1.In some countries,television and radio programs are carefully censored for offensive language and behavior.In other countries,there is little or no censorship.
In your view,to what extent should government or any other group be able to censor television or radio programs?Explain,giving relevant reasons and/or examples to support your position.
agree
1Television and radio programs with offensive language and behavior can adversely affect individual's mood.
2Imitation of the offensive language and behavior including obscenity and violence can do harm to the society as a whole.
3Some one may argue that to censor the television and radio programs is a violation of the right of free speech.However,these people misunderstand the essence of freedom including the right of free speech.No one can get any freedom,if everyone can do whatever they want regardless of the impact on others.
2.“It is unrealistic to expect individual nations to make,independently,the sacrifices necessary to conserve energy.International leadership and worldwide cooperation are essential if we expect to protect the world’s energy resources for future generations.”
Discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the opinion stated above.Support your views with reasons and/or examples from your own experience,observations,or reading.
1To conserve the energy is a world-wide project.No individual country is able to do it independently.
2It is unfair to let individual nations to make sacrifices while the others do not.
3The best and the most efficient way is the whole wolrd conserve the energy simultaneously and collectively.
3.“Corporations and other businesses should try to eliminate the many ranks and salary grades that classify employees according to their experience and expertise.A‘flat’organizational structure is more likely to encourage collegiality and cooperation among employees.”
Discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the opinion stated above.Support your views with reasons and/or examples from your own experience,observations,or reading.
disagree
1Hierarchical organizational structure can make an organization work more efficient.
2Salary grades can inspire the members of an organization or employees of a company try their best to make contribution to the organization or the company.
3TO help eliminate the aggressive attitude among members of an organization of employees of a company.A fair and open evalutaion system should be carefull designed.What is more,it is imprudent to say a flat organizational structure can encourage cooperation an collegiality.It is more likely to have conflicts without solution when no one has the authority to make the final
judgement.
4.“Of all the manifestations*of power,restraint in the use of that power impresses people most.”*manifestations:apparent signs or indicators
Explain what you think this quotation means and discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with it.Develop your position with reasons and/or specific examples drawn from history,current events,or your own experience,observations,or reading.
1Admittedly,it is not always good to use the power to the utmost.There is no need for manager to fire an employee who have committed a minus violation of the coompany rule.There is no use for the head of a state to lauch a war when there is only a political disagreement with another country,and so on so forth.
2likewise,to restrain the use of power is not always good.
3In fact,we are more likely to be impressed by a flexible use of power.
5.“All groups and organizations should function as teams in which everyone makes decisions and shares responsibilities and duties.Giving one person central authority and responsibility for a project or task is not an effective way to get work done.”
To what extent do you agree or disagree with the opinion expressed above?Support your views with reasons and/or specific examples drawn from your own work or school experiences,your observations,or your reading.
1For groups and organizations that are stable,it is reasonable to have a flat organizational structure.
2For groups and organizations that are always confronted with emergencies,it is always better to give one certain person central authority and responsibility.
3It is hard to say that one structure is necessarily better than the other.They all have advantages and disadvantages.And it is a case-by-case discussion.
6.“There is only one definition of success—to be able to spend your life in your own way.”
To what extent do you agree or disagree with this definition of success?Support your position by using reasons and examples from your reading,your own experience,or your observation of others.
1I agree with the author to the extent that success has no universal criteria,every has its own way to success.
2However,on one's way to his or her own success,one should not violate the law and the ethics.
3To improve the quotation,a better definition of success can be---to be able to enjoy one's life and do some contribution to the society as a whole.
7.“The best way to give advice to other people is to find out what they want and then advise them how to attain it.”
Discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the opinion expressed above.Support your point of view with reasons and/or examples from your own experience,observations,or reading.
1I agree the first half of author's opinion.There is no use to give advice to people,when you even don't what they want or what their problems are.
2However,it is better to help them find their own way to attain what they want.
3Admittedly,some times it is impossible to instruct the people step by step cause it is time-consuming to do so.And,in contrast,directly tell them how to attain is much esier.
8.“For hundreds of years,the monetary system of most countries has been based on the exchange of metal coins and printed pieces of paper.However,because of recent developments in technology,the international community should consider replacing the entire system of coins and paper with a system of electronic accounts of credits and debits.”
Discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the opinion stated above.Support your views with reasons and/or examples from your own experience,observations,or reading.
1Intangible currencies are more convenient than its predecessor.
2Tangible currencies are safer than its counterparts.
3It is too extreme to let the electronic system replace the tangible system entirely.We can let they two coexist.
9.“Employees should keep their private lives and personal activities as separate as possible from the workplace.”
Discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the opinion stated above.Support your views with reasons and/or examples from your own experience,observations,or reading.
1Personal activities should not be brought to one's workplace since they can reduce one's efficiency.Thinking about one's private life can distract one from his or her work.
2Talking about private life and doing personal activities can disturb other fellow workers.
3It is inevitable for a person to think about his or her private life and to do some personal activities at the workplace.But an employee should do his or her best to focus on the work when at workplace.
10.“In any enterprise,the process of making or doing something is ultimately more important than the final product.”
Discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the opinion expressed above.Support your point of view with reasons and/or examples from your own experience,observations,or reading.
1The ultimate aim for an enterprise is to gain the maximum profit.The final product instead of the process of making or doing something can bring the enterprise profit.
2To make the final profit more acceptable to the consumers,special attention should be put on the process of making the product.
3I prefer to say that the process of making and doing something is extremely important in any enterprise because it directly affect the quality of the final product.
11.“When someone achieves greatness in any field—such as the arts,science,politics,or business—that person’s achievements are more important than any of his or her personal faults.”Discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the opinion stated above.Support your views with reasons and/or examples from your own experience,observations,or reading.
1Every one has faults.We can not ignore one's achievement only because he or she has made some faults.Likewise,we can not neglect one's error when he or she achieves greatness in the field.
2When it comes to which one is more important,the greatness or the faults,the final judgement should be based on the situation of the certain person.In fact,as far as I am concerned,it makes no sense to make such a judgement.
3We should give a person fair and reasonable evalluation.It is imprudent to say that the greatness one achieves in one field is necessarily more important than the faults he or she makes.
12“Education has become the main provider of individual opportunity in our society.Just as property and money once were the keys to success,education has now become the element that most ensures success in life.”
In your opinion,how accurate is the view expressed above?Explain,using reasons and examples based on your own experience,observations,or reading.
“教育已经成为我们的社会里个人机会的主要提供者。就像财富和金钱一度是成功的关键一样，经验现在已经成为确保成功的最重要因素。”
在你的观念里，上述观点有多正确？从你自身的经验，观察和阅读给出相关的原因and/or 例子来解释你的观点
1教育是提高一个素质的最好途径。机遇只偏爱有准备的头脑，教育使人有能力抓住转瞬即释的机会2成功的定义应该是全力投入于自己所喜爱的事业对社会有所贡献从而得到物质和精神上的满足。教育是最主要的为一个个体提供掌握一种技能熟悉一门学科知识的provider，从而才可以有所贡献而得到满足。
On one hand,there is nothing that can be better than education in providing us with all kinds of knowledge and skills for solving different problems in our respective domains.How can we achieve success without those expertise and techniques?Some one may argue that experience and common sense are enough for this kind of concern.However,in my opinion,nothing can really substitute education,while it may be true that the above-mentioned elements are also important in gaining the knowledge to achieve success.
What is more,education can make a person improve morally and purify his or her spirit.In my point of view,morality is also an important element for one’s success,although it is always neglected or overlooked.Dictators,for instance,they are likely to be very intelligent and hard-working people,but they are inferior in ethic.It is obvious that those people can not be
considered successful.The best way to make a person moral and respectable is education.It teaches people to tell good from bad;it helps people to distinguish justice form evil.
privilege n&vt property determine access obtain excellent opportunity candidate
13“Responsibility for preserving the natural environment ultimately belongs to each individual person,not to government.”
Discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the opinion stated above.Support your views with reasons and/or examples from your own experience,observations,or reading.
“保护自然环境的责任完全属于每个个人，而非政府。”
讨论你在何种程度上赞成或不赞成上述观点。从你自身的经验，观察和阅读给出相关的原因and/or例子来支持你的观点。
1个人往往是按照自己的利益办事即使有环保意愿但和个人利益冲突或要损失个人利益时候往往就会选择牺牲环境moreover个人往往是短视的，只关注眼前不注意长远。政府则相反
2环保常常规模很大，个人无力完成。
3诚然每个保护环境的措施都是要个人的参与的。但是这种参与是在政府的统筹下的。象作者那样的论断是草率的
a tug of war拔河，两派间的激烈竞争a political tug of war between those in favor of the new legislation and those against it.
large in scale participation participate ensure preservation individual
on behalf of为了at large逍遥自在不受限制的；全体地普遍地
Experience tells us that individuals tend to act on behalf of their own short-term economic and political interest,not on behalf of the environment or the public at large.
complete elimination emission automobile nevertheless不过manufacturer manufacture because voluntarily volunteer voluntary volunteer voluntary voluntarily sacrifice accomplish
regulatory调整的enforcement impose necessary standard ensure achieve aside from inherently inherent pandemic全国流行的epidemic流行的traverse border environment environmental hazard enemy analysis authority authoritative possess attainment agreed-upon意见一致的
14.“Organizations should be structured in a clear hierarchy in which the people at each level, from top to bottom,are held accountable for completing a particular component of the work.Any other organizational structure goes against human nature and will ultimately prove fruitless.”
