WTO_AND_CHINA
- 格式：doc
- 大小：38.50 KB
- 文档页数：12
下载文档原格式
合集下载
中日双边贸易 介绍
01
Current Situation of Sino-Japanese Bilateral Trade
（一）Current Situation of Sino-Japanese Trade
China and Japan are two major economies in the Asia-Pacific region, playing an extremely important role in the global economic development. China is the largest developing country in the world. Since the reform and open ing up in 1978, GDP has grown by an average of 9.5% annually, ranking fourth i n the world. At the same time, according to statistics released by the General A dministration of Customs, China's current foreign trade volume is as high as 17 6.6 billion US dollars, with a surplus of 177.4 billion US dollars. At present, Chin a is in the position of the third largest trading country and the fourth largest ec onomy in the world. Japan is the second largest economic power after the Unit ed States. The volume of import and export trade is close to 1.2 billion US dolla rs. Under the background of economic globalization, further cooperation and e xchanges between China and Japan in the field of economy and trade are of far -reaching strategic significance. This will not only bring well-being to the peopl e of both countries, but also promote the prosperity of the Asia-Pacific region a nd even the global economy.
国际商务英语+考核作业
综合试题综合试题1I．Translate the following words and expressions (10%)(ⅰ) From English into Chinese1. manufactured goods 制成品2. protectionist measures 保护措施3. securities exchange 证劵交易4. comparative 比较优势5. Gross National Product 国民生产总值(ⅱ) From Chinese into English6. 最惠国待遇Most-Favored Nation Treatment7. 宽限期grace period8. 不可以撤销信用证irrevocable letters of credit9. 运输单据transportation documents,10. 金边债券gilt bondⅡ. Match the words and expressions on the left with the explanations on the right (5%)11. compulsory a. policy to restrict imports ( d )12. trade barriers b. unit cost getting low with the increasing of quantity. ( a )13. specialization c. products produced with efficiency ( c )14. trade terms d. something must have be done ( e )15. economics of scale: e. trade rules set by ICC ( b )Ⅲ. Make brief explanations of the following terms in English (20%) 16. quotaquota: the limited quantities or value of imports made by government for consideration to protect domestic industries.17. PPPPPP: purchasing power parity, a decisive factor for the change of exchange rate.18. deregulationderegulation: government lowers or abolishes some restrictive domestic or foreign economic policies and make the economic activity develop more freely.19. infrastructureinfrastructure: large-scale public services such as transportation, communication equipments.20. indemnityindemnity: a basic idea in all branches of insurance that the insured should be in the same position after a loss as he was before it, neither richer nor poorer as a result of loss.Ⅳ. Fill in each of the following blanks with an appropriate words (10% )Differs, Which, predecessor, mechanism. In one word, one, permanent, services, settle , World BankInstead of being a mere replacement of GATT, the WTO 21__differs__ from its22 __predecessor___ in several prominent dimension. Firstly, as the name suggests, he GATT is only an agreement, or more exactly an interim secretariat, 23__In one word__an organization entity in the true sense, while WTO is a full-fledged 24__permanent__organization. Secondly WTO has a much broader mandate promoting trade liberalization of goods and 25__services__.Thirdly, the WTO has established far greater enforcement powers to 26__settle__ trade frictions among member countries, 27__Which__is called dispute settlement 28__mechanism__.WTO has become 29__one__ of important three international economic organizations. The others two are 30.__World Bank__ and International Monetary Funds.Ⅴ. Translate the following into English (25%)31. 及时库存制源于日本，现在已经被很多国家企业采纳。
中国独立自主的和平外交政策讲解
中国独立自主的和平外交政策china?sindependentforeignpolicy中国坚定不移地奉行独立自主的和平外交政策这一政策的基本目标是维护中国的独立主权和领土完整为中国的改革开放和现代化建设创造一个良好的国际环境维护世界和平促进共同发展
中国独立自主的和平外交政策
China's Independent Foreign Policy of Peace
积极发展同周边国家的睦邻友好关系，是中国外交政策的 重要组成部分。中国同绝大多数邻国解决了历史遗留问题， 与周边国家的互利合作蓬勃发展。
It is an important component of China’s foreign policy to actively develop good-neighborly relations of friendship with the surrounding countries. China has resolved problems left over by history with the overwhelming majority of neighboring countries. And China’s mutually beneficial cooperation with its neighbors has witnessed a vigorous development.
