北京林业大学考博英语阅读真题指导与解析

北林考博辅导班：2019北京林业大学经济管理学院考博难度解析及经验分享北京林业大学为进一步提高博士研究生招生质量，充分发挥导师和专家组在博士生招生中的作用，按照《北京林业大学“申请-审核”制招收博士研究生实施办法》的有关规定，本着充分尊重导师和学科自主权，公开、公平、公正择优录取的原则，择优选拔优秀博士生。

下面是启道考博辅导班整理的关于北京林业大学经济管理学院考博相关内容。

一、院系简介经济管理学院成立于1987年，其历史渊源可以追溯到1982年成立的林经系，1959年成立的林业经济专业，1902年京师大学堂的农科林目。

经过多年的不懈努力，至今已成为以本科教育为主，博士后、博士、硕士、专业硕士、双学位等全方位、多层次、多规格的高级经济管理人才培养基地。

学院现有林经、国贸、工商管理、统计、会计、金融、管工、物业管理、人资9个系；设有农林经济管理、会计学、统计学、金融学、工商管理、信息管理与信息系统（管理信息）、物业管理、市场营销、电子商务、国际经济与贸易、人力资源管理11个本科专业。

拥有工商管理第二学士学位授予权。

拥有农林经济管理一级学科博士点授予权，包括林业经济管理、林业资源经济与环境管理、农业经济管理3个二级博士学位授权点和农林经济管理博士后流动站。

拥有管理科学与工程、应用经济学、工商管理、公共管理、统计学、农林经济管理6个一级学科硕士学位授予权，其中管理科学与工程、会计学、统计学、企业管理、国际贸易学、金融学、林业经济管理、农业经济管理、物业管理、电子商务、行政管理11个硕士授权点在招。

拥有工商管理专业硕士（MBA）、会计学、应用统计、国际商务、农村区域发展5个全日制专业硕士学位授权点和农业推广在职进修1个非全日制专业硕士学位授权点。

目前，学院在校本科生2500余人，研究生800余人(包括留学生40余人)，在校生总数逾3300余人，是全校学科、专业、学生人数最多的学院。

二、招生信息北京林业大学经济管理学院博士招生专业有1个：120300农林经济管理研究方向：01 农林经济理论与政策02 区域经济与农村发展03 林业产业经济与林产品贸易04 森林资源经济与环境管理05 林业管理工程06 林业统计与森林资源核算07 林业财务与会计考试科目：①1001英语②2001农林经济管理专业综合测试一③3001农林经济管理专业综合测试二三、申请条件1.拥护中国共产党的领导，具有正确的政治方向，热爱祖国，愿意为社会主义现代化建设服务。

2017年北京林业大学翻译硕士专业考研必读信息育明教育全面解析2014北京林业大学MTI专业课真题回忆版今年大纲有所变化，各个题型的分值也相应变化。

【211翻译硕士英语】1.选择题（30’）：难度适中，今年有很大一部分是词汇辨析题，形近词等，语法题不多，复习的时候可以借鉴其他学校的真题。

2.阅读理解（40’）其中两篇阅读理解是选择题，一篇内容是说宪法问题。

另一篇记不清了。

反正这两篇阅读不难。

.后两篇阅读理解题型是问答题，一篇内容介绍各个国家的教育模式，并相比较，记得有东南亚的国家。

这篇文章介绍了美国教育模式的变化：最初，不同于其他国家只重视学生的分数等，美国重视学生的创造力，但是，随着世界名校依据分数的排名来定位名校，美国的教育模式也有所转化。

一篇阅读有四五道问题，掌握了事件原因、影响、变化就可以了。

问题不难，但是每个小问题，我觉得都应该像写一篇小作文一样，回答要有次序，多用连接词。

例如，to begin with,firstly,secondly,what’s more.作文的加分点这里同样适用。

第二篇跟2010年专八的MINI-LECTURE Paralinguistic features of languages一部分的内容相似Now,let's come to the second category,physical paralinguistic features,which involves the body.In addition to convey meanings with tone of voice,we can also express our intentions through the ways in which we use our bodies. You may ask:what are the ways,then?Let me sight some brief examples.The expression on our face,the gestures we make and even proximity or way we sit,are some of the ways we send powerful messages.About how we feel,or what we mean.Let me explain some of these in more detail.First,facial expression.Facial expression is a powerful conveyer of meaning.We all know smiling is an almost universal signal of pleasure or welcome.But there are other facial expressions that may not be so common.For instance,raising eye-brows-suggest that you are surprised or interested in something.Other facial actions,such as biting your lip,which indicates that you are deep in thinking,or are uncertain about something;compressing the lips,which show that you are making decisions;and a visible clenching of the teeth,to show that you are angry,are all powerful conveyers of meaning,too.The second in this category is gesture.You see,we use gesture to indicate a wide range of meanings.Though I have to emphasize that the actual gestures we use may be specific to particular cultures.That is to say different cultures have their own favorite gestures in conveying meaning.Here,a few examples may show you how powerful gestures can be.In British English behavior,shrugging shoulders may indicate an attitude of‘I don't care',or‘I don't know'.Crossing your arms may indicate relaxation.But it can also powerfully show you are bored.Waving can mean welcome and farewell.Whilescratching your head may indicate that you are at a loss.In other cultures,placing your hand upon your heart is to indicate that you are telling the truth.Pointing your finger at your nose means it's a secret.That's why we say that gestures are culture bound.The third is proximity,posture and echoing.Proximity refers to the physical distance between speakers.This can indicate a number of things and can also be used to consciously send messages about intent.Closeness,for example,indicates intimacy or threat to many speakers.But distance may show formality,or lack of interest.Once again,I'd like to say,proximity is also both a matter of personal style,and is often culture bound.So, what may seem normal to a speaker from one culture may appear unnecessarily close or distant to a speaker from another.And standing close to someone may be quite appropriate in some situations such as an informal party,but completely out of place in other situations,such as a meeting with a superior.Next,posture.Posture means the way in which someone holds his or her body,especially the back,shoulders and head,when standing,walking or sitting.A few examples.Hunched shoulders and a hanging head give a powerful indication of whether the person is happy or not.A lowered head when speaking to a superior,with or without eye contact can convey the appropriate relationship in some cultures.On the other hand,direct level eye contact,changes the nature of interaction,and can been seen as either open or st,echoing.Now,what is echoing?Let me start with an example.Some of you may have noticed this phenomenon in your experience.When two people are keen to agree each other,they would likely, though unconsciously adopt the same posture,as if an imitation of each other.They sit or stand in the same manor. When used in this way,echoing appears to complement the verbal communication.Of course,when such imitation is carried out consciously,it often indicates that someone is marking at another speaker.3.作文（30’）自然资源、能源的使用问题类Some people think that we should think globally,act locally.“放眼全球，立足当地”的原则处理问题。