“组织应该建立在明确的分层之上，在其中人们位于从顶到底的每一层上，被赋予完成一部分工作的责任。如何其它的组织结构都违反人类天性，并将被证明是无成效的。”
讨论你在何种程度上赞成或不赞成上述观点。从你自身的经验，观察和阅读给出相关的原因and/or例子来支持你的观点。
The speaker claims that all organizations should include a clear hierarchy of accountability because any other structure would work against human nature and therefore prove fruitless in the end.This claim gives rise to complex issues about human nature and the social structures best suited to it.As far as I am concerned,this argument is generally acceptable.I base my point of view on the following analysis.
1.明确的分层可以让每个人发挥自己的专长各尽所能.
2.明确分层可以让有全面协调能力的人处于领导地位.在下级出现分歧时候可以由这个领导
者作出团队的决定.而其他形式的组织则会在意见不合时难以为继
3.诚然,让每个人都到可以发挥专长的工作岗位上是很困难的.而真正具有统筹能力的人是否可以出任领导的职位也不是定数.但相比较分层结构的优点毫无疑问我们应该投入精力和时间把分层结构的优越性发挥到极至.
hierarchy accountability structure distorted distort ultimately organizational organizational structure nexus连结,关系First,the organizational structure the speaker recommends undermines the nexus between worker and product that facilitates efficiency and productivity.
facilitate facility responsible component lose sight of alienate
in turn In turn,workers will feel alienated,unimportant,and unmotivated to do work they are proud of.
compartmentalize划分hierarchical分等级的stifle使窒息使抑制
Second,compartmentalizing tasks in a hierarchical structures stifles creativity.
collegiality resentment resign resignation inferior superior
15.“Nations should cooperate to develop regulations that limit children’s access to adult material on the Internet.”*
*The Internet is a worldwide computer network.
“国家间应该合作发展规范以限制儿童接触英特网上的成人内容。”
讨论你在何种程度上赞成或不赞成上述观点。从你自身的经验，观察和阅读给出相关的原因and/or例子来支持你的观点。
The issue here is whether an international effort to regulate children's access to adult material on the Internet is worthwhile.In my view,nations should attempt to regulate such access by cooperative regulatory effort.I base this view on the universality and importance of the interest in protecting children from harm,and on the inherently global nature of the problem.
Adults everywhere have a serious interest in limiting children's access to pornographic material. Pornographic material tends to confuse children----distorting their notion of sex,of themselves as sexual beings,and of how people ought to treat one another.Particularly in the case of domination and child pornography,the messages children receive from pornographic material cannot contribute in a healthy way to their emerging sexuality.Given this important interest that knows no cultural bounds,we should regulate children's access to sexually explicit material on the internet.
国际合作在这中间十分必要.因为这种犯罪的遏止如同当年控制臭氧空洞(ozone depletion)的元凶PRIME CRIMINAL(CFC)时候一样单独靠一个国家的力量这种污染是无法遏止的.
诚然,会遇到很大的政治制约(POLITICAL HURDLE)
regulate access material worthwhile cooperative regulatory
universality普遍性广泛性I base this view on the universality and importance of the interest in protecting children from harm,and on the inherently global nature of this problem. pornographic色情的sexual性的性别的emerging浮现出来的sexuality性特征bound contained within national border be akin to emission release phenomenon regulation contamination污染物contaminate admittedly formidable hurdle compliance服从顺从consequence结果cooperate
16.“Public buildings reveal much about the attitudes and values of the society that builds them. Today’s new schools,courthouses,airports,and libraries,for example,reflect the attitudes and
values of today’s society.”
“公众建筑反映了建造它的社会的许多态度和价值。例如，今天的新学校，法院，机场，图书馆反应了今天的社会的态度和价值。”
1.建筑的功能可以反映社会的价值观
2.建筑的设计可以反映社会的态度格调是明快的材质是什么样子都可以反映建造的这个社会的态度是积极的还是消极的是乐观的还是悲观的
3.诚然,由于社会所处历史时期的限制,发展水平文明程度,科技水平的限制一个社会的建筑往往不能全面的反映
它的态度和价值观但是它确实可以在一定的程度上反映出来.
reflect societal social intended function design mirror=reflect priority precedence preceding precede superiority concern respectively respective democratic democracy luxury luxurious functionality function functional fiscal accountability architecture architectural architect participation participate process eccentric preference prefer convention conventional unwillingness controversial outcry大声疾呼probably conclusion necessarily
17.“Some people believe that the best approach to effective time management is to make detailed daily and long-term plans and then to adhere to them.However,this highly structured approach to work is counterproductive.Time management needs to be flexible so that employees can respond to unexpected problems as they arise.”
“一些人相信有效利用时间的最好方法是制定详细的每日和长期计划并遵守它们。但是，高度组织的工作方式是反生产的。时间管理必须灵活才能使员工可以应对意想不到的问题的出现。”
The speaker claims that a detailed time-management plan fails to afford adequate flexibility to deal with the unexcepted at the workplace.He seems to offer an either/or choice between planning one's time rigidly,by detailing important daily as well as long-term plans,and not planning at all, and he prefers the second choice.The speaker's claims is overly simplisic,since it is possible for a detailed time-management plan to also provide flexibility.
1.明确地知道短期计划可以使每天的工作都有章可循.不会觉得无所事事也不会觉得焦头烂额.长期计划则有助于让人从一个较高的角度把握全局,明白工作的重点和目标.
2.制订了详细的短期和长期计划并不一定意味着就失去了灵活性.制订计划只是为了让制订者在固定的一段时间内完成指定的计划.而且由于前面提过的明确了长期的计划,人们就可以明确工作重点和目标,从而有助于取舍.
claim detailed time-management afford adequate flexibility unexpected workplace an either/or choice rigidly rigid rigidity overly simplistic simplified immediate trivialize orgnazitioanl aimless sensible objective purpose goal aim sensible proceed eliminate urgent enjoyable contribute priority take priority over...banquet宴会discern discreet discrete schedule
inflexible arise fulfill
18.“If the primary duty and concern of a corporation is to make money,then conflict is inevitable when the corporation must also acknowledge a duty to serve society.”
“如果一家公司最基本的责任和着眼点是挣钱，那么当这家公司也必须承担服务社会的责任时，矛盾是不可避免的。”
从你的角度看，上述观点有多正确？从你自身的经验，观察和阅读给出相关的原因and/or 例子来支持你的观点
1矛盾并不是不可避免的.有时候为股东赚取收益的目标和为社会服务的目标是一致的.例如运输公司为了降低成本会采用节能的发动机,同时这也就在为环保作出贡献.实际上,大多数的公司都在为社会服务至少是为了immediate community.例如它会为该社区提供更多的就业机会以及相关的经济利益.而它也将得到reputation for responsibility也会有助于它的发展.
2当然有时候,两者确实会出现一定的矛盾
In sum,corporations have duties both to do well and do good.Although conflict between these duties is not inevitable,it does occur.Determining which duty takes precedence in time of conflict requires careful consideration of pros and cons of each alternative.
take for granted that primary objective obligation corporation maximize fulfill necessarily conflict shareholder wealth serve society coincide automatic precedence immediate community
implicit explicit benefit responsibility successful toxic contaminate contamination visible
19.Some employers who recruit recent college graduates for entry-level jobs evaluate applicants only on their performance in business courses such as accounting,marketing,and economics. However,other employers also expect applicants to have a broad background in such courses as history,literature,and philosophy.
Do you think that,in the application process,employers should emphasize one type of background —either specialization in business courses or a more varied academic preparation—over the other?Why or why not?Develop your position by using reasons and/or examples from your own experience,observations,or reading.
一些雇主征召大学毕业生进口（entry-level）工作时只通过应聘者在商务课程，比如会计，市场和经济方面的表现来评价他们。但是，另一些雇主也希望应聘者在诸如历史，文学和哲学之类的课程上有广阔的背景。
你认为在应聘过程中雇主应该强调一种背景（无论是专业商务课程或者更广泛的学术基础）超过另一种吗？为什么是或者为什么不是？从你自身的经验，观察和阅读给出相关的原因and/or例子来展开你的观点。
依照情况来定
1.有的工作需要很强的专业知识有些则更注重在学科上有广阔的背景
2.需要什么样的员工也要看工作的预期长度.
technical favor significant anticipated length employment critical fledgling无经验的人,初出茅庐的人optimal solid liquid gas academic academy personnel enlighten recruit recruitment enroll enrollment labor intensive...-oriented pragmatic
20.“In this age of automation,many people complain that humans are becoming subservient to machines.But,in fact,machines are continually improving our lives.”
“自动化的时代里，许多人抱怨人类变得屈从于机器了。但是，事实上，机器正不断改善我们的生活。”
讨论你在何种程度上赞成或不赞成上述观点。从你自身的经验，观察和阅读给出相关的原因and/or例子来支持你的观点。
1.机器在很多方面给我们带来便利.洗衣机为我们做laundry;计算机让我们在网上冲浪;各种交通工具让我们跟便捷的出行
2.机器大大地提高了我们这个社会的劳动生产率.由于单位时间的产出更多我们可以创造更多的物质精神财富.享受更舒适的物质文化生活.
3.机器使我们可以涉足更多单凭人类自身无法到达的领域.机器人可以在人类无法停留的高
危高温地带作业,探测数据.宇宙飞船,潜艇让我们探索地球甚至地球以外的奥秘.