2、中国反对霸权主义，维护世界和平。中国认为，国家不分大小、强弱、 贫富，都是国际社会的平等一员。国与国之间应通过协商和平解决彼此的纠纷 和争端，不应诉诸武力或以武力相威胁，不能以任何借口干涉他国内政。中国 从不把自己的社会制度和意识形态强加于人，也决不允许别国把他们的社会制 度和意识形态强加于我们。
3、中国积极推动建立公正合理的国际政治经济新秩序。中国 认为，新秩序应该体现历史发展和时代进步的要求，应该反映世 界各国人民的普遍愿望和共同利益。和平共处五项原则和其他公 认的国际关系准则应该成为建立国际政治经济新秩序的基础。
中国独立自主的和平外交政策
China's Independent Foreign Policy of Peace
积极发展同周边国家的睦邻友好关系，是中国外交政策的 重要组成部分。中国同绝大多数邻国解决了历史遗留问题， 与周边国家的互利合作蓬勃发展。
It is an important component of China’s foreign policy to actively develop good-neighborly relations of friendship with the surrounding countries. China has resolved problems left over by history with the overwhelming majority of neighboring countries. And China’s mutually beneficial cooperation with its neighbors has witnessed a vigorous development.
2、中国反对霸权主义，维护世界和平。中国认为，国家不分大小、强弱、 贫富，都是国际社会的平等一员。国与国之间应通过协商和平解决彼此的纠纷 和争端，不应诉诸武力或以武力相威胁，不能以任何借口干涉他国内政。中国 从不把自己的社会制度和意识形态强加于人，也决不允许别国把他们的社会制 度和意识形态强加于我们。
3、中国积极推动建立公正合理的国际政治经济新秩序。中国 认为，新秩序应该体现历史发展和时代进步的要求，应该反映世 界各国人民的普遍愿望和共同利益。和平共处五项原则和其他公 认的国际关系准则应该成为建立国际政治经济新秩序的基础。
中国经济概况中英文介绍
中国经济概况中英文介绍中国经济概况（中文）：中国经济是世界上最大的经济体之一，自改革开放以来，中国经济取得了长足的发展。
中国是世界上最大的出口国和第二大进口国，拥有世界上最大的人口和劳动力资源。
中国的国内生产总值（GDP）在全球范围内排名第二，仅次于美国。
中国的制造业、农业和服务业都在全球市场上占有重要地位。
中国还是许多国际组织和机构的成员，包括世界贸易组织（WTO）和亚洲基础设施投资银行（AIIB）等。
China's Economic Overview (English):The Chinese economy is one of the largest in the world, and has made significant progress since the introduction of economic reforms. China is the world's largest exporter and the second largest importer, with the largest population and labor force. China's Gross Domestic Product (GDP) ranks second globally, trailing only the United States. The country's manufacturing, agriculture, and service sectorsall play significant roles in the global market. China is also a member of many international organizations and institutions, including the World Trade Organization (WTO) and the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB), among others.。
服务贸易自由化对中国的影响及其对策
服务贸易自由化对中国的影响及其对策摘要服务贸易自由化是在服务贸易重要性显现以及全球经济一体化背景下提出的。
随着国际服务贸易发展程度的深化，全球经济一体化进程的加快，以及《服务贸易总协定》的签订，服务贸易自由化可谓是大势所趋。
这必将对世界各国服务贸易的发展和政府经济政策的制定产生众多深远的影响。
服务贸易自由化既具有积极的经济效应，又具有一定的负面效应。
近十几年来，我国服务贸易正在以年平均15%左右的速度迅速增长，但仍然明显落后于货物贸易，而且长期呈现逆差状态。
在某种意义上说，积极发展国际服务贸易并实现国际服务贸易的自由化，将是21世纪国际经济合作最重要的内容之一。
作为既是发展中国家也是WTO 成员方的中国，服务贸易自由化对我们来说是机遇也是挑战。
我们必须要在这一趋势下认清中国服务贸易发展的现状，抓住机遇，并勇于迎接挑战，制定符合中国实际的应对策略，提高中国服务贸易的竞争力。
关键字: 服务贸易自由化影响对策AbstractLiberalization of trade in services was put forward under the background of realization of the importance in service trade and globalization of world economy. With the promotion of international trade in services, the acceleration of the process of globalization of world economy and the signing of the ＂General Agreement on Trade in Services＂, liberalization of trade in services become a global trade. It will certainly have a strong impact on the development of each country＇s trade service and the economic policy of the government. Liberalization of trade in services has both positive effects and negative effects on economy. Because China is both a developing country and a WTO member, liberalization of trade in services is an opportunity as well as a challenge for us. Currently, we should get a clear understanding of the status quo in China＇s service trade development, try to seize the opportunity ,welcome the challenge and make the right strategies according to the facts of china. And finally we can improve our country＇s competitiveness of trade in services.Keywords: the liberalization of trade in services; influence; measures目录一、国际服务贸易以及服务贸易自由化的概述 (1)二、中国的国际服务贸易现状及其特点 (1)三、中国服务贸易存在的问题 (2)（一）第三产业发展滞后制约了服务贸易的发展 (2)（二）服务贸易发展不平衡，项目和地区结构过于集中 (2)（三）高附加值或技术含量较高的服务贸易落后 (3)（四）服务业国际竞争力较弱 (3)四、服务贸易自由化对中国的影响 (3)（一）服务贸易自由化对中国的积极影响 (3)1．