2022年考研考博-考博英语-北京大学考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析AB卷（带答案）一.综合题(共15题)1.单选题In a culture like ours, long（）all things as a means of control, it is sometimes a bit of a shock to be reminded that the medium is the message.问题1选项A.accustomed to split and dividedB.accustomed to splitting and dividingC.accustomed to split and dividingD.accustomed to splitting and divided【答案】B【解析】考查语法知识。

对比四个选项，关键问题在于split和divide的形式变化。

accustom to doing 是固定用法，后面的动词均应使用动词-ing形式。

因此B选项符合题意。

2.单选题All the mountains are stunningly beautiful, and there are（）valleys and the smell of peat from every cottage.问题1选项A.woodenB.woodedC.woodingD.woods 【答案】B【解析】考查形近词辨析。

有题干得知，空格后为名词，因此应填入形容词。

wooden“木制的；呆板的”；wooded“树木繁茂额，森林多的”；wooding无形容词用法；woods“木材”，也无形容词用法。

修饰valley“山谷”的词应为wooded，因此B选项符合题意。

3.单选题Many adults may think they are getting enough shut-eye, but in a major sleep study almost 80 percent of respondents admitted to not getting their prescribed amount of nightly rest. So, what exactly is the right amount of sleep? Research shows that adults need an average of seven to nine hours of sleep a night for optimal functionality. Read on to see just how much of an impact moderate sleep deprivation can have on your mind and body.By getting less than six hours of sleep a night, you could be putting yourself at risk of high blood pressure. When you sleep, your heart gets a break and is able to slow down for a significant period of time. But cutting back on sleep means your heart has to work overtime without its allotted break. In constantly doing so, your body must accommodate to its new conditions and elevate your overall daily blood pressure. And the heart isn’t the only organ that is overtaxed by a lack of sleeps. The less sleep you get, the less time the brain has to regulate stress hormones, and over time, sleep deprivation could permanently hinder the brain’s ability to regulate these hormones, leading to elevated blood pressure.We all hang around in bed during our bouts of illness. But did you know that skipping out on the bed rest can increase your risk of getting sick? Prolonged sleep deprivation has long been associated with diminished immune functions, but researchers have also found a direct correlation between “modest” sleep deprivation — less than six hours — and reduced immune response. So try to toughen up your immune system by getting at least seven hours of sleep a night, and maintaining a healthy diet. You’ll be glad you got that extra hour of sleep the next time that bug comes around and leaves everyone else bedridden with a fever for three days.During deep REM sleep, your muscles (except those in the eyes) are essentially immobilized in order to keep you from acting out on your dreams. Unfortunately, this effort your body makes to keep you safe while dreaming can sometimes backfire, resulting in sleep paralysis. Sleep paralysis occurs when the brain is aroused from its REM cycle, but the body remains in its immobilizing state. This can be quite a frightening sensation because, while your mind is slowly regaining consciousness, it has no control over your body, leaving some with a feeling of powerlessness, fear and panic. Most people experience this eerie phenomena at least once in their lives, but those who are sleep deprived are more likely to have panicked episodes of sleep paralysis that are usually accompanied by hallucinations, as well. For a second, imagine all of your memories are erased; every birthday, summer vacation, even what you did yesterday afternoon is completely lost, because you have no recollection of them. It’s a chilling thought, but that is what a life without sleep would be like. Sleep isessential to the cognitive functions of the brain, and without it, our ability to consolidate memories, learn daily tasks, and make decisions is impaired by a large degree. Research has revealed that REM sleep, or dream-sleep, helps solidify the “fragile” memories the brain creates throughout the day to that they can be easily organized and stored in the mind’s long-term cache.1.According to the pa ssage, what is the meaning of “sleep deprivation”？2.Which of the following statements is TRUE according to Paragraph 3?3.Why is there the so-called “sleep paralysis”？4.Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the last paragraph?5.What effects of sleep deprivation on human mind and body are discussed in this passage?问题1选项A.To sleep for an average period of time.B.To sleep deeply without dreaming.C.To sleep less than needed.D.To sleep modestly.问题2选项A.When everyone else gets a fever, those with sleep deprivation will be abele to sleep longer.B.When everyone else gets a fever, those who usually have adequate sleep will be alright.C.Only modest sleep deprivation could weaken the immune system,D.Prolonged sleep deprivation will not have impact on the immune system.问题3选项A.It occurs when you are unable to wake up from dreams while you are sleeping.B.It occurs when you brain immobilizes your body in order to keep you from dreaming.C.Because you are usually too frightened to move your body when waking up from deep REMsleep.D.Because your body, immobilized when dreaming, may still be unable to move even when yourbrain is waking up.问题4选项A.Memories are part of the cognitive function of the brain.B.Memories created during the daytime are usually fragile and impaired.C.You are likely to lose your memories of yesterday after a night’s sleep.D.Long-term memory cannot be formed without dream-sleep.问题5选项A.High blood pressure, a toughened immune system, sleep paralysis, and memory loss.B.Blood pressure, immune system, sleep paralysis, and long-term memory.C.Blood pressure, immune system, the brain and the body, and memory.D.High blood pressure, a weakened immune system, sleep paralysis, and memory loss.【答案】第1题:C第2题:B第3题:D第4题:B第5题:D【解析】1.语义题。