诚然,有一些机器的使用象是小汽车,计算器让人们变得脑力和体力上都十分懒惰.但是我们要看到它们同时也给我们带来了便利.而且这些并不是机器本身的错误而是制造者同时也是使用者没有好好的把它们加以利用.应该改变的是我们的态度而不是机器.毕竟机器都是有人设计出来的,服务与人类的.
controversial On the one hand,.....On the other hand,.....
analysis analysist analyze outweigh outbalance outweigh overbear offset advantage disadvantage pros and cons surf on the Internet search automatic automation automobile automatically laundry device appliance apparatus household appliance robot extreme extremely possibility spaceship space shuttle submarine forbidden hazardous hazard caculator caculation caculate clumsy exposition job expo beneficial benefit beneficiary anyway=anywise
21.“Job security and salary should be based on employee performance,not on years of service. Rewarding employees primarily for years of service discourages people from maintaining consistently high levels of productivity.”
“工作保险和工资应该建立在雇员绩效的基础上而非工作年限上。主要根据工作年限奖励员工不利于人们保持高水平的生产力。”
1.一方面绩效工资会促进工人的劳动生产率.使偷懒的工人得到惩罚;使专心工作投入较大的工人得到补偿增大他们的激励.
2.另一方面,单纯的使用绩效工资也可能会打击一部分工人的劳动积极性.因为有一些为公司服务很久的工人可能仅可能是由于年龄的原因劳动生产率下降.而且社会物价的总体水平也是应该考虑的因素之一,当存在通货膨胀时候如果仅依照绩效评价,那么工人整体的生活水平会下降也不利于劳动生产率.
productivity productive counterproductive security secure salary solely sole performance length incentive motivation enticement stimulus impetus incitement tenured professor associate professor achievement reward average worthwhile amply ample schedule salary condemn判刑,谴责
loyal royal loyalty refuse adjust counterproductive attract retain reserve withhold uphold criterion criteria security ignore ignorance
22.“Clearly,government has a responsibility to support the arts.However,if that support is going to produce anything of value,government must place no restrictions on the art that is produced.”“很明显，政府对支持艺术富有责任。但是，如果需要这个支持产生任何价值，政府必须对产生的艺术不加限制。
1.政府对艺术富有责任这一论断是毫无根据的。事实上政府应该把更多的精力投入到公共产品以及具有外部性的产品的生产与建设上。因为由经济学的理论我们知道这些产品是非竞争非排他的，因此无法由私人部门提供。这也正是需要政府存在的理由。而艺术显然是可以在私人部门解决的。私人收藏和私人装饰都为艺术品提供了广阔的市场，艺术品显然不是公共产品。但是由于艺术品可能具有的外部性，如个人收藏可以让拥有者以外的人赏心悦目，所以政府对艺术进行适当的扶植是应当的。但说政府对艺术负有责任，这显然是言过其实。
2.对于需要政府加以扶植的艺术例如公益性质的艺术展览等.政府是需要对其加以限制的.政府的只能就是使社会的总收益最大.如果加以限制可以使其扶持的艺术行为为社会带来更大的收益限制就是必要的.有人可能会反驳说这会对艺术的自由创作带来负面的影响.但事实上绝对的自由是不存在的.适当的限制是对自由的保障.例如有些裸体行为艺术,就应由政府出面限制观看的人群年龄.实际上这并不会影响艺术创作.
unwarranted baseless groudless bottomless foundationless gratuitous groundless私人产品private goods公共产品public goods外部性externality非竞争non-rivalry非排他non-excludability 竞争rivalry排他excludability理论私人部门private sector公共部门public sector收藏collection
扶植prop up扶持support uphold言过其实paint the devil blacker than he is为公益的commonweal-oriented限制constrain confine负面影响negative impact正面影响positive impact绝对的absolute
保障guarantee safeguard裸体naked
23.“Schools should be responsible only for teaching academic skills and not for teaching ethical and social values.”
“学校只应该负责教学术技能而不负责教道德价值和社会价值。”
讨论你在何种程度上赞成或不赞成上述观点。从你自身的经验，观察和阅读给出相关的原因and/or例子来支持你的观点。
1.虽然学校的主要职能应该是将知识和技能传递给学生,但道德价值和社会价值的教导同样也是学校的一个义务.因为对每一个学生个体而言,其正确的世界观人生观的养成甚至是比知识和技能更重要的.试想一个道德不健全或是和社会价值标准相背离的孩子就算他有再优秀的学术能力我们又怎么能指望他们会拥有成功的人生呢?而学校作为学生生活的很大一个组成部分占据了学生非睡眠时间一半甚至更多的时间,它对正确道德社会价值的养成是责无旁贷的.
2.有些人可能会反驳说,每个孩子都是独立的个体.有他的特殊性,道德和社会价值的教导应该留给家长来完成.这样的说法貌似有一定的道理.但我们必须要承认的是,每个家长的能力甚至是道德水平也是良莠不齐的,我们怎么可以指望他们一定可以给孩子正确的引导.事实上我们正需要学校来充当这个引导的角色.因为我们无法控制家长的水平,却可以相对容易的确定教师的水平.
3.当然我上面所论述的价值观只是基本的和应该被社会的每个个体所普遍认同的.我并不赞成学校灌输给学生更为具体的价值观.因为这显然是有悖于个体发展的多样性的.
individual weltanschauung世界观philosophy人生观morbidity病态morbid病态的,不健全的责无旁贷的there is no shirking the responsibility反驳说snap back argue against特殊性particularity教导indoctrinate indoctrination instruction plausible seemingly the good and bad are intermingled良莠不齐指望count on引导guide values社会价值观念identify indoctrinate concrete disobey violate diversity variety
24.“A powerful business leader has far more opportunity to influence the course of a community or a nation than does any government official.”
“一个有力的企业领导比一个政府官员有更多的机会影响一个社团或国家的方针。”
1.每一个政府官员都很难自己做出决策,每一个政令的颁布表面上仿佛是由一个人宣布的,其实背后的程序过程都是十分繁杂的.seperation of the three powers(the legislative,executive and judicial powers)In this work he argued that the three powers a state has are the Legislative,the Executive and the Judicial and that for a state to remain democratic,these powers must be separated and there must be checks and balances to prevent a single group from acquiring control over two or more of them.
任何一个政府官员做出决定都可能受到上司甚至是同事的限制.即使是总统其实也仅仅是他的领导班子共同商议做出结论.更何况三权分立在保护了民主的同时本身也限制了每个个人
甚至是每个group的决策权利以及对国家和社区的影响.
2而企业领导往往会有更大的决策权,而他们的决策也更容易被贯彻.在一个经济为中心的国家相应的他们的对社区和国家的影响力也就更大.
3诚然在一个以政治为中心的国家里企业领导对社区和国家产生影响的机会会较少.但经济是政治的基础,离开经济政治是毫无影响力可言的.此外由于上面所说过的原因政府官员对社区和国家的影响同样不会很大.
goverment order procedure process complex complicated intricate higher-up subordinate superior restict restriction confine constrain curb administration collective the seperation of the three powers:the legislative the executive and the judicial decision-making carry out implement perform politics-centered economy-centered influence effect impact historical influential abound on balance=with all things considered admittedly opportunity commerce commercial check-and-balance system制约平衡制度scandal illuminate illumination luminous lumination technic technical technology technician technological entity equity seems to pale next to...
Yet the impact seems to pale next to those of our modern captains of industry.
by virture of for the sake of on the account of
25.“The best strategy for managing a business,or any enterprise,is to find the most capable people and give them as much authority as possible.”“管理生意或者任何企业的最好方法就是找到最有能力的人并给他们尽可能多的权力。”
这项战略确实不错但是可能需要一些修正.
1.不应该给他们尽可能多的权力而是给他们与他们专业领域相关的方面足够多的权力.因为他们毕竟只是一个方面的专家.如果让他们对其他方面也有决策权无疑是有害与公司发展的.
2.此外雇佣很多的有能力的人并不是把他们加在一起就可以了.只有把他们有机的结合起来有一个完善的管理组织结构才能更大地发挥功效.Simply putting the most capable people together,and letting them loose on projects will provide no good to the company.Thinking so involves the mistaken assumption that just because the parts of a whole are good,the collection of the parts into a whole will be equally good.
autonomy autonomous automatic automatically strategy enhance creatively productively constraint operate effective effectively efficiency unify nullify notify cohesive coherent stifle rather than inspire individual moderate
26.“Location has traditionally been one of the most important determinants of a business’s success.The importance of location is not likely to change,no matter how advanced the development of computer communications and others kinds of technology becomes.”
“从传统上讲地址是一家企业成功的最重要决定因素。不论计算机通讯和其他技术发展的如果先进，地址的重要性将不会改变。”
1.事实上现在的趋势是,由于网络电话电子通讯交通越来越便利,地点对与一个企业来说正在变得越来越不重要.无形的商品可以通过网络,电话进行购买和使用的地点不是很重要了.例如:保险,电子期刊等.有形商品由于售货方式的改变,地址的重要性也在淡化.很多厂家通过在互联网上展示自己产品的照片和电话直销的形式销售商品.其中比较突出的例子就是AMWAY,DELL
2.当然有很多的需要体验和身体力行的产品供应商的地址还是很重要的.象是餐饮业健身房等.
trend tendency net telecommunication transportation location position site important significant
determinant factor reason tangible intangible palpable tactile touchable insurance electronic periodic periodical production goods commodity manufacturer producer essentiality significance importance strengthen reinforce weaken demonstrate show exhibit display conveient
27.“A company’s long-term success is primarily dependent on the job satisfaction and the job security felt by the company’s employees.”
“一家公司的长期成功主要依赖公司员工的工作满意度和工作安全度。”
1.一个公司最重要的asset就是它的员工.只有有高素质而且尽心尽力为公司服务的员工,才会有高效率的生产高质量的产品好的服务让顾客满意从而为企业赚得利润.如果没有好的员工这一切都是不存在的.而如何才能吸引有高素质的员工并且让他们尽心尽力的为公司服务呢?只有通过改善工作环境提高回报水平使工人对公司满意才能作到这一点.
