rate,and enrollment rate were collected from the World Bank.
We?rst obtained country-level data of environ-mental performance from the Environmental Sus-tainability Index(ESI)report(2001,2002,and2005) and then excluded those countries not included in Hofstede’s(1997)country list.Finally,we collected two samples under different education levels.One sample has153observing points(51countries for 3years=153)under secondary education level,and the other one has144observing points(48countries for3years=144)under tertiary educational level.
National Culture,Economic Development,Population Growth and Environmental Performance209
Measures
Dependent variable
Environmental performance was measured by the Social and Institutional Capacity (SIC)for environ-mental sustainability provided by the Environmental Sustainability Index (ESI).The ESI was developed by the Global Leaders of Tomorrow Environmental Task Force of the World Economic Forum.It rep-resents a measure of sustainable development at the country level for 122countries based on ?ve main dimensions of performance,including SIC for envi-ronmental sustainability (Global Leaders,2001,2002,2005).Husted (2005)also adopted SIC to be the proxy of environmental performance.
Independent variables
Economic development Economic development was measured by using World Bank data for years 2001,2002,and 2005on GNP per capita.Purchasing power parity estimates of GNP per capita were used since these estimates re?ect differences in the cost of living from one country to another.The estimates are derived by using a currency’s purchasing power parity,instead of its exchange rate,which may be under or over value.
Population growth rate World Bank data for years 2001,2002,and 2005were also used to measure the rate of population growth in a country.
Cultural variables The cultural variables of power distance,individualism,masculinity,and uncer-tainty avoidance were measured using data pub-lished by Hofstede (1997)for 46countries and three regions.In addition,this study includes cul-tural data for ?ve other countries that were not part of Hofstede’s original study (Brouthers and Brouthers,2001).
210
Yu-Shu Peng and Shing-Shiuan Lin
Mediating variable
In this study,we used the rate of students enrolled in school as the proxy of educational level of a country. Although indicators of educational level also include average attendance,total school days,educational expenditures,etc.,previous longitudinal studies have found that these other series behave much like enrollments(Ralph and Rubinson,1980;Walters and Rubinson,1983).Moreover,the enrollment series are the only ones available on an annual basis. According to the classi?cation of the United Nations Educational,Scienti?c,and Culture Orga-nizations(UNESCO),education is separated by primary,secondary,and tertiary three levels.Owing to the non-normal distribution of the enrollment of primary educational level,we exclude the primary educational level and adopt the secondary and ter-tiary educational levels as the proxies of education. In terms of the de?nition of gross enrollment rate, secondary is the number of pupils(total,male, female)enrolled in secondary education,regardless of age,expressed as a percentage of the population (total,male,female)in the theoretical age group for secondary education.Secondary enrollments are the number of students enrolled in public secondary schools,grades9through12;tertiary is the number of pupils(total,male,female)enrolled in tertiary, regardless of age,expressed as a percentage of the population(total,male,female)of the5-year age group following on from the secondary school leaving age(UNESCO,2006).
The findings of the empirical survey
Data analysis
Table I shows the descriptive statistics and correla-tion matrix for the variables of pooled cross-national data for years2001,2002,and2005.5There are signi?cant correlations among dependent variable –SIC–and independent variables including eco-nomic development,population growth,individu-alism,and power distance.Coincidentally,we found
TABLE I
Descriptive statistics and correlations–pooled cross-national data
Variable Mean SD1234567
1.SIC60.65
(60.11)17.85 (17.56)
–
2.Economic development 14032.16
(14202.01)
13078.82
(13169.99)
0.80**
(0.79**)
3.Population growth 1.05
(1.08)0.92
(0.91)
-0.40**
(-0.44**)
-0.37**
(-0.39**)
https://www.doczj.com/doc/ca70597.html,cation a92.03
(43.60)28.26
(22.71)
0.70**
(0.74**)
0.59**
(0.72**)
-0.56**
(-0.51**)
5.Individualism45.93
(46.26)25.13
(25.13)
0.70**
(0.70**)
0.73**
(0.72**)
-0.45**
(-0.44**)
0.74**
(0.63**)
6.Power distance53.38
(53.38)22.86
(23.13)
-0.60**
(-0.60**)
-0.54**
(-0.53**)
0.50**
(0.48**)
-0.51**
(-0.49**)
-0.62**
(-0.60**)
7.Uncertainty avoidance 67.05
(66.92)
22.49
(23.15)
-0.15
(-0.14)
-0.19*
(-0.19*)
-0.08
(-0.07)
-0.12
(-0.03)
-0.42**
(-0.43**)
0.20*
(0.21*)
8.Masculinity50.07
(49.67)18.79
(19.08)
-0.15
(-0.18*)
-0.04
(-0.06)
-0.01
(-0.02)
-0.08
(-0.14)
0.07
(0.08)
0.06
(0.06)
0.03
(0.03)
*p<0.05;**p<0.01,two-tailed test.The raw data are collected in years2001,2002,and2005.
a The upper correlation coef?cients of variables are under secondary educational level.The sample size is153(51countries for3years=153);the lower ones are under tertiary educational level.The sample size is144(48countries for
3years=144).
National Culture,Economic Development,Population Growth and Environmental Performance211
education is also signi?cantly associated with eco-nomic development,population growth,individu-alism,and power distance.
There is further a high correlation between power distance and individualism as seen in Husted(2005) and also acknowledged by Hofstede(1997),which notes that this relationship would disappear if eco-nomic development is held constant.Since eco-nomic development is included in the model,there should be little concern about this correlation. Statistical results
We construct two sets of models under the medi-ating variable set up on secondary education (Table III)and tertiary education(Table IV)levels, respectively.
Secondary education
Hypotheses1,2,and3predicted that cultural variables,economic development,and population growth would be signi?cantly related to education level.In the?rst step,we regressed education level on the control variables.Next,four cultural vari-ables,economic development,and population growth were added.As predicted,cultural variables except power distance were signi?cantly related to education level in the Model1of Table II. Hypothesis1was supported.Economic develop-ment has no signi?cant effect on educational level. Hypothesis2was not supported.A signi?cant neg-ative relationship exists between population growth and education level.The result for population growth was accordance with Hypothesis3. Adopting the procedure suggested by Baron and Kenny(1986),we tested the mediating effect of education on environmental performance.To test for mediation,we estimated the three following regres-sion equations:?rst,regressing the mediator(edu-cation)on the independent variables(cultural values, economic development,and population growth); second,regressing the dependent variable(SIC)on the independent variables;third,regressing the dependent variable on both the independent variable and the mediator.We further checked the coef?cient change of all independent variables to know whether it is a fully or partially mediated model.
TABLE II Sample:secondary education
Variable Expected sign Model1
Dependent:secondary
education(SECEDU)
Model2
Dependent:SIC
Model3
Dependent:SIC
Coef?cients VIF Coef?cients VIF Coef?cients VIF Control variables
2002-0.10-0.10** 1.33-0.13*-0.11** 1.33-0.13*-0.08** 1.38 2005-0.09-0.13*** 1.430.09-0.02 1.430.090.02 1.50 Predict variables
IDV H1-1(+)0.68*** 3.560.23*** 3.610.07 4.95 PDI H1-2(+)0.05 1.88-0.23*** 1.98-0.23*** 1.98 UAI H1-3(+)0.15*** 1.450.11** 1.450.07* 1.53 MAS H1-4(-)-0.14*** 1.05-0.14*** 1.05-0.10*** 1.11 GNP H2(+),H5(+)0.03 2.510.47*** 2.570.47*** 2.58 PEO H3(+)-0.26*** 1.650.40*** 6.240.38*** 6.25 PEO2H6(-)-0.45*** 5.87-0.36*** 6.31 SECEDU H4(+)0.25*** 3.24 F change0.8347.50*** 2.77**60.45*** 2.77**58.67*** Adjusted R2-0.000.65***0.02**0.74***0.02**0.76***
D R20.010.66***0.04**0.72***0.04**0.74***
*p<0.1,**p<0.05,***p<0.01,one-tailed test;all regression coef?cients are standardized.
