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Chapter3 Cargo packing, Stowage & Marking

Chapter3 Cargo packing, Stowage & Marking
Chapter3 Cargo packing, Stowage & Marking

Chapter 3 Cargo packing, Stowage & Marking

1. NEEDS OF CARGO PACKING

The majority of the cargoes shipped between countries have packing of one type or another. Generally speaking, cargo packing is needed for three main reasons.

First and foremost, packing protects cargoes and reduces losses. This is relevant to most types of cargoes, no matter what means of transport is used.

Secondly, packing aids transport and reduces transport cost. Cargoes in transit will go through a number of procedures such as loading, shipping, unloading, inspection, and warehousing, etc. The handling can be made more convenient with proper packing and such convenience helps protect the cargoes being shipped.

Thirdly, packing facilitates stowage and distribution and promotes sales.1 When they are packed in proper quantity/weight and with proper marking; cargoes can be stowed and distributed efficiently. Cargo packing may also promote sales if it is designed wisely, although its promotional function is not as important as that of sales packing.

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warehousing:仓储

facilitates:使容易,使便利

stowage:配载

2. FACTORS INFLUENCING TYPES OF CARGO PACKING FOR INTERNATIONAL CONSIGNMENTS

1) Nature of cargo.

Packing should be designed according to the need of the cargo. Cargoes like grains, crude oil, ingot aluminium, steel and automobiles are shipped bulk or with only minimal packing2. General merchandises need adequate packing of various types. For example, fruits are usually shipped in cartons; chemicals are often packed in bags; wooden cases are commonly used when electrical equipment is shipped. Besides, the value should also be considered. High-value goods normally require more extensive packing.

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bulk:(货物)散装的

minimal:最小的,最小限度的

2) Transport

In addition to the nature of cargo, many other factors in relation to transport should be taken into consideration. To begin with, one should consider the nature of transit. When containers are used, packing can be less extensive as the container itself offers effective protection to the cargo. If cargoes are shipped by air or palletization, the packing should be stronger than that for containerization.3 In ocean transport, cargoes should be more carefully packed with even stronger materials.

Then the facilities available at terminals should be considered, for example, the type and the capacity of the loading/unloading equipment and the availability of suitable warehouse or container base, etc. The packing should fit the facilities that are to be used.

The cargo measurement is another factor to consider. The dimension and the weight limit, for instance, would decide the shape, size and weight of the cargo package.

If the cargo is going through different temperature zones, the packing should be so designed as to permit cargo to breathe and to avoid damage to the cargo. Soaps, bamboo or leather products will shrink or crack in dry weather; bikes, food or leather goods will sweat and get rusty or mouldy in humid weather. Packing should effectively protect the cargo from such hazards.

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paletization:托盘化(运输)

containerization:集装箱化

terminals:运输线的端点

mouldy:发霉的

3) Customs or statutory requirements

This is particularly relevant to dangerous cargoes to which strict regulations apply concerning acceptance, packing, stowage, documentation, marking and carrier liability. For instance, in countries such as Japan, Canada, Iraq and New Zealand, straw is unacceptable by law as packing or dunnage material. If wood is to be used as packing material, it should be suitably treated, for example, fumigated, to kill any pests inside. It is advisable to obtain a certificate to prove the proper treatment of the packing material.

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statutory:法令的,法定的

liability:责任

dunnage:垫料(保护船载货物不在运输中受损的散置包装材料)

fumigate:用烟熏消毒

4) Insurance acceptance conditions

Packing must meet the prescribed packing specifications for particularly fragile cargoes and cargoes with a bad record of damage and pilferage, otherwise the insurance company will refuse to cover them or refuse to cover them at a regular rate.4

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fragile:易碎的,脆弱的

pilferage:偷盗

5) Cost

Packing should be economical as well as adequate.5 Some packing materials have resale value in some countries and that can help reduce the packing cost.

6) Ease of handling and stowage

For irregular-shaped cargo, it is especially important to correctly design the packing to make the handling as easy as possible. This helps ensure the safety of the cargo, reduce handling charges and insurance premium, and utilize transport capacity to its maximum.

Packing which fails to meet the specified standards will cause problems concerning carrier acceptance or liability and double insurance coverage. Exporters and importers, therefore, should work out adequate packing specifications.

