初中语法---宾语从句，现在完成时
在复合句中用作宾语的从句叫宾语从句。
1．语序
无论主句是陈述句还是疑问句，宾语从句都必须使用陈述语序，即“主句＋连词＋宾语从句（主语＋谓语＋……）”句式。根据连接词在从句中所担任的不同成分，可分为以下四种：
1）连接词＋谓语。连接词在从句中作主语。常见的连接词有：who，what，which等。如：
Could you tell me who knows the answer，please？你能告诉我谁知道答案吗？
The small children don't know what is in their stockings．这些小孩子不知道袜子里有什么东西。
2）连接词＋名词＋谓语。连接词在从句中作主语的定语。常见的连接词有：whose，what，which，how many，how much等。如：
He asked whose handwriting was the best in our class．他问我们班上谁的书法最好。
The teacher asked us how many people there were in the room．老师问我们房间里有多少人。
3）连接词＋主语＋谓语。连接词在从句中作宾语、状语或表语。常见的连接词有：who（m），what，which，how many，how much，when，why，how，where，if ／whether（在句中不充当任何成分）等。如：
He hasn't decided if he'll go on a trip to Wuxi．他还没决定是否去无锡旅行。
Could you tell me what I should do with the money ？你能告诉我我如何处理这笔钱吗？
4）连接词＋名词＋主语＋谓语。连接词在从句中作宾语或表语的定语。常见的连接词有：what，which，how many，how much，how等。如：
Do you know which class he is in ？你知道他在哪个班吗？
She asked me if I knew whose pen it was．她问我是否知道这是谁的钢笔。
2．连接词
1）当由陈述句充当宾语从句时，用that引导，that无词义，在口语或非正式文体中常省略。如：He said that he could finish his work before supper．他说他会在晚饭前完成工作。
2）当由一般疑问句充当宾语从句时，用if或whether引导，意为“是否”。如：
I don't know if ／whether he still lives here after so many years．我不知道这么多年后他是否还住在这儿。
3）如果宾语从句原来是特殊疑问句，只需用原来的特殊疑问词引导。如：
Could you tell me why you were late for the meeting this morning？你能告诉我今天早上你为什么开会迟到吗？
3．时态
含宾语从句的复合句，主、从句谓语动词的时态呼应应包括以下三点内容：
1）如果主句的谓语动词是一般现在时，从句的谓语动词可根据需要，选用相应的任何时态。如：
I don't know when he will come back．我不知道他将何时回来。
He tells me that his sister came back yesterday．他告诉我他姐姐昨天回来了。
2）如果主句的谓语动词是过去时，宾语从句的谓语动词只可根据需要，选用过去时态即一般过去时、过去进行时、过去将来时或过去完成时的某一种形式。如：
①The children didn't know who he was．孩子们不知道他是谁。
②He asked his father how it happened．他问他父亲这件事是如何发生的。
3）如果宾语从句所表示的是客观事实、普遍真理、自然现象或习惯性动作等，不管主句用什么时态，从句时态都用一般现在时。如：
The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun．老师说地球绕着太阳转。
初中英语宾语从句语法专项精选试题
习题(一)
1 The girls asked if they ____ some food and drink with them.
A. took
B. take
C. takes
D. will take
2 Catherine said that she ___ to Guangzhou.
A. has never gone
B. had never gone
C. has never been
D. had never been
3 The students want to know whether they___ dictation today.
A. had
B. has .
C. will have
D. are
4 She asked Linda if___ go and get some.
A. could she
B. she could
C. she can
D. she may
5 Linda said the moon___ round the earth.
A. travelled
B. has travelled
C. travells
D. had travelled
答案:1-5 A D C B C
习题(二)
1 Can you tell me___ you were born, Betty
A. who
B. what
C. when
D. that
2 I don't know ___ they have passed the exam.
A. what
B. if
C. when
D. where
3 I hardly understand. ___ he has told me.
A. that
B. what
C. which
D. who
4 She didn't know___ back soon.
A. whether he would be
B. if would he be
C. he will be
5. I don't know _____ he still lives here after so many years.
A. whether B where C. what D. when
6. Do you know _____ they listened to yesterday evening
A. what B when C why D how
7. He asked me _____told me the accident.
A whom
B which
C who
D whose
答案:1-7 C B B A A A C
习题(三)
1. They don't know their parents are.
A that
B what
C why
D which
2. Please tell me ______what last year.
A. where does your sister work B where did your sister work C where your sister works D where your sister worked
3. She asked me if I knew ______.
A. whose pen is it
B. whose pen it was
C. whose pen it is
D. whose pen was it
4. You must remember ________.
A. what your mother said
B. what did your mother say
C. your mother said what
D. what has your mother said
5 Did you know ____
A. who he was looking after
B. who was he looking for
C. who he is looking for
D. who he is looking after
6 Could you tell me ___
A. when will they leave Beijing
B. when would they leave Beijing
C. when they will leave Beijing
D. when did they leave Beijing
答案:1-6 B D B A A C
习题(四)
1. In the bookshop, a reader asked the shop keeper _____ Who Moved My Cheese was an interesting book. (北京市东城区)
A. that
B. how
C. what
D. if
2. —I don't know _____ Mr. Green will come to see us.
—He will help us with our English. (杭州市)
A. why
B. when
C. how
D. where
3. —We never know _____ the old m an is.
—They say he is a teacher. (鄂州市)
A. what
B. who
C. which
D. where
4. I was told _____ Bill Gates was thirteen he began to play with computers. (重庆市)
A. that how
B. how that
C. when that
D. that when
5. —Do you know _____ I'm going to see him.
