揭秘独立主格结构考点
独立主格结构，又叫做独立结构。在形式上，独立主格结构与主句没有任何关系，但是在意思上却与主句密切联系在一起，共同构筑成一个完整的语义环境。独立主格结构只有逻辑上的主语和谓语，没有真正的主语和谓语，所以在句法上，独立主格结构不是句子，而是一个独立于句子成分之外的特殊结构。
独立主格结构主要起状语作用，其功能相当于一个状语从句，多用来表示行为方式或伴随情况，有时也可以表示时间、原因、条件等；可放在句首、句尾，用逗号与主句隔开。例如：
The experiment done, we went on to take notes in the experiment report. = After the experiment had been done, we went on to take notes in the experiment report. 做完实验后，我们继续在实验报告上做笔记。
Cell phones being very small, we can use them conveniently. = Because cell phones are very small, we can use them conveniently. 因为手机很小，我们使用起来很方便。
Almost all metals are good conductors, silver being the best of all. = Almost all metals are good conductors, and silver is the best of all. 几乎所有的金属都是良导体，而银则是最好的导体。
独立主格结构可分为四类：独立分词结构；独立不定式结构；独立无动词结构with复合结构。
一、独立分词结构
其构成是“名词或代词主格+分词”。由于独立主格结构中的名词或代词主格是分词逻辑上的主语，因此，如果构成分词的动词与其逻辑主语之间是主谓关系，使用表示主动意义的现在分词。例如：
Weather permitting (=If weather permits), they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow. 如果天气允许的话，他们将在明天组织一次海滨小游。（permit 是其逻辑主语weather主动发出的动作，故使用现在分词。）
如果构成分词的动词与其逻辑主语之间是动宾关系，则使用表示被动意义的过去分词。例如：
The problems solved (= As the problems were solved), the quality has been improved. 随着问题的解决，质量已经提高了。（solve与其逻辑主语the problems 含有逻辑上的动宾关系，故应使用过去分词。）
【考例】
The children went home from the grammar school, their lessons _______ for the day. （2020年重庆卷）
A. finishing
B. finished
C. had finished
D. were finished
【解析】B。考查独立分词结构。该题目中间含有逗号，并且前后都没有连词，说明既不是复合句，也不是并列句，而是一个含有独立主格结构的简单句。动词finish与其逻辑主语their lessons含有逻辑上的动宾关系，应使用过去分词。
独立分词结构在使用中还应注意以下两点：
1）在独立分词结构中，如果强调分词的动作发生在主句谓语动词之前，用现在分词的完成式表示。例如：
All the students having handed in their papers, the two teachers went out of the classroom. 在所有学生交完试卷之后，两位老师走出了教室。
The whole room having been painted, we began to feel tired. 整个房间刷完油漆后，我们开始感到疲惫。
【考例】The country has already sent up three unmanned spacecraft, the most recent ______at the end of last March. (2020年山东卷)
A. has been launched
B. having been launched
C. being launched
D. to be launched
【解析】B。本题中的逗号是解题的关键。句中出现了逗号，而且前后没有连词，说明这既不是复合句，也不是并列句，而是一个含有独立主格结构的简单句。由句意可知，分词表示的动作发生在主句谓语动词之前，用现在分词的完成式表示。
2）“There being+名词或代词主格”是独立主格结构的一种特殊形式，在意义
上表示存在，充当原因状语或条件状语，其中的being不能省略。例如：
There being no rain, the farmers had to water their fields day and night. （=As there was no rain, the farmers had to water their fields day and night.）因为没有下雨，农民们只得日日夜夜忙着浇地。
There being nothing interesting in the lecture, the listeners felt a bit sleepy. （=As there was nothing interesting in the lecture, the listeners felt a bit sleepy.）因为在演讲中没有什么令人感兴趣的东西，听众感到有点困倦。
二、独立不定式结构
独立分词结构表示的时间可以与主句谓语动词同时发生，也可以在其之前发生；而独立不定式结构的时间是发生在主句谓语动词之后或还未发生。其构成是“名词或代词主格+不定式”。
在独立不定式结构中，如果“名词或代词主格”是“不定式”动作的发出者，则二者在逻辑上含有主谓关系，用不定式的主动形式。例如：
Nobody to help us tomorrow, we can’t finish our task ahead of time. 如果明天没有人来帮忙，我们不可能提前完成任务。（help这一动作与其逻辑主语nobody 有逻辑上的主谓关系，故使用不定式的主动形式。）
【考例】I send you 100 dollars today, the rest _____ in a year.（2020年湖南卷）
A. follows
B. followed
C. to follow
D. being followed
【解析】C。考查独立不定式结构。该题目中间含有逗号，并且前后都没有连词，说明这既不是复合句，也不是并列句，而是一个含有独立主格结构的简单句。根据句意，剩余的钱一年内给付，而且follow这一动作与the rest含有逻辑上的主谓关系，并且该动作尚未发生，故用“逻辑主语+不定式”构成独立主格结构。
如果“名词或代词主格”是“不定式”动作的承受者，则二者在逻辑上含有动宾关系，用不定式的被动式。例如：
More presents to be given, she will find it difficult to accept. 再给她一些礼物，她就会觉得很难接受。（give这一动作与其逻辑主语more presents有逻辑上的动宾关系，故使用不定式的被动形式。）
三、独立无动词结构