2.但是安全感就不是那么的重要了.虽然对有些员工来讲安全感可能会提高他们的效率.但是反过来有些员工会有恃无恐迟到早退,无故旷工或者是没有全心全意.
long-term success primarily dependent job satisfication job security high productivity hign quality high quantity product skillful proficient masterful professional with all one's heart serve efficient efficiency satisfied contented profit entice enticement security secure in the knowledge that one has strog backing factor determine determinant successful factor typical typically vital pivotal ultimate eventual final eventually decidedly substandard subconsciousness subconscious workplace potential excessive nevertheless competitor competition morale
This list hardly exhausts all the factors that can contribute to...,and none of them is pivotal in any case.
complacency complacent self-satisfied
While...clearly boosts....,the same cannot be said for...
28.“Because businesses use high-quality advertising to sell low-quality products,schools should give students extensive training in how to make informed decisions before making purchases.”“因为企业使用高质量的广告出售低质量的产品，学校应该给学生额外的培训教他们如何在交易前作出见多识广的决定（？）。”
1.首先这个前提就是不符合一般常识和经验证据的.事实上一般只有生产高质量产品的厂家才会做高质量的广告.而生产劣质产品的企业会选择生产使用较差的原料,厂房同样的也会选择较为低廉的广告.而反过来高质量的广告一般会带来更好的收益而使得厂家可以生产更高质量的产品.
2.此外学校也不是做这种额外培训的适合场所.有这个时间学校应该更多的关注学生道德水平的提高和专业知识以及技能的提高.在学校这种场所给学生进行这些培训,学生会觉得世界充满了欺诈和不道德这是不利于学生成长的.
premise actually inferior superior raw material workshop vile卑劣的低廉的in return morality ethic expertise fraud immorality growth成长untenable tenable promote promotion empirically empirical common sense undue inappropriate improper especially regarding regard to the contrary resort to low budget take pride in furthermore assign...on...role
29.“Too many people think only about getting results.The key to success,however,is to focus on the specific task at hand and not to worry about results.”
“太多的人只想到得到结果。成功的关键是注意手边的特定事情而不担心结果。”
1.只想到结果的人而不注意手边的事情的人往往因为太迫切的期待结果而不屑于把手边看
似琐碎的小事做好.事实上每一个目标的达成都是需要无数这样的事情集合在一起才可以达成的.
2.同样的只注意手边的事情也是不可取的.因为一直这样就缺少了高屋建瓴的技能往往会过分注意细节而忽略了从整体上的把握.每一件事情就都变成是在孤立的完成而不是在为一个核心pivotal的目标而服务这样会忽略了重点降低效率.
at hand anxious anxiety specific specialized certain result outcome eventuality consequence sequence think it scorn to trivial petty accomplish accomplishment attainment keystone advisable 可取的inadvisable to operate from a strategically advantageous position strategical strategy advantageous advantage disadvantage focus on the details solely ignore efficiency keystone endproduct proceed process precedent preceding merit admittedly daunting overwhleming Admittedly,this advice has some merit,by focusing on the details at hand one is less likely to become discouraged by the daunting and overwhleming tasks ahead in an ambitous project. without reference to virtually The central problem with this advice is that focusing attention completely on the task at hand without reference to how that task is related to the end product would be virtually impossible to do.
random diligent likelihood minimal
30.“Companies benefit when they discourage employees from working extra hours or taking work home.When employees spend their leisure time without‘producing’something for the job, they will be more focused and effective when they return to work.”“公司在他们不鼓励员工工作太多的时间或者把工作带回家时就盈利。当员工不把他们的休息时间用在工作上时，他们回来工作时就会更专注更有效率。”
1.总的来说公司不鼓励员工工作太多的时间和把工作带回家是对的.因为这样可以使员工有时间享受工作以外的生活.这样等他们回到工作中的时候他们的效率会更高.Work without play makes Jack a dull boy.过多的工作时间会削弱职工的创造力和对公司的忠诚度.
2.但是遇到紧急情况的时候,例如deadline已经临近了之类就应该让员工尽量把工作做完.由于是偶发事情相信员工也会乐意超时或者把工作带回家里来完成,因为如果到了时间完不成任务员工自己本身也是会受到损失的.
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31.“Financial gain should be the most important factor in choosing a career.”
1.把收入作为选择职业的首要考虑因素会使人忽视了生命中更应该追求的其他东西。事实上有许多人为了追求更为重要的目标而放弃了使自己获得最大收入的职业。象是特蕾莎修女，她以助人为快乐。尽管在物质上是清贫的但是却在别人快乐的同时自己也得到了幸福的回报。mother Teresa,winner of the Nobel Peace Prize,dedicated the majority of her life to helping the poorest of the poor in India.Although she was not rich all through her life,she was happier than most of her contemporaries because she gained happiness when she helped the poor.bliss blessedness还有一些人为了做全职家长更好的照顾孩子更是完全牺牲了得到钱的职业。在他们看来和家人在一起生活照顾他们的起居饮食是自己最开心的事情。
2.诚然经济基础是一切其他活动的前提.但追求钱以外更重要的目标并不一定意味着就会得
不到物质回报或者是一定会过得潦倒.事实上两者是可以相互促进的.一个追求智力上或者是创造力上的成就的人象是作家艺术家或者是音乐家当他们的作品问世时候他们同时也得到了物质的回报.othes choose to pursue intellectual or creative fulfillment-as wirters,artists,or musicians.而这些钱反过来又会为他们的创作提供更好的条件和环境.
ignore overlook neglect pursue go in for in pursuit of aspire after be down and out mutually come out be published priority primarily appreciate notion profession lucrative有利的stem from subordinate...to...
recreation physical health psychological making money is not an end in the end of itself. acknowledge strike a balance overriding高于一切的factor
32“You can tell the ideas of a nation by its advertisements.”你可以从一个国家的广告辨别出它的思想。”
阐述你认为这段引语是什么意思，讨论你在何种程度上赞成或不赞成上述观点。使用来自历史，时事或你自身经验，观察，阅读的原因and/or特定的例子来展开你的立场。
1.广告有没有反映idea？首先我们来看一下idea的定义a formulated thought or opinion但是广告所展现给我们的通常是一个产品一项服务或者是公益广告中的一项倡议都不能称为是idea a mere picture of a product,service,outlook,or fashion is not an"idea".
2.由上面的论述可以得出广告并不能传递idea,事实上更谈不到传递一个国家的idea.因为大部分的广告都是商业广告,都是某个企业为了推销一种商品或者服务而产生的.它只能代表一个企业的营销理念而和一个国家的idea没有任何一点关系.
3.诚然,有一些公益广告是可以反映社会某个部分的成员的idea的例如:环保组织.然而这些广告只在所有的广告中占据了可以忽略的一个部分,而且它也不能代表一个国家的idea definition reflect reflection mirror exhibit public-interest advertisement appeal petition judging from the preceeding analysis advertisements can not convey an idea,not to mention更不要提showing the idea of a https://www.doczj.com/doc/b417559506.html,mercial advertisement promotion strategy admittedly environmental conservation negligible true
33.“People are likely to accept as a leader only someone who has demonstrated an ability to perform the same tasks that he or she expects others to perform.”人们只愿意接受这样的领导：他能完成他要求其他人完成的任务。
1.人们不会尊重一个不能完成他要求别人完成的任务自己却不能完成的领导.这是人之常情,人们通常都只会欣赏和尊敬比自己优秀的人,而不喜欢被一个不能完成任务却命令自己去做的人心存敬意.例如克林顿总统当commander-in-chief的时候,由于众所周知他曾经逃避兵役,很自然的下级军官和士兵都不是很尊重他.
2.人们不信任一个自己完不成任务却要求别人去完成的人.仍然举克林顿总统的例子.由于他逃兵役被视为没有能力,下级都对他的决策心存怀疑,这也就潜在的导致了执行上的不尽心不尽力.
3.诚然是否能完成自己交给别人的任务并不是衡量一个leader重要指标.可能领导能力,组织能力,运筹能力更为重要.但是我们不能忽视人们心理上的看法,尽管它可能并不合理但它确实是存在的.
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34.“All citizens should be required to perform a specified amount of public service.Such service would benefit not only the country as a whole but also the individual participants.”
“所有的市民都应该被要求完成一定量的公共服务。这样的服务将不但从整体上给国家带来好处，也能给个人的参与者带来好处。
1比起专业的公共服务组织所有的公民都完成一定的公共服务显得比较低效率.因为我们是在一个高度专业化分工十分明晰的社会.放弃专业的公共服务组织而采取强制性的公民义务形式的服务会使得效率十分低下而且也会让大多数人不满,毕竟每个人都有自己的职业和爱好.
2管理成本的高昂也是该计划难以贯彻的一个原因.这项决定潜在上要求了要有人监督每个公民是否履行了自己的义务.也要有人给每个公民分配任务.
3诚然就象作者所说的那样确实会从整体上给国家带来一定的好处,同时给每个参与的人提供和更多人交流等机会.但是在权衡利弊之后尤其是在和专业化组织对比之后还是得不偿失的be not worth the candle mandatory compulsory...be weighed against...
individual compliance enforcement nullify stifle incompetence competent tantamount to等价insofar as...
35.“Business relations are infected through and through with the disease of short-sighted motives. We are so concerned with immediate results and short-term goals that we fail to look beyond them.”Assuming that the term“business relations”can refer to the decisions and actions of any organization—for instance,a small family business,a community association,or a large international corporation—explain the extent to which you think that this criticism is valid.In your discussion of the issue,use reasons and/or examples from your own experience,your observation of others,or your reading.
