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EFL Teaching method

EFL Teaching method
EFL Teaching method

EFL/ESL Teaching Methodologies

Most influential EFL teaching methodologies:

1.The grammar- translation method

2.The audio-lingual method

3.The Direct method

4.Cognitive code-learning

5.The Natural approach

6.Behavioristic approach to language teaching

7.The functional-notional approach

8.Task- based approaches

9.The communicative approach

Some fringe methodologies

1.The silent way

2.Suggestopedia

New tendencies in language teaching

1.Cognitive-constructivist approach to language learning

2.Content and language Integrated Learning

3.Learn-centredness

4.Cooperative learning

5.Integration of culture in language learning

https://www.doczj.com/doc/bc17855197.html,nguage teaching online

The Introduction to EFL/ESL Teaching Methodologies

The Grammar- Translation Approach

The grammar-translation method of foreign language teaching is one of the most traditional methods, dating back to the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. It was originally used to teach 'dead' languages (and literatures) such as Latin and Greek.

The major characteristic of the grammar-translation method is, precisely as its name suggests, a focus on learning the rules of grammar and their application in translation passages from one language into the other. V ocabulary in the target language is learned through direct translation from the native language, e.g. with vocabulary tests such as:

1.school = 学校

teacher = 老师

Very little teaching is done in the target language. Instead, readings in the target language are translated directly and then discussed in the native language, often precipitating in-depth comparisons of the two languages themselves. Grammar is taught with extensive explanations in the native language, and only later applied in the production of sentences through translation from one language to the other, e.g.

How many kites are there in the sky? = 天空中有多少只风筝?

天空中有三只风筝。= There are three kites in the sky.

A class working with the Grammar translation method would like that:

2.Classes are taught in the mother tongue, with little active use of the target language.

3.Much vocabulary is taught in the form of lists of isolated words.

4.Long elaborate explanations of the intricacies of grammar are given.

5.Grammar provides the rule for putting words together, and instruction often focuses on the

form and inflection of word.

6.Reading of difficult classical texts is begun early

7.Little attention is paid to the content of texts, which are treated as exercises in grammatical

analysis.

以上内容可以参考:Grammar-Translation Method

There are certain types of positive responses to Grammar Translation as grammatical syllabus gives leaner a set of clear objectives and a clear sense of achievement. Moreover, some learners need the security of the mother tongue and the opportunity to relate grammatical structures to mother tongue equivalents. Above all, this approach can give learners a basic foundation upon which they can build their communicative skills.

It all sounds rather dull but it can be argued that the Grammar Translation method has over the years had a remarkable success. Millions of people have successfully leant foreign language to a high degree of proficiency and, in numerous cases, without any contact whatsoever with native speakers of the language (as was the case in the former Soviet Union for example)

The Audiolingual Method (1950s)

The Audiolingual Method is also referred to as "The Army Method," because it was developed through a U.S. Army program called ASTP, standing for "Army Specialized Training Program." In this method, oral interaction was emphasized in pattern drills, and conversation practices.

The Audiolingual Method:

1. New material is presented in dialogue form.

2. There is dependence on mimicry, memorization of set phrases, and overlearning.

3. Structures are sequenced by means of contrastive analysis taught one at a time.

4. Structural patterns are taught using repetitive drills.

5. There is little or no grammatical explanation. Grammar is taught by inductive

analogy rather than deductive explanation.

6. Vocabulary is strictly limited to pronunciation.

7. There is much use of tapes, language labs, and visual aids.

8. Great importance is attached to pronunciation.

9. Success responses are immediately reinforced.

10. Very little use of the mother tongue by teacher is permitted

11. There is great effort to get the students to produce error free utterances.

12. There is a tendency to manipulate language and disregard content.

Hints for using audio-lingual drills in L2 teaching

1.The teacher must be careful to insure that all of the utterances which students will make

are actually within the practiced pattern. For example, the use of the AUX verb have should not suddenly switch to have as a main verb.

