英文阅读材料
阅读材料1：
Essential Drugs and Medicines Policy
Mission
The mission of the country Essential Drugs and Medicines Policy (EDM) program is rooted in the over all WHO mission in medicines which is ?to help save lives and improve health by closing the huge gap between the potential that essential drugs have to offer and the reality that for millions of people-particularly the poor and disadvantaged- medicines are unavailable, unaffordable, unsafely used‘. The country EDM program aims to enhance the implementation of the AFRO intensified drug program and more generally the WHO medicine strategy. It works in close collaboration with the Ministry of Health and other partners to identify needs and priorities; plan, implement and monitor action in the pharmaceutical sector including traditional medicine. The concept of essential medicines
Essential medicines are those that satisfy the priority health care needs of the population. They are selected with due regard to public health relevance, evidence on efficacy and safety and comparative cost effectiveness. Essential medicines are intended to be available within the context of functioning health systems at all times in adequate amounts, in the appropriate dosage forms, with assured quality and adequate information, and at a price the individual and the community can afford. The implementation of the concept of essential medicines is intended to be flexible and adaptable to many different situations; exactly which medicines are regarded as essential remains a national responsibility.
The concept of essential medicines is that a limited number of carefully selected medicines based on agreed clinical guidelines
leads to a more rational prescribing, to better supply of drugs and lower costs.
The practical implication of the essential medicines concept is that national essential medicines lists and national drug formularies, together with clinical guidelines, should serve as a basis of formal education and in-service training of health professionals, and of public education about drug use. They should also serve as the main basis for public sector drug procurement and distribution, as well as for drug donations.
Essential medicines lists and teaching about the benefits of drug selection could also be used to influence practice in the private sector, for example through the basic training of medical students, and programs of continuing medical education with universities and professional associations.
Medicines strategy
The WHO medicines strategy provides a framework for coordinated action in essential drugs and medicines by WHO and its strategic partners. WHO is in the process of developing its medicines strategy for the period 2004-2007. It is envisaged that the strategy addresses four major objectives:
Policy
Ensure commitment of all stakeholders to national drug policies, to coordinated implementation, and to monitoring of policy impact.
Access
Ensure equitable availability and affordability of essential drugs, with an emphasis on diseases of priority.
Quality and safety
Ensure the quality, safety and efficacy of all medicines by strengthening and putting in to practice regulatory and quality assurance standards.
Rational use
Ensure therapeutically sound and cost effective use of drugs by health professionals and consumers.
Detailed planning elements of the strategy will be published when approved.
本材料节选自WHO网站
http://www.who.int/countries/eth/areas/medicines/en 阅读以上材料后，请回答下列问题：
1．简述国家基本药物政策的宗旨。
2．什么是基本药物？
3．简述WHO 制定药物策略的目的。
4．谈谈你对建立和完善我国基本药物制度的认识。
阅读材料2：
Good Manufacturing Practice
Detailed planning elements of the strategy will be published when approved.
Good Manufacturing Practice or GMP (also referred to as 'cGMP' or 'current Good Manufacturing Practice') is a term that is recognized worldwide for the control and management of manufacturing and quality control testing of foods, pharmaceutical products, and medical devices.
Since sampling product will statistically only ensure that the samples themselves (and perhaps the areas adjacent to where the samples were taken) are suitable for use, and end-point testing relies on sampling, GMP takes the holistic approach of regulating the manufacturing and laboratory testing environment itself. An extremely important part of GMP is documentation of every aspect of the process, activities, and operations involved with drug and
medical device manufacture. If the documentation showing how the product was made and tested (which enables traceability and, in the event of future problems, recall from the market) is not correct and in order, then the product does not meet the required specification and is considered contaminated (adulterated in the US). Additionally, GMP requires that all manufacturing and testing equipment has been qualified as suitable for use, and that all operational methodologies and procedures (such as manufacturing, cleaning, and analytical testing) utilized in the drug manufacturing process have been validated (according to predetermined specifications), to demonstrate that they can perform their purported function(s).
阅读材料2：
Counterfeit Drugs Questions and Answers
Questions(Q): What is the definition of a counterfeit medication? Answers(A): U.S. law defines counterfeit drugs as those sold under a product name without proper authorization. Counterfeiting can apply to both brand name and generic products, where the identity of the source is deliberately and fraudulently mislabeled in a way that suggests that it is the authentic approved product. Counterfeit products may include products without the active ingredient, with an insufficient quantity of the active ingredient, with the wrong active ingredient, or with fake packaging.
Q: What risks are involved with taking counterfeit medications? A: An individual who receives a counterfeit medication may be at risk for a number of dangerous health consequences. Patients may experience unexpected side effects, allergic reactions, or a worsening of their medical condition. A number of counterfeits do not contain any active ingredients, and instead contain inert substances, which do not provide the patient any treatment benefit. Counterfeit medications may also contain incorrect ingredients, improper dosages of the correct ingredients, or they may contain hazardous ingredients.