“商业关系被短视动机的疾病一再地影响。我们对即刻的结果和短期目标如此关注，使我们不能看到比他们更远的东西。”假设“商业关系”这个词可以指任何组织的决定和行动，比如一个小家族企业，一个社团协会或者一个大的跨国公司。阐释你认为在何种范围内这个批评是有效的。在你对这个题目的讨论中，使用从你自身的经验，观察和阅读得到相关的原因and/or例子。
1.一个企业最终的目的就是为它的股东带来最大的收益.但是由于股东往往只是公司财产的所有者而不是公司的运行者所以他往往只看到了短期的利益而看不出一项决策对长期是否有帮助.另一方面公司的运营管理者在为股东服务的同时往往还有他个人的目标任期短,工资和当期收益直接相关都会导致ceo等只重视短期目标而忽视了长期目标.
2.同样的一个企业为了追逐短期利益的原因也会忽视了对社会其他成员的长期影响.电影工作室为了大票房不会在意暴力和色情的镜头会不会对青少年造成影响.一个化工厂也会为了节约成本把污水直接倒入河流而不顾及市民会不会因此而感染疾病.obscene juvenile初出茅庐的be wet behind the ears,fledging
3诚然，追求短期利益对一些刚起步的公司是重要的，但应该有办法MAKE BALANCE
这篇是基本同意作者观点的比较少见。最开始写的字数不大够
A2.“Constant innovation and change within an organization are as likely to damage the organization as they are to improve it.A2.“一个组织内持续的革新和变化更可能伤害它而不是改善它
1.面对着复杂多变的社会环境尤其是技术进步日新月异.只有不断地改革创新才能适应时代.以制造企业为例,它的目标客户群在不断地变化怎么能期望没有改进和创新的产品继续受
到顾客的欢迎又怎么能在这个社会上继续发展下去.
2持续的变革和变化可以让员工或者是成员时刻保持较好的创新性和适应力.在有突发时间来临的时候才不会慌手慌脚应对不了危机
3.但是我们不是为了变化而变化而是为跟上技术,需求的进步.盲目地乱搞创新一定会损害一个组织而不是对它有促进作用.
36.“Businesses and other organizations have overemphasized the importance of working as a team.Clearly,in any human group,it is the strong individual,the person with the most commitment and energy,who gets things done.”
“企业和其他组织过分强调了团队工作的重要性。很明显，在任何人类团体里，都是最强的个人，那个具有最多义务和能量的人，把事情完成的。”
The author's assert brings in the controversail and complex question that is being discussed a lot now:teamwork or individual energy and commitment,which one is more important to a company or other types of organizaitons?The author claims that teamwork has been overemphasized.To the contrary,I believe that is the author who makes an overemphasis by saying"It is the strong individual,the person with the most commitment and engergy,who gets things done.
1.每个个人都是组织的一个组成成员。每个人都各司其职。尤其是在科学技术如此进步的今天很少有人能象作者所说的那样独立完成一项任务。事实上每个人都是完成了工作的一个部分一个方面，而合在一起才有了团队的成功。
2.一个公司一个组织并不是所有成员的简单加总.如果是这样的话,那么也就没有必要形成一个团队了每个人独立完成就好了.事实上一个团队可以把个体有机的组织在一起,使整体的运做更有效率更有成效,这才识组织存在的原因.
3.诚然集体的每个任务都是许多个别员工的努力组成的.但是这其中的每个人都不是完全独立的.没有设计人员,生产人员无法生产,而没有生产人员,销售人员亦无法销售. regimentation团队精神each does his or her own duty technology organic organically
37.“Since science and technology are becoming more and more essential to modern society, schools should devote more time to teaching science and technology and less to teaching the arts and humanities.”“由于对现代社会来说，科学和技术正在变得越来越基本，学校应该投入更多的时间教授科学技术而减少艺术和人文的教育。
1艺术可以使人更好地投入到科学技术的研究中.起到一定的促进作用.For example,recent studies of cognitive development show that studying music at an early age can strengthen a child's later grasp of mathematics.And understanding philosophical concepts has helped scients recognize their own presuppositions,and frame their central questions more accurately.
2从前人前辈的成就和伟大人格中我们可以得到促进和激励更好的投入到工作和学习生活中.
3单独只有科学技术我们只能找到解决问题的办法即我只是知道how to do而不知道should we do
.....This is not to say,however,that....To the contrary mathematicians cognitive strengthen grasp philosophical philosophy presupposition presumption premise assumption intellectual inspire dominate predominate autonomous autonomy liberal arts文科contemporary
38.“Courtesy is rapidly disappearing from everyday interactions,and as a result,we are all the poorer for it.”
“礼貌正在从每日的交流中迅速消失。作为结果，我们的生活也变差了。”
1事实上随着教育技术的进步和人们物质精神生活充实,我们的社会在变的越来越文明,而人们也越来越礼貌.
2作者有这种感觉可能是因为人们倾向于对不好的事情有更深刻的记忆.
Another reason that the claim is suspect is that we tend to remember negative encounters with people more so than positive ones,probably because of bad experience tend to be more traumatic and sensational,if not more interesting to talk about.
3诚然有一部分人的行为确实很不礼貌,但仅仅由于个别人的行为推断整个社会显然是不合理的.
education technic technology technician enrich civilization civilize civilized courtesy discourtesy memorable newsworthy suspect traumatic外伤的创伤的sensitional rationale
39.“It is difficult for people to achieve professional success without sacrificing important aspects of a fulfilling personal life.”“人们要在不牺牲实现个人生活的重要方面的情况下达到专业成功是很难的。”
1两者并不矛盾而是相互促进相辅相成
2科学技术的进步使人更高效率的工作也能让人更好的协调两者的关系
3诚然一定的牺牲是必然要做出的但是绝对不是生活中的重要方面
40.“With the increasing emphasis on a global economy and international cooperation,people need to understand that their role as citizens of the world is more important than their role as citizens of a particular country.”
随着对全球经济和跨国公司的关注增加，人们需要理解他们作为世界公民的角色比作为一个特定国家的公民的角色更重要
1两者并不是完全对立的环保
2事实上两者可以相互促进一个人在一个国家做慈善工作很可能也会有一天为别的国家的人服务
3当两者冲突的时候哪个更重要取决与不同的情况。
代替取代supersede compatible be compatible with...citizenship domain This one person would be acting consistently as a citizen of community,state,nation and world.admittedly conflicting obligation arise dual Admittedly,conflicting/clashing/discordant obligations sometimes arise as a result of our new dual citizenship.obligatory In sum,although our"dual"citizenship may at times lead to conflict,one role need not automatically take precedence over the other.more often than not The relationship between the two roles is,more often than not,a complementary one,and can even be synergistic.synergistic coactive complement complementary supplement
41.“The best way to preserve the natural environment is to impose penalties—whether fines, imprisonment,or other punishments—on those who are most responsible for polluting or otherwise damaging it.”
1诚然使用惩罚措施会对环境破坏者起到一定的遏止作用。当他们考虑到破坏环境可能带来的严重后果，他们可能就会不再进行会造成环境破坏的行为。
2把环保概念灌输给我们的民众并使之成为他们思维的一个部分并且会自觉遵守是一个更好的办法。这样可以从根本上解决环境污染的问题。人们在行事之前会把环境问题考虑进去作为一个前提。而惩罚这种方法实际上是治标不治本。
3此外后者的执行成本长期来看更小。因为任何一个强制性措施都必然导致不遵守监管调查以及监督。
It is not the only way,nor the best way.elicit reluctant reluctance unwilling compliance effective deterrent deter remedy deny disclaim disacknowledge acknowledge knowledge conceal reveal bribe lobby legislator intuition inculcate genuine executive regulation regulate instill take temporary solution effect a permenant cure commitment-driven compliance-driven enforcement investigation
42.“Scientists are continually redefining the standards for what is beneficial or harmful to the environment.Since these standards keep shifting,companies should resist changing their products and processes in response to each new recommendation until those recommendations become government regulations.”“科学家在不断重新制定对环境什么是有利的，什么是有害的的标准。由于这些标准不停变动，面对新建议，公司应该保持他们的产品和流程不变直到新的建议成为国家标准为止。”
1科学家的建议也并不一定都是正确的。很有可能他的结论适用面很窄。或者他所得到的数据有错误等等。
2对企业来说频繁的变更产品和生产流程会造成很大的经济损失
3诚然等待国家制定标准很可能存在滞后等问题但是比较起来以上的问题还是应该等待国家制定标准。此外一个折中的方案是国家成立专门的机构快速地对新的方案和建议做出评价并迅速制定标准
split the difference lag evaluate
43.“The most important reason for studying history is not that knowledge of history can make us better people or a better society but that it can provide clues to solving the societal problems that we face today.”
1历史是什么records of past events历史是客观的，不带有任何主观色彩subjective colouring 和价值判断的。它是不能使得我们成为better people better society的。它只负责把过去的得失成败gain and loss success and failure展现给我们。
2但是从这种客观的记录里面我们可以通过研究总结sum up得到成功的经验和失败的教训从而知道我们现今遇到的问题的解决办法。每一次大萧条之后经济学都会得到突飞猛进advance rapidly的发展正是这个道理
3诚然，随着科学技术的进步今天和以后同过去所遇到的问题可能是十分不同的。但是人类的发展是连续consecutive的，我们总可以从历史和现实中找到一定的联系一定的类比。44.“All companies should invest heavily in advertising because high-quality advertising can sell almost any product or service.”