其构成是“名词或代词主格+非谓语部分”。非谓语部分由名词及其短语、形容词、副词、介词短语充当。该结构用来表达对主句的补充说明、对主句动词意义上的伴随及事件发生的原因等。如果非谓语部分变成谓语动词，则可能构成非限制性定语从句，在实际运用中要区别开来。例如：
He has visited many countries, most of them in Europe.他去过很多国家，多数是欧洲的。（如果在in Europe前面加上are，则变为非限制性定语从句，此时most of them中的them应改为关系代词which。）
The visiting president has some friends in China, all of them young fellows.这位来访的总统在中国有几个朋友，他们都是年轻人。（如果在young fellows前面加上are，则变为非限制性定语从句，此时all of them中的them应改为关系代词whom。）
She left the house in a hurry, only one window open.她匆匆忙忙离开家，有一扇窗户开着。
【考例】The growing speed of a plant is influenced by a number of factors, _____ are beyond our control.（2020年湖南卷）
A. most of them
B. most of which
C. most of what
D. most of that
【解析】B。本题考查“介词+关系代词”引导的非限制性定语从句。由于逗号之后是一个完整的句子，先行词factors在定语从句中作most of的宾语，故用关系代词which代替factors，并且引导定语从句。如果此题中后面部分去掉are，则选用A项，构成独立主格结构。
当非谓语部分是由介词in连接时，其前后的两个名词要么不加任何成分，要么同时加上冠词和物主代词。例如：
The solider stood in front of the gate, (a) gun in (his) hand.士兵站
在门口，手里端着枪。
四、With复合结构
其构成是“with+宾语+宾语补足语”。充当宾语补足语的词是形容词、副词、分词、不定式、介词短语等。例如：
With the bridge repaired, the walkers on it felt safe. 桥修好了，走在上面的人感到安全了。
With you to help me, I’m sure we will do it better. 有你来帮忙，我相信我们会把它做得更好。
The old man went out for a walk with a hat on. 老人戴着一顶帽子出去散步了。The audience were very surprised, with their mouths wide open. 观众很惊讶，嘴巴张得大大地。
He would sit there for hours with a book in his hand. 他手里拿着一本书，一坐就是几个小时。
With a guide leading the way, they had no difficulty finding the hot spring.有向导领着路，他们毫不费力地找到了温泉。
在with复合结构中，当宾语和宾补之间含有逻辑上的动宾关系，即宾语是宾补动作的承受者时，用过去分词。例如：
The fellow stood there, with his hands crossed. 那个家伙两手交叉，站在那里。（宾语his hands与宾补cross之间含有逻辑上的动宾关系，即宾语是宾补动作的承受者，应使用过去分词。）
【考例】John received an invitation to dinner, and with his work ________, he gladly accepted it.（2020年安徽卷）
A. finished
B. finishing
C. having finished
D. was finished
【解析】A。考查with复合结构中作宾补的分词的选用。宾语his work与作宾补的分词含有逻辑上的动宾关系，应使用表示被动意义的过去分词作宾补。
当宾语和宾补之间含有逻辑上的主谓关系，即宾补动作是宾语发出的动作，并且强
调动作正在进行，用现在分词。例如：
How can I work with that noise going on outside? 外面这么乱哄哄的，我怎么干活儿？(宾语that noise与宾补go on之间含有逻辑上的主谓关系，即宾补动作是宾语主动发出的，应使用现在分词。)
【考例】—Come on, please give me some ideas about the project.
—Sorry. With so much work _______ my mind, I almost break down.（2020年福建卷）
A. filled
B. filling
C. to fill
D. being filled
【解析】B。考查with复合结构中作宾补的分词的选用。宾语so much work与作宾补的动词fill之间含有逻辑上的主谓关系，应使用表示主动意义的现在分词作宾补。
当宾语和宾补之间含有逻辑上的主谓关系，而这种主谓关系尚未发生，或表示将来的动作或状态时，用不定式。例如：
With this book to help you, you can finish your work as soon as possible. 有这本书来帮忙，你能尽快完成工作。（宾语this book和宾补help之间含有逻辑上的主谓关系，并且表示将来的意义，应使用不定式作宾补。）
【考例】
With a lot of difficult problems ______, the newly-elected president is having a hard time.（2002年上海春季卷）
A. settled
B. settling
C. to settle
D. being settled
【解析】C。考查with复合结构中作宾补的非谓语动词的选用。根据语境“新当选的总统现在正处于艰难时期”可知，还有很多难题要去解决，应使用不定式作宾补。
独立主格结构与其它结构的区别：
1、与分词短语作状语的异同
独立主格结构与分词短语都可以转换为状语从句。但独立主格结构转换为状语
从句后，它有自己的逻辑主语，与主句的主语不一致；而分词短语转换为状语从句后，主句与从句的主语一致。例如：
Time permitting, we’d better have a holiday at weekends. (=If time permits, we’d better have a holiday at weekends.) 如果时间允许，我们最好周末去度假。（该题是独立主格结构作状语，状语从句的主语与主句主语不一致）Seeing from the top of the hill, we can find the city more beautiful.（=When we see from the top of the hill, we can find the city more beautiful.）从山顶上看，我们发现这个城市更美了。（该题是分词作状语，状语从句的主语与主句主语一致）
【考例】_______ in the fields on a March afternoon, he could feel the warmth of spring.（2020年安徽卷）