Q: What is the prevalence of counterfeit medications in the U.S.? A: Counterfeiting occurs less frequently in the U.S. than in other countries due to the strict guidelines, regulations, and enforcement the FDA provides throughout the production and distribution chain. However, recently FDA has seen two highly publicized examples of counterfeit Lipitor and Procrit within the U.S. distribution system. The FDA continues to believe that the overall quality of drug products that consumers purchase from U.S. pharmacies remains high. The American public can be confident that these medications are safe and
effective.
Q: What is FDA announcing today?
A: FDA is undertaking a major new initiative to more aggressively protect consumers from drugs that have been counterfeited. The new initiative includes creating an internal task force to explore the use of modern technologies and other measures that will make it more difficult for counterfeit drugs to get mixed up with – or deliberately substituted for – safe and effective drugs. FDA has already increased its enforcement efforts, more than quadrupling the number of counterfeit drug cases since 2000.
Q: Why is FDA taking these steps?
A: Although FDA does not believe that the number of counterfeits entering the U.S. drug supply has significantly escalated in recent years, the agency believes that it needs to be proactive to prevent the number of counterfeit drugs reaching consumers from increasing. Growth in counterfeiting may be spurred by the economic incentives provided by an increasing volume of high cost drugs, the development of technologies that make it easier to counterfeit drugs, and the ability to sell drugs directly to consumers without face-to-face contact through purchases over the Internet.
Q: Will FDA be requesting new legislation to prevent counterfeiting from increasing?
A: There are clear opportunities to do a better job protecting drug products from counterfeiters using modern technologies. New approaches that were not possible when the Prescription Drug Marketing Act (PDMA) was implemented 15 yrs ago are available or on the horizon. The task force will be looking for the best solutions to the problems recently uncovered by our investigators and we may have more to say on this issue later. FDA does intend to work with Congress to stiffen penalties for those who
counterfeit drug products.
本材料节选自FDA网站
https://www.doczj.com/doc/bf11620145.html,/oc/initiatives/counterfeit/qa.html
阅读以上材料后，请回答下列问题：
1．美国法律是如何界定假药的？
2．假药带来的健康风险有哪些？
3．目前美国假药的状况如何？
4．为了遏制假药，保护公众利益，美国FDA采取了哪些措施？为什么要采取这些措施？
5．在遏制假药蔓延方面FDA有哪些新举措？
阅读材料3：
Preparing the Future Pharmacist——the ―Seven Star Pharmacist‖The World Health Organization, in the report of its consultative group on ―Preparing the Future Pharmacist‖(Vancouver, CANADA, 27-29 AUGUST 1997) identified seven roles, (the ―seven star pharmacist‖), which should be considered essential, minimum common expectations of pharmacists by health care systems world-wide.
The identified roles and responsibilities were: caregiver, decision maker, communicator, leader, manager, life-long learner, and teacher.
Caregiver
The pharmacy graduate calls upon his/her expertise as a medication expert to provide high quality caring services in primarily two areas. First, pharmacy graduates, in partnership with patients and other health care providers, use their knowledge and skills to directly (e.g. clinical, dispensing) or indirectly (e.g. analytical, technological, logistical, regulatory) meet patient‘s drug-related needs, with the objective of achieving optimal patient outcomes and maintaining or improving the patient‘s quality of life. Second, pharmacy graduates provide education, information and recommendations to the individual and populations concerning medications and medication use to ensure optimum and cost-effective patient care and to promote health. Knowledge, Decision Making and Thinking Abilities
The pharmacy graduate shall possess knowledge and understanding of the core information associated with the profession of pharmacy, including the biomedical sciences; pharmaceutical sciences; social, behavioural and administrative pharmacy sciences; clinical pharmacy science and pharmacy practice. Pharmacy graduates will be able to utilise the principles
of scientific inquiry, thinking analytically, clearly and critically, while solving problems and making decisions during daily practice and while conducting practice-related research. Graduates will also be able to systematically find, analyse, evaluate and apply information and shall make informed, defensible decisions. Communication Abilities
The pharmacy graduate will be able to effectively use and respond to written, verbal and non-verbal communications from diverse audiences and for varied purposes. To do so, pharmacy graduates must be able to use information, media and technology. Leadership Abilities
The pharmacy graduate is obligated to assume a leadership position in the overall welfare of the community.
Manager/Entrepreneur
The pharmacy graduate effectively and creatively manages resources (human, physical, fiscal, time) and information with the goal of assuring access and availability of pharmaceuticals and pharmaceutical care services, thus optimising patient care. Pharmacy graduates must also be comfortable with delegating duties and being managed by others, whether employers or the manager/leader of the health care team.