2.Drills should be conducted as rapidly as possible so as to insure automaticity and to

establish a system.

3.Ignore all but gross errors of pronunciation when drilling for grammar practice.

https://www.doczj.com/doc/bc17855197.html,e of shortcuts to keep the pace of drills at a maximum. Use hand motions, signal cards,

notes, etc. to cue response.

https://www.doczj.com/doc/bc17855197.html,e normal English stress, intonation, and juncture patterns conscientiously.

6.Drill material should always be meaningful. If the content words are not known, teach

their meanings.

7.Intersperse short periods of drill (about 10 mins) with very brief alternative activities to

avoid fatigue and boredom.

8.Introduce the drill in this way:

a.Focus (by writing on the board, for example)

b.Exemplify (by speaking model sentences)

c.Explain (if a simple grammatical explanation is needed)

d. Drill

9.Don?t stand in one place; move about the room standing next to as many different

students as possible to spot check their production. Thus you will know who to give more practice to during individual drilling.

https://www.doczj.com/doc/bc17855197.html,e the “backward buildup” technique for long and/or difficult patterns.

-tomorrow

-in the cafeteria tomorrow

-will be eating in the cafeteria tomorrow

-Those boys will be eating in the cafeteria tomorrow.

11.Arrange to present drills in the order of increasing complexity of student responses. The

question is: How much internal organization or decision making must the student do in order to make a response in the drill. Thus, imitation first, single-slot substitution next, then free response last.

Although this approach in its purest form has many weaknesses, (notably the difficulty of transferring learnt patterns to real communication), most teachers will at some point require learners to repeat examples of grammatical structures in context with a number of aims in mind: stress, rhythm, intonation, consolidating the structure, enabling learners to use the structure accurately through repetition.

Communicative Approach

The approach emerged in the 1970s and 1980s as the emphasis switched from the mechanical practice of language patterns, associated with the audio-lingual method to activities that engaged the learner in more meaningful and authentic language use.

CLT suggests communicative language and language acquisition, and the approach way for learners to internalize a second language, and to experiment in a classroom context. Therefore, the classroom context is used to create activities to teach students how to react in a real world situation, not to fake real-world situation.

It?s basic features are:

1.An emphasis on learning to communicate through interaction in the target language.

2.The introduction of authentic texts into the learning situation ( authentic material is a must,

because students cannot extrapolate to the real world from their learning on made-up material) 3.The provision of opportunities for learners to focus not only on language, but also on the

learning process itself.

4.An enhancement of the learner?s own personal experience as important contributing elements

to classroom learning.

5.An attempt to link classroom language learning with language activation outside the

classroom.

This type of approach tended to give the impression of a syllabus without direction and a sense of commun ication for communication?s sake, “groups, groups, groups, why do we have to talk all the time to my fellow students. I can do this in the coffee-bar!”The criticism is obsession about reducing teacher talking time to a minimum and maximizing the opportunities for communication.

However, the most valuable feature of this approach will be that it has allowed teachers to incorporate motivating and purposeful communicative activities and principles into their teaching while simultaneously retaining the best elements of other methods and approaches rather than rejecting them wholesale.

Example: presenting tense of the verb …to be? will have been replaced by a more communicative focus, with basic introductions, requests and questions enabling learners to begin communicating

in English from the very first lesson.

The Silent Way ( one of the fringe teaching methodologies)

Tell me and I forget

Teach me and I remember

Involve me and I learn

(Benjamin Flanklin)

This quotation is about teaching and learning, which is actually the heart of silent way. Silent Way originated in the early 1970s. The three elements of the approach are that learning is facilitated if the learner discovers rather than remembers or repeats, that learning is aided by physical objects, and that problem-solving is central to learning. The use of the word “silent”

is also significant. Because it suggests that teacher should be as silent as possible in the classroom in order to encourage the learner to produce as much language as possible.

This method begins by using a set of colored rods and verbal commands. And it adopts a highly structural approach. This is perhaps best illustrated by an example.