有利于引入竞争机制 (3)2．有利于引进资金、技术和先进的管理方式 (3)3．有利于促进就业的增长 (4)4．有利于扩大服务贸易出口 (4)5．有利于推动我国服务企业国际化经营 (4)6．有利于带动我国国民经济的整体发展 (4)（二）服务贸易自由化对中国的消极影响 (4)1．对国内服务行业带来阻碍和挑战 (4)2．加剧服务贸易逆差 (5)3．加大我国国内服务业发展的不平衡 (5)五、发展我国服务贸易的对策 (5)（一）加快国内服务业发展，提高国内服务业的竞争力 (5)1．大力培育有竞争力的优势服务产业 (5)2．优化服务产业结构 (6)（二）大力发展教育事业，加快我国服务贸易专业人才的培养 (6)（三）建立与完善服务贸易的管理和协调机制 (6)（四）加快服务贸易的立法工作，制定和完善有关法律法规 (6)（五）实行循序渐进的开放模式 (7)（六）积极引进国外先进经验，先进技术来提高国内服务水平 (7)（七）积极参与服务贸易谈判，努力创造对我国有利的国际发展环境 (8)（八）积极参与区域经济合作，推动我国全面参与国际分工的进程 (8)一、国际服务贸易以及服务贸易自由化的概述国际服务贸易是指根据GA TT主持的乌拉圭回合谈判所签订的GA TS按照服务的提供方式，将国际服务贸易解释为自一成员领土向任何其他成员领土提供服务；在一成员领土内向任何其他成员的服务消息者提供的服务；一成员的服务提供者通过在任何其他成员领土内的商业存在提供服务；一成员的服务提供者通过在任何其他成员领土内的自然人存在提供的服务。
国际贸易实务(英文版)(第四版)(PPT)ppt
Why trade with other nations?
Advantages
International trade leads to more efficient and increased world production, thus allowing countries (and individuals) to consume a larger and more diverse bundle of goods.
Balance of Payments The balance of payment = the difference between money coming into a country and money going out of the country + money flows coming into or leaving a country from other factors. favorable balance of payments VS unfavorable balance of payments
A nation possessing limited natural resources is able to produce and consume more than it otherwise could.
the establishment of international trade expands the number of potential markets in which a country can sell its goods.
Because the balance of payments is one reflection of a nation's financial stability in the world market, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) uses these accounts to make decisions such as qualifying a country for a loan. The IMF also provides the information to its members so that they can make informed decisions about investments and trade.
WTO规则中英文教程第三章 WTO的基本原则
一、最惠国待遇原则（Principles of MostFavoured-Nation Treatment, MFN） (一)最惠国待遇原则的内涵 • The definition of MFN is that, in such matters as customs duties and charges, the method of levying such duties and charges, all rules and formalities, internal taxes or other internal charges and all laws, regulations and requirements, any advantage, favour, privilege or immunity granted by any member to any product originating in or destined for any other country shall be accorded immediately and unconditionally to the like product originating in or destined for the territories of all other md are: • (a) Export prohibitions or restrictions temporarily applied to prevent or relieve critical shortages of foodstuffs or other essential products; • (b) Import and export prohibitions or restrictions necessary to the application of standards or regulations for the classification, grading or marketing of commodities in international trade; and • (c) Import restrictions on any agricultural or fisheries product，which aim to restrict the quantities or remove a temporary surplus of the like domestic product, etc.