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handling charge:装卸费用

insurance premium:保险费

3. IMPROVEMENTS NEEDED

International consignments travel a long way, a long time, in different weather and by different modes. Exporters should constantly improve cargo packing to be more competitive in the world market.

1) The standards of packing

The standards of packing should be improved to reduce risks of damage and pilferage. The improved standards would help get more favorable cargo insurance premium and help maintain good relations with importers.

2) The utilization of transport capacity

The utilization of transport capacity should be maximized to lower distribution cost. Since 80% of cargo is measured by volume rather than by weight in international trade, it is important to keep broken stowage to minimum, particularly for ISO containerization. By doing so, both the cost of distribution and the risk of damage are reduced. Besides, the need to use dunnage is also reduced.

3) Design of cargo packing

Design of cargo packing (shape & dimension) should facilitate the most economical method of handling. As mechanical cargo handling equipment can reduce labor cost and speed up cargo handling, packing should be designed to fit the use of the equipment. If cargo must be handled by hand, packing should have suitable size and design. For instance, cartons for home appliances often have one aperture on each side to make the handling easier.

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aperture:孔,缝隙

4) The packing cost

The packing cost should be minimized provided that the packing is adequate. The need of each overseas sales contract should be considered individually. The best results can be achieved when modes of transport, types of commodities and transit routing, etc have all been carefully considered.

4. TYPES OF PACKING

1) Bale

A bale is a heap of material pressed together and tied with rope or metal wire. It is most suitable for paper, wool, cotton, and carpets, etc.

Bale is an effective, low-cost and easy-to-handle mode of packing, but it only offers limited protection to cargoes.

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bale:大包,大捆

2) Bags

Bags can be made of cotton, plastic, paper or jute (fibre from the outer skin of certain plants). They are ideal for cement, fertilizer, flour, chemicals and many consumer products.

Their advantage is low cost and the disadvantage is their vulnerability to damage by water, sweat, leakage and breakage.

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jute:黄麻

vulnerability:易受攻击,易受…的攻击

3) Barrel/drum

This type of container is made of wood, plastic, or metal. It Is used for liquid or greasy cargoes such as casing for sausage.

The advantage is the resale value in some countries and the disadvantage is that a metal drum can get rusty and resulted in leakage if the container is not sealed properly.

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drum:桶

greasy:油腻的

4) Box/case

A case is made of wood and varies in size. Some cases are lined to create airtight packing.

The advantages are its resale value in some countries, its reliable protection for expensive cargoes such as equipment and car accessories, its strength against the risk of pilferage, and the ease of handling. The

disadvantage is its high cost. It is getting less popular because of increasing containerization and rising cost of timber.

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airtight:密封的

5) Glass container

This type of packing is often used for dangerous liquid cargoes such as acids. It protects workers and transport vehicles but requires more careful handling.

6) Carton

Cartons are now a very common form of packing with the development of containerization and palletization, particularly for consumer products.

Cartons have several advantages. For one thing, they are relatively inexpensive. They are also expandable and therefore easy to handle and stow. Cartons also aid marketing as words can be printed on them. The disadvantage is their susceptibility to crushing and pilferage.

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cartons:硬纸箱,纸板盒

susceptibility:易感性,敏感性(常与介词to 连用)

7) Crate/skeleton case

This form of packing is halfway between a bale and a case and has a wooden structure. It is often used for lightweight goods of large cubic capacity such as machinery and domestic appliances.

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crate:板条箱

5. STOWAGE OF CARGO

Factors to consider in the stowage of cargo

(1) The best possible use of the available dead weight6 or cubic capacity to keep broken stowage7 to minimum.

Generally speaking, a broken stowage of no more than 10% of total cubic capacity is considered allowable. But we must try to keep broken stowage as small as possible. By saving space, we can reduce the stowage cost of and the risk of damage to the goods. This is particularly important when irregular-shaped packages are stowed.

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dead weight:永久荷载,恒载,静止负载

broken stowage:亏舱

(2) Prevention of damage to transport vehicles

If some broken stowage is unavoidable, dunnage must be used to keep the cargo stable to prevent shifting and ensure the safety of the transport vehicle.