The teacher has introduced the idea of pronouns as in “Give me a green rod.” The class will then use this structure until it is clearly assimilated, using, in addition, all the other colors.

One member of the class would now like to ask another to pass a rod to a third student but she does not know the word “her”, only that it cannot be “me”. At this point the teacher would intervene and supply the new item is needed (probably “him”).

The apparent lack of real communication in the approach has been criticized with some arguing that it is difficult to take the approach beyond the very basic of the language, with only highly motivated learners being able to generate real communication from the rigid structures illustrated by the rods. It is limited to relatively small groups of learners is also seen as a weakness.

However, in the 1980s and early 90s, it became fashionable in some quarters to argue that excessive “ teacher talking time” was something to be discouraged, but rods are popular with some teachers and can be used extremely creatively for various purposes from teaching.

Additionally, the problem-solving feature of Silent Way may well proved to be its most useful in language classroom.

Total Physical Response ( one of the new tendencies in language teaching)

James J. Asher, Learning Another Language Through Actions. San Jose, California: AccuPrint, 1979.

James J. Asher defines the Total Physical Response (TPR) method as one of that combines

information and skills through the use of the kinesthetic sensory system. This combination of skills allows the student to assimilate information and skills at a rapid rate. As a result, this success leads to a high degree of motivation. The basic tenets are:

Understanding the spoken language before developing the skills of speaking. Imperatives are the main structures to transfer or communicate information. The student is not forced to speak, but is allowed an individual readiness period and allowed to spontaneously begin to speak when the student feels comfortable and confident in understanding and producing the utterances.

This can be illustrated in a unique “conversation” between the parent and infant. For example, the first conversation is a parent saying, “Look at daddy. Look at daddy.” The infant?s face turns in the direction of the voice and daddy exclaims, “She?s looking at me! She is looking at me!” Dr. Asher calls this “a language-body conversation” because the parent speaks and the infant answers with a physical response such as looking, smiling, laughing, turning, walking, reaching, and so forth. Although the infant is not yet speaking, the child is imprinting the linguistic map of how the language works. Silently, the child is internalizing the patterns and sounds of the target language. When the child has decode enough of the target language, speaking appears spontaneously.

TPR has its three strong features:

1. High-speed understanding of any target language

2. Long-term retention, and

3. Zero stress

Moreover, it is successful with both children and adults learning any language. And it is enjoyable for teachers as well as students.

Technique

Step 1: The teacher says the commands as he himself performs the action.

Step 2: The teacher says the command as both the teacher and the students then perform the action.

Step 3: The teacher says the command but only students perform the action.

Step 4: The teacher tells one student at a time to do commands.

Step 5: The roles of teacher and student are reversed. Students give commands to teacher and to other students.

Step 6: The teacher and student allow for command expansion or produces new sentences.

Example: teaching single commands of stand, sit, walk, turn and so forth.

Instructor (I) will invite a student to sit on either side and listen carefully to what the instructor will utter in target language without translation and do exactly what they see the I.

Doing. ( students are to be silent and not attempt to pronounce any of the utterance they will be hearing.)

The I. Are, “relax, be comfortable. Listen and watch what I do and do exactly the same thing.

I will not ask you to pronounce any of the utterances you will be hearing.”

The I. Says in the target lang. “stand”. And stands up motioning for the students sitting on either side to rise. Then, “sit” and the I. With the students sits down…. Several times…

The I. Invites individual students to perform alone in response to the commands. In a purpose to demonstrate to each of the students that they have indeed internalized the utterances and understand them perfectly.

The general historical view of Grammar-translation approach

This approach was historically used in learning Greek and Latin. The approach was generalized to teaching modern languages.

At the height of the Communicative Approach to language learning in the 1980s and early 1990s it became fashionable. There were numerous reasons for this but principally it was felt that translation itself was an academic exercise rather than one which would actually help learners to use language, and an overt focus on grammar was to learn about the target language rather than to learn it.