中国进出口贸易结构变化
第２９卷第２期２００９年２月系统工程理论与实践ＳｙｓｔｅｍｓＥｎｇｉｎｅｅｒｉｎｇ—Ｔｈｅｏｒｙ＆ＰｒａｃｔｉｃｅＶ０１．２９，Ｎｏ．２Ｆｅｂ．，２００９文章编号：１０００－６７８８（２００９）０２—００１０—０８中国进出口贸易结构变化王振全・，田延宾Ｌ２，汪寿阳ｓ（１．北京石油化工学院经济管理学院，北京１０２６１７；２。
北京化工大学经济管理学院，北京１０００２９；３．中国科学院数学与系统科学研究院，北京１００１９０）摘要我国进出口贸易经历了１９９４年汇率体制并轨至２００１年加入ＷＴＯ等重大事件，发生结构变化的可能性较大．本文构造断点内生的检验模型并通过仿真产生检验统计量的临界值，检验１９８１至２００６年中国进出口贸易额月度数据序列结构变化、讨论国际贸易环境和贸易政策变化对我国进出口贸易额的影响．结果表明，改革开放以来我国进ｉ＝／序列并没有发现结构断点；出口额序列是分断趋势平稳的，比较集中的结构变化断点发生在２００１年中期，其它断点分别发生在１９９４年２月、９６年７月和９７年１１月；它们与相关的重大事件对应．结果说明我国出口贸易是由国际贸易环境决定的内生增长过程；而贸易政策对进口贸易有持续性影响，即进口贸易是外生增长过程．关键词数据诊断；单位根检验；结构变化；内生断点中图分类号Ｆ０６４．１文献标志码ＡＯｎｓｔｒｕｃｔｕｒａｌｃｈａｎｇｅｉｎＣｈｉｎａ’ＳｉｍｐｏｒｔａｎｄｅｘｐｏｒｔＷＡＮＧＺｈｅｎ－ｑｕａｎｌ，ＴＩＡＮＹａｎ－ｂｉｎｌ，一，ＷＡＮＧＳｈｏｕ－ｙａｎ９３（１．ＥｃｏｎｏｍｉｃｓａｎｄＭａｎａｇｅｍｅｎｔＳｃｈｏｏｌ，ＢｅｉｊｉｎｇＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＰｅｔｒｏｌ－ＣｈｅｍｉｃａｌＴｅｃｈｎｏｌｏｇｙ，Ｂｅｉｊｉｎｇ１０２６１７，Ｃｈｉｎａ；２．ＥｃｏｎｏｍｉｃｓａｎｄＭａｎａｇｅｍｅｎｔＳｃｈｏｏｌ，ＢｅｉｊｉｎｇＵｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙｏｆＣｈｅｍｉｃａｌＴｅｃｈｎｏｌｏｇｙ，Ｂｅｉｊｉｎｇ１０００２９，Ｃｈｉｎａ；３．ＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＳｙｓｔｅｍｓＳｃｉｅｎｃｅ，ＡｃａｄｅｍｙｏｆＭａｔｈｅｍａｔｉｃｓａｎｄＳｙｓｔｅｍｓＳｃｉｅｎｃｅ，ＣＡＳ，Ｂｅｉｊｉｎｇ１００１９０，Ｃｈｉｎａ）ＡｂｓｔｒａｃｔＦｏｒｅｉｇｎｔｒａｄｅｏｆＣｈｉｎａｈａｓｅｘｐｅｒｉｅｎｃｅｄａｓｅｒｉｅｓｏｆｉｍｐｏｒｔａｎｔｅｖｅｎｔｓｓｕｃｈａＳｕｎｉｆｉｃａｔｉｏｎｏｆｅｘｃｈａｎｇｅｒａｔｅｓｉｎ１９９４ｔｏｔｈｅｅｎｔｒａｎｃｅｔｏｔｈｅＷＴＯ．ｗｈｉｃｈｐｒｏｂａｂｌｙｉｎｄｕｃｅｄｓｔｒｕｃｔｕｒａｌｃｈａｎｇｅｓｆｏｒｔｈｅｉｒｅｐｏｒｔａｎｄｅｘｐｏｒｔｔｒａｄｅｏｆＣｈｉｎａ．Ｂｙｃｏｎｓｔｒｕｃｔｉｎｇｔｅｓｔｍｏｄｅｌ８ｉｎｅｎｄｏｇｅｎｏｕｓｂｒｅａｋｐｏｉｎｔｓａｎｄｐｒｏｄｕｃｉｎｇｃｒｉｔｉｃａｌｖａｌｕｅｓｆｏｒｔｅｓｔｓｔａｔｉｓｔｉｃｓｏｎＭｏｎｔＣａｒｌｏｓｉｍｕｌａｔｉｏｎ。
商务英语课本unit1译文及答案
课文A世界经济发展世界经济比以往任何时候都更富裕，但是国家内部与国家之间财富显然分布不均衡。
世界上最富裕国家如卢森堡的年人均收入比世界最贫穷国家如塞纳里昂年人均收入高出一百多倍。
国与国之间经济发展不平衡倾向表现各异。
20世纪50、60年代，发展中国家经济获得了飞速而持续的发展。
然而，自80年代以来，除了少数几个主要亚洲国家经济成功地获得快速发展、更多全球开放市场外，其他发展中国家面临了经济不稳，社会福利收效甚微的问题。
全球化并没有缩小贫富国家收入差异。
富裕国家比贫困国家往往能更优先进入资本市场，吸引更多外国资本直接投资，更有弹性地应对全球商品市场。
现在，埃塞俄比亚居民平均收入不及出生于欧洲或美国居民的1/35，而在50年代，埃塞俄比亚人均收入是发达国家人均收入的1/16。
同样，美国目前人均收入比尼伯尔人均收入从50年代的19倍上升到了27倍。
世界上大多数最贫困国家或多或少在某种程度上相对滞后。
尤其是70年代中期以来，发展中国家经济增长进入停滞与不稳定的交替期，只有少数几个发展中国家在最近几十年能持续增长，这些国家中尤以两个世界人口大国中国和印度著名。
中国可以看作是成功进行体制改革的例子。
20世纪70年代后期改革开放以来，中国经济一直保持了高速发展。
除一些社会、经济不稳定因素之外，最近20年，中国经济改革所取得的成就解决了几千万人的温饱问题。
因为没有现存的改革经验可借鉴，中国经济改革的过程被看作是“摸着石头过河”。
实际上，经济发展是改革的落脚点和最终目标。
中国经济体制改革是以全面提高经济效益为目的，依靠发挥个人积极性，培育各种类型的市场竞争。
通常，中国向市场经济的转型过程是个缓慢的经济改革过程，表现在三个不同时期。
第一个时期从1978年至1993年，改革主要是改善激励机制和扩大市场对资源的配置范围。
这一时期以成功进行农业体制改革和双重价格体系改革为特点；第二个时期开始于1994年，这一时期中国政府决定把最终建立现代市场经济体制作为改革目标；最新时期，重点是处理好由于经济增长所带来的地区差异和贫富悬殊。
商务英语复习资料Unit_1-11-周五
期末考试内容由三大块构成：PPT（复习资料）+《新编剑桥商务英语》(中级)练习册+各阅读材料期末考试样卷Section One Communication skills 30%（15 小题，每题2分，取自课件）Directions: Fill in the blanks with the appropriate terms1. The recruitment process involves job analysis, sourcing, selection and___________.2. The basics of proper business dining etiquette include seating, eatingand drinking, ____________and conversation.Section Two Theoretical knowledge 20% (各10小题，共20题，每题1分，取自课件)Part A Translate the following terms in bold from English intoChinese.1. China has become one of the world‗s leading manufacturing bases andleading suppliers of labor-intensiveproducts_______________________.2. The level of China‘s foreign exchange_________________ reservesis much larger, so there is great potential for much larger outboundFDI_____________ or acquisitions abroad.Part B Translate the following terms from Chinese into English.1. 贸易逆差2. 互联网+3.Section Three Business Reading 30%（阅读4-5篇共30小题，每题1分，文章内容与商务活动有关，取自练习册及阅读材料）Part A Directions: read the passage below about advertising.Choose the best word to fill each gap from A, B, C or D.(取自新编剑桥商务英语（中级）练习册（第三版）Page 24）Part BPart CPart DSection Four Business Writing 20%Directions：Read the information and use the framework below to write a report(取自新编剑桥商务英语（中级）练习册（第三版）Page 23）.PPT（复习资料）Unit 1 Top Companies and Globalization Business Theory1. What is a Company?A company is an association or collection of individuals,whether natural persons,legal persons, or a mixture of both, who sharea common purpose and unite in order to focus their various talentsand organize their collectively available skills or resources to achieve specific, declared goals.All companies excluding non-profit organizations are benefit driving.A Company Should be Unique!A company is different from others because it has its unique corporateculture.The person who organizes and manages an enterprise, especially a business, usually with considerable initiative and risk, is called an entrepreneur. It is entrepreneurship that involves in the process of designing, launching and running a new business.Similar Wordsfirm business corporation multinational conglomeratedot-com subsidiary affiliateLtd./Co. VS company of unlimited liabilityRelative Wordsheadquarters branch departmentCEO: chief executive manager managing director 总经理/常务董事chairman of the board board of directorsPhrase Collocationrun/set up a companyjoin a company: become an employeea company goes bust/bankruptcompany policyCommon Types of Businesslimited-liability company（责任有限公司）unlimited