(3) Proper segregation of cargoes

Cargoes of different nature should be properly separated. For example, oranges are not to be closely stowed to tea; and heavy tools are not to be placed on top of chinaware.

(4) Proper segregation of consignments

To prevent delay in distribution and to avoid duplicated handling, cargoes should be loaded or stowed by the right order. The cargo that is going to be unloaded first should be loaded last, for instance.

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segregation:分离,隔离

6. MARKING OF CARGO

1) Types of mark

(1) Shipping marks

Shipping marks are used for identification of shipment during transit to ensure smooth and prompt delivery. Shipping marks normally include the following information.

r Name of exporter and his address

r Name of importer and his contract number/shipping mark

r Case or crate number (e.g., 1-25)

r Weight (gross, net)/measurement

r Name of carrying vessel

r Ports of shipment and destination

r Origin of goods

Shipping marks are generally designed by individual business themselves in foreign countries. In China, the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation requires a standardized format of shipping marks for Chinese consignees. An example of a Chinese importer's shipping mark might be: 90MKE-47001CF. In this code:

90 is the year of order ─ 1990;

M is the abbreviation of the importer ─ Machinery I/E Corp;

KE is the abbreviated name of the end user ─ the Ministry of Post & Telecommunications;

47 is the code of the type of merchandise ─ electronic instrument;

001 is the contract number ─ 001;

CF is the abbreviation of the country of export ─ Fran ce.

To improve efficiency of cargo handling and to reduce cost, ISO has suggested a standardized form of shipping mark that has four lines in total with no more than 17 letters in each line and contains no graphs. For example, a standardized shipping mark might look like the following:

CMC(Name of importer)

90MKE-47001CF(Reference number)

SHANGHAI(Port of destination)

1-5(Serial number)

Requirements for shipping marks for road, railway and air transport are different from those for ocean transport. For instance, for railway transport, importer's name must be written in full; for air transport, AWB number can be used to replace importer's name and reference number.

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shipping marks:唛头

carrying vessel:载货船只

origin of goods:商品原产地

consignees:收货人

(2) Indicative marks

Indicative marks give instructions to facilitate the smooth handling of the cargo that needs special care.

(3) Warning marks

When dangerous goods are shipped, warning marks are used to avoid any possible harm to workers and damage to transport vehicles.

2) Marking requirement

(1) Use recognized international cargo marking symbols

Designed by international organizations such as ISO and International Air Transport Association (IATA)8, some cargo marking symbols are easily recognized and widely used. The use of those symbols not only helps identify the cargo but also enhances the chances of acceptance by foreign authorities as some countries require the use of international symbols.

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International Air Transport Association (IATA):国际航空运输协会

(2) Make marks visible

Marks should have the right placement on the package, i.e., they should be placed neither on the top nor the bottom of a large package but on the side(s) and they should not be covered by bindings.

(3) Make marks legible

Marks should be made easy to read in terms of language, size and handwriting. English is the international language, particularly for commerce; the size of letters should be proportionate to the size of package; and all letters should be neat and written in capitals.

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legible:容易辨认的,容易读的

(4) Make marks indelible

Marks should not rub off easily. The ink used to make marks should be waterproof. In addition, the color of the ink should stand out against the color of package.

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indelible:去不掉的,不能擦拭掉的

waterproof:防水的,不透水的

7. CLAUSE OF PACKING

In most cases, the parties to a contract should know beforehand what packing is needed for the safe carriage of the goods to the destination. However, since the seller's obligation to pack the goods may vary according to the type and duration of the transport envisaged, it has been felt necessary to stipulate that the seller is obliged to pack the goods in such a manner as is required for the transport, but only to the extent that the circumstances relating to the transport are made known to him before the contract of sale is concluded.

The general considerations in drafting this stipulation are:

The specifications should be clear. Phrases such as "sea-worthy packing" or "customary packing" should not be used as their meanings are ambiguous.

Statutory requirements should be considered. For example, according to laws and regulations, what materials can be or cannot be used and, if certain material has been used, what mark and certificate are required?

The party who is to bear the packing charges should be specified. Generally speaking, normal packing charges are to be provided by the exporter together with the goods. If sometimes an importer requires extra packing, he pays the additional charges. If importer's packing material will be used, the contract should set a deadline for the importer to supply the packing material to ensure that the exporter can ship the goods in time.