212Yu-Shu Peng and Shing-Shiuan Lin
The results of Model1of Table II supported the ?rst condition.Model2of Table II indicated all independent variables(cultural values,economic development,and population growth)are signi?-cantly related to the dependent variable(SIC). Hence,the second condition was supported. Notably,an inverted U-type relationship was found between population growth and SIC.Next,edu-cational level was added in the Model3of Table II; the results remained the same as Model2of Table II except that individualism lost its explana-tory power on SIC.In addition,the mediator (education level)is signi?cantly positive to the dependent variable(SIC).Thus,Hypothesis4was supported.Hypotheses5and6were supported as well.The third condition was supported.Since the explanatory power of independent variables did not vanish after incorporating educational level in the Model3of Table II,we inferred that education only has partially mediating effect on SIC.In sum, the competing Model3is preferred to the proposed model.Tertiary education
The results of Table III based on tertiary education are similar to those of Table II.Two different ?ndings are needed to mention between them.First, Model1of Table III shows economic development is signi?cantly positively to education level,which was not found in the Model1of Table II.Second, Model3of Table III shows all independent variables maintain their explanatory power over SIC after incorporating the education level.Thus,we inferred education has also partially mediated effect on SIC. Direct and indirect effects of education
Tables IV and V demonstrate the analysis of direct and indirect effects of main variables on environ-mental performance(SIC).Overall,economic development is the most powerful independent variable explaining the47%and43%correlation of environmental performance across countries in Tables IV and V,respectively.In particular,we have
TABLE III Sample:tertiary education
Variable Expected sign Model1
Dependent:tertiary
education(TEREDU)
Model2
Dependent:SIC
Model3
Dependent:SIC
Coef?cients VIF Coef?cients VIF Coef?cients VIF Control variables
20020.040.01 1.39-0.09-0.12*** 1.43-0.09-0.12*** 1.43 20050.08-0.05 1.480.10-0.02 1.510.10-0.01 1.53 Predict variables
IDV H1-1(+)0.27*** 3.500.27*** 3.560.24*** 3.73 PDI H1-2(+)-0.01 1.81-0.22*** 1.92-0.21*** 1.93 UAI H1-3(+)0.17*** 1.450.13*** 1.450.10** 1.54 MAS H1-4(-)-0.14*** 1.07-0.17*** 1.07-0.15*** 1.12 GNP H2(+),H5(+)0.48*** 2.550.43*** 2.590.35*** 3.18 PEO H3(+)-0.20*** 1.600.32*** 6.290.31*** 6.32 PEO2H6(-)-0.42*** 6.10-0.37*** 6.40 TEREDU H4(+)0.16** 2.86 F change0.3638.41*** 2.07*60.38*** 2.07**55.29*** Adjusted R2-0.010.61***0.02*0.75***0.02**0.76***
D R20.010.63***0.03*0.74***0.03**0.75***
*p<0.1,**p<0.05,***p<0.01,one-tailed test;all regression coef?cients are standardized.
National Culture,Economic Development,Population Growth and Environmental Performance213
to point out that all culture variables have signi?cant effects on environmental performance through di-rect effect and/or indirect effect.Among the cultural variables,uncertainty avoidance is the least effective one by accounting for11%and13%correlation of environmental performance across countries,as shown in Table IV and Table V respectively. Discussion and conclusion
While previous studies have made signi?cant advances in using cultural value variables to predict managerial behaviors,these studies are often focused on the main effect or moderating effect of cultural variables.This article makes a contribution by constructing a med-iated model which?lls up the theoretical gap in national culture issues.We have found that educa-tion of a country would be a bridge to connect cul-tural values and environmental behavior.The conclusions drew from this study echoes the sug-gestion of Bradely et al.(2006),which recommended adding theoretically contextual-mediated factors into the national culture framework.Besides,the conceptual framework proposed by Carrol and Gannon(1997)is partially con?rmed by our empirical study which adopts Husted(2005)as our research foundation.
With an empirical application to3years pooled cross-national data of51countries,results indicate that national culture,economic development,pop-ulation growth,and education would in?uence environmental performance directly.Through the mediating effect of education,population growth and culture variables would indirectly affect envi-ronmental https://www.doczj.com/doc/ca70597.html,paring the proposed model with the two competing models,we found empirical results favoring the competing model in which macro-environmental variables have direct and indirect effects on environmental performance simultaneously.In contrast to the?ndings of previ-ous research on ethical behavior(e.g.,Andre′s, 2006a,b),the present study demonstrates education does play an important role on environmental per-formance.Notably,the inferential relationships associated with education are robust under both secondary and tertiary educational levels.
TABLE IV
The analysis of direct effect and indirect effect on SIC(secondary education)
Individualism Power
distance Uncertainty
avoidance
Masculinity Educational
level
Economic
development
Population
growth
Direct effect n.s.-0.230.07-0.140.250.470.38-0.36
=0.02
Indirect effect0.6890.25
=0.17n.s.0.1590.25
=0.04
-0.1490.25
=-0.04
n.a.n.s.-0.2690.25
=-0.07
Total effect0.17-0.230.11-0.180.250.470.09
TABLE V
The analysis of direct effect and indirect effect on SIC(tertiary education)
Individualism Power
distance Uncertainty
avoidance
Masculinity Educational
level
Economic
development
Population
growth
Direct effect0.24-0.210.10-0.150.160.350.31–0.37
=-0.06
Indirect effect0.2790.16
=0.04n.s.0.1790.16
=0.03
-0.1490.16
=-0.02
n.a.0.4890.16
=0.08
-0.2090.16
=-0.03
Total effect0.28-0.210.13-0.170.160.43-0.09 214Yu-Shu Peng and Shing-Shiuan Lin
In this study,we have found that all cultural variables have signi?cant effects on environmental performance by direct effect and/or indirect effect. This result again con?rms that national culture values are good predictors of managerial behavior(e.g., Andre′s,2006a,b;Husted,1999,2000,2005).As most scholars have paid more attention to the main effect and moderating effect of cultural values,our contribution can be bene?cial with counterbalancing the academic development of national culture issues. Consequently,researchers could refer to Carrol and Gannon(1997)to propose more possible mediators to connect national culture and ethical behavior. Although not developing hypotheses related the direct effect of national culture on environmental performance,we have found that power distance and masculinity are more effective and consistent pre-dictors of environmental performance based on the subsample analyses(as shown in Tables II and III). Comparing our?nding with those of Husted(2005), Park et al.(2007),and Ringov and Zollo(2007),we suggest that further studies on the relationship between national culture and environmental perfor-mance could pay more attention to the two cultural variables—power distance and masculinity.
In respect to the relationship between economic development and education,the empirical?nding shows that economic development would not affect educational level signi?cantly when education is measured by secondary enrollment rate.It may be secondary education is classi?ed as compulsory education in our research sample,most of which are developing and developed countries.Therefore,it would not be an economic burden for citizens.In other words,the level of GNP per capita would not cause a signi?cant change in secondary enrollment rate.While using tertiary enrollment rate as the proxy of education,we found it would result in a signi?cant relationship between economic develop-ment and educational level(as shown in Table III). Interestingly,there is an inverted U-shape rela-tionship between population growth and environ-mental performance.In addition,population growth also has impact on environmental performance through the mediating effect of education.As we have known,prior studies seldom discuss the non-linear effect of population growth.The?ndings may shed some light on the effect of demographic vari-ables on environmental performance.Managerial implications
Environmental performance can be economically attractive for both?rms and countries under certain circumstances(Porter and van der Linde,1995). According to our empirical results,we have found that national culture,economic development,and population growth would both directly and indi-rectly through the mediating effect of education affect the level of environmental performance. There are several managerial implications for gov-ernments and?rms could be drawn from the present study.
For governments
Environmental scholars argued higher education institutions(HEIs)occupy a unique position in that they educate and mold the next generation of soci-ety’s decision-makers(Walton et al.,2000);there-fore,‘‘formal education should be recognized as critical for achieving environmental and ethical awareness,values,attitudes,skills and behavior’’(DoE/DfEE,1996;Lemons,1995).
Given that national culture is relatively stable,in order to upgrade environmental performance,gov-ernment policy makers could enhance their eco-nomic development and set up a mild population growth rate,both of which are positive to the pro-motion of educational level and further lifts up the level of environmental performance.Moreover, higher economic development and mild population growth also have direct positive in?uence on envi-ronmental performance.
