英语词汇学试题
Introduction and Chapter 1
Basic Concepts of Words and Vocabula ry（练习1）
I．Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement.
1.Morphology is the branch of grammar which studies the structure or forms of words, primarily through the
use of _________construct.
A. word
B. form
C. morpheme
D. root
2.________ is traditionally used for the study of the origins and history of the form and meaning of words.
A. Semantics
B. Linguistics
C. Etymology
D. Stylistics
3.Modern English is derived from the language of early ______ tribes.
A. Greek
B. Roman
C. Italian
D. Germanic
4. Semantics is the study of meaning of different _________ levels: lexis, syntax, utterance, discourse, etc.
A. linguistic
B. grammatical
C. arbitrary
D. semantic
5.Stylistics is the study of style . It is concerned with the user‘s choices of linguistic elements in a particular________ for special effects
A. situation
B. context
C. time
D. place
6.Lexicography shares with lexicology the same problems: the form , meaning, origins and usages of words, but they have a _______ difference.
A . spelling B. semantic C. pronunciation D. pragmatic
7. Terminology consists of _______ terms used in particular disciplines and academic areas.
A. technical
B. artistic
C. different
D. academic
8. __________refers to the specialized vocabularies by which members of particular arts, sciences, trades, and professions communicate among themselves.
A. Slang
B. Jargon
C. Dialectal words
D. Argot
9 ._________ belongs to the sub-standard language, a category that seems to stand between the standard general words including informal ones available to everyone and in-group words.
A. Jargon
B. Argot
C. Dialectal words
D. Slang
10. Argot generally refers to the jargon of _______.Its use is confined to the sub-cultural groups and outsiders can hardly understand it.
A. workers
B. criminals
C. any person
D. policeman
11.________ are words used only by speakers of the dialect in question.
A. Argot
B. Slang
C. Jargon
D. Dialectal words
12. Archaisms are words or forms that were once in _________use but are now restricted only to specialized or limited use.
A. common
B. little
C. slight
D. great
13. Neologisms are newly-created words or expressions, or words that have taken on ______meanings.
A. new
B. old
C. bad
D. good
14. Content words denote clear notions and thus are known as_________ words. They include nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs and numerals.
A. functional
B. notional
C. empty
D. formal
15. Functional words do not have notions of their own. Therefore, they are also called _______words. Prepositions, conjunctions, auxiliaries and articles belong to this category.
A. content
B. notional
C. empty
D. new
II. Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions according to the course book.
16.Lexicology is a branch of linguistics, inquiring into the origins and _____of words.
17.English lexicology aims at investigating and studying the ______ structures of English words and word equivalents, their semantics, relations, _____development, formation and ______.
18.English lexicology embraces other academic disciplines, such as morphology, ______,etymology, stylistics,
________.
19.There are generally two approaches to the study of words , namely synchronic and _______.
https://www.doczj.com/doc/be17553000.html,nguage study involves the study of speech sounds, grammar and_______.
III. Match the words or expressions in Column A with those in Column B according to 1) basic word stock and nonbasic vocabulary 2) content words and functional words 3) native words and borrowed words
4)characteristics of the basic word stock.
A B
21 . Stability ( ) A. E-mail
22. Collocbility( ) B. aught
23. Jargon( ) C. por
24. Argot ( ) D. upon
25.Notional words( ) E. hypo
26. Neologisms ( ) F. at heart
27. Aliens ( ) G. man
28. Semantic-loans( ) H. dip
29. Archaisms ( ) I. fresh
30. Empty words ( ) J. emir
IV. Study the following words or expressions and identify 1) characteristics of the basic word stock 2) types of nonbasic vocabulary.
31. dog cheap ( ) 32 a change of heart ( )
33. can-opener ( ) 34.Roger ( )
35. bottom line ( ) 36.penicillin ( )
37. auld ( ) 38. futurology ( )
39.brethren ( ) 40. take ( )
V. Define the following terms.
41. word 42. Denizens 43. Aliens 44. Translation-loans 45. Semantic-loans
VI. Answer the following Questions
46.Illustrate the relationship between sound and meaning, sound and form with examples.