1有些情况可能适合用高质量的广告。例如刚成立的fledgling公司或者已经成立的公司要推广新产品。又比如那些生产区分度很小的产品的企业广告是把他们和竞争对手分开的最好方法。differentiate distinguish
2有些情况可能就不一定适用。例如某些具有垄断性质的公司就没有必要投入很大在广告上面。monopoly
3是否要做高质量甚至要不要做广告实际上取决于做广告的机会成本。就是如果把这笔钱投入到其他的方面如技术革新等会不会带来更大的收益。opportunity cost technology innovation top-notch name recognition sensational advertising
45.“The most effective way for a businessperson to maximize profits over a long period of time is to follow the highest standards of ethics.”
反面的例子可以是说如果从最高的道德规范来看有些污染环境的行业根本就不应该存在。但
是从企业的长期发展来看以及从社会的福利最大化来看，只要污染控制在一定范围就好。如化工厂只要把排污控制在国家规定的范围就好。
1道德不明确，每个人的标准不一样
2法律立法时符合大多数人的要求明确具体
3时滞可以用提高立法效率来解决
和AI034基本一样。
46.Businesses are as likely as are governments to establish large bureaucracies,but bureaucracy is far more damaging to a business than it is to a government.
1非绩效工资导致了政府里的官僚主义者bureaucratist bureaucratic基本上不会介意官僚主义带来的成本损失。
2垄断性质也导致了这一点。没有竞争对手rival没有倒闭close down的威胁同样会导致官僚主义的产生
3但是官僚主义一旦产生确实会对公司的影响比政府的影响来的大的多。可能直接导致企业的破产go bankrupt，倒闭。而政府的影响则是长期的和隐性的。recessive inherently monopolistic breed bureaucracy streamline operations
47.The primary responsibility for preventing environmental damage belongs to government,not to individuals or private industry.
1个人往往是按照自己的利益办事即使有环保意愿但和个人利益冲突或要损失个人利益时候往往就会选择牺牲环境moreover个人往往是短视的，只关注眼前不注意长远。政府则相反
2环保常常规模很大，个人无力完成。
3诚然每个保护环境的措施都是要个人的参与的。但是这种参与是在政府的统筹下的。象作者那样的论断是草率的
和13基本一样on behalf of代表They act in positions of authority on behalf of goverment or industry.
48.In matching job candidates with job openings,managers must consider not only such variables as previous work experience and educational background but also personality traits and work habits,which are more difficult to judge.
除了教育背景过去的工作经验之外确实有很多更难量化的因素需要一个公司去衡量
1是否诚信是否对公司忠诚是决定一个员工是否可以为公司作出贡献的基本要素。一个有很好教育背景很丰富的工作经验但对公司不忠诚不诚信的人反而可能会对公司带来更大的伤害。他很可能会利用他的经验和专业知识做一些对自己有利而损害公司利益的事情
2一个人的对生活的态度对他是否胜任一项工作同样重要。这直接决定了他是积极地还是消极地对待自己的工作。尽管这一指标很难判断很难量化是隐性的但是同样十分重要。
3评价一个员工的是否胜任某一项工作仅仅从他是否有完成某个特定任务的能力来判断是不够的。因为在一个公司里面工作，每个人都需要和其他人协同没有人可以完全独立。因此员工是否可以和别人很好的沟通是否有团队精神也是很重要的一个衡量指标。
honest honesty dishonest dishonesty loyal loyalty instead An employee with excellent expertise and a lot of previous work experience but dishonest and not loyal to the company will sometimes do no good to the company while do harm instead,because they may use their expertise and experience to do something that can benefit themselves while damage the company.optimistic pessimistic optimism pessimism negative positive index quantify recessive likewise compatible
interdependent dependent independent quantifiable
Cultural differences cause disharmony.Children should be taught to think internationally,rather than being drilled in their own history and culture.Do you agree or disagree?why?
1该陈述犯了一个以偏概全的错误。正所谓不能因噎废食，同样不能因为多样性会造成矛盾不和就否定它。
2正是丰富多彩的文化使我们的精神世界更加充实。也正是文化的相互碰撞使我们的社会更加进步。只有民族的才是世界的，小孩子当然的要更多的涉猎本国的文化和历史。
3诚然文化碰撞有时候会带来文化冲突甚至战争。但这些并不是多样性本身造成的而是一种文化的持有着一定要征服另一种文化而造成的。只要我们都能本着求同存异的思想这个问题是可以解决的。
34“An employee should not publicize a company’s ethical violations if doing so could harm the company.”
1道德不明确，每个人的标准不一样
2法律立法时符合大多数人的要求明确具体
3时滞可以用提高立法效率来解决
43.“People are more effectively motivated by myths and symbols than by logic and reasons.”
1对大多数的人来说。作者的结论是成立的。当我们还是孩童的时候逻辑和道理在我们的理解范围之外。即使当我们成为了大人仍然更多的时候是被myths和symbols所motivated。这大概就是为什么产品的科学含量很高的说明书远没有朋友的经验，电视的广告更能给我们带来购买欲望的原因
2当然有些凡事都很理性的成年人更趋于被logic和reasons所motivated。生活中的他们显得更理性凡事都要问个所以然来。他们或者曾被表象所欺骗或者天生就对logic和reason更敏感。
50.How far should a supervisor go in criticizing the performance of a subordinate?Some highly successful managers have been known to rely on verbal abuse and intimidation.
Do you think that this is an effective means of communicating expectations?If not,what alternative should a manager use in dealing with someone whose work is less than satisfactory? Explain your views on this issue.Be sure to support your position with reasons and/or examples from your own experience,observations,or reading.
1出言侮辱和威吓会使员工对自己失去信心感到受了侮辱非但不会更好的把工作干好反而会把工作弄的更糟。
2就算他或她在短期有了改善也会对经理甚至是整个公司产生抵触情绪resentment，在长期中他或她也不会全心全意地为公司工作。
Moreover,while verbal abuse might produce the desired reaction at a particular time,it is likely to backfire later.Nobody likes to be abused or intimidated.If such methods were the general practice in an office or division,overal morale would probably be low.And it is unlikely that employees
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EDUCATION Choosing the fields of study Topics ?Educational institutions have a responsibility to dissuade students from pursuing fields of study in which they are unlikely to succeed. ?Educational institutions should actively encourage their students to choose fields of study that will prepare them for lucrative careers. ?Educational institutions should actively encourage their students to choose fields of study in which jobs are plentiful. ?College students should base their choice of a field of study on the availability of jobs in that field. ?Some people believe that college students should consider only their own talents and interests when choosing a field of study. Others believe that college students should base their choice of a field of study on the availability of jobs in that field. ?College students should be encouraged to pursue subjects that interest them rather than the courses that seem most likely to lead to jobs. ?College students should base their choice of a field of study on the availability of jobs in that field. ?Claim: When planning courses, educators should take into account the interests and suggestions of their students. Reason: Students are more motivated to learn when they are interested in what they are studying. Samples ?Should educators provide students with a set of ideas or with job preparation? (GRE CAT Answers P.88) ?Are people free to choose a career? (GRE CAT Answers P.101) ?Should education devote itself to enriching our personal lives? (GRE CAT Answers P.173) ? The same national curriculum
Issue 高频作文提纲,按频率排序，最前面是题号，并有题目类别标记。 1 是非判断类。人类依赖科技所以自己思考的能力恶化。 观点:很大程度上承认观点（to a large extent I agree ）科技的确让人产生依赖性，变懒惰，但是只要合理利用（ensures the rational use）科技，科技反而能扩展人们的思维（intellection），提高创造力（ingenuity creativity）。 1 科技为人类生活提供了方便，减轻人类的负担。a 计算机的普及，让计算方式和 记忆方式发生了改变。以前非常难的计算问题，如今只需要在计算器上按下按钮就能得到答案。b 计算机推进了各个科学领域的发展，甚至成为研究工作必不可少的工具。C 科技使得人类能便捷地查找到需要的信息，帮助人类扩展思维和认知。 2人类习惯了依赖科技解决问题，很多情况下造成独立思维的下降.a 依赖计算机的计算和存储功能，使得运算和记忆memory能力下降。b 过度依赖计算机，习惯于求助计算机而造成懒于思考。c 过度沉溺于overindulge 虚拟virtual世界，而忽视了真实世界的交流需要，造成交流能力减弱。 3 但是科技仍然利大于弊outweigh。A 科技的确减退了人类某些方面的思维能力， 但是主要是在计算量和搜索的能力，并不会影响人的独立思考的能力。b 科技本身并没有错，只是人过度或者不当的使用了科技。C 部分能力的下降相对于获得的实际利益来说是值得的。 结论：虽然科技一定程度上造成了人类思维的懒惰和恶化，但是我认为只要合理利用科技，弊端是可以避免的，相反地它能极大提供便利，扩展人类的思维。 4 敌方看法类。丑闻有用 观点：偏向肯定。丑闻虽然有害处，但是只要避免不利，有益处。 1 丑闻有积极的意义。A 大部分媒体press偏向于粉饰（gloss over, varnish） 一些政府的失职dereliction of duty或阴谋conspiracy。丑闻能够让人们了解真相。 2 由于丑闻的存在，人们能充当监督者supervisor，政客politician会更加谨慎， 抑制不正当的行为injustice。 speakers 和reformers 通常不会发现自身错误，丑闻能警醒他们，修正自身的错误。 3 有些人会反对我(be opposed to，argue against, refute, disprove, defy)， 因为丑闻有一些危害。A 丑闻会导致社会的恐慌和不信任，不利于社会稳定。B丑闻可能不是真实的，会误导大众。C不真实的丑闻可能对无辜的人造成伤害。但是我认为，即使丑闻有这些不利的方面，我们仍然不能够否定它的作用。首先，丑闻的危害可以被消除。如果增大社会透明度If increasing social transparency，公布 publish更多的信息，使得大众接触到真相，不真实的丑闻就会被纠正。其次，大众的判断力会随着经验累积accumulation而增长，对丑闻的真假会有更好的判断力。因此，丑闻的弊端是可以被避免的，而好处却是可以造福社会的。 结论：总的来说，to sum up尽管丑闻的影响仍然需要讨论，但是其作用是明显的。 Although the impact of the scandal is still to be discussed, its role is still obvious.if proper measures are taken，弊端是可以很大程度上被避免的，而利益将造福bring benefit to我们。 62是非判断类。领导者是由他们身上的需求创造的。 观点：中立。领导者部分是由需求创造，但是也与领导者的实现自身的价值有关。