—Sorry, I don't know. (北京市海淀区)
A. where does Mr. Li live
B. where did Mr. Li live
C. where Mr. Li lives
D. where Mr. Li lived
6. —W here do you think _____ he _____ the computer
—Sorry, I have no idea. (南京市)
A. /; bought
B. has; bought
C. did; buy
D. does; buy
7. I don't feel very well. Mum asked me _____ this morning. (重庆市)
A. what the matter is
B. what is wrong
C. what the matter was
D. what wrong was
8. —Where is Jack
—He is away to spend his holiday. He's gone either to Hangzhou or to Wuhan, but I'm not sure _____ . (南昌市)
A. that
B. which
C. where
D. there
答案:1—4 D A A D 5—8 C A C C
注意：
(1)连词that引导的名词性从句很少作介词的宾语，只用在except,but和in等少数几个介词后。其它一些介词的宾语从句如由连词that引导，则需用it先行一步，作形式宾语。如：
He is a good student except that he is careless.他是个好学生，只不过有点粗心。
See to it that children don’t catch cold.当心孩子别感冒了。
(2)that引导表语从句时，在句中无词义，只起连接作用，但不可省去。His idea is that we should go there at once.他主张我们立即去那儿。
五、that引导宾语从句时不可省的几种情况：
1.that宾语从句的状语部分位于从句前部时。
I promised that if anyone could set me free,I would make him king over the earth.
我曾许诺如果有人把我放了，我就让他成为全世界的国王。
2.当主句的状语部分位于that宾语从句前时。
Abraham Lincoln later said himself that he only went to school a little now and a little then. 亚伯拉罕?林肯自己后来说他只不过是时断时续地接受教育。
3.主句的谓语动词与宾语从句之间有插入语时。
When he got to England,he found,however,that his English was too limited.
然而当他到英国时，他发现他的英语很有限。
4.当一个谓语动词带两个或两个以上的that引导的宾语从句时。
Then he said that French was the most beautiful tongue in the world,and that we must keep it among us and never forget it.
他说，法语是世界上最美的语言，我们必须坚持说法语，永远也不要忘记它。
5.宾语从句是双宾语中的直接宾语时。
I must never tell anyone that I could not see the cloth.
我决不能告诉任何人我看不到那布。
6.宾语从句的主语是this/that，或用this/that修饰主语时。
He said that that was a good idea.他说那是个好主意。
7.在直接引语中，主句和宾语从句被隔开时。
“I’m sorry to tell you,”he said,“that you didn’t watch carefully enough what I did.”
我很遗憾的告诉大家，你们没有仔细观察我所做的一切。
8.宾语从句的主语是非谓语动词或主语从句时。
The old lady then explained that what she was looking for was a pair of gloves for a girl. 那位老太太解释说她在为一个女孩找一双手套。
在下列情况下只能用whether不能用if：
①在具有选择意义，又有or或or not时，尤其是直接与or not连用时，往往用whether（if…or not 也可以使用）。如：
②在介词之后用whether。如：
I'm interested in whether he likes English．我关心的是他是否喜欢英语。
③在不定式前用whether。如：
He hasn't decided whether to visit the old man．他尚未决定是否拜访那位老人。
④whether置于句首时，不能换用if。如：
Whether this is true or not，I can't say．这是否真的我说不上来。
⑤引导主语从句和表语从句时宜用whether。如：
Whether she will come or not is still a question．她是否能来还是个问题。
⑥若用if会引起歧义时，则用whether。如：
Please let me know if you like the book．可理解为：
a．Please let me know whether you like the book．请告诉我你是否喜欢这本书。
b．If you like the book，please let me know．你如果喜欢这本书，请告诉我。
现在完成时：have / has + p.p (过去分词)
第一部分：
现在完成时表示过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果；也可表示过去已经开始,一直延续到现在的动作或状态。学习现在完成时,先从结构和句式开始: 构成:主语+ have/has + 过去分词+ 其他。(当主语是第三人称单数时用has,其余人称用have。过去分词:规则动词的过去分词构成与动词过去式相同;不规则动词需要特殊记忆。) 否定式:主语+ have/has (not) + 过去分词+ 其他。
疑问式: Have / Has + 主语+ 过去分词+ 其他?
简略答语: Yes, 主语+ have/has.(肯定)
No, 主语+ haven't/hasn't.(否定)
第二部分：
现在完成时的含义之一是过去完成的动作对现在仍有影响,用以下四大标志词可以表达这种含义:
* 以already, just和yet为标志
already, just和yet 表示到现在为止动作或状态已经、刚刚或还没有发生。
He has already got her help.他已得到她的帮助。
He has just seen the film.他刚刚看过这场电影。
He hasn't (yet)come back (yet).他还没有回来。
* 以ever和never为标志
ever和never 表示到现在为止动作或状态曾经或从来没有发生过。
This is the best film I have ever seen.这是我曾经看过的最好的一部电影。
He has never been to Beijing.他从没有到过北京。
* 以动作发生的次数为标志
若某一动作到现在为止已经发生了若干次,则要使用现在完成时。
他说他已经去过美国三次了。
* 以so far为标志
so far / up to now
He has got to Beijing so far.到目前为止他已到了北京。
She has passed the exam so far.到目前为止她已经通过了考试。
第三部分：
过去已经开始的动作一直延续到现在, 甚至有可能继续延续下去,我们可以从动作“延续”的特性和“时间”点段的区分入手,进一步学习现在完成时。
*“终止”、“延续”要转换
英语中的动词从词义上可以分为延续性和非延续性两种,在现在完成时态中一定要注意动词这一特性,应将这类非延续性动词转换为延续性动词。如:
“The cat play”has been on for half an hour.《猫》已经开演半个小时了。
How long have you had this dictionary?这本字典你买了多久了?