A. To walk.
B. Walking
C. Walked
D. Having walked
【解析】B。考查分词作状语。“walk”这一动作是其逻辑主语“he”主动发出的动作，且表示伴随情况，故应选用表示主动意义的现在分词作状语。A项不定式通常表示目的状语；D项分词的完成式强调动作在主句动作之前已经完成，与句意不符；B项是过去分词，walk是不及物动词，不能使用过去分词作状语。
2、与独立成分的异同
1）有的分词短语可以独立存在，在句子中没有逻辑主语。如：generally speaking 总的说来；judging from / by从……判断；supposing假如等。例如：Judging from his accent, he must be from the south. 从他口音判断，他肯定是南方人。
Supposing he is absent tomorrow, what shall we do? 如果他明天不来，我们该怎么办？
【考例】_________, the more expensive the camera, the better its quality.（2020年全国卷Ⅲ）
A. General speaking
B. Speaking General
C. Generally speaking
D. Speaking generally
【解析】C。generally speaking意思是“总的说来”，是独立存在的分词短语，常用作插入语，已经变成了习惯用法。该句意思是：总的说来，照相机越贵，它的质量越好。
2）有些固定短语是带 to 的不定式，表明说话人的立场或态度，在句中作独立成分。如：to be honest（老实说），to be sure（确实），to tell you the truth （说实话），to cut a long story short（长话短说），to be frank（坦率地说），to make matters / things worse（更糟糕的是），等等。例如：
To tell you the truth, he lied to us. 说实话，他对我们说谎了。
To be frank, he isn’t interested in art at all. 坦率地说，他对艺术一点也不感兴趣。
从以上讲解和分析可以看出，独立主格结构并不是特立独行，与其它语法现象格格不入的。它与非谓语动词、with复合结构以及其它句法有着千丝万缕的联系。因此，掌握好非谓语动词的用法，知道独立主格结构有其单独的逻辑主语，根据逻辑关系选用恰当的非谓语动词形式是解题的关键。
巩固练习：
1. The fish _____ bad, the guests left much of it untouched.
A. tasted
B. tasting
C. to taste
D. having tasted
2. Everything ______ into consideration, they should give up the chance.
A. to take
B. taken
C. taking
D. to be taken
3._______, we can go fishing by the lake.
A. Sunday
B. It is Sunday
C. As Sunday
D. It being Sunday
4. The new teacher felt more uneasy with the whole class _______.
A. stared at her
B. staring at her
C. being stared with her
D. to stare her
5. Weather _____, I will go on a picnic with you this Saturday.
A. permit
B. to permit
C. permitted
D. permitting
6. Her money _______, she couldn’t buy a train ticket for her home.
A. stealing
B. to be stolen
C. having stolen
D. stolen
7. The poor boy lay on his back, his clothes _______ open and his eyes _______ on the sky.
A. torn, fixed
B. tearing, fixed
C. torn, fixing
D. being torn, fixing
8. Skins ______ to sunlight too much time, you will suffer.
A. exposing
B. exposed
C. having exposed
D. to expose
9. Without anyone _________ the way in that forest, you will certainly get lost in the coming week.
A. leading
B. to lead
C. led
D. being led
10.________, they had to get down to business.
A. As there has no time left
B. There was no time left
C. There being no time left
D. There to be no time left
11. The girl in the snapshot was smiling sweetly, _______.
A. her long hair flowed in the breeze
B. her long hair was flowing in the breeze
C. her long hairs were flowing in the breeze
D. her long hair flowing in the breeze
12. It’s quite strange that the man sleeps with his mouth _______ and his eyes ________ .
A. closed; open
B. closed; opened
C. closing; open
D. closing; opening
13. _________, we have to get down to business right away.
A. As there was no time left
B. There is no time left
C. There being no time left
D. There to be no time left
14. She stood there, _____ from her cheeks.
A. tears’ rolling down
B. tears rolled down
C. with tears rolled down
D. tears rolling down
15. _____, we all went home happily.