From a longitudinal view,the association between economic development and education may be reciprocal:a sound education system not only enhances environmental performance but also increases the economic development of a country. For governments,investment in human capital can receive twofold bene?ts as the above mentioned. For business
We propose two managerial implications for busi-ness:strategies for market selection in the short term and enablers for green capability building in the long term.
When?rms decide to launch the internationali-zation strategy to pursue growth,the location choice becomes the?rst decision issue of international
National Culture,Economic Development,Population Growth and Environmental Performance215
market expansion.The frequent mistake?rms may make is to formulate international marketing strate-gies only based on their home country contexts,while omitting huge difference may exist across bor-ders.According to our empirical conclusions,?rms possessing competitive advantage based on green management could choose those countries with macro-environmental attributes nurturing higher environmental performance.In speci?c,countries with economic development and lower population growth are preferred to enter.Moreover,?rms are encouraged to select those countries perhaps with high individualism,low power distance,high uncertainty avoidance,and low masculinity.On the contrary,?rms without green competitiveness should avoid commit much resource to enter those countries with higher environmental performance.
In the long term,through properly designed environmental standards can trigger innovations that lower the total cost of a product or improve their value(Hart,1995).Ultimately,this enhanced resource productivity makes companies more com-petitive(Porter and van der Linde,1995).In this study,we propose some possible enablers for building up the?rm’s green capability.First,support from top management(the metaphor from economic devel-opment of our framework).Top management sup-port will re?ect the?rm’s resource commitment to construct the green capability.When subsidiaries own more resource,they would be more willingly and able to adopt green management to respond to local responsiveness pressure(Peng and Lin,2008).It is in particular important when MNCs are implementing global and environmental standards across business units(Epstein and Roy,1998).
Second,the corporate culture facilitating the strategy based on green management(the hint from national culture of our framework).To ful?ll this purpose,?rms could modify their organizational designs and incentive systems to change the extant corporate culture gradually.Two cultural dimen-sions relevant to concentration of authority are power distance and individualism(Harrison et al., 1994;Hofstede,1980).Thus,?rms could put more emphasis on individual centered decision-making (the parallel of individualism)and adopt more decentralized design(the parallel of low power dis-tance).Furthermore,?rms should show less prefer-ence for performance–contingent rewards,which is expected for a culture lower in masculinity and higher in uncertainty avoidance(Chow et al.,1999). Finally,continuing communication and training on environmental management(the hint from educa-tion of our framework).It is crucial to enhance the employees’understanding of the mission and the goal of environmental protection and sustainable development and hence cultivate them to be skilled workers in environmental management practice. Limitations and directions for future research
Considering the robustness of research outcomes, we use3years pooled cross-national data to test hypotheses.Owing to the database of Hofstede (1997),only51countries data were collected.In addition,the ESI report by Global Leaders just offered the3years data of2001,2002,and2005, which might not be very perfect for longitudinal data to test hypotheses.Hence,the generalization of our conclusions obtained from this study should be conservatively interpreted.