教育类： 第1组：通才VS专才 （6，14，96，116） A nation should require all of its students to study the same national curriculum until they enter college. 在进行大学教育以前，国家应该要求所有的学生学习统一的国家课程。 （13，46，70，102，112，140） Universities should require every student to take a variety of courses outside the student's field of study. 大学应该要求每个学生选修自己专业以外的各种学科。 （24，29，52） The best way to teach is to praise positive actions and ignore negative ones. 教育的最佳方式是赞扬积极的行为，忽视消极的行为。 37 Society should identify those children who have special talents and provide training for them at an early age to develop their talents. 社会应该甄别那些天资聪颖的孩子，并且年幼的时候就开始提供训练培养它们的才能。 54 In order to become well-rounded individuals, all college students should be required to take courses in which they read poetry, novels, mythology, and other types of imaginative literature. 为了成为全面发展的个体，应该要求所有的大学生选择可以阅读诗歌、小说、神话等想象力文学的课程。 （82，97，100，124） Colleges and universities should require their students to spend at least one semester studying in a foreign country. 学院或大学应该要求学生在国外至少留学一个学期。 142 Claim: Colleges and universities should specify all required courses and eliminate elective courses in order to provide clear guidance for students. Reason: College students—like people in general—prefer to follow directions rather than make their own decisions. 结论：为了给学生提供一个明确的方向，学院和大学应该指定所有的必修课程，移除选修课程。 原因：和大众一样，大学生更喜欢按部就班，不喜欢自己做决定。
模板： 开头：三部分：引述题目，表达正反两方面的观点，陈述自己的观点； 引述题目：反问法； 正反两方面的观点：用转折词，比如while、but、despite、although等，例如While some people can find beauty in the mosr common places, true beauty is only found in the exceptional. There can be no doubt that some of the world's most common things are beautiful, yet it' is ofthen the exceptional objects that possess the true beauty. 陈述自己的观点：例如： I believe that ……，because…… In my view……，this is because…… It is cleat that…… After weighing the evidence, it si certain that 三个例子： 1、The speaker asserts that……. It has some merits in terms of ……/from a normative standpoint. However, I disagree with the speaker for some reasons, including^/ as discussed below.适用于单纯观点，不涉及争论的话题。 2、Where/ does it / can we …….while/ even though/ there can be no doubt some people …… I would like to agree with that …… 3、The speaker asserts/considers that ___. While this claim seems plausible
Issue题目难点(是非论证的文章) 1审题先熟悉题库中文意思 2内容不考内容背景，考逻辑分析能力 3语言标准书面语 三类难题：哲学类道德伦理文化文学只能放掉一类题目不用准备新G取消二选一该考为30分钟 按主题分类：纵向比较分类题库 1防止跑题 2★合并类似题目（新G改革要求1更加具体的细节深度>广度>范度2不能雷同）两道题的论点相似其论据论证过程可以相互使用 简易评分要求0-3分：审题和结构3-4.5分：论证过程Reasoning 4.5-6分：语言 多看6分文章不要模仿6分以下的文章 中心观点不能完全赞成或完全反对要从正反两方面论证 审题四步走 1中心观点在题目中寻找关键词主体词—确定主题（名词句子的主干）确定中心观点 限定词（adj adv 定语从句状语从句）用于确定论证角度（少数抽象题目没有限定词）2中心观点的分支观点现在将来问题有是非两个方面开头结尾是中心观点段中间4段（T+ T- F+ F-）3?分支观点的理由找限定词写issue 不要走向极端，要看整体框架 4 论据evidence 每一个分支观点理由------→分支论据归纳演绎方式观点论据比1：3---1：4---1：5 带到生活场景中去-----看题库本身 弊端：1斟词酌句浪费时间Issue看整体不看局部 Issue入门要求：先用基本单词练习关键是思路（下托福高频词表）先写再修改一气呵成不要写写停停 2临时找思路边想边写把能准备的尽量全准备 3临时发挥应用分类提纲事先准备 Step2先整理分类提纲-----整理单个提纲
Step3如何写分类提纲：先找主体词限定词---再归纳p11 是非两方面 分支观点理由—-限定词 论据善于归纳eg. 技术进步的3大种例子1交通2通讯交流（交流与人类的关系）3自动化 如何展开分析：演绎要展开包装---学术化 ★Issue的写作核心：具体问题具体分析的是非论证★ Step4 综上400-600字文章--→20-30个长句复杂句 Issue 作文的结构 开头段2-3句话提出中心句------结尾段2-3句话得出结尾句 中间展开部分1 TTF 大正小负2TFF大负小正3TF 平衡结构正文第一段都是先写正的先继承再批判（先扬后抑） 6-7句话写每段的主题句---过渡句（并列递进转折） 模板：1逻辑性的目标（迎合软件评分表准）2 写作习惯 模板包括：1 结构固定2 1 开头段的中心句1位置要求---每一个位置用什么句型做什么用End focus开头段末句中心观点 错误一：用问句结束开头（而要有明确的回答） 错误二：做报告式的开头The issue that lies in two points 2用何种句型写中心句：1 正反论证结构或有倾向的（TTF 大正小负TFF大负小正）用让步语气 2 平衡结构也可用平衡让步结果前后同等重要 The issue that calls for balance in which there are both A and B(现在将来感性理性正负两观点均可蓝色部分不可雷同同时使用) 2 开头段的写法╳B+P 背景+立场层层铺垫---铺垫型的罗嗦开头讲义P38 ╳E+P 例子+立场讲义P42
21. Laws should be flexible enough to take account of various circumstances, times, and places. 1.确实，从地区看，若在各个不同的地方都严格的使用同一法律标准，会导致不公正。如： 在中国的多文化国家，不同地区文化不同，例如，中国的东巴文化，使用象形文字，不能强制要求使用中国语。从时间看，随着社会的发展进步，某些习俗可能发生改变，有些原来犯法的行为现在不犯法。如：古代中国，原来不许剪辫子braid；有些过去合理的行为现在不合理如：一夫多妻。各地经济发展情况不同，若偷同样币值的东西可能是不同价值的，给予相同的惩罚也就不合理。Moral standards. 2.法律应保持一定的连续性、稳定性以及可预测性。连续性能保持社会的稳定（stable）， 稳定性保证法律的威严(dignity)，可预见性使得人们知道如何行事而不会无所适从。a certain measure of consistency, stability and predictability in our laws is required in order for us to understand our legal obligations and rights as we go about our day-to-day business as a society. 3.既要稳定性，连续性，也要flexible。 22. Claim: the best way to understand the character of a society is to examine the character of the men and women that the society chooses as its heroes or its role models. Reason: Heroes and role models reveal a society’s highest ideals. 1.承认，社会的确可以通过一个人来认识社会的特点。一方面我们可以通过英雄来了解社 会普遍的价值。比如美国的三个总统。华盛顿（Washington）代表了美国社会对个人利益的尊重(a society’s respect for the rights of individuals)；林肯(Lincoln)代表了美国社会的自由与平等(freedom and equality)；罗斯福(Roo sevelt)代表了美国社会的正义感以及工作热情(sense of justice and passion for work)。这些正是不同时期美国社会的特点。通过不同的时期的英雄，我们可以了解不同时代的社会价值，比如抗日战争，毛泽东被人们是做英雄，反映了人们爱国主义（patriotism）。 2.但是，虽然可以反映trend and intention, 但是反映理想的状态。hero一般被传媒夸大 （exaggerate）了。他们的缺点(defects)都被视而不见(overlook their shortcomings)，已经不是原来的那个真的历史人物（original historical figures）。如：毛泽东(人多力量大)、斯大林Stalin的独裁（autocracy）（阶级斗争激烈class struggle）,并且抑制了文化艺术的发展。Idolatry hero 代表的是人们不可能达到的状态。是一种理想，而不一定现实中会这样做。 3.从英雄看社会是片面的，不能全面反应这个社会的特征。了解社会特征还有许多方法。 如：查看民众对hero 的态度，文化习俗方面，中国的新年和西方的圣诞节。 23. Government should place few, if any, restrictions on scientific research and development. 1.承认，政府不应过多介入。A可能政府的目标会促进某些而阻碍某些发展。减少科研顾 虑，刺激发展，如catholic church限制造成medieval 欧洲科研长期压抑；B尊重发现真理的自由。如果加以抑制，就会打消人们科学研究的积极性（motivation），不利于发展。 2.但是，政府要加以适当的限制，确保健康发展。政府要支持：科学的发展离不开资金支 持。从经济上，否则大型项目无法完成。或者大规模的调查。有时，政府可以在不同学科、不同国家的研究者之间牵线搭桥促进合作。对于某些有争议的学科，不约束带来危险，政府应指引出方向（orientation）。如：clone，核武器，细菌武器
英文名词翻译 第一章 国际结算导论 international settlement 美国CHIPS 系统：纽约清算银行同业支付系统 英国CHAPS 系统: 清算所自动支付体系 布鲁塞尔SWIFT 系统： 环球银行金融电讯协会 (Critical Point for Delivery) 交货临界点 (Critical Point for Risk) 风险临界点 (Critical Point for Cost)费用临界点 《国际贸易术语解释通则》 Incoterms2000 visible trade :有(无)形贸易 (representative office) 代表处 ( agency office)代理处 （overseas sister bank /branch,subbranch ）海外分/支行 （correspondent bank ） 代理银行 （subsidiary bank ）附属银行（子银行） （affiliated banks ） 联营银行 （consortium bank ）银团银行 甲行以乙国货币在乙行设立帐户: 甲行是往帐（Nostro a/c),即我行在你行设帐（Our a/c with you ） 乙行以甲国货币在甲行设立帐户 甲行是来帐（V ostro a/c),即你行在我行设帐（Your a/c with us ） 在银行实际业务中，增加使用“贷记”（To Credit ），减少使用“借记”（To Debit ） 第二章 票据Instrument drawer 出票人 drawee/payer 付款人 payee 收款人 endorser 背书人 endorsee 被背书人 holder in due course 善意持票人 acceptor 承兑人 guarantor 保证人 bill of exchange 汇票 mandatory elements issue 出票 endorsement 背书 presentation 提示 acceptance 承兑 payment 付款 dishonor 拒付 recourse 追索 guarantee 保证 限制性抬头 restrictive order (pay E company only)(pay E company not transferable) 指示性抬头 demonstrative order (pay to the order of B company)(pay to B company or order) 持票来人抬头 payable to bearer (pay to bearer)(pay to A company or bearer) UCP600：《跟单信用证统一惯例》 URC 522 ;《托收统一规则》 URDG458：《见索即付保函统一规则》 URR 525：《跟单信用证项下银行间偿付统一规则》 URCB524：《合同保函统一规则》