Lifelong Learning Abilities
The pharmacy graduate must possess the concepts and principles of and a commitment to lifelong learning as a means of fulfilling and advancing their practice and professional role in society. Teacher
The pharmacy graduate has a responsibility to assist with the education and training of future generations of pharmacists. Participating as a teacher not only imparts knowledge to others, it offers an opportunity for the pharmacist to gain new knowledge and to fine-tune existing skills.
Additionally, the pharmacy graduate will possess a sense of unity with his/her colleagues, and a professional identity and pride consistent with high values and ethical principles.
本材料节选自World Health Organization. The role of the pharmacist in the health care system: curricular development, report of a third WHO consultative group on the role of the pharmacist. Vancouver, Canada, 27-29 August 1997.
阅读以上材料后，请回答下列问题：
1．请用中文说出WHO倡导的未来药师应该扮演的七种角色。
2．药师作为Caregiver，应该在哪些方面发挥作用？
3．药师应该掌握的药学专业领域的主要知识和信息有哪些？
4．文中提到的leader和manager有什么区别？
5．简述life-long learner和teacher的内涵。
阅读材料4：
Pharmaceutical Care: Past, Present and Future
Since the concept of Pharmaceutical Care was introduced from United States about twenty years ago, this initiative has become a dominant form of practice for thousands of pharmacists around the world. Currently, pharmaceutical care is understood as the pha rmacists‘ compromise to obtain the maximum benefit from the pharmacological treatments of the patients, being therefore
responsible of monitoring their pharmacotherapy. As the profession has moved from a product orientation (dispensing medications) to a patient focus, clinical training requirements have expanded. This is a slow but ongoing process, which started from a philosophical point of view, in order to transform the concept of Pharmacy from commodity-based, mercantile operations into a clinical profession in the community pharmacies. Since its introduction, there has been an ample debate on the definition of pharmaceutical care due to differences in Pharmacy systems and in health care structure among the different countries. Moreover, several implementation barriers exist, which are attributable to problems in education, skills, resources and environment.
Indeed, an awareness of the problem resulting from the use of medicines exists and numerous studies reflect that drug use control is necessary since there is an important relationship between morbidity / mortality and pharmacotherapy. Thus, it is possible to evaluate the benefits of pharmaceutical care on patients‘ health and ultimately on society. Many studies have been conducted, which show that the provision of pharmaceutical care has its value in common pathologies such as diabetes, hypertension, asthma, hyperlipidemia, chronic pain, rheumatic diseases or psychiatric disorders, as well as in polymedicated patients.
A large amount of data is currently being published in biomedical journals, in an effort to establish the clinical, economic and humanistic viability of pharmaceutical care. Thus, the aim of this review is to study the evolution of this practice from its beginning until nowadays. Furthermore, we have analyzed a number of implementation programs performed in countries of Europe, the United States and Latin America, focusing on clinical, economical
and humanistic outcomes, and also, on the current concept of drug therapy problems (DTP) considered as failures in drug therapy.
We conclude that the positive outcomes obtained with different programs of pharmaceutical care are making a beneficial change in patients‘ health but still more research projects should be conducted to support this change.
本材料节选自Berenguer B., La Casa C., de la Matta M.J., et al. Pharmaceutical care: past, present and future. Current Pharmaceutical Design, 2004, 10(31): 3931-3946.
阅读以上材料后，请回答下列问题：
1． Pharmaceutical care的目的是什么？
2．文中提到的―This is a slow but ongoing process‖指的是什么？3． Pharmaceutical care实施效果的评价指标主要包括哪些方面？4．本篇短文的结论是什么？
阅读材料5：
A Profile of the U.S. Pharmacy Education: Area of Study
The education a pharmacy student receives today encopasses three major areas:(1)general education required by the
degree-granting institution;(2)didactic pharmaceutical education, composed of basic pharmaceutical sciences, applied managerial and behavioral sciences, and pharmacy practice; and
(3)experiential education.
General education requirements are established by the degree-granting institution. For example, anyone receiving a bachelor of science degree, regardless of major, might have to successfully complete courses in English, mathematics, social science, humantities, language, and in physical, chemical, and biological sciences. Frequently, the student takes these courses before enrolling in the pharmacy degree program; however, some schools incorporate these general education courses into the
professional program.
Didactic pharmaceutical education is the coursework completed while enrolled in pharmacy school. The basic biomedical sciences- anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, and medical microbiology- are foundation cureses. Study in the basic pharmaceutical sciences is a major component of a pharmacist‘s education. Basic pharmaceutical sciences consist of a variety of content areas. Pharmaceutics is the study of the basic physiochemical principles applicable to the understanding of drugs and the devolopment and evaluation of different pharmaceutical dosage forms and drug delivery systems. Pharmacokinetics is the study of the mathematical time course of drug absorption, distribution metabolism, and excretion. Pharmacology is the study of the therapeutic effect of drugs. Toxicology is a specialized branch of pharmacology that deals with the mechanism and effect of poisonous or toxic chemicals of various origins. Immunopharmacology emphasizes immunology and pharmacology as they relate to the modulation of the immune response. Pharmacognosy, the study of drugs of natural origin (focusing on isolation and purification of the biologically active component of the natural produc), has reemerged as a discipline of interest as more natural products are being investigated for use in various disease states. Medicinal chemistry is the branch of chemistry that examines the relationship of the chemical properties of compounds to their biologic activities, with emphasis on modification of molecular structure to enhance pharmaceutical utility.