北林考博辅导班：2019北京林业大学风景园林学（工学）考博难度解析及经验分享根据教育部学位与研究生教育发展中心最新公布的第四轮学科评估结果可知，在2018-2019年风景园林学（工学）专业学校排名中，排名第一的是清华大学，排名第二的是北京林业大学，排名第三的是同济大学。

作为北京林业大学实施国家“211工程”和“985工程”的重点学科，园林学院的风景园林学（工学）学一级学科在历次全国学科评估中均名列第二。

下面是启道考博辅导班整理的关于北京林业大学风景园林学（工学）考博相关内容。

一、专业介绍风景园林学是一门古老而年轻的学科。

作为人类文明的重要载体，园林、风景与景观已持续存在数千年;作为一门现代学科，风景园林学可追溯至19世纪末、20世纪初，是在古典造园、风景造园基础上通过科学革命方式建立起来的新的学科范式。

北京林业大学园林学院的风景园林学（工学）专业在博士招生方面，划分为6个研究方向083400风景园林学（工学）研究方向：01 风景园林历史与理论02 风景园林规划与设计03 景观规划与生态修复04 风景园林建筑设计与理论05 风景旅游规划与设计06 城乡开放空间规划与城市设计考试科目：①1001英语②2024风景园林学（工学）专业综合测试一③3024风景园林学（工学）专业综合测试二、考核内容北京林业大学风景园林学（工学）专业博士研究生招生综合考核内容为:1、思想品德考核时间节点：2018年11月6-8日考核方式：学院研究生管理办公室对申请者材料进行资格初审后会委托研究生管理秘书以班级评议方式对申请人思想品德进行评议考核。

研究生管理秘书于2018年11月8日11时前将《在读硕士研究生硕博连读选拔思想品德考核评分表》考核结果汇总后提交至园林学院研究生办公室。

2、学习成绩考核时间节点：2018年11月6-8日考核方式：学院研究生秘书通过研究生系统对申请人全学程学习习成绩进行核算。

3、业务考核时间节点：2018年11月11-15日4、学术成果考核时间节点：2018年11月8-11日考核方式：学科秘书对申请者的学习成绩和科研成果（论文发表、专利和新品种获得情况、学术竞赛获奖情况）进行审核评分，并相应各学科相关选拔实施细则，对申请者是否具备选拔资格进行审核。

北京语言大学考博英语真题常见语法及其解析(一数词与表示时间、金钱、度量衡、温度等名词这类名词作主语表示一定量或总量时,谓语动词用单数形式。

例句:Two years seems a long time for a patient who has to lie in bed,and do nothing.分析:该句是复合句,who has to lie in bed,and do nothing 是修饰a patient的定语从句。

译文:对于一个不得不躺在床上并且无事可做的病人来说,两年时间的确很漫长。

例句:Sixty kilograms is a heavy weight for her,so she will try her best to make regular exercises for losing the weight.分析:该句是并列句。

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译文:60公斤对她来说的确是太重了,于是她将尽最大努力通过日常锻炼来减肥。

(二分数或百分比+of+单数名词+单数动词复数名词+复数动词例句:By the third generation,one third of Hispanic women are married to non Hispanics,and41percent of Asian American women are married to non Asians.(选自2006年Text1分析:该句是由and连接的并列句。

译文:到了第三代,讲西班牙语的移民中,有1/3的妇女嫁给了不讲西班牙语的美国人。

41%的亚洲移民妇女嫁给了不是来自亚洲的美国人。

例句:But the human mind can glimpse a rapidly changing scene and immediately disregard the98percent that is irrelevant, instantaneously focusing on the monkey at the side of a winding forest road or the single suspicious face in a big crowd.(选自2002年Text2分析:该句是复合句,主干部分是the human mind can glimpse...and disregardthe98percent,分词短语focusing on在句中作伴随状语。