The quantity or weight for each package is sometimes also stipulated, for example, "cartons, 24 tins per carton".

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sea-worthy:适合海洋运输的

Notes to the Text

1.... parking facilitates stowage and distribution and promotes sales.

译文:…包装便利了(货物的)配载和分销并且能够促进销售。stowage: 配载,指承运人或货运代理人为了充分利用运输空间,减少亏仓(broken stowage)而根据货物的性质、尺寸和形状以及运输空间的大小将货物进行整理、码放的过程。

2.Cargoes like grain, crude oil, ingot aluminium, steel and automobiles are shipped bulk or grains, with

only minimal parking.

译文:像谷物、原油、铝锭、钢和汽车等货物以散装形式运输或只进行最低程度的包装。

bulk一词相当于in bulk,意思是“散装,未进行包装的”(unpackaged; loose)

3.If cargoes are shipped by air or palletization, the packing should be stronger than for containerization.

译文:如果货物以航空或托盘运输,那么包装物应该比集装箱化运输的包装结实。

palletization: 托盘化(运输),是成组化运输(unit transportation)的一种形式。托盘(pallet),又称货板,是指物料搬运过程中可以重复使用的储运物料的器具,可分为平托盘、立柱式托盘和箱式托盘(又称料箱或货箱)。托盘可用木材、金属、塑料制造。托盘运输始于20世纪30年代,是一种扩大运输货件,实现装卸、堆存作业机械化,提高装卸效率的措施。

4.Packing must meet the prescribed packing specifications for particularly fragile cargoes with a bad

record of damage and pilferage, otherwise the insurance company will refuse to cover them or refuse to cover them at a regular rate.

译文:对于特别易碎的货物以及过去有遭破坏或被盗记录的货物必须满足规定的包装规格,否则保险公司将拒绝为货物保险或拒绝以常规的保费提供保险。

cover: 为…提供或办理保险(to protect by insurance)。例如:to cover the goods against theft 为货物投保盗窃险

5.Packing should be economical as well as adequate.

译文:包装应该既充分又经济。

economical和economic的区别是:前者指“节省的,省钱的”,尤其指通过高效率的动作和削减不必要的开支来节省费用;economic除了economical的意思以外,更多地指“与经济有关的,经济方面的”。

6.dead weight: 载重量。一般说来排水量吨位有轻载和满载之分。轻载排水量吨位只包括船体、全般的机

器和设备以及压舱物等,而满载还须加上所装的货物、旅客、行李、燃料、物料、淡水等。满载排水量减轻载排水量后的余数,就是船的载重量。

7.broken stowage: 又称broken space,亏舱,指在运输过程中由于配载不当,或者由于载货量不足,或

者由于货物形状不规则而难以有效配载等原因造成的运输空间利用不足。

8.International Air Transport Association (IATA),国际航空运输协会。世界各国航空运输企业联合组成的

非政府性的国际组织。宗旨是通过会员间的合作以及与国际民用航空组织及其他国际组织合作,提高航空运输的安全性、正常性和经济性,促进航空运输事业的发展。该组织1945年10月正式成立,总部设在加拿大的蒙特利尔。协会的主要活动有:1)协商制定国际航空客货运价:2)统一国际航空运输规则制度:

3)通过其结算各会员间以及会员与非会员间联运业务账目。此外,它的活动还涉及旅客定定座及通信系统

的标准化,航空客票和货运单的标准化,空运企业间的多边商务协议,共同关心的法律事务,与客运和货运代理人的工作关系,标准化的手册编辑和训练设施,简化机场手续,保安工作等。

1. Answer the following questions according to the text.

1. What are some of the major functions of cargo packing?

2. When choosing appropriate cargo packing, what factors should one take into consideration?

3. Please name at least 5 types of packing and briefly describe their advantages and disadvantages.

4. What is broken stowage? Why should we reduce the broken stowage whenever possible?

5. Why is shipping mark important in international transportation?

6. Please describe the standardized format of shipping mark suggested by ISO.

2. Please briefly define or explain the following terms.

1. cargo 6. ISO

2. stowage 7. bale

3. shipping mark 8. warning mark

4. dunnage material 9. IATA

5. broken stowage 10. Palletization

3. Complete the following diagram according to what you have read in the text.

A Standardized Format of Shipping Marks for Chinese Consignees

(images P50)