A. Goodbye was said
B. Goodbye had been said
C. Goodbye said
D. When goodbye said
1-5 BBDBD 6-10 DABBC 11-15 DACDC
独立主格结构 独立主格结构（Independent Genitive） 独立主格结构有两部分组成，前一部份是名词或者代词，后一部分是非谓语动词或其他的一些词。前后两部分具有逻辑主谓关系。独立主格结构在句中做状语，多用于书面语。独立主格结构本身不是句子，在句子中作状语，表示时间、原因、条件、伴随等。独立主格结构的功能独立主格结构主要用于描绘性文字中，其作用相当于一个状语从句，常用来表示时间、原因、条件、行为方式或伴随情况等。例如：1) 表示时间The meeting being over, all of us went home. 开完会后我们都回家了。 Her work done, she sat down for a cup of tea. 她干完了活，坐下来喝茶。2）表示条件The condition being favourable, he may succeed. 若条件有利，他或许能成功。 3）表示原因There being no taxis, we had to walk. 没有出租车，我们只好步行。He wrapped her up with great care, the night being dark and frosty. 夜又黑又冷，所以他把她裹得严严实实的。 4）表示伴随情况 Almost all metals are good conductors, silver being the best of all. 几乎所有的金属都是良导体，而银则是最好的导体。(=Almost all metals are good conductors, and silver is the best of all.) 常见的独立主格结构有如下几种： 1. 名词/主格代词+现在分词。名词/主格代词与现在分词之间主谓关系。如： The girl staring at him (= As the girl stared at him), he didn”t know what to say. 姑娘两眼望着他，他不知道说什么好。 Time permitting (= If time permits), we will go for an outing tomorrow. 如果时间允许的话，我们明天去郊游。 2. 名词/主格代词+过去分词。名词/主格代词与过去分词之间的动宾关系。如： The problems solved (= As the problems were solved), the quality has been improved. 随着问题的解决，质量已经提高了。 Her glasses broken (= Because her glasses were broken), she couldn”t see the words on the blackboard. 由于眼镜摔坏了，她看不见黑板上的字。 3. 名词/主格代词+不定式。名词/主格代词与不定式之间是主谓关系，且强调的是一次具体性的动作。如： He is going to make a model plane, some old parts to help. 借助于一些旧零件，他要做一个飞机模型。 They said good-bye to each other, one to go home, the other to go to the bookstore. 他们道别后，一个回了家，一个去了书店。 4. 名词/主格代词+形容词。如：An air accident happened to the plane, nobody alive. 那架飞机遭遇了空难，无一人生还。 So many people absent, the meeting had to be called off. 这么多人缺席，会议不得不取消。 5. 名词/主格代词+副词。如：He put on his sweater wrong side out. 他把毛衣穿反了。 The meeting over, they all went home. 会议 一结束，他们就都回家了。 6. 名词/主格代 词+介词短语。如：The boy goes to the classroom, book in hand. 那男孩手里拿着书 去教室。Mary was sitting near the fire, her back towards the door. 玛丽靠近火炉坐 着，背对着门。 7. There being +名词（代词）如：There being nothing else to do, we went home. 没 有别的事可做，我们就回家了。There being no further business, I declare the meeting closed. 没有再要讨论的事了，我宣布散会。 8. It being +名词（代词）如：It being Christmas, the government offices were closed. 由于圣诞节的缘故，政府机关都休息。 It being a holiday, all the shops were shut. 由于今天是假日，所有商店都关门了。 独立主格结构的特点： 1）独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同， 它独立存在。 2）名词或代词与后面的分词，形容词，副词， 不定式，介词等是主谓关系。 3）独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。 举例：The test finished, we began our holiday. = When the test was finished, we began our holiday. 考试结束了，我们开始 放假。The president assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow. = After the president was assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow. 总统被谋杀 了，举国上下沉浸在悲哀之中。Weather permitting, we are going to visit you tomorrow. 如果天气允许，我们明天去看 你。This done, we went home. 工作 完成后，我们才回家。The meeting gone over, everyone tired to go home earlier. 会 议结束后，每个人都想早点回家。He came into the room, his ears red with cold. 他 回到了房子里，耳朵冻坏了。He came out of the library, a large book under his arm. 他夹着本厚书，走出了图书馆 注：独立主格结构有时可在其前加上介词with。 如：Don’t sleep with the windows open. 别 开着窗睡觉。He was lying on the bed with all his clothes on. 他和衣躺在床上。She came in with a book in her hand. 她手里拿 着一本书走了进来。He fell asleep with the lamp burning. 他没熄灯就睡着了。 I won’t be able to go on holiday with my mother being ill. 因为妈妈有病，我无法去度 假。He sat there with his eyes closed. 他闭目坐在那儿。 All the afternoon he worked with the door locked. 整个下午他都锁着门在房里工作。 I can’t go out with all these clothes to wash. 要洗这些衣服，我无法出去了。使用独立主 格五点注意： 1.独立主格与状语从句的转换当状语从句的主 语与主句的主语不是指同一个对象时，可用独立 主格结构取代状语从句，但不再保留连词。如： After class was over (=Class being over / Class over), the students soon left the classroom.下课后，学生很快离开了课室。 2. 不能省略being (having been)的情形在下列 两种情况下，独立主格结构中的being（或having been）不能省略。 (1) 独立主格的逻辑主语是代词时。如：It being Sunday, we went to church.因为是星期天，我 们去了做礼拜。 (2)在There being＋名词的结构中。如：There being no bus, we had to go home on foot.因 为没有公共汽车，所以我们不得不步行回家。 3. 通常不用物主代词或冠词在“名词（或代词） ＋介词短语”构成的独立主格结构中，一般不用 形容词性物主代词和冠词。