- A brief introduction of Grammar-translation approach

Classes are taught in the students? mother tongue, with little active use of the target language.

V ocabulary is taught in the form of isolated word lists. Elaborate explanations of grammar are always provided.

Grammar instruction provides the rules for putting words together; instruction often focuses on the form and inflection of words. Reading of difficult texts is begun early in the course of study. Little attention is paid to the content of texts, which are treated as experiences in grammatical analysis. Often the only drills are exercises in translating disconnected sentences

from the target language into the mother tongue, and vice versa. Little or no attention is given to pronunciation.

As with mangy other methods and approaches, Grammar Translation tended to be referred to in the past tense as if it no longer existed and had died out to be replaced world-wide by the fun and motivation of the communicative classroom. If we examine the principle features of Grammar Translation, however, we will see that not only has it not disappeared but that many of its characteristics have been central to language teaching throughout the age and still valid today.

The Grammar Translation method embraces a wide range of approaches but, broadly speaking, foreign language study is seen as a mental discipline, the goal of which may be to read literature in its original form or simply to be a form of intellectual development. The basic approach is to analyze and study the grammatical rules of the language, usually in an order roughly matching the traditional order of the grammar of Latin, and then to practice manipulating grammatical structures through the means of translation both into and from the mother tongue.

The method is very much based on the written word and text are widely in evidence. A typical approach would be to present the rules of a particular item of grammar, illustrate its use by including the item several times in a text, and practice using the item throughout writing sentences and translating it into the mother tongue. The text is often accompanied by a vocabulary list of consisting of new lexical items used in the text together with the mother tongue translation. Accurate use of language items is central to this approach.

Generally speaking, the medium of instruction is the mother tongue, which is used to explain conceptual problems and to discuss the use of a particular grammatical structure. It all sounds rather dull but it can be argued that the Grammar Translation method has over the years had a remarkable success. Millions of people have successfully leant foreign language to a high degree of proficiency and, in numerous cases, without any contact whatsoever with native speakers of the language (as was the case in the former Soviet Union for example)

There are certain types of positive responses to Grammar Translation as grammatical syllabus gives leaner a set of clear objectives and a clear sense of achievement. Moreover, some learners need the security of the mother tongue and the opportunity to relate grammatical structures to mother tongue equivalents. Above all, this approach can give learners a basic foundation upon which they can build their communicative skills.

However, a quick look at foreign language course books from the 1950s and 1960s revealed that If we apply wholesome of Grammar Translation teaching method, it can be boring. Using the more enlightened principles of the Communicative Approach and combining these with the systematic approach of Grammar Translation may be the perfect combination for many learners.

The Direct Approach

-The general historical view of Direct Approach

This approach was developed initially as a reaction to the grammar-translation approach in an attempt to integrate more of the target language in instruction.

Direct Approach was held that second language learning should model first language learning in that it should be learned …directly?, grammar is taught inductively with no explanations, the learner?s first language is not used in the class, and new vocabulary is introduced by demonstration. This method came about as a much needed replacement for the grammar- translation method in the late 1800s. It faded in the early 1900s as it was not practical in classroom settings, and then saw a comeback under the name of the audio-lingual method after World War II.

-Audio-lingual method is based on the principle of behaviour psychology. It adapted many of the principles and procedures of the Direct Method.

Audiolingualism was in vogue in the 1960s but died out in the 70s after Chomsky?s famous attack on behaviourism in language learning.

This approach has its roots in the USA during World War II, when there was a pressing need to train key personnel quickly and effectively in foreign language skills. The results of the Army Specialized Training Program are generally regarded to have been very successful, with the caveat that the learners were in small groups and were highly motivated, which undoubtedly contributed to the success of the approach.

In the typical language learning classroom, we often ask students to repeat phrases or whole sentences, drill the pronunciation and intonation consciously or unconsciously. In fact, we are using techniques that are features of the audiolingual approach.