Applied managerial and behavioral sciences have become an increasingly important component of the pharmacy curriculum. Pharmacists must have a good understanding of the legal, structural, economic, administrative, and behavioral aspects of
pharmacy pracice to function in the pharmaceutical marketplace, regardless of practice setting. Courses in this area generally include pharmacy law, ethics, financial and human resource management, health care systems, communications, pharmacoeconomics, and medication use systems. Typically, these coruses attempt to apply the theories of more basic social and administrative sciences to pharmacy practice.
Pharmacy practice courses are applied int their approach. These courses cover specific aspects of pharmacy practice, such as over-the-counter medicines, home medical equipment, parenteral drug delivery systems, dispensing laboratories, and others.
The experiential component of pharmacy education is designed as a transition from purely didactic material to actual pracice., The roots oif the experiential component are found in the system of apprenticeship prevalent in the United States prior to 1900. The experiential component, regardless of length or structure, has remained a vital part of a pharmacist‘s education. It has three parts: internship, externship, and clerkship. Internship refers to the experience gained through work in a pharmacy practice setting. The student has the responsibility of securing employment and acquiring internship experience before taking the licensing board exam. Externship refers to the school-directed practical pharmacy experience students acquire before graduation from school. The pharmacist supervisors, who are approved by the schools, are called preceptors. Students work with preceptors in pharmacy practice settings and gain academic credit for the experience by completing the structured externship program, and the student‘s participation and performance is verified and graded by the preceptor. Clerkship refers to the structured experiences a student acquires in a patient care area. Like the externship, the clerkship is directed by the school and academic credit is given to
the student, whose performance is graded by approved preceptors. The primary difference between the two is that the clerkship experience is much more clinically oriented, with direct patient care activities emphasized over distributive or managerial ativities.
Boards of pharmacy of each state determine the experiential requirements of candidates for the licensing exam. Although there is great variation across states, an example of a common requirement is that the students must have 1,500 hours of pharmacy practice experience, 640 hours of which can be acquired in conjunction with academic credit, meaning externship and clerkship. Students should consult their respective boards of pharmacy for state-specific requirements.
Clinical pharmacy as a develoment in pharmaceutical education has beeen discussed. However, it is difficult to define clinnical pharmacy as an area of study. Clinical pharmacy involves the direct patient care activities of pharmacists. As such, clinical pharmacy was considered the domain of pharmacy faculty who had direct patient contact. As pharmacy pracice and education have embraced a greater patient care orientation, clinical pharmacy education has become a part of all aspects of a pharmacy student‘s educational experience. Practically speaking, this means that clinical pharmacy faculty and basic pharmaceutical sciences faculty collaborate in areas of clinical pharmacokinetics, clinical toxicology, patient assessent, clinical anatomy and physiology, and clinical biochemistry. Clinical pharmacy faculty and pharmacy administration faculty collaborate on courses in communications, patient compliance, health care system, and both dispensing and parenteral drug product laboratories. The conditions that separate clinical pharmacy from other areas of study have changed. As pharmacy education
becomes more oriented toward patient care, clinical pharmacy is being incorporated into the different areas of the curriculum. While clinical pharmacy remains an area of expertise and the knowledge base of pracitioners and educatiors becomes increasingly complex and sophisticated, clinical pharmacy is becoming the type of practice expected of practitioners exposed to the current program of study in schools of pharmacy.
本材料节选自Michael Ira Smith, Albert I. Wertheimer, Jack E. Fincham. . Pharmacy and the U.S. health care system. 3rd Edition. Pharmaceutical Products Press,. 2005.