如： Miss Smith entered the classroom, book in hand.史密斯 先生走进了课室，手里拿着一本书。比较with 的复合结构。如：Miss Smith entered the classroom, with a book in his hand. 4. 独立主格结构没有所有格形式The chief-editor arriving, we began the meeting. 主编来主编来了，我们开始开会。(比较动名词 复合结构。) 独立主格结构的用法独立主格结构主要表 示谓语动词发生的时间、原因、条件或伴随情况 等，相当于一个状语从句或并列句。 1. 用作时间状语：The work done (=After the work had been done), we went home. 工作完 成后，我们就回家了。 2. 用作条件状语：Weather permitting (=If weather permits), they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow. 如果天气允许的话， 他们将在明天组织一次海滨小游。 3. 用作 原因状语：An important lecture to be given tomorrow (=As an important lecture will be given tomorrow), the professor has to stay up late into the night. 因为明天要发表一个 重要的演讲，教授不得不熬夜到很晚。 4. 用作伴随状语：He was lying on the grass, his hands crossed under his head (=and his hands were crossed under his head).他躺在 草地上，两手交叉枕在脑后。 5.表示补充说 明：We redoubled our efforts, each man working like two. 我们加倍努力，一个人干两 个人的活。 *注：独立主格结构表示时间、条件或原因时， 相当于一个状语从句，一般放在句首，表示原因 时还可放在句末；表伴随状况或补充说明时，相 当于一个并列句，通常放于句末。独立主格 结构妙题赏析请看下面一道题： Not far from the school there was a garden, _________ owner seated in it playing chess with his little grandson every afternoon. A. its B. whose C. which D. that 【分析】 此题很容易误选B，许多同学会认为句中逗号后 是一个非限制性的定语从句，whose 在定语从句 中用作定语修饰其后的名词 owner。此分析从表 面上看，似乎天衣无缝，但实质上是错的，原因 是空格后根本不是一个句子，因为没有谓语。尽 管句中有两个动词，但它们都是非谓语动词。也 许有的同学认为，其中的 seated 可视为谓语动 词，但是注意，seat 用作动词时，它总是及物 的，其后要么接宾语，要么它就用于被动语态， 所以若在 seated 前加上助动词 is，则可以选 择B（当然若将 seated 改为sitting，也应选 择B）。所以此题最佳答案选A。 请再看一个类似的例子：(1) He wrote a lot of novels, many of _________ translated into foreign languages. A. it B. them C. this D. that (2) He wrote a lot of novels, many of _________ were translated into foreign languages.A. it B. them C. which D. that 第(1)应选B，而不能选C，是因为句中的 translated 是过去分词(非谓语动词)，若选C， 则该从句无谓语；第(2)应选C，因为句中有谓语 were translatedC。 再请看下面一例：(3) He wrote a lot of novels, and many of _________ were translated into foreign languages. A. it B. them C. which D. that 【分析】此题与上面的第(2)题不同，两句间多 了一个并列连词and，说明这是一个并列句，故 应选B，则不能选C。 2001-2007上海英语高考卷中译英试题汇编 上海卷2001-1. 我们的祖国从来没像今天这样强 大。（Never…）2. 我们将作进一步的讨论，然后 再做出最终结论。（before）3. 据说那个湖底发 现了一个古城的遗迹。（discover）4. 这个地区的 经济发展很快，可是某些市民的素质还不尽如人 意。（quality）5. 他们应从这事中吸取教训；玩
一、选择题 1、With time ____ by , they got to know each other better. A. passes B. passing C. passed D. to be passed 2、 the economic crisis getting more and more serious, the government is searching for ways to improve people’s life. A. As B. With C. When D. If 3John received an invitation to dinner, and with his work ____, he gladly accepted it. A. finished B. finishing C. having finished D. was finished 4、With all flights___, they had to come by bus. A. had canceled B.canceled C.have been canceled D. having canceled 5、With a large number of people _______ camping, it has now become one of the most popular activities in the UK. A. take part in B. took part in C. taking part in D. to be taking part in 6、None of us had expected that the middle﹣aged engineer died with his design _________（） A．.to uncomplete B．.uncompleted C．uncompleting．D．.uncomplete 7、______，we managed to get out of the forest．（） A．The guide led the way B．The guide leading the way C．With the guide to lead the way D．Having led the way 8、Will all his work ,he could have a good rest. A.to do B.doing C.did D.done 9、 ______, her suggestion is of greater value than yours. A. All things considering B. All things considered C. All things were considered D. With all things were considered 10、With the kind boy ________ the way, we found the park soon. A. leads B. to lead C. led D. leading 11、 She stood there, ______ from her cheeks. A. tears' rolling down B. tears rolled down C. with tears rolled down D. tears rolling down 12、 While watching television, __________. A. the doorbell rang B. the doorbell rings C. we heard the doorbell ring D. we heard the doorbell rings 13、The murderer was brought in, with his hands______ behind his back. A. be tied B. having tied C. to be tied D. tied 14、 With a lot of difficult problem _____, the newly-elected president is having a hard time.