Recently,developed or developing countries in the world have?ourished a bandwagon of local environmentalism.For example,developing coun-tries establish numerous environmental regulations and laws in order to establish the legal status of the state government concerning environmental man-agement.This emphasizes the role of local govern-ment,communities,and individuals in environmental and ecological protection(Gilbert et al.,1992). However,a complete environmental management regulation system is just a necessary condition.The effectiveness of environmental management needs to rely on the enforcement of environmental regula-tions.Strict environmental regulations do not inevi-tably hinder competitiveness against foreign rivals; they may even enhance competitiveness(Porter and van der Linde,1995).Besides,higher environmental standards can trigger innovation and upgrading of technologies,making companies more ef?cient. According to the above arguments,we infer that the implementation of environmental regulations and the development of environmental technologies are two of the critical factors in enhancing the environmental performance of a country.
This study has put more emphasis on exploring the mediating effect of education between cultural
216Yu-Shu Peng and Shing-Shiuan Lin
values and environmental performance.We suggest future studies can refer the PEST framework which covers political,economic,societal,and technolog-ical environments(Porter,1980)to extend our framework to predict environmental performance across countries.
Notes
1We found that the relationships between national
culture and environmental performance are not stable when2001,2002,and2005data were,respectively, applied to test the model constructed by Husted(2005). 2We mainly compared the?ndings of Husted(2005),
Park et al.(2007),and Ringov and Zollo(2007).In addition,we used extra data to test the robustness of the relationship between national culture and environ-mental performance based on Husted(2005)(see the details in Footnote1).
3Eight indexes included are ESI,SYS,STR,GLO,
SYSA,SYSW,SO2,and TSP in Grafton and Knowles (2004).
4Andre′s(2006a,b)also used AYS to predict the soft-
ware piracy across countries.The?ndings indicated that education might not be a good predictor of un/ethical behavior.
5The correlation matrix of years2001,2002,and
2005are not presented here due to the similarity with the pooled cross-sectional one.
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中国酒吧经营模式分析 CLBU RNB时尚音乐酒吧在近年来风靡整个大陆。这是从香港发展过来一种新的时尚夜生活方式，也深受年轻人和中年人的喜欢容易接受的酒吧文化。和以前单一的演绎酒吧和DISCO有着很大差异，不论从消费水平和消费层次都比前两者有所提高. 随着越来越多的CLUB RNB酒吧的崛起，所以有了今天群雄纷争的局面。而且现在的酒吧是越装修越好，有了那么多酒吧的崛起就会有很多酒吧的经营状况做下坡路。这样的情况不只是发生在某个城市，而是全国各地都是这样。有了这样的情况发生就会出现恶意竞争的情况（如：酒水打折.送酒.送小吃等等）这样情况发生的结果就会造成酒吧经营者的利益受到损失。然而，很多经营者也盲目的加入了者场没有硝烟的“战争”，而没有真正找到适合自己酒吧的经营出路。 这是本人去了很多大中城市CLUB RNB酒吧实地考察得出的以下结论： 1.现在的酒吧大多数是拿着以前管理演绎酒吧和DISCO的管理模式进行管理，这样的管理模式对于在来说是很落后的。（只有少数酒吧在这方面做得到。这也是它们做的成功的所在。所以现在的酒吧一定要需要有着前卫的管理思路策划者） 2.大多数酒吧做的经营模式路线一样的非常单一。（也就是我们说的跟风经营，造成客人感觉去哪里都一样，没有新意） 3.还有多数酒吧只着重装修而没有突出客人所需要的东西（所以酒吧不是装修越好生意就会越好。要是这样的话很多人都可以开酒吧了） 4.多数酒吧缺少内涵.缺少亮点.缺少亲和力而没有体现出真正的酒吧文化。（这样就造成客人去酒吧的目的没有达到，留不住回头客） 5.在很多酒吧里特别注重DJ和艺员（现在的很多DJ还是存在着只会PIAY MUSIC而不会主动推销自己的MUSIC。歌手换得多但是唱的就那么几首歌等等），缺忽略了在各个方面人员重要性（酒吧所以人员是酒吧共同生存的条件） 6.酒吧管理人员知识面不够广泛，缺少自动捕捉信息意识（这对于酒吧在激烈的竞争中很主要） 7.很多酒吧对自己员工没有做到很人性化管理，没有真正的很好关爱自己员工。（这也很主要。让好的人才不容易流失）。 还有关系到酒吧生死存亡非常重要的几点就不必一一列出。 所以，对于2006年CLUB RNB酒吧最重要的是找到属于而且适合自己的经营管理模式。酒