阅读以上材料后，请回答下列问题：
1．美国药学教育中通识类课程主要有哪些？
2．美国药学教育中专业课程有哪些？
3．美国药学教育中经验类课程指的是什么？由哪几部分组成？它们之间有什么区别？
4．文中提到"clinical pharmacy education has become a part of all aspects of a pharmacy student‘s educational experience"，你是怎么理解这句话的？
General Introduction I am a third year master major in automation at Shanghai Jiao Tong University, P. R. China. With tremendous interest in Industrial Engineering, I am writing to apply for acceptance into your Ph.D. graduate program. Education background In 1995, I entered the Nanjing University of Science & Technology (NUST) -- widely considered one of the China?s best engineering schools. During the following undergraduate study, my academic records kept distinguished among the whole department. I was granted First Class Prize every semester,In 1999, I got the privilege to enter the graduate program waived of the admission test. At the period of my graduate study, my overall GPA(3.77/4.0) ranked top 5% in the department. In the second semester, I became teacher assistant that is given to talented and matured students only. This year, I won the Acer Scholarship as the one and only candidate in my department, which is the ultimate accolade for distinguished students endowed by my university. Presently, I am preparing my graduation thesis and trying for the honor of Excellent Graduation Thesis. Research experience and academic activity When a sophomore, I joined the Association of AI Enthusiast and began to narrow down my interest for my future research. With the tool of OpenGL and Matlab, I designed a simulation program for transportation scheduling system. It is now widely used by different research groups in NUST. I assumed and fulfilled a sewage analysis & dispose project for Nanjing sewage treatment plant. This was my first practice to convert a laboratory idea to a commercial product.
小学英语阅读理解的常见题型设置及解题技巧 在小学阶段，阅读理解题型灵活多样，但主要有以下题型： 一、读一读，然后选一选。 这种题型的特点是在短文后给出若十个不完整的句子或若干个根据短文内容提出的问题，针对每一题都提供三到四个备选的答案，要求同学们在正确理解短文内容的基础上，从选项中选出一个正确的答案。这类试题的问题一般是紧扣短文内容编排的，既会涉及文章中的细节内容，如文中出现的人物、时间、地点、事件的前因后果等；也会涉及文章中某个词或某个句子的含义以及文章的主旨、大意和标题等。 The big day comes at last! Mrs Jones' third grade students are waiting quietly for her to come into the classroom. Today Amy brings some cakes, Joy brings some napkins, Carlos brings some soda water and Kate brings some cups. Everyone wants the party to he a surprise. Mrs Jones doesn't know the children have known today is her birthday. When she comes into the classroom, the children shout,“Happy birthday, Mrs Jones!”And then the children get a surprise,too. Mrs Jones brings everyone a party hat and an ice cream! 阅读短文，选择最佳答案。 ( ) 1. Mrs Jones' grade students are waiting for her. A. three B.third C.No.3 D.the third ( )2. Carlos brings some _____ ． A. cola B.napkins C.soda water D.cups ( )3．_____ brings some cakes. A. Amy B.Carlos C.Joey D.Kate 分析 题1短文的第二句话告诉我们是琼斯老师的三年级的学生们正静静地等候她的到来。在年级前面应该用序数词来表示，如果是在年级后面就应该用基数词表示。如：the third grade,=Grade Three.同时因为前面有定语Mrs Jones'，所以这里也应该不要the。 题2.3 短文介绍了几个同学分别带了一些东西。卡洛斯带了soda water （汽水），艾米带了蛋糕。 正确答案：1.B 2.C 3. A 二、读一读，然后判断句子正误。 该题型的特点是在短文后给出若干个句子，要求同学们根据短文内容，判断所给的句子意思是否与原文相符。做这类题应该联系短文内容进行发挥，主要是考查对意思相近或相反的几个句子进行鉴别、判断，或是变换词语、句子结构来测试同种意思的不同表达。 There are some public numbers. Do you know when to use these numbers? 110 is a number for calling policeman when you have meet some illegal things. 119 is a number using for a fire accident.
FINANCIAL INNOV ATION Like other industries, the financial industry is in business to earn profits by selling its products. If a soap company perceives that there is a need in the marketplace for a laundry detergent with fabric softener, it develops a product to fit the need .Similarly, in order to maximize their profits, financial institutions develop new products to satisfy their own needs as well as those of their customers; in other words, innovation-which can be extremely beneficial to the economy-is driven by the desire to get (or stay) rich. This view of the innovation process leads to the following simple analysis: A chance in the financial institutions for innovations that are likely to be profitable. Starting in the 1960s, individuals and financial institutions operating in financial markets were confronted with drastic changes in the economic environment: Inflation and interest rates climbed sharply and became hard to predict, a situation that changed demand conditions in financial markets. Computer technology advanced rapidly, which changed supply conditions. In addition, financial regulations became especially inconvenient. Banking institution discovers many old ways of doing business being able to not have earned money again; they provide the masses finance with service and financial products sale neither well. Many financial intermediary is discovered they have no way to raise having arrived at a fund, but these self that will not a suspense of business right away with original tradition finance implement. For existing under new economy environment, research and development puts up banking institution be obliged to being able to satisfy customer need moreover the new product being able to gain a profit of and serving, this process is called financial engineering. In their case, necessity was the mother of innovation. Our discussion of why financial innovation occurs suggests that there are three basic types of financial innovations: Escapism to responding to needing condition change, to the small advantages supplying with condition change and to controlling. We have had one now understandable that banking institution is innovative for instance the cause institutions, let’s look at examples of how financial institutions in their search for profits have produced financial innovations of the three basic types. 1