* 时间“点”、“段”须分清
过去开始的动作可以延续到某一点结束,也可能继续延续,这时就要根据时间“点”、“段”选择相应的介词for或since。如:
He has been away for two years.他已走了两年。(for+时间段)
He has been an English teacher since 1992.自从1992年以来他一直当英语教师。
(since+过去某一时刻)
I have never seen him since we met last time.
for + 时间段for many / several years=for years
since +时间点作状语（状语从句），句子一般使用完成时态
第四部分：
A)选用have, has填空:
1.I _______ told him the news.
2.She ________ come back from school.
3.You ________ won the game.
B)按要求改写下列各句:
4. They have bought a computer. (改成否定句)
_________________________________________
5. He has lost his book.
(先改成一般疑问句,再作肯定与否定回答)
_________________________________________
C) 单项选择
6. -Where have you _____, Kate?
-I've ______ to the bank.
A. gone, gone
B. been, been
C. gone, been
D. been, gone
7. Her grandfather ______ for two years.
A. died
B. has died
C. has been dead
D. has been died
Die v. dead adj. death n.
He has been blamed for (因为) his mistake.
My mother bought a new coat for me. = My mother bought me a new coat.
8. It is (has been) six weeks ______ I met you last time.
A. when
B. since
C. before
D. for
9. Tom and Jack have arrived at West Hill Farm already.
A. have got
B. have gone to
C. have been to
D. have reached
Key:
1.have
2.has
3.have
4.They have not/haven't bought a computer.
5.－Has he lost his book? －Yes, he has. / No, he has not/hasn't.
6-9 BCBD
1. ---Where ____(be) my bike?---It _ _(be) here just now.
2. ---______________ you ________(see) my book? ---Yes, he __________ (take) it away half an hour ago.
3. ---________ he ______(eat) all the food? ----Yes, I _______ all the food, because I _______(be) very hungry.
4. Nanjing _______________ (change) in the past twenty years.
5. Mary __wants_(want) _to collect_(collect) more information before she _______(do) the history project.
6.Great changes __________________ (take) place in Shanghai since 1996.
7. My mother _____ (teach) Maths for 20 years.
8. Daniel ______(join) the swimming club when he ____(be) 18. He ___(be)a member of the club for 20 years.
9. ---Would you like_____(go) to the park with me? ---I’d like to. But I ____(not have) dinner.
10. Millie __________(just) _________(finish) her homework. She ____________(watch) TV.
11. My parents _______________ (live) there for years.
12. ---__________you ____________ (read) this book? ---Yes, I ____________.
---When __________you ________ (read) it? ---I ___________ (read) it two months ago.
13.Joe ______________(be) here for three hours since he __________(come) here.
14.I ______________(not see) so beautiful a park before.
15.She __________already____________(learn) how __________(drive) a car for two weeks.
16. ---How long_________ your father___________(work) at this school? ---For more than ten years.
17. There _____________(be) fresh air and green hills on Lautau Island in the past.
18. I_____________ my homework already. (finish)
19. You won't know if it fits you until you___________ it on. (try)
20. It's said that he_____ ____________ sent to Australia to improve his English.(be)
21. The living standard of the people in Nanjing ___ ____ since 1983. (rise)
22. Tom________________ for 40 years. (marry)
II. 同义句转换。
1. I have already been here for 5 years. I have been here________5 years________.
2. I married over two years ago. I________ ________married________ over two years.
3. Where did you go just now? Where________ you________?
III. 改错。
1. He has borrowed the magazine for days.
2. Mr Li has come to this city since 1990.
3. How long has he joined the army?
4. The film had begun for ten minutes when I arrived.
初中英语语法宾语从句讲解，专项练习及答案注意！宾语从句小口诀： 宾语从句三注意，时态语序引导词； 主句一般现在时，从句不需受限制； 主句一般过去时，从句须用相应时； 陈述句转化that引，一般疑问句用if/whether, 特殊问句疑问词，引导词后陈述式。 一、基本讲解 1 概念:在句中担当宾语的从句叫宾语从句，宾语从句可作谓语动词的宾语，也可做介词的宾语。eg, He said he was good at drawing. (动词宾语) He asks him how long Mike has been down . (动词宾语) Miss Zhang is angry at what you said. (介词宾语) 2.连接词 (1) .陈述句转化成宾语从句时，引导词用that,口语中常常省略。 e.g, She told me (that) she would like to go with us. (2)以whether 或if 引导的宾语从句, 主要用来引导一般疑问句意思或选择疑问句意思的宾语从句，从句同样是陈述语序 eg, I wonder if /whether u have told the new to Li Lei . 注意：一般情况下，whether 和if 可以互用，但有些情况例外。 a. 当从句做介词的宾于是只用whether 不用if eg, We are talking about whether we'll go on the pinic. b. 引导词与动词不定式或not 连用时，只用whether. eg, Please let me know what to do next. Could you tell me whether u go or not? c. if当如果讲时，引导的是条件状语从句，这时不能用whether. (3).特殊疑问句转化成宾语从句时，引导词用特殊疑问词；引导词后要用陈述句语序。 E.g. Could you tell me what's the matter\wrong with you? 特殊情况：：当do you think后接特殊疑问句转化成宾语从句时，句式结构应为引导词＋do you think＋陈述句语序。 3.宾语从句时态
Present perfect tense 现在完成时 Objectives 1.学习现在完成时； 2.总结现在完成时与一般过去时的区别及用法。 Grammar 一、现在完成时的定义： 1.表示过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果。 2.也可以表示过去已经开始，一直延续到现在的动作或状态 二、现在完成时的结构 have/has+ done (过去分词) 注意：表示短暂时间动作的词，如:come，go，die，marry，buy等的完成时不能与for，since等表示一段时间的词连用。用来持续的动作或状态或表过去重复的动作，如live，study，be，wait等，常和since（自从）或for（经历）引导的词语连用。 如：I have lived here for more than thirty years.我已在此住了30多年。 三、现在完成时的时间状语 1.ever, never, twice（once…）, so far（到目前为止）, , already（肯定句）, yet（否定，疑问句）, just(刚刚), before（以前）, recently（近来）等词连用 2.Since+时间点，for+时间段，in the past/last few years 表示短暂时间动作的词，如:come，go，die，marry，buy等的完成时不能与for，since等表示一段时间的词连用。用来持续的动作或状态或表过去重复的动作，如live，study，be，wait等，常和since （自从）或for（经历）引导的词语连用。 说明：already与yet都有“已经”的意思，但already常用于肯定句，并用于句中。yet常用于否定句和疑问句，并用于句末。例如： I have already finished my homework.