New material is presented in the form of a dialogue. Based on the principle that language leaning is habit formation, the method fosters dependence on mimicry, memorization of set phrases and over-learning. Structures are sequenced and taught one at a time. Structural patterns are taught using repetitive drills. Little or no grammatical explanations are provided;

grammar is taught inductively. Skills are sequenced: Listening, speaking, reading and writing are developed in order. V ocabulary is strictly limited and learned in context. Teaching points are determined by contrastive analysis between L1 and L2. There is abundant use of language laboratories, tapes and visual aids. There is an extended pre-reading period at the beginning of the course. Great importance is given to precise native-like pronunciation. Use of the mother tongue by the teacher is permitted, but discouraged among and by the students. Successful

responses are reinforced; great care is taken to prevent leaner errors. There is a tendency to focus on manipulation of the target language and to disregard content and meaning.

The approach was theoretically underpinned by structural linguistics, a movement in linguistics that focused on the phonemic, morphological and syntactic systems underlying the grammar of a given language, rather than according to traditional categories of Latin grammar. As such, it was held that learning a language involved mastering the building blocks of the language and of sound to the level of sentence. The audiolingual approach was also based on the behaviourist theory of learning, which held that language, like other aspects of human activity, is a form of behaviour.

In the behaviourist view, language is elicited by a stimulus and that stimulus then triggers a response. The response in turn then produces some kind of reinforement, which, if positive, encourages the repetition of the response in the future or, if negative, its suppression. When transposed to the classroom, this gives us the classic pattern drill-Model: She went to the cinema yesterday. Stimulus; Theatre. Response: She went to the theatre yesterday. Reinforcement: Good! In its purest form audiolingualism aims to promote mechanical habit-formation through repetition of basic patterns. Accurate manipulation of structure leads to eventual fluency. Spoken language comes before written language. Dialogues and drills are central to the approach. Accurate pronunciation and control of structure are paramount.

In the behaviourist view, language is elicited by a stimulus and that stimulus then triggers a response. The response in turn then produces some kind of reinforcement, which, if positive, encourage the repetition of the response in the future or, if negative, its suppression. For instance, …She went to the cinema yesterday. Stimulus, theatre, she went to the theatre yesterday. Reinforcement: good!, In its purest form audio-lingualism aims to promote mechanical habit- formation through repetition of basic patterns. Accurate manipulation of structure leads to eventual fluency. Spoken language comes before written language. Dialogue and drill are central to the approach. Accurate pronunciation and control of structure are paramount.