Motion sickness The upchuck wagon How not to feel queasy in a self-driving motor car EXPECTATIONS are high, among those boosting the idea of self-driving cars, that people will be able to do other things, such as reading, working on a laptop or having a nap, when riding in such a vehicle. But for many that is an unlikely prospect. Apart from those who have no intention of even getting into an autonomous car, which currently amounts to some 23% of Americans, another 36% would be willing to ride but would not take their eyes off the road, according to a study published in 2014 by the University of Michigan. Some of those people will be looking out of the window because it helps to avoid nausea, dizziness and vomiting, particularly if they are among the 5-10% of the population who regularly experience the unpleasant symptoms of motion sickness. Help, though, is at hand. The selfsame authors of the Michigan study, Michael Sivak and Brandon Schoettle, who both work for the university’s Transportation Research institute, have just been awarded a 晕动病 “令人作呕”的车 乘坐自动驾驶汽车时怎样才 能不犯恶心 那些致力于推动自动驾 驶汽车这一理念的人热切期 望，人们在乘坐这种车时还 可以做别的事，比如看书、 用笔记本电脑工作，或者打 个盹。但对很多人来说这不 大可能实现。根据密歇根大 学于2014年发布的一项研 究，除去那些根本就无意乘 坐自动驾驶汽车的人——目 前约占美国人的23%，还有 36%的人虽然愿意乘坐，但不 会把眼睛从道路移开。这之 中有些人会望向窗外，因为 这能帮助避免头晕、恶心或 呕吐。尤其如果他们属于人 们中常出现晕动病不适症状 的那5-10%，就更会往窗外看 了。 不过，帮助近在眼前。上述 研究的作者、供职于密歇根 大学交通研究所的迈克 尔·西瓦克和布兰登·索特 尔发明的一种设备刚刚获得 了专利，可能成为晕车的解 1.upchuck英[??pt??k]美[??p?t??k] vb 呕出；吐出 ■If you upchuck, food and drink comes back up from your stomach and out through your mouth. 2.queasy英[?kwi:zi]美[?kwizi] adj ■likely to vomit 要呕吐，恶心的 I started to feel queasy as soon as the boat left the harbour. Just the thought of blood makes me queasy. 3.prospect ■the idea of something that will or might happen in the future 前景； 展望；设想 The prospect of spending three days with her fills me with horror. I’m very excited at the prospect of seeing her again. We face the prospect of having to start all over again. 4.nausea英[?n?:zi?]美[?n?zi?, -??, -si?, -??] ■when you feel as if you are going to vomit 恶心，呕吐感 Signs of the illness include fever, nausea and vomiting 5.vomit英[?v?m?t] 美[?vɑ:m?t] ■to empty the contents of the stomach through the mouth 呕吐 He came home drunk and vomited all over the kitchen floor. She was vomiting (up) blood. 6.self-same adj ■exactly the same 完全一样的，同一的 The self-same car has been parked outside three times this week. 7.patent nc 英[?p?tnt]美[?p?tnt] ■the official legal right to make o r sell an invention for a particular number of years 专利权 In 1880 Alexander Graham Bell was granted a patent on an apparatus for signaling and communicating called a Photophone.亚历山大·格 拉汉姆·贝尔发明了一个可用来发送和传输讯号，称为“光线电话”的装
Oscar Wilde (1854-1900), Irish poet and dramatist whose reputation rests on his comic masterpieces Lady Windermere's Fan温夫人的扇子(1892) and The Importance of Being Earnest认真的重要性(1895). Among Wilde's other best-known works are his only novel The Picture of Dorian Gray多利安?格雷的画像(1891) and his fairy tales especially "The Happy Prince." Wilde was born on October 16, 1854 in Dublin to unconventional parents - his mother Lady Jane Francesca Wilde (1820-96), was a poet and journalist. His father was Sir William Wilde, an Irish antiquarian古物研究者,收集古物者（antiques）, gifted writer, and specialist in diseases of the eye and ear. Wilde studied at Portora Royal School, Enniskillen, County Fermanagh (1864-71), Trinity College, Dublin (1871-74) and Magdalen College, Oxford (1874-78). In 1878 Wilde received his B.A. and in the same year he moved to London. His lifestyle and humorous wit soon made him the spokesman for
三年级英语阅读补充材料30篇 Passage 1 Tom and John are good friends. Tom is 12. John is 13. They are good students. They like hamburgers. Miss White is their English teacher. 阅读短文，判断正（T）误（F） ( )1. Tom and John are good friends. ( )2. Tom is 12. ( )3. John is 12. ( )4. They like eggs. Passage 2 Hi, my name is Tom. I’m 9. I like English very much. My sister is Amy. She’s 5. My father is 39. My mother is 37. They love me. I love my family. 阅读理解并选择合适的选项 ( )1. My name is _______ . A. Amy B. Tom ( )2. My sister is ______ . A . 9 B .5 ( )3. My mother is _______. A. 39 B. 37 ( )4. I like _______. A. English B. Chinese
Passage 3 I have a friend, Kate. She’s a girl. She’s American.(美国人) Her father is a teacher. Her mother is a nurse.(护士) 阅读理解并选择合适的选项 ( )1. Kate is a . A.boy B.girl ( )2. She’s . A.American B.China ( )3. Her father is a . A.teacher B.nurse ( )4. Her mother is a . A.teacher B.nurse Passage 4 Hello. I’m Tom. I’m at the zoo（动物园）. Look at the tiger. This is a small tiger. It has a long nose. Who’s singing? Oh, it’s the bird in the tree. 阅读短文，判断正（T）误（F） ( )1. I’m at the zoo. ( )2. This is a big tiger. ( )3. It has a long nose. ( )4. The bird in the sky is singing.