47. What are the main characteristics of the basic word-stock? Illustrate your points with examples.
48. Give the types of nonbasic vocabulary with examples.
VII. Analyze and comment on the following.
49. Classify the following words and point out the types of words according to notion.
earth, cloud, run, walk, on, of, upon, be, frequently , the, five, but, a , never.
50. Group the following borrowed words into Denizens, Aliens, Translation-loans, Semantic-loans.
Dream, pioneer, kowtow, bazaar, lama, master-piece, port, shirt
Key to Exercises:
I. 1. A2.C3.D4.A5.B6.D7.A8.B9.D10.B11.D12.A13.A14.B15.C
II.16.meanings17.morphological, historical, usages 18. semantics, lexicography19.diachronic20.
vocabulary
III.21. G 22. F23. E24. H25. C26. A27. J28.I29.B30.D
IV.31. the basic word stock; productivity
32. the basic word stock; collocability
33.the basic word stock; argot
34.nonbasic word stock; slang
35. nonbasic word stock; jargon
36. nonbasic word stock ;terminology
37.nonbasic word stock; dialectal words
38. nonbasic word stock ,neologisms
39. nonbasic word stock; archaisms
40. the basic word stock; polysemy
V-----VI. (see the course book)
VII. 49. Content words: earth, clould, run, walk, frequently, never, five
Functional words: on, of, upon, be, the, but, a.
50. Denizens: port, shirt,
Aliens: bazaar, kowtow
Translation-loans: lama, masterpiece
Semantic-loans:dream, pioneer
Chapter 2 The Development of the English Vocabulary and Chapter 3 Word Formation I(练习2)
I. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement.
1.It is assumed that the world has approximately 3,000( some put it 5,000)languages, which can be grouped
into the basis of similarities in their basic word stock and grammar.
A. 500
B. 4000
C. 300
D. 2000
2.The prehistoric Indo-European parent language is thought to be a highly ______language.
A. inflected
B. derived
C. developed
D. analyzed
3.After the _________, the Germanic tribes called Angles ,Saxons, and Jutes came in great numbers.
A. Greeks
B. Indians
C. Romans
D. French
4.The introduction of ________had a great impact on the English vocabulary.
A. Hinduism
B. Christianity
C. Buddhism
D. Islamism
5.In the 9th century the land was invaded again by Norwegian and Danish Vikings. With the invaders, many
________words came into the English language.
A. Greek
B. Roman
C. Celtic
D. Scandinavian
6.It is estimated that at least ______ words of Scandinavian origin have survived in modern English.
A. 500
B. 800
C. 1000 .
D. 900
7.The Normans invaded England from France in 1066. The Norman Conquest started a continual flow of
______ words into English.
A. French
B. Greek
C. Roman
D. Latin
8.By the end of the _______century , English gradually came back into the schools, the law courts, and
government and regained social status.
A. 12th
B. 13th
C. 14th
D.15th
9.As a result , Celtic made only a ________contribution to the English vocabulary.
A. small
B. big
C. great
D. smaller
10. The Balto-Slavic comprises such modern languages as Prussian, Lithuanian, Polish, Czech, Bulgarian, Slovenian and _______.
A. Greek
B. Roman
C. Indian
D. Russian
11.In the Indo-Iranian we have Persian , Bengali, Hindi, Romany, the last three of which are derived from the
dead language.
A. Sanskrit
B. Latin
C. Roman
D. Greek
12.Greek is the modern language derived from _______.
A. Latin
B. Hellenic
C. Indian D . Germanic
13.The five Roamance languages , namely, Portuguese, Spanish, French, Italian, Romanian all belong to the
Italic through an intermediate language called _______.
A. Sanskrit
B. Latin
C. Celtic
D. Anglo-Saxon
14.The ________family consists of the four Northern European Languages: Norwegian, Icelandic, Danish
and Swedish, which are generally known as Scandinavian languages.
A. Germanic
B. Indo-European
C. Albanian
D. Hellenic
15.By the end of the _______century , virtually all of the people who held political or social power and many
of those in powerful Church positions were of Norman French origin.