company（责任无限公司）listed company（上市公司）domestic enterprise（内资企业）foreign-owned/invested enterprise（外企）overseas-funded enterprise（海外投资企业）state-owned enterprise（国企）private enterprise/business（私企）(Sino-foreign)joint venture（中外合资）2. What Does Globalization Mean?The term ―globalization‖ was first used in a scholarly fashion in 1967.Globalization is the process of international integration arising from the interchange of world views, products, ideas and mutual sharing, and other aspects of culture. It comes together with economic integration（经济一体化）.3. Four Aspects of Globalizationtrade and transactionscapital and investment movementsmigration and movement of peoplethe dissemination of knowledge4. What are Important Marks in the History of Globalization?The Silk Road/the rise of maritime European empires/multinational enterprises and international trade/bilateral, multinational and international cooperation and organization: WTO, EU, TPP/the Internet has brought communities across the globe closer together through instant communication..5. What is SWOT Analysis?SWOT analysis, also called SWOT matrix, is a structured planning method used to evaluate the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats involved in a project or in a business. Fortune 500 and Transnational CorporationsThe most famous companies in the world are included in Fortune Global 500 list, also known as Global 500, which is an annual ranking of the top 500corporations worldwide as measured by revenue. The list is compiled and published annually by Fortune magazine, an American business magazine, published globally by Time Inc. In 2015, the top 10 companies: Walmart(沃尔玛), Sinopec(中石化)Dutch Shell(荷兰皇家壳牌石油公司)China National Petroleum Corporation(中国石油天然气集团公司) ExxonMobil(埃克森美孚), BP(英国石油公司)State Grid Corporation of China(中国国家电网公司）Volkswagen（大众集团公司）, Toyota Motor（丰田汽车）Glencore（嘉能可-全球大宗商品交易巨头）6. What are Transnational Corporations/Multinational Companies?A m ultinational corporation or multinational company, is anorganization that owns or controls production of goods or services in one or more countries other than their home country. It can also be referred as an international corporation, a "transnational corporation", or a stateless corporation.7. How to Make a Presentation?Step A: Introducing the presentationUseful expressions: Good morning and thanks for coming/Today I‘dlike to tell you about…Step B: Explaining the structure of the presentationUseful expressions: If you have any questions, I‘ll be happy to answer them at the end/Then I‘ll give you an overview of/In my brief presentation we‘ll begin by looking at…Step C: Presenting the first partUseful expressions: Here you can see/First of all there‘s…/and finally there‘s...Step D: Presenting the second partUseful expressions: OK, let‘s move on to look at/One thing I‘d like to point out is/Take a look at this chart…Step E: Presenting the third partStep F: Ending the presentationUseful expressions: Are there any questions/ So that brings me to the end of the presentation/Thanks for listening…Unit 2 Starting a BusinessBusiness Theory1. WTO(originated from GATT-General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade) isa place where member governments go, to try to sort out the trade problems they face with each other. At its heart are the WTO agreements, negotiated and signed by the bulk of the world‘s tra ding nations.But the WTO is not just about liberalizing trade, and in some circumstances its rules support maintaining trade barriers —for example to protect consumers, prevent the spread of disease or protect the environment.2. WTO Benefits1. This system helps promote peace.2. Disputes are handled constructively.3. Rules make life easier for all.4. Free trade cuts the cost of living.5. It provides more choices of products and qualities.6. Trade raises incomes.7. Trade stimulates economic growth.8. The basic principles make life more efficient.9. Governments are shielded from lobbying.10. The system encourages good government.3. What is Anti-dumping Agreement?If a company exports a product at a price lower than the price it normally charges on its own home market, it is said to be ―dumping‖ the product. The WTO Agreement does not regulate the actions of companies engaged in"dumping". Its focus is on how governments can or cannot react to dumping —it disciplines anti-dumping actions, and it is often called the ―Anti-dumping Agreement‖.Types of BusinessSole trader you are self-employed and set up the business on your own. Partnership you are self-employed and start the business with another person. You are both equally liable.Franchise you buy a license to trade under the name of the franchiser and you benefit from the franchiser‘s expertise.Internet start-up you start a business online like