龙源期刊网 https://www.doczj.com/doc/ca70597.html, 酒吧文化与发展 作者：刘达 来源：《文化产业》2014年第11期 摘 ;要：随着改革的春风吹遍神州大地，中国的经济得到迅猛的发展，国人们的精神文化生活也越来越丰富起来。西方的很多生活模式与理念也不断影响着人们，咖啡厅、KTV、酒吧等等一些西方的生活元素逐渐渗入到我们的生活当中。现如今，酒吧已经成为了都市人们生 活中不可或缺的一部分，成为新型娱乐文化形式的代表。夜幕下的酒吧就像是一个个暗夜的精灵，吸引着夜归的人们，使人们在那里释放自己的热情、排解自己的忧愁、倾诉自己的人生。“我不在家里，就在酒吧;我不在酒吧，就在去酒吧的路上。”酒吧得到越来越多的人们的认 可，酒吧已经不单单是一个经济消费、人们买醉的场所，它更是代表着一种精神文化。在近十几年里大大小小的酒吧如雨后春笋般的纷纷落户各大都市。在文化的积淀中，逐渐的形成了各大都市不同的酒吧文化。 关键词：酒吧;文化;发展; 中图分类号：TU984 ; ; ;文献标识码：A ; ; ;文章编号：1674-3520（2014）-11-00-01 酒吧作为一种新型事物，还没有被大众所熟知和接受，因为它一直是时尚前沿的象征，它的消费群体是受到条件所限制的，也是特殊的。所以，“有音乐，有酒，还有繁杂的人”，一般人对酒吧的认识似乎只是如此。但是，作为西方的酒文化的标准模式，酒吧越来越受到人们的重视。酒吧作为一种时尚，代表一种消费理念，它所营造的气氛不论是热闹还是沉寂，不论是风格还是主题，都是根据不同的消费群体的需要来定位的。因此，对于酒吧文化及其设计的研究也越来越重要。本篇论文就本着这个目的，从酒吧的历史入手，首先了解酒吧的起源与文 化的诞生，以及酒吧的发展，通过这些我们就可以更加清晰的掌握酒吧在中国的发展现状，从而为后面的研究打好基础。其次，通过对酒吧文化的研究及论述，了解到酒吧作为一种新型的消费文化更为突出。接着又主要对主体酒吧的风格、样式和设计做出研究。最后，从两个方面做出总结，一是酒吧文化的发展趋势，另一个就是酒吧设计的发展趋势。 最初，在美国西部，牛仔和强盗们很喜欢聚在小酒馆里喝酒。由于他们都是骑马而来，所以酒馆老板就在馆子门前设了一根横木，用来拴马。后来，汽车取代了马车，骑马的人逐渐减少，这些横木也多被拆除。有一位酒馆老板不愿意扔掉这根已成为酒馆象征的横木，便把它拆下来放在柜台下面，没想到却成了顾客们垫脚的好地方，受到了顾客的喜爱了。其他酒馆听说此事后，也纷纷效仿，因此柜台下放横木的做法便普及起来。由于横木在英语里念"bar”，所以译成“酒吧。 酒吧进入我国后，得到了迅猛的发展，尤其在北京、上海、广州等地，更是得到了淋漓的显现：北京的酒吧粗犷开阔，上海的酒吧细腻伤感，广州的酒吧热闹繁杂，深圳的酒吧最不 乏激情。总的来说。都市的夜空已离不开酒吧，都市人更离不开酒吧，人们需要在繁忙遗忘，
蓝色东郊城堡酒吧街项目整体运营策划提案作者:凡人时 间:2009-7-26 字体:[大] [中] [小] 目录 第一章、前言 (解读酒吧文化) 第一章、酒吧市场调查 一、前酒吧行业发展得趋势 二、国内(北京)酒吧市场及省会石家庄酒吧经营状况 三、酒吧市场分析 &n bsp; 第三章、酒吧项目概况与分析 一、项目介绍 二、项目分析 第四章、酒吧街项目定位策略 一、项目产品定位、 二、产品价位定位 三、目标客户定位 第五章、酒吧街项目规划 一、项目规划介绍 二、项目亮点提炼 第六章、酒吧街项目营销策略 一、酒吧街项目名称命名 二、酒吧街项目经营管理 三、酒吧街项目收益分析 四、酒吧街项目推广阶段 五、酒吧街项目推广建议 六、酒吧街项目广告推广策略 七、酒吧街广告价格策略 八、结束语 第一章、前言 ————解读酒吧文化发展 酒文化,在人类文化得历史长河中,它已不仅仅就是一种客观得物质存在,而就是一种文化象征,即酒神精神得象征。 “李白斗酒诗百篇 ,长安市上酒家眠。天子呼来不上船, 自称臣就是酒中仙。”这就是人们对唐代著名诗人李白得赞颂。 多少年来,饮酒作诗已成了文化我们中华民族炎黄子孙生 活中得一个主要因素。并且在我们得生活中已形成了浓厚得酒文化。 说到“酒吧”这一行业,我们还追溯到许久以前。
据了解,酒吧最初源于欧洲大陆,但就是BAR一词还就是到16世纪才有了吧得义项。吧一词传入我国去仅有10 多年得历史。 十几年前,酒吧作为西方酒文化标准模式被引入到我国,已逐渐走入人们得生活,走入城市得大街小巷。酒吧产业得兴起与红火与整个中国得经济、社会、文化之变化都有着密不可分得关系,酒吧产业经济带已成为我国休闲消费产业中得一支主力军。 酒吧得兴起与红火,与整个中国得经济,社会,文化变化都有着密不可分得关系,酒吧得步伐始终与时代得步伐同步。 “酒吧属于一个聚合自己同类人得空间”这句话很能说明这许多文化人去酒吧得心态, 有人说泡吧就是为了要摆脱自己,把自己工作生活学习得压力在所谓得“闹吧”里全部发泄出来,也因此人说泡吧就是为了寻找自己,在所谓“静吧”里幽静,舒适,温馨得气氛里去深度得思考去参悟。寻找一个真正得自我,并与同类分甘同味。但就是总得说酒吧就是一种反叛文化,就是深夜不归得无声得默许,就是随人们生活节奏应运而生得产物。 无论就是在北京、上海等大都市中,风格不一得酒吧随处可见。特别还形成了酒吧集散地(集中式经营)。 到过北京三里屯酒吧得人知道,感觉还蛮有特色。因此,“酒吧”就成了众多小资群体们聚会得场所。 第二章、酒吧市场调查 一、酒吧行业发展得趋势 酒吧在英文中写作“bar”,这个词来源于古希腊语。根据希腊语大辞典,bar在古希腊文中得原意就是指木栅栏。 早期得酒吧只就是出售酒水得柜台,后来随着酿酒业得发展,酒吧从饭店与餐馆中分离出来,成为专门出售酒水与客人饮酒、交友、聚会、娱乐得地方。 我国得酒吧最早出现在20世纪二三十年代得上海、青岛、哈尔滨、旅顺、大连等一些港口城市,主要服务于当时在中国得西方消费者,一些达官贵人也经常出入于这些消遣场所。在当时来说,这些酒吧还不就是普通意义上得平民化消费,包括后来相当长得一段时间内,酒吧或者行使酒吧功能,但不以酒吧名字出现得休闲消费场所,仍然就是服务于当时中国得上流社会,所以这些酒吧多集中于使领馆与大型酒店附近。 近20年来,中国改革开放不断深入与经济、社会得快速发展,催生出数量庞大得各式酒吧。随着人们对酒吧得接触增多,越来越多得中国人喜欢上了酒吧这种消费与交际场所,酒吧也不再就是贵族消费,而就是开始与中国文化相交融,呈现出生活化、大众化与本土化得发展趋势。
蓝色东郊城堡酒吧街项目整体运营策划提案作者：凡人时间：2009-7-26 字体：[大] [中] [小] 目录 第一章、前言 （解读酒吧文化） 第一章、酒吧市场调查 一、前酒吧行业发展的趋势 二、国内（北京）酒吧市场及省会石家庄酒吧经营状况 三、酒吧市场分析 &n bsp; 第三章、酒吧项目概况与分析 一、项目介绍 二、项目分析 第四章、酒吧街项目定位策略 一、项目产品定位、 二、产品价位定位 三、目标客户定位 第五章、酒吧街项目规划 一、项目规划介绍 二、项目亮点提炼 第六章、酒吧街项目营销策略 一、酒吧街项目名称命名
二、酒吧街项目经营管理 三、酒吧街项目收益分析 四、酒吧街项目推广阶段 五、酒吧街项目推广建议 六、酒吧街项目广告推广策略 七、酒吧街广告价格策略 八、结束语 第一章、前言 ————解读酒吧文化发展 酒文化，在人类文化的历史长河中，它已不仅仅是一种客观的物质存在，而是一种文化象征，即酒神精神的象征。 “李白斗酒诗百篇，长安市上酒家眠。天子呼来不上船，自称臣是酒中仙。”这是人们对唐代著名诗人李白的赞颂。 多少年来，饮酒作诗已成了文化我们中华民族炎黄子孙生活中的一个主要因素。并且在我们的生活中已形成了浓厚的酒文化。 说到“酒吧”这一行业，我们还追溯到许久以前。 据了解，酒吧最初源于欧洲大陆，但是BAR一词还是到16世纪才有了吧的义项。吧一词传入我国去仅有10 多年的历史。 十几年前，酒吧作为西方酒文化标准模式被引入到我国，已逐渐走入人们的生活，走入城市的大街小巷。酒吧产业的兴起与红火与整个中国的经济、社会、文化之变化都有着密不可分的关系，酒吧产业经济带已成为我国休闲消费产业中的一支主力军。
酒吧文化的起源各国酒吧文化介绍 酒吧文化的起源 最初，在美国西部，牛仔和强盗们很喜欢聚在小酒馆里喝酒。由于他们都是骑马而来，所以酒馆老板就在馆子门前设了一根横木，用来拴马。后来，汽车取代了马车，骑马的人逐渐减少，这些横木也多被拆除。有一位酒馆老板不愿意扔掉这根已成为酒馆象征的横木，便把它拆下来放在柜台下面，没想到却成了顾客们垫脚的好地方，受到了顾客的喜爱了。其他酒馆听说此事后，也纷纷效仿，因此柜台下放横木的做法便普及起来。由于横木在英语里念"bar” ，所以人们索性就把酒馆翻译成“酒吧”，就跟把糕饼"pie"译成“派”一样。 中国酒吧文化 发展 酒吧最初源于欧洲大陆，但bar一词也还是到16世纪才有“卖饮料的柜台”这个义项，后又 经美洲进一步的变异、拓展，十年前进入我国，“泡吧”一词还是近年的事。酒吧进入我国后，得到了迅猛的发展，尤其在北京、上海、广州、成都等地，更是得到了淋漓的显现：北京的酒吧粗犷开阔，上海的酒吧细腻伤感，广州的酒吧热闹繁杂, 深圳的酒吧最不乏激情。总的来说。都市的夜空已离不开酒吧，都市人更离不开酒吧，人们需要在繁忙遗忘，沉醉。北京是全国城市中酒吧最多的一个地方，酒吧的经营方式更是形形色色，生意也有好有坏。上海的酒吧已出现基本稳定的三分格局，三类酒吧各有自己的鲜明特色，各有自己的特殊情调，由此也各有自己的基本常客，第一类酒吧就是校园酒吧，第二类是音乐酒吧，第三类是商业酒吧。 一个空间舶移过来的无历史的风景靠什么来支撑它的时尚流行呢？泡吧一族也许会说，虽然我不了解酒吧的历史，其实我从来也不想去了解什么历史。因为，我喜欢，并不需要理由；我体验，并不需要历史。对酒吧，我有我主张，我有我体验，我有我想像。 酒吧在中国虽然是一个无历史的空洞风景，但这一风景的空洞其实也并不是一片空白。否则谁也不愿意站在一片空白的风景中嬉戏。是什么填充了这一风景的空洞呢？填满充盈这一空洞风景的充填物是些什么东西呢？应该说是文化想像。具体说，是关于西方的文化想像构成了这些充填物。关于西方的文化想像成为酒吧风景的充填物，正是这些想像之物使酒吧的空洞在中国变得色彩缤纷，并极富特殊的意味。 20世纪80年代初，关于西方的文化想像构成了当代中国普遍的社会心理现象。改革开放，国门洞开。国人从封闭、专制、动乱、落后的历史中走出来，开始睁开眼睛看世界。西方社