A. 10th
B.11th
C.12th
D. 13th
II. Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions according to the course book.
16.Now people generally refer to Anglo-Saxon as _______.
17.. If we say that Old English was a language of full endings , Middle English was one of ______.
18.It can be concluded that English has evoked from a synthetic language (Old English) to the present _____
language.
19.The surviving languages accordingly fall into eight principal groups , which can be grouped into an
Eastern set: Balto-Slavic , Indo-Iranian ,Armenian and Albanian; a Western set :Celtic, Italic, Hellenic, _______.
20.It is necessary to subdivide Modern English into Early (1500-1700)and _____ Modern English.
III. Match the words or expressions in Column A with those in Column B according to 1) origin of the words
2)history off English development 3) language family.
A B
21. Celtic ( ) A.politics
22. religious ( ) B.moon
23.Scandinavian ( ) C. Persian
24. French ( ) D.London
25. Old English ( ) E. abbot
26.Dutch ( ) F. skirt
27.Middle English ( ) G. sunu
28. Modern English ( ) H. lernen
29. Germanic family ( ) I. freight
30.Sanskrit ( ) J. Norwegian
IV.Study the following words or expressions and identify types of morphemes underlined.
31. earth ( ) 32.contradict ( )
33. predictor ( ) 34. radios ( )
35. prewar ( ) 36. happiest ( )
37. antecedent ( ) 38. northward ( )
38. sun ( ) 40. diction ( )
V. Define the following terms.
41. free morphemes 42. bound morphemes 43. root 44. stem 45.affixes
VI. Answer the following questions. Your answers should be clear and short.
46. Describe the characteristics of Old English .
47. Describe the characteristics of Middle English.
48. Describe the characteristics of Modern English.
VII. Answer the following questions with examples.
49. What are the three main sources of new words ?
50. How does the modern English vocabulary develop ?
Key to exercises:
I. 1.C 2.A 3.C 4.B 5.D 6.D 7.A 8.B 9.A 10.D 11.A 12.B 13.B 14.A 15.B
II.16.Old English 17. Leveled endings 18. analytic 19. Germanic https://www.doczj.com/doc/be17553000.html,te(1700-up to the present )
III.21. D 22. E 23. F 24. A 25. G 26. I 27. H 28. B 29. J 30. C
IV.31. free morpheme/ free root 32. bound root 33. suffix 34. inflectional affix
35. prefix 36. Inflectional affix 37. prefix 38. suffix 39. free morpheme/free root
40.bound root
V.-VI ( See the course book )
VII. 49. The three main sources of new words are :
(1)The rapid development of modern science and technology ,e.g. astrobiology, green revolution ;
(2)Social , economic and political changes; e.g. Watergate, soy milk;
(3)The influence of other cultures and language; e.g. felafel, Nehru Jackets.
50. Modern English vocabulary develops through three channels: (1) creation, e.g. consideration, carefulness; (2) semantic change, e.g. Polysemy, homonymy ; (3) borrowing ;e.g. tofu, gongful.
Chapter 3 The Development of the English V ocabulary and Chapter 4 Word Formation II（练习3）I．Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement.
1.The prefixes in the words of ir resistible, non classical and a political are called _______.
A.reversative prefixes
B. negative prefixes
C. pejorative prefixes
D. locative prefixes
2.The prefixes contained in the following words are called ______: pseudo-friend, mal practice, mis trust.
A. reversative prefixed
B. negative prefixes
C. pejorative prefixes
D. locative prefixes
3.The prefixed contained in un wrap, de-compose and dis allow are _________.
A. reversative prefixed
B. negative prefixes
C. pejorative prefixes
D. locative prefixes
4.The prefixes in words extra-strong, overweight and arch bishop are _____ .
A . negative prefixes B. prefixes of degree or size C. pejorative prefixes D. locative prefixes
5.The prefixes in words bi lingual ,uni form and hemis phere are ________.