英语现在完成时语法详细讲解与配套习题 一、现在完成时用来表示之前已发生或完成的动作或状态，但它的影响现在还存在；也可表示持续到现在的动作或状态。其构成： have (has) +过去分词。规则变化的过去分词与过去式的变化一样，在动词词尾加ed; 不规则变化的过去分词见不规则动词表，需要同学记忆。 现以see the film为例将现在完成时的肯定句，否定句和疑问句列表如下： 肯定句：I/You/We/They have seen the film. He/She /It has seen the film. 否定句：I/You/We/They have not/ haven’t seen the film. He/ She/It has not/hasn’t seen the film. 疑问句：Have I/you/they seen the film Yes, you/ we/I/they have. No, you/ we/I/they haven’t. Has he/she/it seen the film Yes, he/ she/ it has. No, he/ s he/ it hasn’t. 二、用法：现在完成时既涉及过去，又联系现在。 标志词词义用法位置 already已经肯定句句中或句末 ever曾经疑问句、肯定句句中 never从未，从来不陈述句，不和not 连用句中 (ever)since自从肯定、疑问、否定句中 for后接一段时间肯定、疑问、否定句中 just刚刚，正好肯定句句中 yet还疑问句、否定句末 recently最近肯定、否定、疑问句句末 once, twice, a few times几次肯定、疑问句末 during/over /in 在过去的一段时间里肯定、疑问、否定句末 the past/last + 一段时 间 It’s the first time I …这是我第一次…肯定句前
宾语从句基本讲解与练习 宾语从句小口诀 宾语从句三注意，时态语序引导词； 主句一般现在时，从句不需受限制； 主句一般过去时，从句须用相应时； if/whether,引，一般疑问句陈述句转that 特殊问句疑问词，引导词后陈述式。 一、概念宾语作用的从句叫做宾语从句。在句子中起到二、连接词 在从句中不。that在非正式场合that可以省略)1. 陈述句转化成宾语从句时，引导词用that ( 充当任何成分，也没有实在意思，只起到连接作用。没有人告诉杰克第二天有班No one told Jack (that) there would be a class meeting the next day. 会。Little Tom was afraid (that) he couldn't pass the exam. 小汤姆担心这次考试不及格。say, think, wish, hope, imagine, wonder, know, believe, 从句做宾语的动词有：that1】可跟【拓展等。agree, explain, feel, suggest, hear, mean, notice等词，而宾语从句的意思是否定expect think, believe, suppose, 【拓展2】当主句谓语动词是
时，常把否定转移至主句表示。我认为他不会在会上发言的。I don't think (that) he can give a speech at the meeting.so等后，可用等动词以及I'm afraid 【拓展3】在think, believe, imagine, suppose, guess, hope 代替一个否定的宾语从句。代替一个肯定的宾语从句，用not eg: --- Do you believe he will come? 你相信他会来吗？ --- I believe so. 我相信会。 我相信不会。I don't believe so. (或I believe not.) --- 主要用来引导一般疑问句意思或选择疑问句意思的宾语引导的宾语从句, whether或if 2. 以。或whetherif在从句中不充当任何成分，意为“是否”从句，从句是陈述句语序。He asked me if he might use my knife. →He asked me. ？eg: “May I use your knife” 】从句的主语如果是第一人称，变为宾语从句则与主句的主语一致；如果是第二人1【注意1 称，则与主句的宾语一致；如果是第三人称，不用变化。 eg: “Do you know her telephone number？”He asked me. →He asked me whether I know her telephone number. 【注意2】：一般情况下，whether 和if 可以互用，但有些情况例外。 ①当从句做介词的宾于是只用whether 不用if。 eg: We are talking about whether we'll go on the picnic. 我们在讨论是否去野餐。 ②引导词与动词不定式或or not 连用时，只用whether。 eg: Please let me know whether to do next step. 请让我知道是否开展下一步行
现在完成时和过去完成时 （1）现在完成时： 1.概念：过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果，或从过去已经开始，持续到现在的动作或状态。 2.时间状语：（时间标志词） these days,recently, lately,in/during the past few years, already ,yet ,never ,ever, just, before, in the past (last) few days,so far ,once, twice ,for＋时间段，since＋过去的时间点，since＋—般过去时的从句等。 3.基本结构：have/has + done 4.否定形式：have/has + not +done. 5.一般疑问句：把have 或has 放于句首。 6. 反义疑问句：直接用has /have 进行反问7. 现在完成时的用法： ①表示过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或产生的结果。如： —Have you had your lunch yet？你吃过午饭了吗？ —Yes，I have.I've just had it.是的，我刚吃过。(现在不饿了) I have closed the door. (门现在是关的) ②表示从过去开始一直持续到现在的动作或状态，可能还要持续下去，常与for 或since 连用。表示持续的动作或状态多为延续性动词。如： He has lived here since l999.自从1999 年以来，他就住在这儿。 I have learnt English for ten years.我学习英语有10 年了。 We have lived here for two years. (过去住到现在) 8. 难点： （1）现在完成时可和疑问词where, why, how 连用，但不能和when 连用.故现在完成时对时间的提问不用when，只用how long。 Where have you been? Why have you turned off the radio? When have you come back? (×) He has been in China for 4 years. (提问) When(×) / How long(?) has he been in China? （2）have been to /have gone to /have been in 的区别 have been to +地点表示曾经去过某地，现人已返回。(once ,twice ….)