语用能力是儿童语言发展的核心

语用能力是儿童语言发展的核心 妈妈问两岁半的依依:“你最喜欢谁啊?”依依说:“我最喜欢我们班的张老师。我也最喜欢妈妈。”依依把“也”字说得很重。当她看到站在身边的爷爷奶奶时,又接着说:“我‘也’最喜欢爷爷和奶奶。” 很长一段时间内,人们认为语义是儿童语言发展中最重要的内容。但随着研究的深入,人们渐渐发现,其实儿童在掌握语义之前,就已经能够运用其他方式与人交流了。如,成人会用眼神、姿势与婴儿交流,并常用手,指向一个物体来吸引婴儿的注意。不久后,你会发现,婴儿也学会运用这种方式来说明物体的存在,甚至表达自己想要得到某物的愿望。研究发现:两岁左右的孩子,就已经能够根据交往者的不同身份以及当时的交流情况,来调整自己的交往技巧了。而这些都不是语音、语义和语法所能说明的,它是一种语用能力,是根据交往双方的语言意图和交流的情景而使用的一系列的语言技巧,包括说者和听者两方面的技巧。语用能力强的孩子不仅会在不同的情景下灵活地选择合适的语言“说话”,还会根据不同的情景“听话”,即听别人的话外音。 语用能力发展小贴士:语用能力是每个正常孩子先天就有的,但是它存在着较大的个体差异。因为语用能力除了与孩子的年龄、认知、生理成长等因素有关外,还与周围环境、父母言行以及教育方法等因素有关。提高孩子的语用能力,应从其出生后开始。父母要尽量多与孩子交流,常与他们进行眼神上的接触,因为如果孩子不懂得眼神的交流,是无法具备较高的语用能力的。儿童语言发展呈现较明显的阶段性 bɑ-bɑ-bɑ-bɑ-bɑ-bɑ-bɑ; 狗狗; 去——门(出门),走走——下(下楼梯),外外——去(去外面); 我们去看小狗吧; 我们去看小狗追小猫了; 我们不仅要听爸爸妈妈的话,还要听老师的话。 儿童在语言上基本遵循了牙牙语阶段—单词句阶段—电报句阶段—简单句阶段—复杂句阶段—复合句阶段的发展规律。五个月左右的孩子,进入了牙牙语阶段,他们经常重复发出类似成人语言中的某些音节。其实,这些音节对他们毫无意义,他们只是在以发声作为游戏,来“玩弄”自己的发声器官。九个月左右的孩子,牙牙语的使用频率达到高峰。约一岁左右,孩子开始说出第一个有实际意义的词,他们会反复使用同一个词来描述相关的事情,如“狗狗”一词,在他们看来可能表达的是“小狗来了”“我要小狗”或者“小狗在吃骨头”等多个意思。一岁半到两岁,孩子会说出由两个或者三个甚至多个词组合在一起的类似成人电报式文件的电报句。两岁时,孩子说出的大部分是简单的完整单句,偶尔也会出现较复杂的单句。三岁孩子,说出的基本上都是完整的句子,此时,他们开始说出更多的较复杂的单句。待孩子四至五岁时,复句会大量出现。 语言发展小贴士:儿童在语言发展过程中,都会出现里程碑式的“标志”。但每个孩子的“标志”以及“标志”出现的时间都不相同。儿童的语言发展有循序渐进型的,也有突飞猛进、日新月异型的,还有起初默默无闻而后一鸣惊人型的。不论哪种类型,只要孩子没有异常的表现,都属于正常范围。但如果孩子两岁后还对成人的话或者指令没有任何反应,就应该带他去医院进行检查了。