A. number prefixes
B. prefixes of degree or size
C. pejorative prefixes
D. locative prefixes
6.________ are contained in words trans-world, intra-party and fore head.
A.Prefixes of orientation and attitude
B. Prefixes of time and order
C. Locative prefixes
D. Prefixes of degree or size
7. Rugby ,afghan and champagne are words coming from ________.
https://www.doczj.com/doc/be17553000.html,s of books
B. names of places
C. names of people
D. tradenames
8. Omega,Xerox and orlon are words from _________.
https://www.doczj.com/doc/be17553000.html,s of books
B. names of places
C. names of people
D. tradenames
9.Ex-student, fore tell and post-election contain________.
A.negative prefixes
B. prefixes of degree or size
C. prefixes of time and order
D. locative prefixes
10.Mackintosh, bloomers and cherub are from _______
A. names of books
B. names of places
C. names of people
D. tradenames
11.The prefixes in words new-Nazi, autobiography and pan-European are ________.
A.negative prefixes
B. prefixes of degree or size
C. prefixes of time and order
D. miscellaneous prefixes
12.The prefixes in words anti-government , pro student and contra flow are _____-.
A.prefixes of degree or size
B. prefixes of orientation and attitude
C. prefixes of time and order
D. miscellaneous prefixes
13.Utopia ,odyssey and Babbit are words from ________.
https://www.doczj.com/doc/be17553000.html,s of books
B. names of places
C. names of people
D. tradenames
14.The suffixes in words clockwise, homewards are ______.
A. noun suffixes
B. verb suffixes
C. adverb suffixes
D. adjective suffixes
15.The suffixes in words height en, symbol ize are ________.
A. noun suffixes
B. verb suffixes
C. adverb suffixes
D. adjective suffixes
II. Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions according to the course book.
16. Affixation is generally defined as the formation of words by adding word-forming or derivational affixes to stem. This process is also known as_____.
https://www.doczj.com/doc/be17553000.html,pounding , also called ________, is the formation of new words by joining two or more stems . Words formed in this way are called _________.
18. __________ is the formation of new words by converting words of one class to another class.
19. _________ is the formation of new words by combining parts of two words or a word plus a part of another word . Words formed in this way are called blends or _____words.
20 A common way of making a word is to shorten a longer word by cutting a part off the original and using what remains instead. This is called _______.
III. Match the words or expressions in Column A with those in Column B according to types of suffixation.
A B
21. Concrete denominal noun suffixes( ) A. priceless
22. Abstract denominal noun suffixes ( ) B. downward
23. Deverbal noun suffixes(denoting people.)() C. engineer
24. Deverbal nouns suffixes( denoting action,etc) （） D. darken
25. De-adjective noun suffixes（）Ｅviolinist
26. Noun and adjective suffixes ( ) F.happiness
27. Denominal adjective suffixes ( ) G. arguable
28. Deverbal adjective suffixes ( ) H.dependent
29. Adverb suffixes ( ) I. adulthood
30. Verb suffixes ( ) J. survival
IV.Study the following words or expressions and identify 1) types of clipping 2) types of acronymy and write the full terms.
31.quake ( ) 32. stereo ( ) 33. flu ( ) 34. pub ( ) 35. c/o ( )
36. V-day ( ) 37. TB ( ) 38. disco ( ) 39.copter ( ) 40. perm ( )
V.Define the following terms .
41. acronymy 42. back-formation 43. initialisms 44. prefixation 45. suffixation
VI. Answer the following questions with examples.
46. What are the characteristics of compounds ?
47. What are the main types of blendings ?
48. What are the main types of compounds ?
VII. Analyze and comment on the following:
49. Use the following examples to explain the types of back-formation.
(1) donate ----donation emote----emotion
(2) loaf—loafer beg------beggar
(3) eavesdrop---eavesdropping babysit---babysitter
(4) drowse—drowsy laze---lazy
50. Read the following sentence and identify the types of conversion of the italicized words.
(1) I‘m very grateful for your help. (2) The rich must help the poor.
(3)His argument contains too many ifs and buts. (4) They are better housed and clothed.