4. Fill in each of the following blanks with an appropriate word (some words are given the first letter or letters).

The MTS (Marine Transportation System) transports people to work, provides them ______ recreation and vacation opportunities, puts food on their t______, and brings them many of the items they need in their

pro______ and personal lives. The MTS also provides American businesses with ways to suppliers and markets ar______ the world. Within the US, the MTS provides a cost-etf______ means for moving major commodities.

F______, the MTS is an essential element in maint______ national security.

The MTS se______ an extensive range of users, including commercial, recreational, and defense-related activities. For example, in the movement of freight alone, the MTS users include:

r Companies that need to ship or receive freight ______ water, including manufacturers, retailers, agricultural concerns, petroleum companies, utilities, and mining operations:

r Companies that arrange and physically move the freight to, from, and across the water, inc______. ship operators, trucking firms, railroads, third-party logistics operations, freight forwarders, consolidators,

custom-house brokers, and others.

5. Translate the following into Chinese.

In most cases, the parties to a contract should know beforehand what packing is needed for the safe carriage of the goods to the destination. However, since the seller's obligation to pack the goods may vary according to the type and duration of the transport envisaged, it has been felt necessary to stipulate that the seller is obliged to pack the goods in such a manner as is required for the transport, but only to the extent that the circumstances relating to the transport are made known to him before the contract of sale is concluded. 6. Read the following passage and answer the questions followed.

Packing for Export

In packing an item for export, the shipper should be aware of the demands that exporting puts on a package. Four problems must be kept in mind when an export shipping crate is being designed: breakage, weight, moisture, and pilferage.

Most general cargo is carried in containers, but some are still shipped as breakbulk cargo. Besides the normal handling encountered in domestic transportation, a breakbulk shipment moving by ocean freight may be loaded aboard vessels in a net or by a sling, conveyor, chute, or other methods, putting added strain on the package. In the ship's hold (货舱), goods may be stacked on top of one another or come into violent contact with other goods during the voyage. Overseas, handling facilities may be less sophisticated than in the United States and the cargo may be dragged, pushed, rolled, or dropped during unloading, while moving through customs, or in transit to the final destination.

Moisture is a constant problem because cargo is subject to condensation even in the hold of a ship equipped with air conditioning and a dehumidifier (除湿气). The cargo may also be unloaded in the rain, and some foreign ports do not have covered storage facilities. In addition, unless the cargo is adequately protected, theft and pilferage are constant threats.

Since proper packing is essential in exporting, often the buyer specifies packing requirements. If the buyer does not so specify, be sure the goods are prepared with the following considerations in mind: q Pack in strong containers, adequately sealed and filled when possible.

q To provide proper bracing in the container, regardless of size, make sure the weight is evenly distributed.

q Goods should be packed in oceangoing containers, if possible, or on pallets to ensure greater ease in handling. Packages and packing filler should be made of moisture- resistant material.

q To avoid pilferage, avoid mentioning contents or brand names on packages. In addition, strapping, seals, and shrink wrapping are effective means of deterring theft.

One popular method of shipment is the use of containers obtained from carriers or private leasing concerns (企业;康采恩). These containers vary in size, material, and construction and can accommodate most cargo, but they are best suited for standard package sizes and shapes. Some containers are no more than semi-truck trailers lifted off their wheels and placed on a vessel at the port of export. They are then transferred to another set of wheels at the port of import for movement to an inland destination.

Normally, air shipments require less heavy packing than ocean shipments, but they must still be adequately protected, especially if highly pilferable items are packed in domestic containers. In many instances, standard domestic packing is acceptable, especially if the product is durable and there is no concern for display packaging.

For both ocean and air shipments, freight forwarders and carriers can advise on the best packaging. Marine insurance companies are also available for consultation. It is recommended that a professional firm be hired to package for export if the exporter is not equipped for the task. This service is usually provided at a moderate cost.