第六讲现在完成时 1.概念： 1）、表示动作或状态在过去已经开始, 持续到现在, 也许还要持续下去,常和for, since, 连用, 表示持续的动作或状态多为延续性动词. eg: We have lived here since 2000. 自从2000年以来我们一直住在这里. ( 说明一直住在这里, 也许还会住下去. ) She has worked in Nanning for five years. She has been ill for a week. 2）表示过去发生的或已经完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果. eg: I have lost my pen. 我把钢笔弄丢了. ( 过去某时丢的, 现在还没有找到) I have already watched the TV play. 我已经看过这部电视剧了. --- Have you had your lunch yet ? 你吃过午饭了吗? --- Yes, I have just had it. 是的, 我刚吃过. ( 说明现在饱了) 2. 结构: 主语+ have / has + done + … 3. 句型: ⑴肯定句: ①主语+ have / has + done + … eg：She has been to Shanghai. 她去过上海. I have finished doing my homework. 我已经完成我的作业了. ⑵否定句: ①主语+ have / has + not +done + … eg：I haven’t seen this film. 我没有看过这部电影. eg：She hasn’t finished doing his homework. 她还没有完成她的作业. ⑶一般疑问句：① Have / Has + 主语+ done + … eg: Have you seen this film ? Yes, I have. / No, I haven’t . 你看过这部电影吗? 是的, 看过. / 不, 没有. eg：Has she finished do ing his homework ? Yes, she has . / No, she hasn’t. 她完成她的作业了吗? 是的, 完成了. / 不, 没有. ⑷特殊疑问句：①特殊疑问词+ have / has + 主语+ done + … eg: When has you seen this film ? 你什么时候看的这部电影? eg: Who has finished doing his homework ? 谁完成了作业? 4. 时间状语：典型的表时间的词与现在完成时连用，这些词有：
初中英语语法宾语从句讲解 小口诀： 宾语从句三注意，时态语序引导词；主句一般现在时，从句不需受限制； 主句一般过去时，从句须用相应时；陈述转化that引，一般疑问用if/whether, 特殊问句疑问词，引导词后陈述式。 一．基本讲解来源：直接引语变间接引语 概念:在句中担当宾语的从句叫宾语从句。 Eg: He said,“I am good at drawing”. He said he was good at drawing. (动词宾语) 1.引导词 (1) that引导宾语从句时，通常用陈述句充当, that可省略。 Eg: She said,“I want to go there ”She said (that) she wanted to go there. (2) whether 或if 引导的宾语从句,由一般疑问句/选择疑问句充当，陈述语序。 Eg: “Are you interested in geography?” she said. She asked if/whether I was interested in geography. I wonder if /whether she has told the new to Li Lei . I’m not sure whether he will come or not. 注意：一般情况下，whether 和if 可以互用，但有些情况例外 a. 介词短语后只用whether 不用if eg: We are talking about whether we'll go on the panic. b. 引导词与动词不定式或or not 连用时，只用whether. eg:I can?t say whether or not he will come on time c. if当如果讲时,引导的是条件状语从句，表示‘如果’，不能用whether. Eg: If you want to be a good teacher, it will take times. Whether you can succeed depends on how much effort you pay. (3).特殊疑问词引导宾语从句时，不可省略，陈述句语序。 特殊疑问词为：how , when, where, why ,which whose. E.g. …What do you want?? He asked. He asked me what I wanted. I have no idea where he is now. I don?t know how to deal with it. He asked whose handwriting is the best in the class. 2.宾语从句时态 a.主句为一般现在时，从句不受主句的限制 eg: Do you know if/whether he has seen the film? I?m sorry to hear that your father is ill. She says she is going to go to Beijing next week. He tells me that his sister came back yesterday. b.当主句是一般过去时，从句用过去的相应某种时态 She didn?t know why the boy was late again. (过去一般) I didn't know if/whether he had seen the film.（过去完成） I wondered when she was going to America.（过去将来） 注意：当主句是一般过去时，而从句表示的是客观真理，自然现象，科学原理，格言等，从句仍然要用一般现在时。例如： Eg: He said （that the earth moves round the sun. / that light travels much faster than sound.）The teacher told us （seeing is believing.）