酒吧现状与发展趋势分析及方案 改革开放三十年来，酒吧业迅速发展。现代人的生活方式、生活习惯已经慢慢与世界接轨，酒吧就成了城市最直接的文化标志之一。酒吧的兴起与红火和中国的经济、社会、文化之变化都有着密不可分的关系。酒吧行业正步入科学发展的新世纪，始终跟随着时代的步伐。怎样使之成为一个长盛不衰、充满朝气的行业？这是摆在我们面前的一个新课题。 一、酒吧现状分析 社会主义市场经济的确立，使酒吧业的竞争日趋激烈。尽管目前全球受金融海啸、股市升跌等客观 可以预测，短期内酒吧的现状不会有很大的改变，这与改革开放初期的情况不同，也与整个经济大环境相联系。近期内，国民经济仍处于一个调整阶段，国企的改革，人们的经济收入与消费观念，决定了酒吧发展的步伐。发展是必然的，发展的趋向也是可以预见的。 1、求创新没有创新，技术不会进步，经营不会成功，酒吧业不会发展。改革开放初期，国外的新 鲜事物开始传入中国，国外的潮流也带动着我国酒吧业的起步。通过近几年的发展看来，我们还是进步得比较快的，对外开放和向人学习的干劲大大地带动了中国酒吧业的发展，通过不间断的专业交流活动与比赛，使酒吧行业日渐成熟。创新的关键是要得到人们的接受、社会的承认，一种新的营销手法，一种新的原料与配搭，一种新的口味与饮法，一款新的饮品能够流行 在酒吧市场，哪怕是暂短的，也是成功的。 2、求实惠求实惠是人们消费观念成熟的表现，酒水的价格已从“暴利”时期转入到成熟规范的时 期。现在人们的消费观念有了很大的改变，等价交换的商品经济原则在人们头脑里扎下了根。
酒吧业的盈利，已不象前几年那样厚利或暴利了。不少酒吧业的经营者已感到步履艰难，酒水的价格开始规范起来。这是酒吧业成熟的表现，也是符合经济发展规律的表现。让利于民，让消费者感到实惠，是促使酒吧业进一步繁荣的长远策略。一些精明的经营者，已清楚地看到了这一点。微利不是没有得赚，也不一定是赚得少，我们可以通过物尽其用、杜绝浪费等来降低 成本，可以通过活动或利用节假日来提升营业收入。 3、求舒适酒吧经营的一个目的就是让客人享受。讲享受，是现代人的一种追求。只满足填饱肚子 和解决生理需要，从现代来讲是很容易也很简单的事。但满足享受却不容易。对于在生存竞争和压力中疲于奔命的都市人来说，酒吧提供了一个暂时“放松与自由”的归属空间。这里没有权贵，只有停不下来的音乐、舞蹈，还有一杯接一杯的酒，人们从中寻找一种解脱和放松。“放 松与自由”正是酒吧文化的本质所在。 4、求变化灵活善变，不拘一格，一切以市场需要为根本取向。当今酒吧业，不管哪种经营方式和 5、 起，为了什么第一次走进了酒吧，你们随便选择了一个位置，你看到的，听到的，触摸到的，闻到的，所有这一切，改变了你的爱好和未来的从业发展方向。而你决定要开一家酒吧的想法，可能只是因为你在酒吧里看到的一个细小的环节，比如临座客人的一句话，BarTender（酒吧）不经意的一句对话或是一个转身动作。坐在酒吧舒服的椅子上，听传来的音乐中一个熟悉小节，你会随唱几句，然后觉得这就是你想要的生活。以后,你会经常光顾这家酒吧，一进门时，Waiter（服务生）会主动跟你打招呼，你也有了习惯的位置和饮品，爱听的音乐和熟悉的朋友。再以后，酒吧会成为你生活中不可缺少的一部分，也就是说，经营酒吧成为你的职 业。 二、喜欢结交朋友 从陌生到了解，语言是最好的交通工具。我们必须认识到交流或者交际是一种能力，它可能是天生的，也可能是后天学习得来的。要想成为一个成功的酒吧老板，你必须掌握这种能力，因为你必须能够了解每一个走进你酒吧的客人，并且努力成为他们的朋友。所以，做为酒吧
酒吧现状分析与发展趋势 改革开放三十年来，酒吧业迅速发展。现代人的生活方式、生活习惯已经慢慢与世界接轨，酒吧就成了城市最直接的文化标志之一。 酒吧的兴起与红火和中国的经济、社会、文化之变化都有着密不可分的关系。酒吧行业正步入科学发展的新世纪，始终跟随着时代的步伐。怎样使之成为一个长盛不衰、充满朝气的行业？这是摆在我们面前的一个新课题。 一、酒吧现状分析。 社会主义市场经济的确立，使酒吧业的竞争日趋激烈。尽管目前全球受金融海啸、股市升跌等客观因素的影响，酒吧业并没有出现大幅萎缩的现象。在我们身边一些酒吧依然人气鼎盛，一些经营得法的酒吧生意越做越大，越做越红火，分店开了一间又一间。当然，其中也有一些酒吧经营艰难，不得不缩小规模、减薪裁员，甚至关门倒闭。
这毕竟是少数，也是市场竞争、优胜劣汰的结果。 目前酒吧的竞争可以说是全方位、多元化。它们不局限于单一的模式，包括酒吧的经营路线、经营模式、市场定位、投资方式和组织形式等等。 1、专门供应传统英式鸡尾酒的酒店酒吧，重点突出鸡尾酒的出品质量、服务质量、并以高档的环境设施吸引客源。 2、大众化的酒吧，突出大众化消费，既卫生又舒适，品种不多，但在于精品与浓缩。 3、大型的K吧，着重于歌曲的快、靓、正，顾客可自由选歌，吧内装修也有一定水平，部分K吧还供应自助餐。 4、DISCO吧则突出音乐与环境气氛的渲染。DISCO吧是中国人的一大最爱，同时也是近几年酒吧发展的重头戏。也正是因为DISCO吧的火爆，从某种意义上来讲它带动着中国酒吧业的繁荣。它不仅吸引了大量的泡吧族，使之形成一个庞大的泡吧群体，也吸引了前赴后继的外地和本地的投资者。 总之，全方位、多元化的经营，使酒吧分属了不同的层次、不同的结构和不同的范围。在整个酒吧市场中，它们各有长处，各有特点，也各自拥有不同的生存空间。立足在这个多元化的竞争环境中，如何根据自己的实际、长处、特点去适应市场的变化，去确定自己的经营策略，经营方法和经营特色，使自己始终处于一个有利的位置上，就要保持不断变通，不断更新的经营方法。要知道，酒吧行业几乎没有
酒吧调研报告(精选多篇) 凤凰酒吧文化调查报告 “有音乐，有酒，还有很多的人”。一般人对酒吧的认识似乎只 至于此，做为西方酒文化标准模式，酒吧越来越受到人们的重视。“酒吧文化”，悄悄地，却是越来越多地出现在90年代中国大都市的一 个个角落。酒吧开始成为青年人的天下，亚文化的发生地。酒吧的兴起与红火与整个中国的经济、社会、文化之变化都有着密不可分的关系，酒吧的步伐始终跟随着时代。湘西古城凤凰也不例外，酒吧在凤凰的出现也仅仅只是前几年的事情，对于当时是颇为时尚的新鲜事物，真正跨进那扇明亮、光鲜玻璃门的本地人是少之又少，进进出出的都是些外来的背包客，他们都被人奇怪的叫成“驴”，酒吧的亮丽气息是隔绝在本土文化之外的，与凤凰古城的苗家少女、别具一格的吊脚楼还有那青石板的老街道是完全不同的一种文化氛围。随着旅游业的兴起，酒吧越来越多，俨然有成街成市的趋势，逐渐的，沱江边的诸多酒吧悄然依江而立，成为了古城凤凰一道独特而又亮丽的风景线。凤凰酒吧文化的兴起和发展令人大开眼界，同时给人启迪和思考，让人不禁憧憬和展望。 一、凤凰人充分利用丰富的自然资源和人文资源打造酒吧文化 凤凰民族民俗独特，是土家族、苗族等少数民族聚居的地方。原 汁原味的楚巫文化，韵味独特的凤凰土话，别具一格的苗族服饰，散发着泥土清香的文茶灯，以及玻璃吹画、蜡染、纸扎、苗族银饰等格
调清新高古的民间工艺，构成凤凰独具特点的民族风情。虽说凤凰的酒吧有着与古城截然不同-1- 的文化氛围，但凤凰的酒吧文化却依旧与古城的民间文化紧紧相连。酒吧里随处可见各种民间工艺品，竹子或者木桩做成的桌椅，坐上去便能嗅到千年古城的自然泥土清香；桌上铺着出自苗家姑娘妙手的土布蜡染，纸扎的壁灯在风中摇曳，门口辟邪的牛头挂着大红绸子丝毫不让人害怕，酒吧文化作为一个舶来品，在凤凰已经完全没有了西方酒吧文化中浓厚的商业与金属的气息，取而代之的是千年古城所独有的历史与民族文化。 通过几家酒吧的探访，不难发现，古城里酒吧的老板都是些本地 的年轻人，对于生与死长于斯的小城，他们有着独特的情愫，他们不愿离开这块灵杰之地，选择了留在这里，经营自己的一片天空，为这个城市的发展添砖加瓦，少了钢筋水泥的大城市里的喧嚣与浮华，小日子倒也是悠闲自在。凤凰人善于充分利用其丰富的自然资源和人文资源，打造酒吧文化，通过其对酒吧的室内外装饰可以见得，同时又通过媒体宣传，艺术包装，文化唱戏，民俗传情等方式，把自然资源和人文资源打造成一幅天人合一的风景画，构成一道自然和人文相互交融的独特酒吧旅游景观，使凤凰成为一个名声远播的历史文化名城，吸引着中外成千上万的游客前来观光游览。据统计，今年5月4日，“五一”黄金周进入第4天，凤凰县各景区（点）就接待游客21万 人次，旅游收入10304?8万元。仅这几天，进入凤凰县景区的大小车辆达12500多辆，当然，这其中少不了古城酒吧的功劳。