北京大学2013年博士研究生入学考试英语试题Part One: Listening ComprehensionSection A (10%)Directions: In this section you will hear 3 passages. Each passage will be read only ONCE. At the end of each passage, there will be a pause. Listen carefully to the passagesand then answer the questions that follow. Mark your choice on the AnswerSheet.Passage OneQuestions 1 to 3 are based on the passage you have just heard.1. Which of the following statements is true about heart disease?A. It kills 2.6 million people all over the world each year.B. It is a major disease in Western countries.C. It is caused by the blood supply that nourishes the heart muscle.D. It can cause the blood vessels to become blocked.2. What can we learn from the study in England and Scotland?A. There are more meat and fish eaters than vegetarians in the study.B. 32% of the people in the study are vegetarians.C. People who have normal blood pressure and a healthy weight-are eligible for the study.D. No vegetarians died from heart disease in the study.3. What did Tracy Parker from the British Heart Foundation suggest?A. Eating more vegetables would result in a healthy heart.B. Vegetarians should eat foods high in saturated fat and salt, too.C. We should try to avoid meat in our diet.D. Vegetarians had better eat meat to compensate for any lost vitamins and minerals. Passage TwoQuestions 4 to 6 are based on the passage you have just heard.4. Which of the following statements in NOT true about the Chinese version of James Joyce’snovel Finnegans Wake?A. It took the translator 8 years to translate.B. It was so popular among readers that a second edition was being printed.C. The first run of 8,000 copies sold out in less than a month.D. It was one of the bestsellers in Shanghai last week.5. What did the translator Ms. Dai say about her work?A. Her work was not faithful to the original intent of the novel.B. She had tried to make her work as complex as the original.C. She had tried to make her work easy to understand.D. She was not surprised that her work had become a hit in the country.6. How did some critics explain the “Finnegans Wake” phenomenon in China?A. It’s because the stream of consciousness style was warmly received by Chinese readers.B. It’s because the demand for translation of foreign-language novels exploded.C. It’s because the translation of the highbrow novel tickled some Chinese readers’ vanity.D. It’s because Chinese readers were interested in the novelist who was mentally ill. Passage ThreeQuestions 7 to 10 are based on the passage you have just heard.7. Talking about the world’s most prolific killers, which of the following is NOT mentioned by thespeaker?A.SharksB.LionsC.Cats D.Rodents8. How many birds do domestic cats kill each year?A. Between 1.4 billion and 3.7 billionB.20billionC. 33 bird speciesD. 14% of all bird species9. Why have researchers called on authorities to deal with cats?A. Because the population of cats is increasing.B. Because cats are finely tuned killers under the guise of cute, cuddly friends.C. Because cats have caused species extinctions and affect the integrity of our ecosystems.D. Because cats don’t play integral roles in our ecosystems.10. Which of the following statements is true about free-ranging domestic cats?A. They have the same hunting strategies as lions and tigers do.B. They are allowed to leave home and go anywhere they want.C. Their owners usually watch over them.D. Their owners are pleased when they take dead animals home.Section B (10%)Directions: In this section you will hear a talk about American literature. While listening, focus on the major points and do not forget to take notes. After that, complete the following outline by filling in the blanks numbered from B1 to B20 with key words. The talk will be read TWICE.There will be a One Minute pause between the first and the second reading. Then you will have another One Minute to check your work after the second reading. Write your answers on ANSWER SHEET (2).--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- OUTLINEMoveme nt Title TimePeriodOrigins Core Beliefs and Important FiguresTranscen dentalis m B1s–1860sNewB2,the northeasternpart ofthe USThe writers showed a difference from British writers,British cultural tradition and B3.Individuals did not need B4B5.Individuals were encouraged to be B6on themselves.Ralph Waldo Emerson: published Nature in B7 .Romanti cism 1830s–1870sBritishand B8It is centered on strong B9and imagination ratherthan B10 thought.American works also focus on the B11and on humanB12.Edgar Allen Poe: best known for tales filled withB13. We might now call his work B14 stories.B15 1870s–1920s France The writers focused on events that were usual and typical rather than B16 or B17.Many writers wrote about real conditions of real peopleto educate the B18B19.Mark Twain: wrote about everyday life in the B20 statesof the US.Part Two: Structure and Written Expression (15%)Directions: For each question decide which of the four choices given will most suitably complete the sentence if inserted at the place marked. Mark your choices on the ANSWERSHEET.11. Prince Charles, the longest-waiting to the throne in British history, has spoken of his“impatience” to get things done.A.heir B.heirship C.heritage D.heiress12. Love was in the air in a Tokyo park as normally staid Japanese husbands gathered to screamout their feelings for their wives, promising and extra tight hugs.A.attitudeB.multitude C.gratitude D.latitude13. The number of stay-at-home fathers reached a record high last year, new figures show, asfamilies saw a in female breadwinners.A. raiseB. riseC. ariseD. increase14. The market for dust masks and air purifiers is in Beijing because the capital hasbeen shrouded for several days in thick fog and haze.A. boomingB. loomingC. doomingD. zooming15. Traditional fairytales are being ditched by parents because they are too for theiryoung children, a study found.A.scarceB.scaryC.scaredD.scarred16. It has been revealed that nearly one in five degree courses has been since thetripling of tuition fees to ￡9,000 a year.A. scratchedB. scrapedC. scrabbledD. scrapped17. Microsoft founder Bill Gates has about being a parent, stating that 13 is anappropriate age for a child’s first cell phone.A.openedup B.takenup C.putupD.heldup18. Sales of mushrooms have hit an all-time high as Britons increasingly turn to the cheap andfoodstuff for their cooking.A. versatileB. multipleC. manifoldD. diverse19. “Gangnam Style”, the popular song form South Korean recording artist PSY hasjust become the most watched video on YouTube ever.A.sanelyB.insanely C.rationally D.insatiably20. The British theoretical physicist Stephen Hawking once said in an interview thatheaven is a fairy story for people afraid of the dark.A.imposing B.lofty C.prominentD.eminent21. Some might consider it an ugly truth that attractive people are often more successful thanthose_______ blessed with looks.A. lessB. moreC. mostD. least22. they think it will come to an end through the hands of God, or a natural disaster or apolitical event, whatever the reason, nearly 15 percent of people worldwide think the end of the world is coming, according to a new poll.Neither D.Whether C.IfA.B.Either23. The European Parliament has banned the terms “Miss” and “Mrs.” they offendfemale members.A. as long asB. the momentC. so thatD. in case24. Packed like sardines into sweaty, claustrophobic subway carriages, passengers can barelybreathe, move about freely.A. as well asB. disregard forC. let aloneD. not mentioning25. Japan is one of only three countries that now hunt whales and the government saysit is an important cultural tradition.D.whosewhereA.that B.whichC.Part Three: Cloze Test 15%)Directions: Read the following passage carefully and decide the best choice for each numbered blank. Mark your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Ironically, the intellectual tools currently being used by the political right to such harmful effect originated on the academic left. In the 1960s and 1970s a philosophical movement called postmodernism developed among humanities professors (26) being deposed by science, which they regard as right-learning. Postmodernism (27) ideas from cultural anthropology and relativity theory to argue that truth is (28) and subject to the assumptions and prejudices of the observer. Science is just one of many ways of knowing, the argued, neither more nor less (29) than others, like those of Aborigines, Native Americans or women. (30) , they defined science as the way of knowing among Western white men and a tool of cultural (31) . This argument (32) with many feminists and civil-rights activists and became widely adopted, leaking to the “political correctness” justifiably (33) by Rush Limbaugh and the “mental masturbation” lampooned by Woody Allen.Acceptance of this relativistic worldview (34) democracy and leads not to tolerance but to authoritarianism. John Locke, one of Jefferson’s” trinity of three greatest men,” showed (35) almost three centuries ago. Locke watched the arguing factions of Protestantism, each claiming to be the one true religion, and asked: How do we know something to be true? What is the basis of knowledge? In 1689, he (36) what knowledge is and how it is grounded in observations of the physical world in An Essay Concerning Human Understanding. Any claim that fails this test is “but faithful, or opinion, but not knowledge.” It was this idea—that the world is knowable and that objective, empirical knowledge is the most (37) basis for public policy—that stood as Jefferson’s foundational argument for democracy.By falsely (38) knowledge with opinion, postmodernists and ant science conservatives alike collapse our thinking back to a pre-Enlightenment ear, leaving no common basis for public policy. Public discourse is (39) to endless warring opinions, none seen as more valid than another. Policy is determined by the loudest voices, reducing us to a world in which might (40) right—the classic definition of authoritarianism.26. A. satisfied with B. angry with C. displeased at D. proud ofsharedadopted D.doubted C.27.A.discounted B.C.cultural D.subjectiverelative objective B.28.A.valuable D.variousvalidC.B.29.A.variableFurthermoreD.Otherwise30. A. However B. Therefore C.representation D.B.oppressioninhibition C.31.A.assimilationappealed D.respondedagreed C.resonated B.A.32.verified D.hatedapproved C.33.liked B.A.underminesD.produces C.strengthensA.B.34.offsetsC.whichwhy D.whatwhen B.35.A.dictated D.claimeddefined C.A.36.found B.D.equitableusefulC.37.practical B.A.equalequating D.confusingC.equipping38.A.identifying B.conduced D.reducedC.introducedA.deduced B.39.C.creatscausesD.makesB.A.40.decidesPart Four: Reading Comprehension (20%)Directions: Each of the following four passages is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each question or unfinished statement, four answers are given. Readthe passages carefully and choose the best answer to each question. Mark yourchoices on the ANSWER SHEET.Passage OneA considerable part of Facebook’s appeal stems from its miraculous fusion of distance with intimacy, or the illusion of distance with the illusion of intimacy. Our online communities become engines of self-image, and self-image becomes the engine of community. The real danger with Facebook is not that it allows us to isolate ourselves, but that by mixing our appetite for isolation with our vanity, it threatens to alter the very nature of solitude. The new isolation is not of the kind that Americans once idealized, the lonesomeness of the proudly nonconformist, independent-minded, solitary stoic, or that of the astronaut who blasts into new worlds. Facebook’s isolation is a grind. What’s truly staggering about Facebook usage is not its volume—750 million photographs uploaded over a single weekend—but the constancy of the performance it demands. More than half its users—and one of every 13 people on Earth is a Facebook user—log on every day. Among 18-to-34-year-olds, nearly half check Facebook minutes after waking up, and 28 percent do so before getting out of bed. The relentlessness is what is so new, so potentially transformative. Facebook never takes a break. We never take a break. Human beings have always created elaborate acts of self-presentation. But not all the time, not every morning, before we even pour a cup of coffee.Nostalgia for the good old days of disconnection would not just be pointless, it would be hypocritical and ungrateful. But the very magic of the new machines, the efficiency and elegance with which they serve us, obscures what isn’t being served: everything that matters. What Facebook has revealed about human nature—and this is not a minor revelation—is that a connection is not the same thing as a bond, and that instant and total connection is no salvation, no ticket to a happier, better world or a more liberated version of humanity. Solitude used to be good for self-reflection and self-reinvention. But now we are left thinking about who we are all the time,without ever really thinking about who we are. Facebook denies us a pleasure whose profundity we had underestimated: the chance to forget about ourselves for a while, the chance to disconnect.41. Which of the following statements regarding the power of Facebook can be inferred from the passage?A. It creates the isolation people want.B. It delivers a more friendly world.C. It produces intimacy people lack in the real world.D. It enables us to be social while avoiding the mess of human interaction.42. Which of the following statements about the underside of Facebook is supported by theinformation contained in this passage?A. It imprisons people in the business of self-presentation.B. It causes social disintegration.C. It makes people vainer.D. It makes