现在完成时的基本句型： 肯定式：主语+助动词ｈａvｅ/ｈas + 动词的过去分词． 疑问式：助动词Haｖe/Hａs + 主语+动词的过去分词? 否定式:主语+ 助动词hａｖe/has + noｔ＋动词的过去分词. 例句： １．Iｈave cleａnｅd mｙrooｍ. 我已打扫了房间。 2. He hasn’ｔfinｉｓhed hｉs homeｗork. 他还没完成作业。 3. Have you rｅａd thiｓnｏvｅｌ? 你看过这本小说吗? Ｙｅｓ，I hａve. 是的,看过了。Ｎo, I hａveｎ’ｔ. 不,没看过。4．We have studｉｅd English for twｏyeａrs. 我们已经学了两年英语了。 5．Ｔhｅy haven’tｓeｅn eaｃh oｔher siｎcｅ1998. ?自从19９８年他们就没再见过面。 现在完成时的主要用法 １．表示过去发生的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果。 --Iｔ’ｓｓｏdａrk． --Ｓｏｍeone hａs turneｄｏｆf the light. (有人刚把灯关了,对现在造成的结果是:现在很黑） -- Areｙou free? --I havｅfinｉshed ｍｙhomｅｗｏrk. Ｉam freｅ (我已经完成了家庭作业,对现在造成的结果是很有空) 2.表示过去已经开始, 持续到现在的动作或状态,可以和表示从过去某一时刻延续到现在的一段时间的状语连用.表示持续动作或状态的词应是延续性动词．常与sincｅ+ 过去的时间点，sｉnce+谓语是一般过去时的从句；foｒ+ 一段时间,ｓｏfar 等时间状语连用。如： I have learnt Eｎglish for more than teｎyearｓ.我已经学了10多年的英语。 (从1０年前开始,持续到现在还在学) She has swum ｓinｃe hａlf aｎhouｒagｏ.我已经游泳了半个小时 (半个小时前已经开始游泳,到现在还在游) 3.表示人曾有过或到目前为止从未有过的经历． I havｅeｖeｒbｅeｎｔｏthe Suｍmer Paｌace?（我曾去过颐和园) I hａve neｖer haｄa cａr.(我从未有过汽车。) 现在完成时的时间状语 常与①alｒeaｄy, ②nevｅｒ, ③eｖｅr,④just(刚才)，⑤yet,⑥b ｅfore, ⑦ｕｐto now, ⑧so faｒ(到目前为止)，⑨for the lasｔｆew weeks, ⑩ｔｈese days, ⑾since２０1０／twoｙｅarｓag ｏ，ｓｉnce he ｃame heｒｅ,⑿for a long ｔiｍｅ(１３）in the laｓt/ past…years等连用。 a)already 往往用于肯定句，用在疑问句时表示强调或加强语气；yet用 于否定句和疑问句。ｅg: ?Hｅhas aｌready lefｔhｅre. 他已经离开这里了。 ?Ｈａs he ａlreadｙleｆt hｅrｅ？ 他（真的)已经离开这里了吗?(表示加强语气） ?My teacｈeｒｓｈaｖen’ｔhad breaｋfaｓtｙeｔ．我的老师们还没有吃早饭。 ?Hａｖe yｏu writtenｔoｙour parｅntｓｙｅt？你已经给你父母写过信了吗? b）ｎｅver 是否定词，表示“从来没有”，而eveｒ表示“曾经” ?Wｅｈaｖｅneｖer ｂeen toｔhe Gｒeａt Wall. 我们从来没有去过长城。 ?Have ｙou eｖer been tｏCａnadａ？你们曾经去过加拿大吗? --
中考英语现在完成时知识点(大全) 一、初中英语现在完成时 1．He ________ for ten years. A. has been married B. married C. got married D. had married 【答案】 A 【解析】【分析】句意:他结婚十年了。根据句意可知是从过去持续到现在的动作，应该用现在完成时。故选A。 2．The volunteers ________ a lot of help to the old and the young since 2010． A. offered B. have offered C. are offering D. will offer 【答案】 B 【解析】【分析】考查时态．句意"自2010以来，志愿者们向老人和青年提供了大量的帮助．"．A过去时．B现在完成时态．C现在进行时态．D一般将来时态．since+点时间通常用于现在完成时态，结构是have/has+动词的过去分词，主语是volunteers复数，用助动词have．offer的过去分词是offered．答案是B． 3．I am surprised at the new look of my hometown，for it _____ a lot over the years． A. changed B. changes C. will change D. has changed 【答案】 D 【解析】【分析】我对我的家乡的新面貌感到惊讶，因为这几年改变了很多， 结合over the years可知表达的动作发生在过去，对现在造成一定的影响，故用现在完成时have/has+过去分词，主语it，故has，故答案是D． 4．—How do you like Treasure Island，Lucy？ —It's so exciting that I _______ it twice． A. am reading B. have read C. was reading D. had read 【答案】B 【解析】【分析】句意：——露西，你认为《金银岛》怎么样？——它是如此令人激动以至于我读了两次。根据twice可知已经发生了，故此处用现在完成时，故为have read，故选B。 【点评】此题考查现在完成时的用法。
现在完成时： 1．构成：have / has + 过去分词 2．功能： （1）表示过去所发生的动作对现在的影响或产生的结果。常与yet, just, before, recently, lately（最近）, ever, never等表时间的副词搭配使用。 ?. He hasn't seen her lately. ?. I haven't finished the book yet. （2）表示一个从过去某个时间开始，延续到现在并可能持续下去的动作，常与表示一段时间的时间状语连用。如：so far（迄今为止）, up till now（直到现在）, since, for a long time （很长时间）, up to present（直到现在）, in the past / in the last few years（在过去的几年里）, these days（目前）…… ?. He has worked here for 15 years. ?. I have studied English since I came here. ?. The foreigner has been away from China for a long time. ?. So far, I haven't received a single letter from my brother. （3）某些非延续性动词（即：动作开始便终止的动词），在现在完成时中不能与表示一段时间状语搭配。 黄金要点：I．常见的非延续动词：die, arrive（到达）, join（加入）, leave（离开）, go, refuse （拒绝）, fail（失败）, finish, buy, marry, divorce（离婚）, awake（醒）, buy, borrow, lend ... II．这类动词并非不能用现在完成时，而是不能接常由for引导的时间状语。 III．但若是用在否定句中，非延续动词的现在完成时可以与表示一段时间的状语连用。?. She has gone away for a month.（误）?. She has been away for a month （正） ?. The man has died for two years.（误）?. The man has been dead for two years.（正）?. How long have you bought the book?（误）?. How long have you got the book.（正）