Taobao C2C shop with small investment.Internal venture you may undertake part of a business in a company. It‘s highly motivated at Haier.Unit 3 AdvertisingBusiness Theory1. When did people begin to trade? Clear evidence of trading overlong distances dates back at least 9,000 years.2. How did ancient people trade? People trade because they don‘t haveeverything they need.Trade can make everyone better off.3. Why do countries trade? Countries trade with each other when, ontheir own, they do not have the resources, or capacity to satisfy their own needs and wants. Trade comes from division of labor andspecialization. Division of labor makes trade possible and specialization can generate further benefits in terms of efficiency and productivity.4.What is comparative advantage?The theory of comparative advantage is an economic theory about thework gains from trade for individuals, firms, or nations that arise from differences in their factor endowments (要素禀赋）or technologicalprogress. If an agent(经济学中一般人的抽象) can produce a good at a lower relative opportunity cost, he has comparative advantage inproducing this good. Factors are what can be used in production likeland, capital and labor, etc. Endowments are the quality and quantity of something.David Ricardo(in 1817) realized that absolute advantage(by Adam Smith)was a limited case. Countries without absolute advantage can get gains by trading products they have comparative advantage in producing.5. What products and services does a country tend to trade withothers? Each country tends to trade with others products and services in which they have comparative advantages. Comparative advantages come from factor endowments and technological development.technology-intensive/labor-intensiveAdvertisingAdvertising is an important part of marketing. It aims to make people aware of a product or service and favorably incline towards it. A manufacturer can amplify the demand of a product by advertising widely.It can build the consumer‘s brand preference and loyalty, thus increasing the value of the product. Advertising is helpful to build the brand, increase the value of its goodwill and win the confidence of consumer.Useful expressions1. The advertisement is used to promote…这广告是促销…2. The target customers of the advertisement are …这广告的目标客是….3.it is obvious that …很显然… creative ideas 有创意的想法4.I (don‘t) think it is effective because….我认为这广告效果很好（没有达到很好的效果）5. paper diaper （纸尿裤）parent-child clothes亲子装6.roller skating 滑旱冰roller baby 旱冰宝宝7. performing their stunts 表演特技facial expressions面部表情8. have a strong visual impact有很强的视觉冲击力/效果9. leave a deep impression on sb/ impress sb deeply 给某人留下很深的印象10. Xx company targets a more upscale marketxx公司目标客户定位在上层市场（高端市场）11. marketing strategies 市场营销策略12.send the link to my friends easily很容易把链接发给朋友13. creating links to increase traffic 创造连接提高点击率14. driven by the commercial interests ,由于商业利益的驱使，15. in order to achieve the good effectiveness of remembering为了良好的广告记住效应，16. using the method of repeating advertising slogans17. wool fabric/woolen knitwear 毛纺织品knitting wool毛线18 . Have a strong visual and auditory impact 有很强的视听效果19. audience ratings (电视、广播的)视听率,收视率20. the effectiveness of …has been impaired/weakened消弱了…的效果21. vulgar television advertisement;恶俗电视广告22. appear frequently频频出现；23. It is the most interesting ads that I‘ve ever seen.这是我看过的最有趣的广告。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
WTO and ChinaThe most likely global currency scenario will involve a basket of multiple currencies, centered on the dollar, the euro, and the RENMINBI. A recent World Bank report also projects that six major emerging economies will account for more than HALF of all global growth by 2025.China is a major topic for discussion amongst WTO members in 2011 as this year marks the country's 10th anniversary since entering into the world trade organization. The first 10 years of China's WTO membership has coincided with one of the country's fastest and best growth periods, and trade officials say the trade environment will become more open over the next ten.As is known to all, after fifteen long years of hard negotiations, China became a formal member of the World Trade Organization on Dec.11; 2001.People may wonder whether it pays for China to devote such a lot of time and efforts for accession to the organization. So some knowledgeabout the WTO as well as the opportunities it improvises and the challenges it poses to China is quite necessary.The origin of the WTO can be traced back to the early post World War II years. To guard against the threat of trade wars, major trio trading nations sent their representatives to Havana in 1947 to create an International Trade Organization for the promotion of international trade. That objective was, however, not realized for controversy over