(5) The photograph yellowed with age. (6) We downed a few beers.
Key to exercises :
1. B
2. C
3. A
4. B
5. A
6.C
7.B
8.D
9.C 10.C 11.D 12.B 13.A 14.C 15.B
II. 16. derivation https://www.doczj.com/doc/be17553000.html,position, compounds 18. Conversion 19. Blending(pormanteau) 20.clipping
III. 21.C 22. I 23. H 24. J 25.F 26.E 27.A 28.G 29.B 30.D
IV.31. Front clipping, earthquake
32. Back clipping, stereophonic
33.Front and back clipping, influenza
34.Phrase clipping, public house
35. Initialisms, care of
36. Acronyms, Victory Day
37. Initialisms, tuberculosis
38. Back clipping, discotheque
39. Front clipping, helicopter
40. Phrase clipping, permanent waves
V-VI. (See the course book)
VII.49. There are mainly four types of back-formation.
(1)From abstract nouns (2) From human nouns (3) From compound nouns and others
(4) From adjectives
50. (1)Verb to noun (2) Adjective to noun (3) Miscellaneous conversion to noun
(4 ) Noun to verb (5) Adjective (6) Miscellaneous conversion to verb
Chapter 5 Word Meaning (练习4)
I. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement.
1. A word is the combination of form and ________.
A. spelling
B. writing
C. meaning
D. denoting
2._______is the result of human cognition, reflecting the objective world in the human mind.
A. Reference
B. Concept
C. Sense
D. Context
3.Sense denotes the relationships _______the language.
A. outside
B. with
C. beyond
D. inside
4. Most English words can be said to be ________.
A. non-motivated
B. motivated
C. connected
D. related
5.Trumpet is a(n) _______motivated word.
A. morphologically
B. semantically
C. onomatopoeically
D. etymologically
6.Hopeless is a ______motivated word.
A. morphologically
B. onomatopoeically
C. semantically
D. etymologically
7.In the sentence ? He is fond of pen ‘ , pen is a ______ motivated word.
A. morphologically
B. onomatopoeically
C. semantically
D. etymologically
8.Walkman is a _______motivated word.
A. onomatopoeically
B. morphologically
C. semantically
D. etymologically
9.Functional words possess strong _____ whereas content words have both meanings, and lexical meaning in
particular.
A. grammatical meaning
B. conceptual meaning
C. associative meaning
D. arbitrary meaning
10._______is unstable, varying considerably according to culture, historical period, and the experience of the individual.
A.Stylistic meaning
B. Connotative meaning
C. Collocative meaning
D. Affective meaning
11.Affective meaning indicates the speaker‘s _______towards the person or thing in question.
A. feeling .
B. liking
C. attitude
D. understanding
12. _________ are affective words as they are expressions of emotions such as oh, dear me, alas.
A. Prepositions
B. Interjections
C. Exclamations
D. Explanations
13. It is noticeable that _______overlaps with stylistic and affective meanings because in a sense both stylistic and affective meanings are revealed by means of collocations.
A.conceptual meaning
B. grammatical meaning
C. lexical meaning
D. collocative meaning
14.In the same language, the same concept can be expressed in ______.
A. only one word
B. two words
C. more than three
D. different words
15.Reference is the relationship between language and the ______.
A. speakers
B. listeners
C. world
D. specific country
II. Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions according to the course book.
16.In modern English one may find some words whose sounds suggest their ______
https://www.doczj.com/doc/be17553000.html,pounds and derived words are ______ words and the meanings of many are the sum total of the
morphemes combined.
18._______ refers to the mental associations suggested by the conceptual meaning of a word.
19.The meanings of many words often relate directly to their ______. In other words the history of the word
explains the meaning of the word.
20.Lexical meaning itself has two components : conceptual meaning and _________.
III. Match the words or expressions in Column A with those in Column B according to 1) types of motivation 2) types of meaning.