初中英语语法：宾语从句 考察的三个要点：语序，时态，关联词。 1.定义：用作宾语的从句叫宾语从句。 2.构成：关联词+简单句。 3宾语从句的语序一定是陈述句语序。（who 作主语的从句本身就是陈述句语序） 4宾语从句在复合句中作主句的宾语，连接宾语从句的连词有 that（that在口语中常省略）。 whether，if，和连接代词what，which， who， whom及连接副词when， where， how， why。 He knew（that） he should study hard. 他知道他应该努力学习。 Can you tell me which class you are in？ 您能告诉我，您在哪一班吗？ He asked me if he could come in， 他问我他是否能进来。 5.引导宾语从句的关联词有三类： （1）从属连词that.如：一般那情况下能够省略。 He told us that he felt ill. I know he has returned. 注： that在引导宾语从句时也并不是任何情况下都能够省略。在以下情况下，that不能省略。
1.Everybody could see what happened and that Tom was frightened. （and连接两个宾语从句，that宾语从句放在and的后面时，that不能省略。） 2.I know nothing about him except that he is from the south. （that引导的宾语从句作介词宾语时，that不能省略。） 3.That he ever said such a thing I simply don’t believe.（that从句位于句首时，that不可省略。） 我简直不相信他曾说过这样的话。 （2）从属连词if/whether.如： I doubt whether he will succeed. I don’t know if you can help me. （3）连接代词who，whom，whose，what，which，whoever，whatever， whichever 连接副词 where，when，how，why. Who or what he was，Martin never learned. I wonder what he’s writing to me about. I’ll tell you why I asked you to come.
初中英语语法现在完成时专题讲解1.现在完成时谓语动词的结构形式 （1）现在完成时谓语动词的结构形式：助动词have/has+过去分词。has用于主语为第三人称单数的句子中国，其他各人称用have。如： I have lived Wuhan for years. She has finished her homework already. （2）现在完成时一般疑问句、否定句、特殊疑问句结构及一般疑问句的答语：*一般疑问句为：将have/has在句子开头，且首字母要大写，句末用问号。*肯定回答为：Yes，+主语的相应代词+have或has； *否定回答为：No，+主语的相应代词+haven't或hasn’t； *否定句为：在have，has后加not+过去分词。Have和has可以和not缩写为haven't，hasn't。 *特殊疑问句为：特殊疑问词+have/has+主语+过去分词+......？如：—Have you read the article in today's newspaper?（一般疑问句）—Yes，I have./No，I haven’t.（肯定、否定回答） —Have your mother finish cooking ?（一般疑问句）
—Yes，she has./No，she hasn’t.（肯定、否定回答） They haven’t written to their parents.（否定句） Where have you been all this afternoon?（特殊疑问句） 2.现在完成时的用法 （1）现在完成时表示目前为止已经完成的动作，常与just，already，yet，ever，never，recently，before，twice，three times等时间状语连用。这种用法的特点在于动作发生在过去，而强调的是目前的结果或状态。如： I have seen the film already. Have you seen my bag? He has bought a new car recently? I haven’t heard from Jane lately.
（Present Perfect）。 第一部分 现在完成时表示过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果,也可表示过去已经开始,一直延续到现在的动作或状态。学习现在完成时,先从结构和句式开始: 构成:主语 + have/has + 过去分词 + 其他。(当主语是第三人称单数时用has,其余人称用have。过去分词:规则动词的过去分词构成与动词过去式相同;不规则动词需要特殊记忆。) 否定式:主语+ haven't/hasn't + 过去分词+ 其他。 疑问式: Have /Has + 主语+ 过去分词+ 其他? 简略答语: Yes, 主语+ have/has.(肯定) No, 主语+ haven't/hasn't.(否定) 现在完成时常用的时间状语有： already （”已经”用于肯定句的中间和末尾处） never (“从不”用于中间处) ever （”曾经”用于疑问句和肯定句的中间处） just (“刚刚”用于中间处) yet (“已经”用于疑问句的末尾处/ “还”用于否定句的末尾处) 或不加任何的时间状语，但不能和表示过去的时间状语连用. 第二部分 现在完成时的含义之一是过去完成的动作对现在仍有影响,用以下四大标志词可以表达这种含义: * 以already, just和yet为标志 already, just和yet 表示到现在为止动作或状态已经、刚刚或还没有发生。 He has already got her help. 他已得到她的帮助。 He has just seen the film. 他刚刚看过这场电影。 He hasn't come back yet. 他还没有回来。 * 以ever和never为标志 ever和never 表示到现在为止动作或状态曾经或从来没有发生过。 This is the best film I have ever seen. 这是我曾经看过的最好的一部电影。 He has never been to Beijing. 他从没有到过北京。 * 以动作发生的次数为标志 若某一动作到现在为止已经发生了若干次,则要使用现在完成时。 He says he has been to the USA three times. 他说他已经去过美国三次了。 * 以so far为标志 so far往往表示到目前为止动作或状态已经发生。 He has got to Beijing so far. 到目前为止他已到了北京。 She has passed the examso far. 到目前为止她已经通过了。 第三部分 过去已经开始的动作一直延续到现在, 甚至有可能继续延续下去,我们可以从动作“延续”的特性和“时间”点段的区分入手,进一步学习现在完成时。 *“终止”、“延续”要转换