酒吧文化的起源各国酒 吧文化介绍 Coca-cola standardization office【ZZ5AB-ZZSYT-ZZ2C-ZZ682T-ZZT18】
酒吧文化的起源各国酒吧文化介绍 酒吧文化的起源 最初，在美国西部，牛仔和强盗们很喜欢聚在小酒馆里喝酒。由于他们都是骑马而来，所以酒馆老板就在馆子门前设了一根横木，用来拴马。后来，汽车取代了马车，骑马的人逐渐减少，这些横木也多被拆除。有一位酒馆老板不愿意扔掉这根已成为酒馆象征的横木，便把它拆下来放在柜台下面，没想到却成了顾客们垫脚的好地方，受到了顾客的喜爱了。其他酒馆听说此事后，也纷纷效仿，因此柜台下放横木的做法便普及起来。由于横木在英语里念"bar” ，所以人们索性就把酒馆翻译成“酒吧”，就跟把糕饼"pie"译成“派”一样。 中国酒吧文化 发展 酒吧最初源于欧洲大陆，但bar一词也还是到16世纪才有“卖饮料的柜台”这个义项，后又经美洲进一步的变异、拓展，十年前进入我国，“泡吧”一词还是近年的事。酒吧进入我国后，得到了迅猛的发展，尤其在北京、上海、广州、成都等地，更是得到了淋漓的显现：北京的酒吧粗犷开阔，上海的酒吧细腻伤感，广州的酒吧热闹繁杂, 深圳的酒吧最不乏激情。总的来说。都市的夜空已离不开酒吧，都市人更离不开酒吧，人们需要在繁忙遗忘，沉醉。北京是全国城市中酒吧最多的一个地方，酒吧的经营方式更是形形色色，生意也有好有坏。上海的酒吧已出现基本稳定的三分格局，三类酒吧各有自己的鲜明特色，各有自己的特殊情调，由此也各有自己的基本常客，第一类酒吧就是校园酒吧，第二类是音乐酒吧，第三类是商业酒吧。 一个空间舶移过来的无历史的风景靠什么来支撑它的时尚流行呢泡吧一族也许会说，虽然我不了解酒吧的历史，其实我从来也不想去了解什么历史。因为，我喜欢，并不需要理由；我体验，并不需要历史。对酒吧，我有我主张，我有我体验，我有我想像。 酒吧在中国虽然是一个无历史的空洞风景，但这一风景的空洞其实也并不是一片空白。否则谁也不愿意站在一片空白的风景中嬉戏。是什么填充了这一风景的空洞呢填满充盈这一空洞风景的充填物是些什么东西呢应该说是文化想像。具体说，是关于西方的文化想像构成了这些充填物。关于西方的文化想像成为
英国酒吧文化 要想真正了解英国的民风世情，走进大大小小的酒吧是最有效的方式。英国人喜欢告诉外国人―“If you haven't been to a pub, you haven't been to Britain”。事实上也的确如此，酒吧文化，是英国社会生活绝对不可或缺的一部分。在英国，酒吧被称为pub。这个单词的历史可以追溯到维多利亚时期，当时的酒吧叫做“public house”，而pub一词正是缩略自这个名称。除了pub外，英格兰的酒吧还有一些历史上形成的别称，如the ale house（烈性麦酒屋）、the inn（小酒馆）、the tavern（酒馆）、the gin palace（杜松子酒馆）等。英国人称小酒馆为“帕布”（Pub），即Public House的简称，这是他们生活中不可或缺的一部分。即使是在伦敦城工作的商人们，也常在帕布解决午餐。不过在住宅的酒馆中，多为当地居民，外人很难融入那里的气氛之中，游客就更被看作是“陌生人”（stranger）了。因此，英国的酒馆分为面向游客的和面向居民的两种。但是，您也可以下定决心，到那些居民型的酒馆去坐一坐。 在Google网上输入English pubs或British pubs进行搜索，竟有接近150万个结果。英国的影视片中，也经常会出现酒吧场景和情节。酒吧在英国，简直就是一部丰富多彩的文化历史百科全书。单看各地酒吧招牌上的名字吧―The Queen Vic（维多利亚女王）、Lamb and Flag（羊羔与旗）、The Bull and the Woolpack （牛和羊毛包）、The Rose and Crown（玫瑰与王冠）、The Fisherman’s Cot（渔夫之床）、The Sailor’s Return（水手归来）、Duke William（威廉公爵）……对于留学生来说，从这些名字里既可以学习到很多有趣的单词，又可以借此了解英国悠久的历史和传统社会生活图景，真是趣味无穷！ mazingly for the British, who love queues, there is no formal line-up——the bar staff are skilled at knowing whose turn it is. You are permitted to try to attract attention, but there are rules about how to do this. Do not call out tap coins on the counter, snap your finger or wave like a drowning swimmer. Do not scowl or sigh or roll your eyes. And whatever you do, do not ring the bell hanging behind the counter——this is used by the landlord to signal closing time. The key thing is to catch the bar worker's eyes. You could also hold an empty glass or some money, but do not wave them about. Do adopt an expectant, hopeful, even slightly anxious facial expression. If you 1ook too contented and complacent, the bar staff may assume you are already being served. 就爱排队的英国人而言，酒吧里看不到正式的排队，这令人感到惊讶。酒保有本领知道该轮到谁了。你可以做些动作引起酒保的注意，但有规可循。不要大声嚷嚷，不要在吧台面上敲击钱币，不要叭叭地弹手指，不要像快淹死的人那样挥动手臂，不要绷着脸，不要唉声叹气，不要翻动眼珠。在不该干的事当中还绝对不要摇晃挂在吧台后面的铃，那是酒吧老板用的，表示关门时间到了。关键是你要让酒保看见你。你可以举起空杯子或钱，可不要摇晃。你脸上可以流露等
时尚主题白酒自由时光-关于酒吧的小常识1、酒吧含义 酒吧（Bar，Pub，Tavern），Bar多指美式的具有一定主题元素的酒吧，而Pub和tavern多指英式的以酒为主的酒吧。酒吧最初源于美国西部大开发时期的欧洲大陆，bar一词到16世纪才有“卖饮料的柜台”这个义项，后又经美洲进一步的变异、拓展，约20世纪90年代传入我国。今时今日，一个好的酒吧，一定要有好的设计，好的装修，好的灯光、气氛。慢慢地，这类专业的设计师也逐渐多了起来。武汉京一久久商贸有限公司的“自由时光”时尚主题白酒非常适合在酒吧中饮用 2、酒吧结构 （1）卡座 有点类似于包厢，一般分布在大厅的两侧，成半包围结构。里面设有沙发和台几，卡座是给来得较多的客人群准备的，有最低的消费。（2）高台 分布在吧台的前面或者四周，高台一般是给单身来的客人准备。（3）散台 一般分布在整个大厅比较偏僻的角落或者舞池周围。这种台一般是2到5个的客人。
3、酒吧历史 最初，在美国西部，牛仔和强盗们很喜欢聚在小酒馆里喝酒。由于他们都是骑马而来，所以酒馆老板就在馆子门前设了一根横木，用来拴马。 后来，汽车取代了马车，骑马的人逐渐减少，这些横木也多被拆除。有一位酒馆老板不愿意扔掉这根已成为酒馆象征的横木，便把它拆下来放在柜台下面，没想到却成了顾客们垫脚的好地方，受到了顾客的喜爱了。 其他酒馆听说此事后，也纷纷效仿。热爱愉，柜台下放横木的做法便普及起来。酒吧一词来自英文的（Bar）的谐音，原意是指一种出售酒的长条柜台，是昔日水手、牛仔、商人及游子消磨时光或宣泄感情的地方。现在，酒吧通常被认为是各种酒类的供应与消费的主要场所，它是宾馆的餐饮部门之一，专为供客人饮料服务及消闲而设置。 大约十年前“酒吧”一词进入我国，"泡吧"一词还是近年的事。酒吧进入我国后，得到了迅猛的发展，尤其在北京、上海、广州等地：北京的酒吧粗犷开阔，上海的酒吧细腻伤感，广州的酒吧热闹繁杂, 深圳的酒吧最不乏激情。总的来说，都市的夜空已离不开酒吧，都市人更离不开酒吧，人们需要在繁忙中遗忘、沉醉。 酒吧当年的确是以一种很“文化”、很反叛的姿态出现的，是我们这个城市对深夜不归的一种默许，它悄悄地却是越来越多地出现在中国大都市的一个个角落，成为青年人的天下，亚文化的发生地。随