A B
21. Onomotopooeic motivation ( ) A. tremble with fear
22. Collocative meaning ( ) B. skinny
23. Morphological motivation ( ) C. slender
24. Connotative meaning ( ) D. hiss
25. Semantic motivation ( ) E. laconic
26. Stylistic meaning ( ) F. sun (a heavenly body)
27. Etymological motivation ( ) G.airmail
28. Pejorative meaning ( ) H. home
29. Conceptual meaning ( ) I. horse and plug
30. Appreciative meaning ( ) J. pen and aword
IV.Study the following words or expressions and identify 1)types of motivation 2) types of meaning.
31. neigh ( ) 32. the mouth of the river ( )
33. reading-lamp ( ) 34. tantalus ( )
35. warm home ( ) 36. the cops ( )
37. dear me ( ) 38. pigheaded ( )
39. handsome boy ( ) 40. diligence ( )
V.Define the following terms .
41. motivation 42. grammatical meanings 43. conceptual meaning 44. associative meaning 45. affective meaning
VI.Answer the following questions . Your answers should be clear and short.
46. What is reference ? 47. What is concept ? 48. What is sense ?
VII.Analyze and comment on the following.
49. Study the following words and explain to which type of motivation they belong.
50. Explain the types of associative meaning with examples.
Key to exercises:
I. 1. C 2.B 3.D 4.A 5.C 6.A 7.C 8.D 9.A 10.B 11.C 12.B 13.D 14.D 15.C
II.16. meanings 17.multi-morphemic 18.Semantic motivation 19.origins 20.associative meaning
III.21. D 22.A 23.G 24.H 25.J 26.I 27.E 28.B 29.F 30.C
IV.31. Onomatopoeic motivation 32. Semantic motivation
33. Morphological motivation 34. Etymological motivation
35. Connotative meaning 36.Stylistic meaning
37. Affective meaning 38. pejorative
39. collocative meaning 40. appreciative
V-VI. See the course book.
VIII.49. (1) Roar and buzz belong to onomatopoeic motivation.
(2)Miniskirt and hopeless belong to morphological motivation.
(3) The leg of a table and the neck of a bottle belong to semantic motivation.
(4) Titanic and panic belong to etymological motivation.
50. Associative meaning comprises four types:
(1)Connotative meaning . It refers to the overtones or associations suggested by the conceptual meaning,
traditionally known as connotations. It is not an essential part of the word-meaning, but associations that might occur in the mind of a particular user of the language. For example, mother , denoting a ?female parent‘, is often associated with ?love‘, ?care‘, etc..
(2)Stylistic meaning. Apart feom their conceptual meanings, many words have stylistic features, which
make them appropriate for different contexts. These distinctive features form the stylistic meanings of words . For example, pregnant, expecting, knockingup, in the club, etc., all can have the same conceptual meaning, but differ in their stylistic values.
(3)Affective meaning. It indicates the speaker‘s attitude towards the person or thing in question. Words
that have emotive values may fall into two categories :appreciative or pejorative. For example, famous, determined are words of positive overtones; notorious, pigheaded are of negative connotations implying disapproval, contempt or criticism.
(4)Collocative meaning. It consists of the associations a word acquires in its collocation. In other words,
it is that part of the word-meaning suggested by the words before or after the word in discussion. For example, we say : pretty girl, pretty garden; we don‘t say pretty typewriter. But sometimes there is some overlap between the collocations of the two words.
Chapter 6 Sense Relations and Semantic Field (练习5)
I.Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement.
1.Polysemy is a common feature peculiar to ______.
A. English only
B. Chinese only
C. all natural languages
D. some natural languages
2.From the ______ point of view, polysemy is assumed to be the result of growth and development of the
semantic structure of one and same word .
A. linguistic
B. diachronic
C. synchronic
D. traditional
3._______ is a semantic process in which the primary meaning stands at the center and the secondary
meanings proceed out of it in every direction like rayes.
A Radiation B. Concatenation C. Derivation D. Inflection
4. _________ is the semantic process in which the meaning of a word moves gradually away from its first sense by successive shifts until, in many cases, there is not a sign of connection between the sense that is finally developed and that which the term had at the beginning.
A. Derivation
B. Radiation
C. Inflection
D. Concatenation
5.One important criterion to differentiate homonyms from polysemants is to see their ______.