宾语从句基本讲解与练习 一、概念 在句子中起到宾语作用的从句叫做宾语从句。 二、连接词 1. 陈述句转化成宾语从句时，引导词用that (在非正式场合that可以省略)。that在从句中不充当任何成分，也没有实在意思，只起到连接作用。 No one told Jack (that) there would be a class meeting the next day.没有人告诉杰克第二天有班会。 Little Tom was afraid (that) he couldn’t pass the exam. 小汤姆担心这次考试不及格。 【拓展1】可跟that从句做宾语的动词有：say, think, wish, hope, imagine, wonder, know, believe, agree, explain, feel, suggest, hear, mean, notice 等。 【拓展2】当主句谓语动词是think, believe, suppose, expect 等词，而宾语从句的意思是否定时，常把否定转移至主句表示。 I don’t think (that) he can give a speech at the meeting.我认为他 不会在会上发言的。
【拓展3】在think, believe, imagine, suppose, guess, hope 等动词以及I’m afraid 等后，可用so代替一个肯定的宾语从句，用not代替一个否定的宾语从句。 eg: --- Do you believe he will come 你相信他会来吗 --- I believe so. 我相信会。 --- I don’t believe so. (或I believe not.) 我相信不会。 2. 以whether或if 引导的宾语从句, 主要用来引导一般疑问句意思或选择疑问句意思的宾语从句，从句是陈述句语序。whether或if在从句中不充当任何成分，意为“是否”。 eg: “May I use your knife” He asked me. → He asked me if he might use my knife. 【注意1】从句的主语如果是第一人称，变为宾语从句则与主句的主语一致；如果是第二人称，则与主句的宾语一致；如果是第三人称，不用变化。 eg: “Do you know her telephone number” He asked me. → He asked me whether I know her telephone number. 【注意2】：一般情况下，whether 和if 可以互用，但有些情况例外。 ①当从句做介词的宾于是只用whether 不用if。 eg: We are talking about whether we'll go on the picnic. 我们在讨论是否去野餐。 ②引导词与动词不定式或or not 连用时，只用whether。 eg: Please let me know whether to do next step. 请让我知道是否开展下一步行动。
现在完成时（I ）语法知识 定义：（1）表示过去发生或已经发生的动作对现在造成的影响或结果，这个影响和结果对现 在还必须存在.常与already （已经）,yet（已经，还）,just （刚刚）,ever （曾经），never 等词连用. already 常用于肯定句或疑问句（均表示：已经）. yet : 常用于否定句（表示：还、尚）,疑问句末尾（表示：已经）. 现在完成时的构成及句型结构：（注：过去分词的变化分规则变化与不规则变化，规则变化与动词原形变过去式一样，不规则变化见教材137 页） 1.肯定句：主语+have/has+ 过去分词+其他+时间. eg: I have already lost the key. 我已经弄丢了钥匙.（我现在没有钥 匙） He has ever read that book ? 他曾经看过这本书.（了解书的内容） They have just cleaned their hands. 他们刚刚洗过手了.（手是干净 的） 2.否定句：主语+haven ' hasn't+ 过去分词+其他+时间. eg: I haven ' lost the key yet. He hasn'tever read that book . They haven'tjust cleaned their hands. 3.—般疑问句：Have/Has+ 主语+过去分词+其他+时间？肯定回答：Yes, 主语 +have/ has. 否定回答：No, 主语+haven t/hasn t. eg: Have you already lost the key? Yes, I have. No, I haven't. Has he ever read the book? Yes, he has. No, he hasnt. Have they just
1 现在完成时（I ）语法知识定义：（1）表示过去发生或已经发生的动作对现在造成的影响或结果,这个影响和结果对现在还必须存在.常与already(已经), yet(已经,还), just(刚刚 ),ever(曾经)，never 等词连用. 常用于肯定句或疑问句（均表示：已经） . 常用于否定句(表示：还、尚),疑问句末尾（表示：已经）. 现在完成时的构成及句型结构：（注：过去分词的变化分规则变化与不规则变化，规则变化与动词原形变过去式一样，不规则变化见教材137页） 1.肯定句：主语+have/has+过去分词 +其他+时间. eg: I have already lost the key. 我已经弄丢了钥匙. (我现在没有钥匙)He has ever read that book . 他曾经看过这本书. (了解书的内容) They have just cleaned their hands. 他们刚刚洗过手了. (手是干净的) 2.否定句：主语+haven’t/ hasn’t+过去分词+其他+时间. eg: I haven’t lost the key yet. He hasn’t ever read that book . They haven’t just cleaned their hands.3.一般疑问句：Have/Has+主语+过去分词+其他+时间？ 肯定回答：Yes, 主语+have/ has. 否定回答：No, 主语+haven’t/hasn’t. eg: Have you already lost the key? Yes, I have. No, I haven’t. Has he ever read the book? Yes, he has. No, he hasn’t. Have they just cleaned their hands? Yes, they have. No, they haven’t. 4.特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+have/has +主语+过去分词+其他+时间？ eg: What have you already done? （done 是do/does 的过去分词） What has he ever done? What have they just done? 定义：(2)现在完成时表示从过去开始一直持续到现在还有可能继续持续下去的动作或状态。常与for, since 引导的时间短语或从句连用 .