英国的酒吧文化（中英对照） Visitors to Britain may find the best place to sample local culture is in a traditional pub. But these friendly hostelries can be minefields of potential gaffes for the uninitiated. 访问英国的人会发现传统英国酒吧是最能领略当地 文化的地方。但对于初来乍到的异国人来说，这些友善的酒吧却犹如潜藏着有惹事危险的”地雷区”。 An anthropologist and a team of researchers have unveiled some of the arcane rituals of British pubs--starting with the difficulty of getting a drink. Most pubs have no waiters--you have to go to the bar to buy drinks. A group of Italian youths waiting 45 minutes before they realized they would have to fetch their own. This may sound inconvenient, but there is a hidden purpose. 一位人类学家和一组研究人员揭示了某些鲜为人知 的英国酒吧文化。人们首先遇到的困难是从买酒开始的。大多数英国酒吧都没有酒保，你得到吧台去买酒。一伙意大利
浅谈酒吧文化的形成与发展 序论: 改革开放以后，酒吧这一词汇越来越多的被人们所了解。宿醉不归的夜生活、推杯换盏的交际活动经常是人们对酒吧的第一印象。然而,酒吧作为西方城市文化景观的一个物化表征，它的缘起却是有着极深厚的文化历史渊源。现如今，酒吧已经成为了都市人们生活中不可或缺的一部分，成为新型娱乐文化形式的代表。夜幕下的酒吧就像是一个个暗夜的精灵，吸引着夜归的人们，使人们在那里释放自己的热情、排解自己的忧愁、倾诉自己的人生。“我不在家里,就在酒吧；我不在酒吧，就在去酒吧的路上。”酒吧得到越来越多的人们的认可,酒吧已经不单单是一个经济消费、人们买醉的场所，它更是代表着一种精神文化。在近十几年里大大小小的酒吧如雨后春笋般的纷纷落户各大都市。在文化的积淀中，逐渐的形成了各大都市不同的酒吧文化。正文： 最初,在美国西部，牛仔和强盗们很喜欢聚在小酒馆里喝酒。由于他们都是骑马而来，所以酒馆老板就在馆子门前设了一根横木，用来拴马。后来，汽车取代了马车,骑马的人逐渐减少,这些横木也多被拆除。有一位酒馆老板不愿意扔掉这根已成为酒馆象征的横木,便把它拆下来放在柜台下面,没想到却成了顾客们垫脚的好地方，受到了顾客的喜爱了。其他酒馆听说此事后,也纷纷效仿,因此柜台下放横木的做法便普及起来。由于横木在英语里念"bａr”，所以译成“酒吧。
在中国,1979年,中国开始对外开放,经济体制进行了改革,由原来的国家调控逐渐转型为市场经济，当时随着中国新兴的经济发展，外来事物的逐步引进，留学归国人员及国外交流人员的生活需要，一些小型的原始形态的酒吧出现。但那时大家还不太明白何谓酒吧,只是摆上各式的酒水饮料，就已经使顾客盈门。 渐渐的，消费者开始不满足于仅能喝喝酒，聊聊天，听听音乐的功能，开始希望在这里能够有更多的新鲜事物可看，对那种原始的仅有的昏暗的环境带来的视觉的感受,也以不能为光顾此处的消费所满足,大家期待着有更舒适的或者更宣泄的酒吧能够出现。因此一些带着自身主题文化的酒吧出现了。尤其在北京、上海、广州等地,更是得到了淋漓的显现:北京的酒吧粗犷开阔，上海的酒吧细腻伤感,广州的酒吧热闹繁杂，深圳的酒吧最不乏激情。 总的来说。都市的夜空已离不开酒吧,都市人更离不开酒吧，人们需要在繁忙遗忘,沉醉。酒吧的确是以一种很“文化”、很反叛的姿态出现的,是我们这个城市对深夜不归的一种默许,它悄悄地却是越来越多地出现在中国大都市的一个个角落，成为青年人的天下，亚文化的发生地。随着都市文化的迅猛发展，曾经占尽风光的电影院在酒吧、迪厅、电子游戏室的崛起中显得有些被冷落的感觉。以新新人类自居的酷男辣妹，对于“泡吧”更是情有独钟,因为酒吧里欣赏歌舞、听音乐、扎堆聊天、喝酒品茶甚至蹦迪,无所不包,随你玩到尽兴，又显出时尚派头，自然成了流行的消闲娱乐方式。酒吧文化在中国不
酒吧文化 最初，在美国西部，牛仔和强盗们很喜欢聚在小酒馆里喝酒。由于他们都是骑马而来，所以酒馆老板就在馆子门前设了一根横木，用来拴马。后来，汽车取代了马车，骑马的人逐渐减少，这些横木也多被拆除。有一位酒馆老板不愿意扔掉这根已成为酒馆象征的横木，便把它拆下来放在柜台下面，没想到却成了顾客们垫脚的好地方，受到了顾客的喜爱了。其他酒馆听说此事后，也纷纷效仿，因此柜台下放横木的做法便普及起来。由于横木在英语里念"bar”，所以人们索性就把酒馆翻译成“酒吧”，就跟把糕饼"pie"译成“派”一样。 中国酒吧文化 酒吧最初源于欧洲大陆，但bar一词也还是到16世纪才有“卖饮料的柜台”这个义项，后又经美洲进一步的变异、拓展，十年前进入我国，“泡吧”一词还是近年的事。酒吧进入我国后，得到了迅猛的发展，尤其在北京、上海、广州、成都等地，更是得到了淋漓的显现：北京的酒吧粗犷开阔，上海的酒吧细腻伤感，广州的酒吧热闹繁杂, 深圳的酒吧最不乏激情。总的来说。都市的夜空已离不开酒吧，都市人更离不开酒吧，人们需要在繁忙遗忘，沉醉。北京是全国城市中酒吧最多的一个地方，酒吧的经营方式更是形形色色，生意也有好有坏。上海的酒吧已出现基本稳定的三分格局，三类酒吧各有自己的鲜明特色，各有自己的特殊情调，由此也各有自己的基本常客，第一类酒吧就是校园酒吧，第二类是音乐酒吧，第三类是商业酒吧。 在中国，酒吧是一个移植过来的公共空间。与酒吧在西方嬗变的历史相比，可以说酒吧在中国只不过是一个没有历史的空间，它是一个舶来的想像性空间。酒吧这一想像性空间构成中国人关于西方的想像的空间和空间的想像。在这种关于西方的想像中，时尚的消费充斥其间。在许多人眼里，它所呈现的几乎就是西方人唯一的娱乐休闲方式，一个经常出现的公共交往空间。全球化的浪潮、经济一体化的趋势，从地理政治学的角度说，都不过是西方化的过程。西方公共空间里所展示的西方化生活方式也就当然成为时尚效仿的对象。然而，一个没有历史的空间，就像一个没有历史的人一样，时髦起来总会是如此地轻盈。在这一片轻盈的曼舞中，酒吧已成为一个空洞的时尚风景。 一个空间舶移过来的无历史的风景靠什么来支撑它的时尚流行呢？泡吧一族也许会说，虽然我不了解酒吧的历史，其实我从来也不想去了解什么历史。因为，我喜欢，并不需要理由；我体验，并不需要历史。对酒吧，我有我主张，我有我体验，我有我想像。
浅谈酒吧文化的形成与发展 序论： 改革开放以后，酒吧这一词汇越来越多的被人们所了解。宿醉不归的夜生活、推杯换盏的交际活动经常是人们对酒吧的第一印象。然而，酒吧作为西方城市文化景观的一个物化表征，它的缘起却是有着极深厚的文化历史渊源。现如今，酒吧已经成为了都市人们生活中不可或缺的一部分，成为新型娱乐文化形式的代表。夜幕下的酒吧就像是一个个暗夜的精灵，吸引着夜归的人们，使人们在那里释放自己的热情、排解自己的忧愁、倾诉自己的人生。“我不在家里，就在酒吧;我不在酒吧，就在去酒吧的路上。”酒吧得到越来越多的人们的认可，酒吧已经不单单是一个经济消费、人们买醉的场所，它更是代表着一种精神文化。在近十几年里大大小小的酒吧如雨后春笋般的纷纷落户各大都市。在文化的积淀中，逐渐的形成了各大都市不同的酒吧文化。正文： 最初，在美国西部，牛仔和强盗们很喜欢聚在小酒馆里喝酒。由于他们都是骑马而来，所以酒馆老板就在馆子门前设了一根横木，用来拴马。后来，汽车取代了马车，骑马的人逐渐减少，这些横木也多被拆除。有一位酒馆老板不愿意扔掉这根已成为酒馆象征的横木，便把它拆下来放在柜台下面，没想到却成了顾客们垫脚的好地方，受到了顾客的喜爱了。其他酒馆听说此事后，也纷纷效仿，因此柜台下放横木的做法便普及起来。由于横木在英语里念"bar”，所以译成“酒吧。
在中国，1979年，中国开始对外开放，经济体制进行了改革，由原来的国家调控逐渐转型为市场经济，当时随着中国新兴的经济发展，外来事物的逐步引进，留学归国人员及国外交流人员的生活需要，一些小型的原始形态的酒吧出现。但那时大家还不太明白何谓酒吧，只是摆上各式的酒水饮料，就已经使顾客盈门。 渐渐的,消费者开始不满足于仅能喝喝酒，聊聊天，听听音乐的功能，开始希望在这里能够有更多的新鲜事物可看，对那种原始的仅有的昏暗的环境带来的视觉的感受，也以不能为光顾此处的消费所满足，大家期待着有更舒适的或者更宣泄的酒吧能够出现。因此一些带着自身主题文化的酒吧出现了。尤其在北京、上海、广州等地，更是得到了淋漓的显现：北京的酒吧粗犷开阔，上海的酒吧细腻伤感，广州的酒吧热闹繁杂，深圳的酒吧最不乏激情。 总的来说。都市的夜空已离不开酒吧，都市人更离不开酒吧，人们需要在繁忙遗忘，沉醉。酒吧的确是以一种很“文化”、很反叛的姿态出现的，是我们这个城市对深夜不归的一种默许，它悄悄地却是越来越多地出现在中国大都市的一个个角落，成为青年人的天下，亚文化的发生地。随着都市文化的迅猛发展，曾经占尽风光的电影院在酒吧、迪厅、电子游戏室的崛起中显得有些被冷落的感觉。以新新人类自居的酷男辣妹，对于“泡吧”更是情有独钟，因为酒吧里欣赏歌舞、听音乐、扎堆聊天、喝酒品茶甚至蹦迪，无所不包，随你玩到尽兴，又显出时尚派头，自然成了流行的消闲娱乐方式。酒吧文化在中国不过十几年的历史，但是它发展迅速，可以称得上是适时而生。多