G R E I S S U E正式分类 表,终于出炉了
EDUCATION Choosing the fields of study Topics ?Educational institutions have a responsibility to dissuade students from pursuing fields of study in which they are unlikely to succeed. ?Educational institutions should actively encourage their students to choose fields of study that will prepare them for lucrative careers. ?Educational institutions should actively encourage their students to choose fields of study in which jobs are plentiful. ?College students should base their choice of a field of study on the availability of jobs in that field. ?Some people believe that college students should consider only their own talents and interests when choosing a field of study. Others believe that college students should base their choice of a field of study on the availability of jobs in that field. ?College students should be encouraged to pursue subjects that interest them rather than the courses that seem most likely to lead to jobs. ?College students should base their choice of a field of study on the availability of jobs in that field. ?Claim: When planning courses, educators should take into account the interests and suggestions of their students. Reason: Students are more motivated to learn when they are interested in what they are studying. Samples ?Should educators provide students with a set of ideas or with job preparation? (GRE CAT Answers P.88) ?Are people free to choose a career? (GRE CAT Answers P.101)?Should education devote itself to enriching our personal lives? (GRE CAT Answers P.173) ?
第三类教育 5. "A nation should require all its students to study the same national curriculum until they enter college rather than allow schools in different parts of the nation to determine which academic courses to offer." 一个国家应该要求所有的学生在进入大学之前都学习由国家统一制定的课程，而不是允许由国家不同地区的学校去决定课程的安排。 反对 1.On the one hand, a national curriculum contributes to preserving a unified national culture and national cohesion. 2.Furthermore, a general curriculum decided by authority rather than by local schools avoids limiting students to a narrow scope of knowledge too early. 3.On the other hand, in a multi-cultural society, different ethnic communities should be given the opportunity to preserve and promote their traditional cultures. 4.It’s beneficial to grant local schools the freedom to offer students some elective courses, which can help the school to build its unique culture charisma. ----------------- 32. "A school or college should pay its teachers at the same rate in all disciplines, regardless of differences in salaries for related fields in the world outside of school. For example, entry-level teachers in mathematics and in the arts should receive the same pay, even if outside of school, math specialists earn a much higher salary on average than do specialists in the arts." 不管在校园外不同领域之间薪水的差异有多大，学校对于所有学科老师的待遇应该是一视同仁的。比如，低年级的数学和美术老师应该享有同样的收入，即便在校外，数学专家的收入一般是要比艺术家高得多。 1.The salary rate a teacher receives should be related not to his/ her discipline but his/her effort and contribution to the educational course. 2.Absolutely identical rate is unfair. Teachers of some disciplines have to assume more harsh work under worse circumstances. 3.If the differences in salaries for related fields in the world outside of school or college are dismissed, schools and colleges may have to face the loss of its staff. 孤立的校园 --------------------- 34. "Instead of requiring students to take courses in a variety of disciplines--that is, courses ranging from the arts and the humanities to the physical and biological sciences--colleges and universities should allow students to enroll only in those courses that will help prepare them for jobs in their chosen fields. Such concentration is necessary in today's increasingly
翻译十大原则 ？？？ 动宾连接原则 ？？？？？ 中国人民始终希望天下太平，希望各国人民友好相处。 The Chinese people are always looking forward to global peace and friendship among all nations. The Chinese people are always hoping that the world is at peace and people of all nations will coexist friendlily. ？？？ 时态原则 ？？？？？ 中华民族历来爱好自由和和平。 The Chinese people have always been cherishing freedom and peace. The Chinese people always cherish freedom and peace. The Chinese people are always cherishing freedom and peace. ？？？？？ 中国过去是、现在是、将来是…… ？？？？？ 中国人民更深感自由与和平的珍贵。 The Chinese people have cherished freedom and peace than ever. ？？？？？ 届时，…… ？？？？？ 到2007年，上海市人均国内生产总值预计达到7500美元。 By 2007, the per capita GDP in Shanghai is expected to reach US$7500. ？？？？？ As a result we were going to be living in a fundamentally unmanaged economic system. ？？从而我们可能要生活在一个根本无法掌控的经济体制中。 ？？？？？ After all, China and Cuba and other targets of U.S. –led criticism in the committee were always going to vote and lobby against Washington. 毕竟中国、古巴等一些在人权委员会中受到以美国为首批评的国家，总是投票或游说反对美国政府。 ？？？ 主语确定原则 ？？？？？ 这一目标的实现，最直接的应该是老百姓住得更宽敞了，更舒服了。 The citizens will live more spaciously and comfortably, benefiting most directly from achieving the goal. ？？？？？ The idea of a national ID, however, was locked out of earlier drafts of legislation by a coalition of civil rights and ethnic groups, who opposed a requirement that all non-citizens carry identifying documents. 然而，持自由论观点的民众和少数民族反对一切美国公民必须随身携带身份证的规定，他们结成联盟，推翻了立法的最初几次草案中关于实施全国统一身份证的主张。 ？？？？？ 其实，撇开数学，绕过那一大堆公式，一门学科的基本思想还是可以被我们理解和欣赏的。 To be frank, if we leave aside mathematics and bypass
Issue 题目逻辑公式全集
目录 一、主题逻辑：N>M (3) 二、主题逻辑：N 对 M 有影响 (6) 三、主题逻辑：N 应该对 M 做某事 (10) 四、主体逻辑：N 应该做 M (12) 五、主体逻辑：N 是 M (16)
高频题目总结 一、主题逻辑：N>M 常见拆分方式：领域拆分 N 和M 哪个重要，有两种处理方式： 1.N 和M 不一样大，N or M 随便选一个进行领域拆分 2.N = M 很多题目中，都是我们应该做N 还是做M？一旦涉及到了这种两难的选择，就是在论证N 和M 到底谁好，就是变相的比大小 1.觉得好写，我们就直接比出N 和M 的大小 2.觉得不好写，我们就求证N=M 科技类题目 64. The human mind will always be superior to machines because machines are only tools of human minds. 科技类题目我们一般不拆machine 和technology，所以这道题目我们拆human mind。 我们有情感、能力但是机器没有
社会类题目 4. Scandals are useful because they focus our attention on problems in ways that no speaker or reformer ever could. 丑闻和演说家哪个更有用呢？我们需要在不同领域对丑闻和演说家进行比较哦 19. Governments should focus on solving the immediate problems of today rather than on trying to solve the anticipated problems of the future. 眼前的问题和未来的问题哪个重要呢（可以一样重要，也可以其中一个更重要） 在不同领域，对眼前和未来的问题进行比较 43./89. The increasingly rapid pace of life today causes more problems than it solves. 快节奏的生活到底是解决的问题多，还是处理的问题多（要在不同领域进行比较哦） 33./109. As we acquire more knowledge, things do not become more comprehensible, but more complex and mysterious. 知识让事情更容易理解，还是复杂呢？ 在不同的领域比较知识的力量（心理，疾病、历史等都可以） 28./85./113./120./121./127./145. The surest indicator of a great nation is represented not by the achievements of its rulers, artists, or scientists, but by the general welfare of its people. A of B 中，B 是主体，对great nation 下定义（伟大的国家还有国际责任） 领导人的成就和福利待遇谁更重要（N=M 比较好写，但是如果大家会，N>M 也可以哦） 27. In any field of inquiry, the beginner is more likely than the expert to make important contributions. 领域拆分，在不同领域，将新人和专家进行比较 93. Unfortunately, in contemporary society, creating an appealing image has become more important than the reality or truth behind that image. 不同领域，到底是表象重要，还是本质重要 105./106./126. Claim: Imagination is a more valuable asset than experience.