people lonelier.43. Which of the following best states “the new isolation” mentioned by the author?A. It is full of the spirit of adventure.B. It is the extension of individualismC. It has a touch of narcissism.D. It evolves from the appetite for independence.44. Which of the following belongs to the category of “something that matters” according to thepassage?A. Constant connectionB. Instant communicationC. Smooth sociabilityD. A human bond45. Which of the following conclusions about Facebook does the author want us to draw?A. It creates friendship.B. It denies us the pleasure of socializing.C. It opens a new world for us.D. It draws us into a paradox.Passage TwoMost scholars agree that Isaac Newton, while formulating the laws of force and gravity and inventing the calculus in the late 1600s, probably knew all the science there was to know at the time. In the ensuing 350 years an estimated 50 million research papers and innumerable books have been published in the natural sciences and mathematics. The modern high school student probably now possesses more scientific knowledge than Newton did, yet science to many people seems to be an impenetrable mountain of facts.One way scientists have tried to cope with this mountain is by becoming more and more specialized. Another strategy for coping with the mountain of information is to largely ignore it. That shouldn’t come as a surprise. Sure, you have to know a lot to be a scientist, but knowing a lot is not what makes a scientist. What makes a scientist is ignorance. This may sound ridiculous, but for scientists the facts are just a starting place. In science, every new discovery raises 10 new questions.By this calculus, ignorance will always grow faster than knowledge. Scientists and laypeoplealike would agree that for all we have come to know, there is far more we don’t know. More important, everyday there is far more we know we don’t know. One crucial outcome of scientific knowledge is to generate new and better ways of being ignorant: not the kind of ignorance that is associated with a lack of curiosity or education but rather a cultivated, high-quality ignorance. This gets to the essence of what scientists do: they make distinctions between qualities of ignorance. They do it in grant proposals and over beers at meetings. As James Clerk Maxwell, probably the greatest physicist between Newton and Einstein, said, “Thoroughly conscious ignorance ... is a prelude to every real advance in knowledge.”This perspective on science—that it is about the questions more than the answers—should come as something of a relief. It makes science less threatening and far more friendly and, in fact, fun. Science becomes a series of elegant puzzles and puzzles within puzzles—and who doesn’t like puzzles? Questions are also more accessible and often more interesting than answers; answers tend to be the end of the process, whereas questions have you in the thick of things.Lately this side of science has taken a backseat in the public mind to what I call the accumulation view of science—that it is a pile of facts way too big for us to ever hope to conquer. But if scientists would talk about the questions, and if the media reported not only on new discoveries but the questions they answered and the new puzzles they created, and if educators stopped trafficking in facts that are already available on Wikipedia—then we might find a public once again engaged in this great adventure that has been going on for the past 15 generations.46. Which of the following would most scholars agree to about Newton and science?A. Newton was the only person who knew all the science in the 1660s.B. Newton’s laws of force and gravity dominated science for 350 years.C. Since Newton’s time, science has developed into a mountain of facts.D. A high school student probably knows more science than Newton did.47. Which of the following is best supported in this passage?A. A scientist is a master of knowledge.B. Knowledge generates better ignorance.C. Ignorance is a sigh of lack of education.D. Good scientists are thoroughly ignorant.48. Why is it a relief that science is about the questions more than the answers?A. Because people like solving puzzles.B. Because questions make science accessible.C. Because there are more questions than answers.D. Because questions point the way to deep answers.49. The expression “take a backseat” (line 1, paragraph 5) probably means .A. take a back placeB. have a different roleC. be of greater priorityD. become less important50. What is the author’s greatest concern in the passage?A. The involvement of the public in scienceB. Scientists’ enjoyment of ignoranceC. The accumulation of scientific knowledgeD. Newton’s standing in the history of sciencePassage ThreeInformation technology that helps doctors and patients make decisions has been around for a long time. Crude online tools like WebMD get millions of visitors a day. But Watson is a different beast. According to IBM, it can digest information and make recommendations much more quickly, and more intelligently, than perhaps any machine before it—processing up to 60 million pages of text per second, even when that text is in the form of plain old prose, or what scientists call “natural language.”That’s no small thing, because something like 80 percent of all information is “unstructured.” In medicine, it consists of physician notes dictated into medical records, long-winded sentences published in academic journals, and raw numbers stored online by public-health departments. At least in theory, Watson can make sense of it all. It can sit in on patient examinations, silently listening. And over time, it can learn and get better at figuring out medical problems and ways of treating them the more it interacts with real cases. Watson even has the ability to convey doubt. When it makes diagnoses and recommends treatments, it usually issues a series of possibilities, each with its own level of confidence attached.Medicine has never before had a tool quite like this. And at an unofficial coming-out party in Las Vegas last year, during the annual meeting of the Healthcare Information and Management Systems Society, more than 1,000 professionals packed a large hotel conference hall, and an overflow room nearby, to hear a presentation by Marty Kohn, an emergency-room physician and a clinical leader of the IBM team training Watson for health care. Standing before a video screen that dwarfed his large frame, Kohn described in his husky voice how Watson could be a game changer—not just in highly specialized fields like oncology but also in primary care, given that all doctors can make mistakes that lead to costly, sometimes dangerous, treatment errors.Drawing on his own clinical experience and on academic studies, Kohn explained that about one-third of these errors appear to be products of misdiagnosis, one cause of which is “anchoring bias”: human beings’ tendency to rely too heavily on a single piece of information. This happens all the time in doctors’ offices, clinics, and emergency rooms. A physician hears about two or three symptoms, seizes on a diagnosis consistent with those, and subconsciously discounts evidence that points to something else. Or a physician hits upon the right diagnosis, but fails to realize that it’s incomplete, and ends up treating just one condition when the patient is, in fact, suffering from several. Tools like Watson are less prone to those failings. As such, Kohn believes, they may eventually become as ubiquitous in doctors’ offices as the stethoscope.