语言能力训练游戏

大动作训练游戏 游戏名称:上肢游戏 适合年龄:0-6个月 游戏时间:累了就停 每天次数:3-4次 训练方法: 1.俯卧抬头训练:用镜子、玩具、画报等逗 引婴儿抬头,指导婴儿用两臂撑起上半 身。出生15天即可训练,满月后每天3-4 次。 2.单臂支撑训练:婴儿学会上述动作后,可 在其俯卧时用玩具在一侧手臂上方逗引 他抓玩具,在抓够的瞬间练习单臂支撑体 重的动作,两臂可轮流训练。 3.双手交叉训练:让婴儿俯卧在床边,成人 两手掌向上,与婴儿手掌合在一起,在前 面挂一个醒目的玩具,然后交叉移动手 掌,带动婴儿两臂前后运动。 注意事项:1.每次练习的时间要短,练习的次数逐渐增加。 2.做好安全保护。3.用表情和语言和婴儿沟通。 游戏名称:翻身游戏 适合年龄:4~6个月 每次时间:1~2分钟 每天次数:越多越好 训练方法: 1.拉手翻身:婴儿仰卧时,拉起一只 手,带动起身躯翻转过来变成俯卧, 也可以由俯卧再拉手变成仰卧。 2.被单翻身:将婴儿放在被单上,由 家长抓住被单的两个角,轮流拉高 或放低,让婴儿在被单里滚来滚去, 体验翻身的要领。 3.翻身过物:让婴儿能够随心所欲地 翻动身体时,在床上摆放一些障碍 物,如枕头、棉被等,让婴儿翻过 去。 注意事项: 1.喝完奶半小时以后再开始训练。 动作训练做到时间短、次数多。 游戏名称:爬行游戏 适合年龄:7-12个月 游戏时间:3-5分钟/次 每天次数:每天次数不限 训练方法: 1.两脚交叉训练:在婴儿腹下垫个枕头,呈俯卧位,成人用双手抓住婴儿的踝部,做前后弯曲动作,交叉进行训练。 2.双侧交互爬行:爬行时,右手前进,左脚跟进,然后左手前进,右脚跟进,如同四足动物行进的姿势。 3.上下斜坡爬行:在有上下斜坡的地方爬行,可使前庭平衡系统得到充分训练。 4 .跨越障碍:在婴儿前面放一枕头或考点等障碍物,设计一些简单的情节,在前方放一些色彩鲜艳、能够发出声音的玩具,来增加婴儿爬行的兴趣,鼓励婴儿爬过障碍。 注意事项:布置一个安全的爬行环境,可铺放具有弹性的软垫。注意宝宝的衣着,不要穿得过多过紧或过长。方法灵活,不要强迫,多鼓励婴儿,使婴儿感受成功的乐趣。 游戏名称:有趣的球 适合年龄:1-3岁 游戏时间:1-3分钟 每天次数:随时可做 训练方法: 1.滚球:成人与婴儿面对面坐下,把脚分开, 轮流将球滚给对方,在抓接球的过程中, 训练婴儿的手眼协调能力。 2.抛球:让婴儿抓着球用力往外扔。可以在 墙上、地上画一些明显的标志来增加兴 趣,这是训练婴儿放松肌肉和关节的有效 办法。 3.踢球:把球放在地上,让婴儿踢着走。 注意事项: 1.随时用表情和儿语与婴儿沟通。 2.循序渐进,不可操之过急。 3. 布置一个安全的游戏环境,可铺放具有弹性的软垫。 4. 注意宝宝的衣着,不要穿得过多过紧或过 长。 5. 方法灵活,不要强迫,多鼓励婴儿,使婴儿 感受成功的乐趣。 精细动作技能训练 游戏名称:取物训练。 适合年龄:1~6个月。 每次时间:1~2分钟。 每天次数:有机会就训练。 训练方法: 1.抓握游戏:在家里或托幼机构中摆一些小巧 玲珑的东西来吸引幼儿的注意,如小块积木、 塑料球、小瓶子盖、铃铛、海绵条、绒毛动物、 橡皮娃娃、吹气玩具等,最好形状、颜色、质 地各不相同,抓握的距离也经常变化。通过接 触不同质地、形状的东西,可以丰富婴儿的触 觉经验,锻炼手的抓握本领。 2.敲击练习:准备一些可以互相敲打的玩具, 让婴儿随时拿过来互相敲打。 3.碰触悬挂物:在健身架、婴儿床等上悬吊一 些色彩鲜艳的球或者会翻跟头的小熊,让婴儿 练习抓这些移动而不易抓住的玩具。 注意事项 1.婴儿身体控制能力不强时,不要提早训练精 细动作。 2.动作训练要生活化、游戏化。 3.注意手的卫生。 游戏名称:双手协调训练 适合年龄:3个月~3岁。 每次时间:1-3分钟 每天次数:随时随地。 训练方法: 1.双手抱物:喝牛奶时,让婴儿自己两手握住 奶瓶,自己送到嘴里,喝完后自己拿开。 2.