the extensiveness of the powers of the proposed ITO, mainly for the refusal by the United States to ratify the charter of the stillborn organization ,Nevertheless, the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade was formed as a conduit for multilateral negotiations on a ratify of international trade issues.Headquartered in Geneva, GATT provides a framework within which international negotiations are conducted toward creating global trade rules and a consultative mechanism for resolving differences and setting disputesunder those rules. It also provides technical assistance to developing countries in the form of seminars and training courses on trade policy issues.The general aims of GATT are the improvement of standards of living, full employment, a large and steadily growing volume of real income and effective demand, the full use of the world’s resources, and the expansion of production and international trade. It is the specific task of GATT to contribute to the attainment of these objectives through arrangements directs to the substantial reduction of tariffs and other trade barriers and to the elimination odd discrimination.Initially, GATT consisted of only three basic parts .In part1the basic obligations which are to be fulfilled by the contracting parties are laid down-the most-favored nation clause and the schedules of tariff concessions Part 2 constitutes a code of fair trade and contains the essential trading rules of the Havana Charter.Pare 3 deals with the applications, membership and withdrawal, amendments to the a Agreement and its relation to the Havana Charter.In the years followed, the text of the General Agreement was revised, numerous amendments were reached relating mainly to the expansion of exports of less-developed countries and the Part4 was added. In the new part, the contracting parties agree that the attainment of the general aims is particularly urgent where less-developed countries are concerned. in the interest of the less-developed countries, endeavors must also be made to ensure the stabilization of commodity prices, better access to the markets of the developed countries, and the diminution of the burdens which the developing countries assume in the interest of their economic development.The Generalized System of Preferences (GSP) is meant to assist developing countries in their economic development efforts. It was established in 1968 after years of endeavors by developing countries in the UNCTAD and the GATT. under thesystem, developed countries grant developing countries do not have to reciprocate such favorable treatment to the developing countries. So the GSP is an important exception to the non-discriminate principle of MFN.A number of tariff negotiating conferences were held under the auspices of GATT during the course of the year GATT was functioning. Altogether 8 rounds of protracted yet fruitful multilateral trade negotiations were held since GATT entered into force in 1947 till the end of 1993 when the last round, the Uruguay Round finally concluded. The cumulative effect of the 8 rounds realized substantial reduction of tariff rate by the developed countries fell from an average of over 40 percent to about 3 percent in 1995.Despite GATT’s success in cording international trade policy, it is only an interim body without a fully defined national structure and with little legal enforcement power .So a big decision was made at the last Round to establish a permanent organization, the World Tradeorganization, to take the place of GATT.On january1,1995 the WTO established on the basis of the document signed before the conclusion of the Uruguay Round by the ministers of 97 countries started its operation and began its administrative work, taking over all the unfinished work left by GATT and continuing to carry out the agreements reached during the Uruguay Round. Being a new, improved replacement of Gantt, the WTO is a permanent international organization to which all the members of GATT automatically become members .it is the organization’s aim to facilitate the creation of an optimal environment for international trade and further strengthen the multilateral trading system.The WTO has three major objectives :1.to promote free trade by encouraging members to adopt nondiscriminatory, predictable trade polices;2.To further reduce trade barriers though multilateral negotiation;3.To establish more effective trade barriers throughmultilateral negotiation;3.To establish more effective trade dispute settlement procedures. Instead of being a more replacement of GATT, The WTO differs from its processor SEVERAL potent dimensions firstly, as the name suggests, the GATT is only an agreement, or more exactly an interim secretariat, rather than an organizational entity in the true