“Watson fills in for some human limitations,” Kohn told me in an interview. “Studies show that humans are good at taking a relatively limited list of possibilities and using that list, but are far less adept at using huge volumes of information. That’s where Watson shines: taking a huge list of information and winnowing it down.”51. What is Watson?A. It is a person who aids doctors in processing medical record.B. It is an online tool that connects doctors over different places.C. It is an intelligent computer that helps doctors make decisions.D. It is beast that greets millions of visitors to a medical institution.52. Which of the following is beyond Watson’s ability?A. Talk with the patient.probability.B.CalculateC. Recommend treatment.D. Process sophisticated data.53. Marty Kohn .A. gave a presentation at an academic conferenceB. works for the IBM Training DivisionC. is a short person with a husky voiceD. expressed optimism for Watson54. “Anchoring bias” .A. is a device ubiquitous in doctor’s officesB. is less likely to be committed by WatsonC. happens in one third of medical treatmentsD. is a wrong diagnosis with incomplete information55. Which of the following may be the best title of the passage?A. Watson as a shining starB. The risks of misdiagnosisC. The Robot Will See You NowD. IBM’s IT solution to medicinePassage FourThe contribution genes make intelligence increases as children grow older. This goes against the notion most people hold that as we age, environmental influences gradually overpower the genetic legacy we are born with and may have implications for education. “People assume the genetic influence goes down with age because the environmental differences between people pile up in life” says Robert Plomin. “What we found was quite amazing, and goes in the other direction.”Previous studies have shown variations in intelligence are at least partly due to genetic. To find out whether this genetic contribution varies with age, Plomin’s team pooled date from six separate studies carried out in the US, the UK, Australia and the Netherlands, involving a total of 11,000 pairs of twins. In these studies, the researchers tested twins on reasoning, logic and arithmetic to measure a quantity called genetic cognitive ability, or “G”. Each study also included both identical twins, with same genes, and fraternal twins, sharing about half their genes, making it possible to distinguish the contributions of genes and environment to their G scores.Plomin’s team calculated that in childhood, genes account for about 41 percent of the variation in intelligence. In adolescence, this rose to 55 percent; by young adulthood, it was 66 percent. No one knows why the influence from genes should increase with age, but Plomin suggests that as children get older, they become better at exploiting and manipulating their environment to suit their genetic needs, and says “Kids with high G will use their environment to foster their cognitive ability and choose friends who are like-minded.” Children with medium to low G may choose less challenging pastimes and activities, further emphasizing their genetic legacy.Is there any way to interfere with the pattern? Perhaps. “The evidence of strong heritability doesn’t mean at all that there’s nothing you can do about it,” says Susanne Jaeggi, “Form our own work, the ones that started off with lower IQ scores had higher gains after training.”Plomin suggests that genetic differences may be more emphasized if all children share an identical curriculum instead of it being tailored to children’s natural abilities. “My inclinationwould be to give everyone a good education, but put more effort into the lower end,” he says. Intelligence researcher Paul Thompson agrees: “It shows that education needs to steer kids towards things drawing out their natural talents.”56. What is the common notion that people hold about genes?A. Humans can do little to change the genetic differences between people.B. Genetic influence becomes stronger when people receive education.C. Genes contribute more to one’s intelligence than environmental factors.D. Environmental factors lesson the influence of genes on one’s intelligence.57. The study by Plomin’s team aims to find out .A. whether variations in intelligence are caused by genetic differencesB. how to overpower genetic factors with new educational approachesC. whether genetic contribution to one’s intelligence varies with ageD. the relationship between environment and genes58. From the experiment with twins, Plomin’s team draws a conclusion that .A. genetic contribution increases when one grows olderB. genetic influence decreases when age increasesC. environment has more impact on fraternal twins than identical twinsD. it remains a mystery how genes and environment co-influence people59. The word “patter” in paragraph four is closest in meaning to .cognitiveabilityA.B. strong heritabilityC. genetic legacyD. challenging pastimes60. Which of the following might Plomin’s team least agree to?A. An identical curriculum to school childrenB. A differentiated course design to children with varied IQC. More effort directed at children with medium or low GD. Education tailored to children’s natural abilitiesPart Five: Proofreading (15%)Directions: In the following passage, there are altogether 15 mistakes, ONE in each numbered and underlined part. You may have to change a word, add a word, or just delete a word. If you change a word, cross it out and write the correct word beside it. If you add a word, write the missing word between the words (in brackets) immediately before and after it. If you delete a word, just cross it out. Put your answers on ANSWER SHEET (2).Examples:eg. (61) The meeting begun 2 hours ago.Correction put on the ANSWER SHEET (2): (61) begun beganeg. (62) Scarcely the settled themselves in their seats in the theatre when curtain went up. Correction put on the ANSWER SHEET (2): (62) (Scarcely) had (they)eg. (63) Never will I not do it again.Correction put on the ANSWER SHEET (2): (63) not(61)The economic growth that many nations in Asia and increasingly Africa have experienced over the past couple of decades has transformed hundreds of millions of lives — almost entire for。