高中英语语法通霸3： 独立主格结构和with的复合结构 考点1.独立主格结构的构成 A.独立主格结构可以看作是把一个分句破坏了谓语 前面我们学过，两个分句放在一起而不用句子连词连接只以逗号隔开，这样的句子是错误的（参看P. 错误！未定义书签。错误！未找到引用源。）。 His homework was finished, he went out to play.× 这时，我们可以把一个分句的谓语破坏掉，把其谓语变成非谓语或不用动词。上句可以变为： His homework finished, he went out to play. 这样，这个分句被破坏后就成了独立主格结构。独立主格结构可以使句子更简练，有利于表达复杂内容。 破坏谓语的方法：含有be的，把be去掉（主系表结构表原因的，be也可变为being）；不含be的，谓语和主语是主动关系的，把谓语变为现在分词；是被动关系的，把谓语变为过去分词；谓语表将来动作的，变为不定式。 练习：合并下列句子，把画线句子改为独立主格结构。 1.His wife was ill. He had to stay at home. 2.He arrived at home. His face was red. 3.My homework was finished. I went out to play football with my friends. 4.I rode a bike along the street. My dog was following me. 5.I had to stay at home. A lot of homework had to be done. 6.It rained last Sunday. I had to stay at home. B.独立主格结构的构成 ①名词(代词)+现在分词（与前面构成主动关系） Weatherpermitting,wearegoingtovisityou tomorrow. ②名词(代词)+过去分词（与前面构成被动关系） The test finished, we began our holiday. ③名词(代词)+不定式（表将来） He suggested going for a picnic, Mary to provide the food. ④名词(代词)+副词The game over, the crowd rushed to the exit. ⑤名词(代词)+形容词A hunter came in, his face red with cold. ⑥名词(代词) +介词短语 Hecameoutofthelibrary,alargebookunderhisarm. ⑦名词(代词) +名词The villagers, most of them women and children, were killed that night. 考点2.with的复合结构与独立主格结构的区别和联系看下面两个句子： ①W ith the traffic light green, the bus got moving. （前面粗体部分是with的复合结构）②The traffic light green, the bus got moving. (前面粗体部分是独立主格结构) 可以看出，作状语时，独立主格结构和with的复合结构在用法上是相同的，可以通过添、去with相互转换。但是作定语时，常用with的复合结构。 The woman with a baby on her back is my aunt. 背上背孩子的那个女的是我阿姨。 在独立主格结构中，当介词是in时，其前后的两个名词均可以不加任何成分（如物主代词或冠词），也不用复数。 但 with 的复合结构不受限制。 A robber burst into the room, knife in hand. A policeman ran after him, with a stick in his hand. 1.With a lot of difficult problems ______, the newly-elected president is having a hard time. A. settledB. settling C. to settle D. being settled 2.With all the magazines I needed ______, I left the post office. A. buying B. to buy C. bought D. to be bought 3.With electricity ______, we couldn’t drive the machine. A. was cut off B. being cut off C. cut off D. having cut off 4.Everything ______ into consideration, they believed themselves more and returned to their positions. A. to takeB. takenC. to be takenD. taking 5.______ more and more forests damaged, some animals and plants are facing the danger of dying out. A. AsB. ForC. WithD. By 6.【2010山东】The living room is clean and tidy, with a dining table already ______ for a meal to be cooked. A. laid B. laying C. to lay D. being laid 7.Many students ______ around, I explained the story into details. A. stood B. standing C. to stand D. were standing 8.【2012辽宁】The old couple often take a walk after supper in the park with their pet dog ______ them. A. to follow B. following C. followed D. follows 9.Tom looked at Jenny, tears ______ his eyes, and shouted the words ______ in his heart for years. A. filling; having been hidden B. filled; hidden C. filling; hidden D. filled; hiding 10.With the boy ______ the way, we had no trouble ______ the way ______ to ZhongshanPark. A. leading; finding; leading B. to lead; found; to lead C. led; finding; led D. leading; found; led 11.______, he had to stay at home q329950885 looking after her. A. Being ill B. His wife was ill C. His wife being ill D. Because he was ill 12.______,John returned to school from his hometown. A. The summer vacation being over B. The summer
独立主格结构 独立主格结构（ Independent Genitive）有两部分组成，前一部份是名词或者代词，后一部分是非谓语动 词(不定式、动名词和分词 )或形容词、副词、或介词短语。前后两部分具有逻辑主谓关系。独立主格结构在句中做状语，多用于书面语。独立主格结构本身不是句子，在句子中作状语，表示时间、原因、条件、伴随、目的等。 详细概述 非谓语动词作状语，其逻辑主语须与主句主语保持一致。若不一致，非谓语动词形式须另带主 语，从而构成复合结构的形式作状语。这种结构称为“独立结构”。其中，非谓语动词主动用V-ing ， 被动用 V-ed 。 非谓语动词及其短语前面带有逻辑主语，逻辑主语的代词又是主格，故常称为“独立主格”。独“ 立结构”在句中起状语作用，相当于状语从句，表示时间、原因、条件、方式或伴随等情况。 功能 独立主格结构主要用于描绘性文字中，其作用相当于一个状语从句，常用来表示时间、原因、 条件、行为方式或伴随情况等。例如： 表示时间 The meeting being over, all of us went home.开完会后我们都回家了。 Her work done , she sat down for a cup of tea.她干完了活，坐下来喝茶。 表示条件