中等分辨率制备分离的 快速色谱技术 W. Clark Still,* Michael K a h n , and Abhijit Mitra Departm(7nt o/ Chemistry, Columbia Uniuersity,1Veu York, Neu; York 10027 ReceiLied January 26, 1978 我们希望找到一种简单的吸附色谱技术用于有机化合物的常规净化。这种技术是适于传统的有机物大规模制备分离，该技术需使用长柱色谱法。尽管这种技术得到的效果非常好，但是其需要消耗大量的时间，并且由于频带拖尾经常出现低复原率。当分离的样本剂量大于1或者2g时，这些问题显得更加突出。近年来，几种制备系统已经进行了改进，能将分离时间减少到1-3h，并允许各成分的分辨率ΔR f≥（使用薄层色谱分析进行分析）。在这些方法中，在我们的实验室中，媒介压力色谱法1和短柱色谱法2是最成功的。最近，我们发现一种可以将分离速度大幅度提升的技术，可用于反应产物的常规提纯，我们将这种技术称为急骤色谱法。虽然这种技术的分辨率只是中等（ΔR f≥），而且构建这个系统花费非常低，并且能在10-15min内分离重量在的样本。4 急骤色谱法是以空气压力驱动的混合介质压力以及短柱色谱法为基础，专门针对快速分离，介质压力以及短柱色谱已经进行了优化。优化实验是在一组标准条件5下进行的，优化实验使用苯甲醇作为样本，放在一个20mm*5in.的硅胶柱60内，使用Tracor 970紫外检测器监测圆柱的输出。分辨率通过持续时间（r）和峰宽（w,w/2）的比率进行测定的（Figure 1），结果如图2-4所示，图2-4分别放映分辨率随着硅胶颗粒大小、洗脱液流速和样本大小的变化。
全新版大学英语视听阅读-Unit-文字材料
————————————————————————————————作者：————————————————————————————————日期：
Unit 1 Watching video SCRIPT Narrator: The cheetah. With an astonishing ability to sprint from zero to eighty kilometers per hour in just three seconds, it’s the fastest animal on land. At full speed, it can reach almost 100 kilometers per hour. Nothing can escape a cheetah at full sprint. Unfortunately, this beautiful, shy animal is in serious danger of becoming extinct. In order to help, National Geographic is sending a team into the Moremi Wildlife Reserve of Botswana. Their goal is to help save these magnificent creatures by capturing them on film. The city of Johannesburg, South Africa, is the final stop befor e the team’s journey into the wilds of Africa. Heading the expedition is Chris Johns, a photographer for more than 25 years. Chris has been planning this trip for a long time, and accompanying him is guide Dave Hamman. Dave has lived in southern Africa most of his life and knows the region well. His knowledge will be useful as the two men head more than 800 kilometers north into Botswana and the wonderful Okavango Delta. The Moremi Reserve is a truly magical place. It seems that Africa’s entire animal king dom resides in the region. Zebras, buffaloes, and elephants are easily viewed from the rough dirt road. Even a giraffe makes an appearance. Chris and Dave continue their drive into the evening. They need to be far into the wilderness to begin their task: finding cheetahs. Narrator: The next day, they’re up early to begin their search. Chris Johns, National Geographic Photographer: “You can’t just drive out there and order up a cheetah. It doesn’t happen like that. You know that it could take days, weeks.” Narrator: But then something incredibly unexpected occurs . . . Dave Hamman: “I don’t believe this.” Narrator: It’s a female and five of her young. Hamman: “This is just not normal.” Narrator: During all of his years in the bush, Dave has never located so many cheetahs this quickly. This is exactly what they had been hoping for. The discovery is especially promising for Chris. Johns: “Cheetahs are a metaphor for some of Africa’s conservation problems. Because cheetahs need range, and they’re a good wa y to explain to people that loss of habitat means the potential loss of species. And it’s possible that in my lifetime cheetahs could become extinct in the wild, and that’s —to me —a tragedy that’s unspeakable.” Narrator: The Moremi Wildlife Reserve has offered Chris one of the last windows into the natural world of the cheetah. It will take a while for the cheetahs to trust Chris, but if he succeeds, he knows he’ll be able to take the photographs he really wants: a shot of a cheetah pursuing and k illing its prey, or a “kill sequence.” Johns: “We know there are certain things that a cheetah story has to have. One of the most important things it has to have—which is an incredibly difficult thing to get—is a kill sequence, and you’re always looking for that picture.” Narrator: Cheetahs are capable of tremendous bursts of speed, and have the capacity to gain speed more quickly than a sports car.