Finally, because transportation costs are determined by volume and weight, special reinforced and lightweight packing materials have been devised for exporting. Care in packing goods to minimize volume and weight while giving strength may well save money while ensuring that goods are properly packed.

Labeling

Specific marking and labeling is used on export shipping cartons and containers to

q meet shipping regulations,

q ensure proper handling,

q conceal the identity of the contents, and

q help receivers identify shipments.

The overseas buyer usually specifies export marks that should appear on the cargo for easy identification by receivers. Many markings may be needed for shipment. Exporters need to put the following markings on cartons to be shipped:

q shipping mark;

q country of origin;

q weight marking (in pounds and in kilograms);

q number of packages and size of cases (in inches and centimeters);

q handling marks (international pictorial symbols);

q cautionary markings, such as "This Side Up" or "Use No Hooks" (in English and in the language of the country of destination);

q port of entry;

q labels for hazardous materials (universal symbols adapted by the International Maritime Organization).

Legibility is extremely important to prevent misunderstandings and delays in shipping. Letters are generally stenciled (用摸板标记) onto packages and containers in waterproof ink. Markings should appear on three faces of the container, preferably on the top and on the two ends or the two sides. Old markings must be completely removed.

In addition to port marks, customer identification code, and indication of origin, the marks should include the package number, gross and net weights, and dimensions. If more than one package is being shipped, the total number of packages in the shipment should be included in the markings. The exporter should also include any special handling instructions on the package. It is a good idea to repeat these instructions in the language of the country of destination. Standard international shipping and handling symbols should also be used.

Exporters may find that customs regulations regarding freight labeling are strictly enforced; for example, most countries require that the country of origin be clearly labeled on each imported package. Most freight forwarders and export packing specialists can supply necessary information regarding specific regulations. Questions

1. What are some of the hazards that a breakbulk shipment might be subject to during transit?

2. According to the article, what considerations should be kept in mind by the exporter regarding cargo packing

when the importer has not specified packing requirements?

3. In order for marking and labeling to be legible, what measures are suggested by the article?

4. Why is moisture a constant problem during transit?

5. Why are specific marking and labeling used on export shipping documents?

货油装卸及扫舱系统

货油装卸及扫舱系统 一般油船的装卸管路按布置位置可分为三部分,即货油舱内管系、油泵舱管系及甲板管系等。 一、货油舱内管系 舱内管系布置分线形总管式和环形总管式两类,环形总管又分单环式、双环式和多环式。 1. 线形总管式 原则上,每一货油泵设置一根总管。按装油配置要求(计及不同油种的装载分布)从各总管引出支管至相应油舱。 图4.1.1为某油船的三线总管式舱内管系图。图中N0.1总管服务于1、3货油舱(左、右),图中N0.2总管服务于2、5货油舱(左、右),图中N0.3总管服务于4、6货油舱(左、右)及污油水舱(左、右)。 图 4.1.1 三线总管式舱内输油管系简图 这种线形总管式管系布置简单、操作方便、隔离可靠和混油可能性小。但装载油种的机动性不高,适用于运输油种固定、运量固定、航线固定的中小型油船。 2. 环形总管式 为提高机动性,可将两根线形总管相接,配以相应阀门,即成单环式总管。对具有3台货油泵的船舶,可形成两个或多个环形总管。图4.1.2为某船的多个环形总管式舱内管系图。图中NO.1总管与NO.2总管、NO.1总管与NO.3总管及NO.2总管与NO.3总管都相互连通,并且4#风暴舱和污油水舱都可由两根总管抽吸。这种环形总管式布置机动性好,但为避免混油需设置较多的隔离阀,操作管理较为复杂。