The condition being favourable, he may succeed.若条件有利，他或许能成功。 表示原因 There being no taxes, we had to walk.没有出租车，我们只好步行。 He wrapped her up with great care,the night being dark and frosty. 夜又黑又冷，所以他把她裹得严严实实的。 表示伴随情况 Almost all metals are good conductors,silver being the best of all. 几乎所有的金属都是良导体，而银则是最好的导体。(=Almost all metals are good conductors, and silver is the best of all.) 用法 独立主格结构主要表示谓语动词发生的时间、原因、条件或伴随情况等，相当于一个状语从句或并列句。 用作时间状语 The work done (=After the work had been done), we went home.工作完成后，我们就回家了。 用作条件状语 Weather permitting(=If weather permits), they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow. 如果天气允许的话，他们将在明天组织一次海滨小游。
高考英语语法：独立主格 一.构成: n / pron.+ 不定式/ 现在分词/过去分词/ 形容词/ 副词/ 介词短语. 其中前一部分是后一部分的逻辑主语 二.用法: 独立主格结构通常用逗号与主句隔开, 位置比较灵活, 主要用于书面语, 特别是文学体裁, 在口语中较为罕见. 独立主格结构在句中通常作状语, 表示方式, 时间, 原因, 条件等 独立主格结构都可变为with / without + O + OC的结构 1.n / pron +不定式 a. A num ber of officials f ollowed the emperor, some to hold his robe. 2. n / pron +现在分词 a. Today being Sunday, we have no school. b. Time permitting, we’ll stay longer. c. He lay on his back, his eyes looking straight upwar d. d. Spring having come, it is getting warmer and w armer. e. The last bus having gone, we had to walked home. 3. n / pron +过去分词 a. All things considered, I think I should not have taken the jo b. b. His homework done, Jim decided to go and see the play. c. Her shirt caught on a nail, she could not move. 4. n / pron +形容词 a. The manager sat quietly in the office, ( his ) eyes closed. 5. n / pron +副词 a. The meetin g over, all the workers went home.
英语（必修4）Unit4语法导学：独立主格结构 一、非谓语动词独立主格结构 在独立主格结构中，非谓语动词和它前面的名词或代词存在着逻辑上的主谓关系。 Such an able man to help you，you will surely succeed sooner or later. 有这么能干的人来帮你, 你迟早一定会成功的。 （such an able man和to help you是主谓关系）= Since such an able man will help you, you will surely succeed sooner or later. A.不定式“独立主格结构” 1.动词不定式用主动的形式 在独立主格结构中，动词不定式和它前面的名词或代词存在着逻辑上的主谓关系。 His mother to come tonight，he is busy preparing the dinner.（= As his mother is to come tonight, he is busy preparing...) B.-ing形式“独立主格结构” 动词的-ing形式作状语时，其逻辑主语一般应与句子的主语保持一致。 Being ill, he went home. 由于生病,他回家了。（= As he was very ill, he went home.） 1.表示时间的-ing形式作“独立主格结构” Everyone being ready, the teacher began his class. （相当于一个时间状语从句When everyone was ready) 2.表示原因的-ing形式作“独立主格结构” The boy leading the way, we had no trouble finding the strange cave. （相当于一个原因状语从句Because the boy led the way） 3.表示条件的-ing形式作“独立主格结构” Time permitting, we will have a picnic next week.（相当于一个条件状语从句If time permits) 4.表示方式的-ing形式作“独立主格结构” The students are walking in the school happily, each wearing a card in front of his chest. 学生们快乐地在学校里走着，每个人胸前都带着一张卡。（相当于一个并列分句and each wears a card in front of his chest）C．-ed形式“独立主格结构” 与逻辑主语+动词的-ing形式一样，如果-ed形式的逻辑主语和句子的主语不一致的话，就需要用-ed形式的独立主格结构。 The book written in simple English, English beginners were able to read it. = As the book was written in simple English，English beginners were able to read it. 【比较】动词不定式表示动作没有发生或即将发生，动词-ed形式表示动作已经结束，动词-ing形式往往表示动作正在进行。 The manager looks worried，many things to settle. （事情还没有处理，而且是由经理本人来处理，用不定式to settle）The manager looks relaxed, many things settled. （事情已经处理好了，用动词-ed形式settled表示动作已经结束） 二、动词独立主格结构 “逻辑主语+being+其他”是独立主格结构中的“逻辑主语+动词-ing形式”的一种形式。在这种结构中，being往往可以被省去，这种省去being的结构，称之为无动词“独立主格结构”。 A．逻辑主语+名词 Ten students entered for the competition, the youngest a boy of 12.（the youngest和a boy of 12之间省去了being）【注意】独立主格结构中的being在下列两种情况下一般不能省略，一是在“There being + 名词”结构中，二是在逻辑主语是代词的情况下。There being no bus, we had to walk home. 由于没有公共汽车，我们只好走回家。 B．逻辑主语+形容词 He turned to me, his eyes sleepy.（his eyes和sleepy之间省去了being）= He turned to me, and his eyes were sleepy. C．逻辑主语+副词 School over, we all went home. （school和over之间省去了being）= School was over, and we all went home. D．逻辑主语+介词短语 He is standing in front of the blackboard, his back towards us. = He was standing in front of the blackboard, and his back was towards us. 提示：在“逻辑主语+介词短语”构成的独立主格结构里，如果名词用单数，可以不用冠词，同时介词短语里的限定词也可省略。 The music teacher stood at the door, violin in hand.音乐老师站在门口,手里拿着一把小提琴。 （= The music teacher stood at the door, a violin in his hand.） 三、 with, without 引导的独立主格结构 介词with/without +宾语+宾语的补足语可以构成独立主格结构，上面讨论过的独立主格结构的几种情况在此结构中都能体现。A.with+名词代词+形容词