sense, while the WTO is a full-fledged permanent organization, with the biennial ministerial meeting as its supreme decision-making body, affording it more political clout and a higher international profile. And its subsidiary bodies specialize in different areas .Secondly, the WTO has a much broader mandate .In addition to promoting commodity trade which used to be the focus of GATT, the WTO is also responsible for service trade, intentional intellectual property protection to promoting commodity trade which used to be the focus of GATT the WTO is also responsible for service trade ,international intellectual property prospection to and trade-responsiblefor service trade ,international intellectual property protection and trade-related investment. Thirdly, the WTO has far greater enforcement mechanism. Its Verdict is binding on its entire member. In this respect the WTO is akin to an international court of justice for world trade with the institutional strength and legal mandate to implement its decisions.China’s efforts to gain accession to the WTO can be divided into periods. During the GATT days, China made strenuous endeavors for the restoration of its status as a contracting party .Though the goal was not realized, the work laid some foundation for negotiations in the second period after the WTO come into being. At the turn of entry into the organization was a subject of topical interest. There were worries as well as great expectations. Now that several years have passed since China’s accession to the WTO, it is time to review China’s performance as a WTO member.As a responsible large nation, China has beendoing a lot in honoring its commitments for entering the WTO. In a short span of several years, China amended over 2300 laws and regulations of which over 800 were abolished. The overall tariff level was lowered from about 40%to 10.5%. Non-tariff measures including quota and import license were removed step by step. The sector of service trade has been opened further and protection of intellectual property right considerably strengthened .All these efforts have produce positive results both for the other members of the WTO and for China itself who has made good use of the opportunities offered by the organization.China’s total volume of import and export doubled from 500billion US dollars in 2001to over 1.1 trillion US dollars in 2004, ranking the third in the world, only after the United States and Germany. For three consecutive years, the country remained the largest recipient of foreign direct investment with the average yearly figure exceeding 50 billion US dollars, showing theimprovement of its investment environment in line with the requirement of the WTO .Country to the worry of some people that there would be trade deficit after entry into the WTO, China still enjoys a favorable balance of 12 billion US dollars. And China’s foreign exchange reserve increased to 550 billion US dollars, being the second largest foreign exchange reserve next only to that of Japan, The sensitive industries liable to the impact of the WTO entry such as agriculture, automobile, retail business, banking, insurance, and telecommunication all registered encouraging development.Despite all the achievements, China still faces big challenges. The first is the protectionist measures prevalent in some countries. Among the anti-dumping investigations. With the complete removal of textile quotas from January ist, 2005antidumping ingestions against China will be further intensified, and we must get mentally prepared and endeavor to reduce the negative effects.The second is the increasing competition faced by commercial banks and insurance enterprises from their foreign counterparts. The foreign banks already enjoy national treatment in China and they have offered over 100 items of services, tripping those by domestic banks .From Dec.1st,2004,the number of cities where foreign banks are allowed to handle Rimini business for enterprises increased from 13to 18.And from 2006Reminbi business for Indi duals will slosh be open to foreign bank. As for foreign insurance companies, all those entering the Chinese market are well-known enterprises with a long history and rich experience, constituting formidable competition against domestic insurance companies.The third is the challenge faced by agriculture. China committed itself for entry into the WTO not to provide any export subsidy for its agricultural produce, and ultimately lower its import of bulk produce, but the quotas are fairly large and the tariff rates within the quotas areas low as 1%to 10%.All those from great pressure on China’s agricultural production and market. Chinese name English nameLi Ming jian BarryLuYang LoweiXuYaqin SharonWangZhengjun TonyShiPeiye SmithJiangTianzhen Isabella。