2022年考研考博-考博英语-北京大学考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析AB卷（带答案）一.综合题(共15题)1.单选题A Survey has found that three quarters of men quite enjoy their food shopping experience and are happy to______their way around the aisles searching out products.问题1选项A.driveB.steerC.navigateD.voyage【答案】C【解析】考查动词辨析与搭配。

drive“推动；驾驶；驱赶”；steer“控制；引导；驾驶”；navigate“操纵；导航；航行”；voyage “航行；渡过”。

四个选项虽都与驾驶、航行有关，但其中只有navigate可与one’s way around搭配。

句意：一项调查发现，四分之三的男性非常享受他们的食品购物体验，他们很乐意推车购物车来回寻找商品。

因此C选项符合题意。

2.单选题The（） British theoretical physicist Stephen Hawking once said in an interview that heaven is a fairy story for people afraid of the dark.问题1选项A.imposingB.loftyC.prominentD.eminent【答案】D【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。

空格处应填入形容词修饰physicist。

imposing“壮观的，威风的”；lofty“崇高的，高傲的”；prominent“突出的，显著的”；eminent“杰出的，有名的”。

句意：英国杰出的理论物理学家斯蒂芬•霍金曾在一次采访中说，天堂是为害怕黑暗的人准备的童话故事。

因此D选项符合题意。

3.单选题It was（）to watch her condition deteriorate day by day.问题1选项A.sympatheticB.patheticC.empathicD.pathic【答案】B【解析】考查形容词辨析。

北林考博辅导班：2019北京林业大学森林生物资源利用考博难度解析及经验分享下面是启道考博辅导班整理的关于北京林业大学森林生物资源利用考博相关内容。

一、专业介绍森林生物资源是指在一个经营单位里，森林生物系统中的所有物质。

它是森林资源中的一个组成部分，是一种森林资源。

它包括林木蓄积资源、林木资源，还包括森林生物系统中，除林木资源以外的其他物质，如森林草本植物资源、森林动物资源、森林微生物资源，以及它们彼此联结在一起所形成的在森林生物系统范围内的整体资源，如森林生物系统所形成的景观资源、旅游资源、文化资源等。

北京林业大学生物科学与技术学院的森林生物资源利用专业在博士招生方面，划分为3个研究方向0710Z1森林生物资源利用研究方向：01 林业食品加工与安全02 天然产物与功能性食品03 森林生物资源开发与利用考试科目：①1001英语②2017森林生物资源利用专业综合测试一③3017森林生物资源利用专业综合测试二二、考核内容北京林业大学森林生物资源利用专业博士研究生招生综合考核内容为:1、由学科考核小组组织实施，考核前应及时通知招生工作监督小组全程监督考核过程。

学科考核小组组长原则上由学科负责人担任，成员不少于5人，且至少3人为博士生导师。

2、只有通过前期材料审核及公示合格的申请人才有资格参加学科考核。

3、主要对申请人的外语水平、专业基础知识、专业知识、综合素质和科研创新能力进行全面考核。

考核形式及内容由学科根据本学科特点确定。

学科需要制定详细的学科考核办法及流程，提前报学院审查备案。

4、学科考核小组负责汇总本学科考核成绩，结合当年导师招生名额，确定拟录取名单，并将拟录取名单、考核成绩、考核记录、考核试卷等上报学院研究生管理办公室。

5、生物学院各博士点招生学科的考核安排将另行在生物学院网站通知，请及时关注。

三、申请材料1.《报考攻读博士学位研究生登记表》1份（报考信息填写完毕并按要求上传本人近期证件照电子版，确认后系统将自动生成《报考攻读博士学位研究生登记表》，登记表中的自述部分需由考生手写签名后方有效）；2.两封具有教授（含）以上职称的专家推荐信，其中一封原则上由申请者攻读硕士学位期间的指导教师撰写，如导师为副教授的，增加一封教授级别的专家推荐信，即申请者需提交3封推荐信（要求分别密封）；3.硕士课程学习成绩单（应届硕士要求加盖研究生培养部门公章；已获得硕士学位考生可在个人档案中复印，需加盖单位档案管理部门公章）；4.硕士毕业证书、学位证书（往届生提供）或研究生证（含注册页）（应届生提供）；5.本科毕业证书、学士学位证书；（本科毕业时间在2005年前的上传）6.身份证（正反两面）；7.教育部留学服务中心出具的认证证明（获得境外院校学位者提交）；8.申请人研究成果清单以及相关材料（如学术论文、专利证书、科研获奖证书、竞赛获奖证书等）；9.《报考2019年少数民族高层次骨干人才计划博士研究生考生登记表》（仅少数民族骨干计划考生提交）10.申请人拟攻读博士学位的科研计划（科研计划书要求按国家自然科学基金申请书格式撰写，字数不少于5000字，具体包括研究目的、研究背景、研究内容、研究方案、创新点等，并列出必要的参考文献）；11.硕士学位论文（应届毕业硕士生提供论文摘要和目录、研究进展等）12.体检表（体检时间应在2018年10月后，二级甲等以上资质医院）。

2022年考研考博-考博英语-北京大学考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析B卷（带答案）一.综合题(共15题)1.单选题Before turning to writing, I spent eight years as a lawyer about how life would be with a prominent father blazing my trail.问题1选项A.fantasizingB.fascinatingC.facilitatingD.finalizing【答案】A【解析】考查词语辨析。

句中用的是spend time doing。

fantasize“幻想；做白日梦”；fascinate“使着迷；使神魂颠倒”；facilitate“促进；帮助”；finalize“完成；使结束”。

句意：从事写作之前，我当了八年律师，幻想着有位声名显赫的父亲能够指引我方向，想象那样的生活是什么样子的。

选项A符合题意。

2.单选题Being born in the summer could give you a sunny disposition for life. And a winter birthday might cast a permanent shadow______your happiness, scientists believe.问题1选项A.throughB.crossC.beneathD.over【答案】D【解析】考查固定搭配。

cast a permanent shadow over…“给……投上阴影；使减弱”。

句意：出生在夏天可以给你的生活一个阳光的性格。

科学家们认为，冬季的生日可能会给你的幸福蒙上永久的阴影。

因此选项D符合题意。

3.单选题The fact is that motherhood makes the heaviest demands in（）he areas of least experience. 问题1选项A.that it might be calledB.what might be calledC.which might be calledD.it might be called【答案】B【解析】考查语法知识。