第八章独立主格结构 非谓语动词作状语时，它的逻辑主语应该是句子的主语。但有时非谓语动词带有自己的主语，从而在结构上与主语不发生关系，我们称之为独立主格结构（Absolute Construction）。其实，所谓“独立主格结构”也并非真正独立，它还是一种从属的结构。 一、非谓语动词独立主格结构 在独立主格结构中，非谓语动词和它前面的名词或代词存在着逻辑上的主谓关系。 Such an able man to help you，you will surely succeed sooner or later. 有这么能干的人来帮你, 你迟早一定会成功的。（such an able man和to help you 之间存在着主谓关系） = Since such an able man will help you, you will surely succeed sooner or later. He seating himself at the desk, his mother began to tell him a story. 他在书桌旁坐好后，他母亲开始给他讲故事。（seating himself at the desk拥有了自己的逻辑主语he，注意是“主格”） = When he seated himself at the desk, his mother began to tell him a story. The key to the bike lost, he had to walk to school. 由于丢了自行车钥匙，他只好步行去学校。（lost 的逻辑主语是the key，lost 也可以用完成式having been lost） = Because the key to the bike had been lost, he had to walk to school. A．不定式“独立主格结构” 在“逻辑主语+动词不定式”结构中，动词不定式和它前面的名词或代词存在着逻辑上的主谓关系。这种结构也可用一个从句或并列分句来表达。 1．动词不定式用主动的形式 在独立主格结构中，动词不定式和它前面的名词或代词存在着逻辑上的主谓关系。 His mother to come tonight，he is busy preparing the dinner. 他母亲今晚要来,他正在忙着准备饭菜。（= As his mother is to come tonight, he is busy preparing the dinner.） ——will you go to the comcert tonight 你今晚去听音乐会吗？ ——sorry.So many exerise-books to check,I rially can't afford any time. 对不起，有这多的作业要批，我真的抽不出时间。 （＝Because I shall check so many exercise-books tonight,I really can't afford any time.） The four of us agreed on a division of labour,each to translate a quarter of the book. 我们四人同意分工干，每人翻译全书的四分之一。 （＝The four of us agreed on a division of labour and each is to translate a quarter of the book.）Many trees,flowers,and grass to be planted,our newly-built school will look even more beautiful. 种上许多的树，花和草后，我们新建的学校将看上去更美。(=If many trees,flowers,and grass are planted,our newly-built school will look even more beautiful.) B．-ing形式“独立主格结构”
分词作状语-独立主格 分词和分词短语作状语时，可以表示时间、原因、条件、让步、方式和伴随情况。在表示时间、原因、条件、让步和方式时，通常可转换为相应的状语从句，表示方式和伴随情况时，可以转换为一个并列的谓语成分。 例如：Seeing the teacher entering the room,the students stood up.(=When the students saw the teacher entering the room,they stood up.)学生们看见老师走进房间，都站了起来。 Heated,ice will be changed into water.(=When it is heated...)当冰加热时，它就会变成水。(条件、时间) Being excited, I couldn’t go to sleep.(=As I was excited,I couldn’t go to sleep.)我兴奋得睡不着觉。(原因) I stood there, listening to the broadcast.(=I stood there and listened to the broadcast.)我站在那儿听广播。(伴随) The children went away laughing.(=The children went away.They laughed as they went.)孩子们笑着走开了。(行为方式) Knowing all this,they made me pay for the damage.(=Although they know all this...)他们尽管了解这一切，还是要我赔偿损失。 (3)分词作状语与主语的关系。 A. 现在分词作状语时，现在分词的动作就是句子主语的动作，它们之间的关系是主动关系。 例如：He went out shutting the door behind him.他出去后将门随手关上。 Not knowing what to do, he went to his parents for help.由于不知如何办是好，他去找父母帮忙。 B. 过去分词作状语时，过去分词表示的动作是句子主语承受的动作，它们之间的关系是被动关系。 例如：Given more attention,the trees could have grown better.如果对这些树多关心一些，它们本来会长得更好。 Faced with difficulties,we must try to overcome them.在遇到困难的时候，我们必须设法克服。 (4)分词作状语时前面可用连词。 when,while,once,if,unless,though等引导的状语从句，若其主语与主句主语相同时，可保留该副词连接词，其余部分则化简为分词短语。 例如：When (being) free，I’ll fetch you.有空时，我会来接你。 While walking along the street early in the morning,he saw her.一早在街上散步时，他看到了她。 If falling ill,I’ll see my doctor.如果生病我会去看医生。 Once completed,this power station supplies the nearby towns and villages with electricity.这个电站一旦建成，将向附近的城乡供电。 Even though given every opportunity,they would not try.即使给他们一切机会，他们也不肯试一试。 Though knowing the truth,he remained silent.虽然他知道实情，却保持沉默。 Unless (being) rich,I am not going abroad.除非有钱，要不然我是不会出国的。 (5)分词作状语时，要特别注意其逻辑主语须和谓语动词的主语一致，否则分词必须有自己的主语。这种带主语的分词结构称作分词的独立结构，或独立主格。