捏取练习:在给婴儿添加固体食物时,可以 把饼干或烤馒头片掰成小块,放在干净的盘子 里,让他自己捏着吃,练习拇指、食指对捏。 3.生活练习:让婴儿做自己力所能及的事情。 如:打球、拍手、吃饭、喝水、拿水果、穿脱 衣服、搬椅子、搬桌子等。 注意事项 1.婴儿身体控制能力不强时,不要提早训练精 细动作。 2.动作训练要生活化、游戏化。 3.注意手的卫生。 游戏名称:手眼协调训练 适合年龄:6个月~3岁。 每次时间:1~3分钟。 每天次数:不限。 1.造型组合:让婴儿用长、方、圆等不同形状 的积木或插塑玩具,按照各种造型进行组装。 2.穿珠子:让婴儿把中间有洞的珠子,用一条 线穿起来练习手眼协调。 3.涂涂画画:准备纸和笔,1岁以内的婴儿可 在纸上随意乱画;1岁半左右可以模仿画出直 线、方框等形状,2岁以前的婴儿,可以用蜡 笔、油画棒、彩色水笔、磁性画板笔、铅笔、 圆珠笔模仿画“口”型,在未完成的图画如小 房子上添一个“窗户”,甚至“创作”一个气球、 一块带芝麻的烧饼、一条小鱼、一个人脸等等。 还可以让婴儿用手指蘸上水,在带有热气的玻 璃上、茶几上画;用小棍在沙土地上信笔涂鸦。 注意事项 1.婴儿身体控制能力不强时,不要提早训练精 细动作。 2.动作训练要生活化、游戏化。 3.注意手的卫生。 游戏名称:搭垒积木 适合年龄:1—3岁 游戏时间:1—3分钟 每天次数:精神好,可随时进行。 注意事项: 1.准备安全的积木 2.游戏时不过分追求技能的结果。 训练方法: 1.分堆:让婴儿把大的和小的积木分 别摆放在不同的地方。 2.搭梯:先把一块的的积木摆平,再 拿一块小的积木放到上面,反复训 练,让婴儿体会积木的摆放方法。 3.放手:让婴儿按照自己的想象力去 搭建图形。用二块、三块,很多块 搭起来,推倒重搭。婴儿在积木 倒塌的声音中会获得愉快。 语言能力训练游戏 游戏名称:语言准备训练 适合年龄:0~12个月 游戏时间:随时进行 训练方法: 1.聊天:将婴儿抱在怀里,用目光和声音多与 婴儿聊天,如“宝宝饿了,我们现在吃饭好不 好”等,也可经常呼唤婴儿的名字,让婴儿作 出反应。 2.模仿训练:家长与婴儿面对面交流,做一些 夸张的口型和动作,让婴儿反复进3.行模仿训 练,如“爸爸、妈妈”等。 4.说做练习:有成人边说边表演动作,让婴儿 进行模仿,然后由成人说,婴儿自己来表演, 如“笑一个、拍拍手”等。反复练习,可以使 婴儿自然而然地把动作和名词联系起来。 注意事项: 1.对婴儿的语言训练经常性地进行。 2.成人要注意语言发音的规范。 3.要在温和的情境中训练。 ☆游戏名称:说话训练 适合年龄:12~36个月 游戏时间:1~3分钟 练习次数:随时进行 训练方法: 1.看图说话:与婴儿看一些有关科学、自然、 生活方面的图画书,边看边讲,让婴儿模仿成 人的语言练习说话。 2.练习表达:在日常生活中,选择婴儿比较 熟悉的东西,边看边提问,让婴儿用语言回答 问题,如“这是什么?”“这个动物在干什么?”。 3.完整表达:在日常生活中,根据婴儿的活 动,随时启发婴儿用基本完整的语言回答问题。 如“我要喝水。”“妈妈上班去了。” 注意事项: 1.婴儿的说话训练要循序渐进。 2.说话训练要考虑到婴儿之间存在个体差 异。 3.传递给婴儿的语言信息要言简意赅、丰富 多样。 游戏名称:模仿声音 适合年龄:8个月—1岁 游戏时间:1—3分钟 每天次数:精神好,可随时进行。 注意事项: 1.多与婴儿进行面对面交流。 2.用“儿语”声调与婴儿交流。 训练方法: 1.选择一些动物叫声、喇叭声等定时 播放,鼓励婴儿模仿。 2.在满足婴儿吃、喝、睡等基本需求 后,与多与婴儿进行面对面交流, 做一些夸张的口型和动作,让婴儿 反复进行模仿训练,如爸爸、妈妈 等。 3.从生活中取材,开始由成人一边说 一边表演动作,让婴儿模仿。然后 由成人说,婴儿自己表演,如笑一 个,再见。 1

佳能镜头介绍范文

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