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(完整版)OSPF的五种报文

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* RouterDeadInterval:失效时间。如果在此时间内未收到邻居发来的Hello 报文,则认为邻居失效。如果相邻两台路由器的失效时间不同,则不能建立邻居关系。 2、DD报文:两台路由器进行数据库同步时,用DD 报文来描述自己的LSDB,内容包括LSDB 中每一条LSA 的Header(LSA 的Header 可以唯一标识一条LSA)。LSA Header 只占一条LSA 的整个数据量的一小部分,这样可以减少路由器之间的协议报文流量,对端路由器根据LSA Header 就可以判断出是否已有这条LSA。DD 报文格式如表4-3 所示。 主要字段的解释如下: * Interface MTU:在不分片的情况下,此接口最大可发出的IP 报文长度。 * I(Initial):当发送连续多个DD 报文时,如果这是第一个DD 报文,则置为1,否则置为0。 * M(More):当发送连续多个DD 报文时,如果这是最后一个DD 报文,则置为0。否则置为1,表示后面还有其他的DD 报文。 * MS(Master/Slave):当两台OSPF 路由器交换DD 报文时,首先需要确定双方的主从关系,Router ID 大的一方会成为Master。当值为1 时表示发送方为Master。 * DD Sequence Number:DD 报文序列号,由Master 方规定起始序列号,每发送一个DD 报文序列号加1,Slave 方使用Master 的序列号作为确认。主从双方利用序列号来保证DD 报文传输的可靠性和完整性。 3、LSR:两台路由器互相交换过DD 报文之后,知道对端的路由器有哪些LSA 是本地的LSDB所缺少的,这时需要发送LSR 报文向对方请求所需的LSA。内容包

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培训管理平台 用户操作手册 版本号< 1.0 > 发布时间< 2011年3月> 编写人<施健> 修订人< >

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3.3.1第一步:『学员』自主报名(一轮,不设上限) (18) 3.3.2第二步:『培训机构』对饱和报名的班期进行筛选 (19) 3.3.3第三步:『教育行政部门』对报名很少的班期做‘取消办班’ (19) 3.3.4第四步:『学员』进行二轮补报 (20) (21) 3.4培训执行、录成绩、看评价 (22) 3.4.1学员报到登记 (22) 3.4.2第二步:『培训机构』录成绩 (22) 3.4.3第三步:『培训机构』组织学员评价 (23) 3.4.4第四步:『培训机构』查看评价 (24) 3.5其他单体功能及常用使用技巧介绍 (25) 3.5.1学员(教师)如何查看个人报名的最新审核情况? (25) 3.5.2学员(教师)如何查看个人所有培训记录? (25) 3.5.3学员(教师)如何对所参加的培训班查看进行评价? (26) 3.5.4教师发生离职、调动等情况,学校该如何处理? (26) 3.5.5本系统对上网不便的偏远地区的‘变通’使用方法: (26) 4关于教师基本信息库的一些说明 (26) 4.1信息的来源 (26) 4.2数据完善要求 (27) 4.3统一身份认证及展望 (27) 4.4从开发者角度看使用本系统建议 (27)

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点击【保存关闭】保存并返回了单位管理页面。其中默认选中的第一条单位信息就是刚才新增加的单位。 1.1.2 查看、修改、删除单位信息表 输入刚才新增加的组织机构代码:123023090做为查询条件。下面的单位信息列表中就会显示出这条信息。

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如果没有要修改的字段,点击【取消】关闭修改页面。如果需要修改,则修改好你想要修改的字段信息。 点击【保存关闭】。成功则提示“操作成功”。错误则提示“操作失败”。最后返回列表显示页面,并默认选中你修改后的那条单位信息。 如果点击的是【删除单位】的操作。则系统首先会提示你是否确认执行删除操作。。取消执行点【取消】,确定执行的话,如果删除成功则弹出提示信息“操作成功”,失败则提示:“操作失败”;

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点击【保存关闭】保存并返回了岗位管理页面。其中默认选中的第一条岗位信息就是刚才新增加的岗位。 1.2.2 查看、修改、删除 由于岗位信息是和单位相关联的。所以要查询出岗位就要先查出该单位: 输入组织机构代码:000000119做为查询条件。下面的岗位信息列表中就会显示出这条信息。:

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北京##########技术有限公司 系统培训手册 编号:SSD-TOP-GFLK 版本:1.0 变更记录:

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3 应用准备 3.1 培训用应用系统准备 3.1.1 系统应用数据 描述系统正式安装时所需要准备的初始化数据填写标准和格式,以及填写内容和要求。 3.1.2 系统初始化 为培训准备必要的业务数据,如:人员、角色、专用业务数据等。 3.2 系统应用人员准备 描述在系统运行过程中各类系统应用人员的主要工作任务和工作职责,对不同角色的用户进行针对性培训。

油船建造教材

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