Passage 1 Exchange a glance with someone, then look away. Do you realize that you have made a statement? This type of stare often produces hostile feelings. 1. It can be inferred from the first paragraph that___. A) every glance has its significance 2. If you want to be left alone on an elevator, the best thing to do is___. B) to avoid eye contact with other passengers 3. By "a dimming of the lights" (Line 13,Para.1 )Erving Goffman means___. C) ceasing to glance at others 4. If one is looked at by a stranger for too long, he tends to feel___. B) uneasy 5. The passage mainly discusses___. D) the role of eye contact in interpersonal communication. Passage 2 Geraldo Rivera is well known for his compassionate investigative reports on WABC-TV Eyewitness News. But I’m not just in the business of making people cry. I’m in the business of chang e.” 6. Geraldo Rivera is working as a(n)______. B. investigative reporter for a special TV program 7. How many awards did Rivera receive for his work? D. Five 8. Rivera’s inves tigation and expose on the conditions at WillowbrookStateSchool led to _____. D. all of the above
AT89C51 Description The AT89C51 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcomputer with 4K bytes of Flash Programmable and Erasable Read Only Memory (PEROM). The device is manufactured using Atmel’s high density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the industry standard MCS-51? instruction-set and pinout. The on-chip Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by a conventional nonvolatile memory programmer. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89C51 is a powerful microcomputer which provides a highly flexible and cost effective solution to many embedded control applications. Features ?Compatible with MCS-51? Products ?4K Bytes of In-System Reprogrammable Flash Memory –Endurance: 1,000 Write/Erase Cycles ?Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 24 MHz ?Three-Level Program Memory Lock ?128 x 8-Bit Internal RAM ?32 Programmable I/O Lines ?Two 16-Bit Timer/Counters ?Six Interrupt Sources ?Programmable Serial Channel ?Low Power Idle and Power Down Modes The A T89C51 provides the following standard features: 4K bytes of Flash,128 bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines, two 16-bit timer/counters, a five vector two-level interrupt architecture, a full duplex serial port, on-chip oscillator and clock circuitry. In addition, the AT89C51 is designed with static logic for operation down to zero frequency and supports two software selectable power saving modes. The Idle Mode stops the CPU while allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial port and interrupt system to continue functioning. The Power-down Mode saves the RAM contents but freezes the oscillator disabling all other chip functions until the next hardware reset.
每日英语学习阅读材料(A4打印版) 双语美文：为什么你存不下钱？ Don’t save what is left after spending. But spend what is left after savings. 不要把花剩下的钱拿来存，而是把存剩下的钱拿来花。 Wanting to save money is not enough. Anyway, there are a lot of things which didn’t xxe true although you wanted them to. 想存钱是远远不够的，毕竟你希望发生的事情并不一定就能发生。 Saving is a technique . It’s simple. It’s just not easy. 存钱是一门技术，这门技术很简单，只是不容易实现。 If you only xxe to think about saving after you spend, there is no chance for you to accumulate a considerable fortune, because spending is always irrational. 如果你总是在消费之后才想着应该存钱，那你肯定存不下钱，因为任何消费都是非理性的。 The way that works is to make plans in advance. 真正可行的方法，是事先计划好自己的消费方式。 Would it be too much to use 40% of my inxxe to rent
an apartment 每个月用收入的40%租房子会不会太多？ Is it really enough to save just 20% every month 每个月只存收入的20%会不会太少？ Only by making it clear how much you want to save can you xxe to know how much you can actually spend. 你只有先计划好要存多少钱，才能知道自己实际上可以花多少钱双语美文：巴菲特最睿智的一句话 Warren Buffett is the current richest investor in the world. And he ranks 1 / 14 among the world’s billionaires. 沃伦巴菲特是目前世界上最有钱的投资人，也是全球第2富有的富翁。 But, xxpared to his money, it’s those famous quotes of his that attract the public’s attention. 不过，与他的钱相比，他的名言往往才是大众关注的重点。 Though most people now see his words as jokes or anti chicken soup for the souls. 虽然现在很多人都把他的话当做笑谈，或者是毒鸡汤。But I find his words really inspiring. 但我觉得，他说过的很多话真的很有道理。