A. spelling
B. pronunciation
C. etymology
D. usage
6. ________refer to one of two or more words in the English language which have the same or very nearly the same essential meaning.
A. Polysemants
B. Synonyms
C. Antonyms
D. Hyponyms
7. The sense relation between the two words tulip and flower is _______.
A. hyponymy
B. synonymy
C. polysemy
D. antonymy
8. _________ are words identical only in spelling but different in sound and meaning, e.g. bow/bau/; bow/beu/.
A. Homophones
B. Homographs
C. Perfect homonyms
D. Antonyms
9. The antonyms: male and female are ______.
A. contradictory terms
B. contrary terms
C. relative terms
D. connected terms
10.The antonyms big and small are ______.
A. contradictory terms
B. contrary terms
C. relative terms
D. connected terms
11.The antonyms husband and wife are ______.
A. contradictory terms
B. contrary terms
C. relative terms
D. connected terms
https://www.doczj.com/doc/be17553000.html,position and compounding in lexicology are words of _______.
A. absolute synonyms
B. relative synonyms
C. relative antonyms
D. contrary antonyms
13.As homonyms are identical in sound or spelling, particularly ______, they are often employed in a
conversation to create puns for desired effect of humor, sarcasm or ridicule.
A. homographs
B. homophones
C. absolute homonyms
D. antonyms
14.From the diachronic point of view, when the word was created, it was endowed with only one meaning .
The first meaning is called ______.
A. primary meaning
B. derived meaning
C. central meaning
D. basic meaning
15.Synchronically, the basic meaning of a word is the core of word-meaning called_______.
A. primary meaning
B. derived meaning
C. central meaning
D. secondary meaning
II. Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions according to the course book.
16.One important criterion for differentiation of homonyms from polysemants is to see their ____, the second
principal consideration is ________.
17.In dictionaries, a polysemant has its meanings all listed under one ______whereas homonyms are listed as
separate ______.
18.The differences between synonyms boil down to three areas : _______, connotation ,and _____.
19.Hyponymy deals with the relationship of semantic inclusion. That is, the meaning of a more specific word
is included in that of another more general word. The general words are called the _____terms and the more specific words are called the _____ terms.
20.The massive word store of a language like English can be conceived of as composed around a number of
meaning areas. Some large, such as ?philosophy‘ or ?emotions‘, other smaller, such as ?kinship‘ or ?color‘.
Viewing the total meaning in this way is the basis of ______.
III. Match the words or expression in Column A with those in Column B according to 1) discrimination of synonyms 2) types of antonyms 3) sources of synonyms.
A B
21. difference in denotation ( ) A. dead/alive
22. borrowing ( ) B. handy/ manual
23. dialects and regional English ( ) C. old / young
24. contradictory terms ( ) D. answer the letter / reply to the letter
25. figurative and euphemistic use of words ( ) E. jim
26. contrary terms ( ) F. want/wish/desire
27. difference in connotation ( ) G. dreamer /star-gazer
28. coincidence with idiomatic expressions ( ) H. employer / employee
29. difference in application ( ) I. help/ lend one a hand
30. relative terms ( ) J. foe / enemy
IV.Study the following words or expressions and identify 1) types of synonyms 2) origins of homonyms 3) processes of word-meaning development.
31.neck ( ) 32. word building/word formation ( )
33. candidate ( ) 34. bow/bau/ and bow /beu/ ( )
35. NOW ( ) 36. dear/ deer ( )
37.ear from ear ( ) 38. fair from feria ( )
39. bank /bank ( ) 40. change / alter/vary ( )
V.Define the following terms .
41. radiation 42. concatenation 43. antonymy 44. hoponymy 45. semantic field
VI.Answer the following questions. Your answers should be clear and short.
46.What are the origins of homonyms ?
47.What are sources of synonyms ?
48.What are the characteristics of antonyms ?
VII.Analyze and comment on the following.
49. Divide the following words into four groups and give the superordinate terms:
bark, boat, drum, harp, lute. Microscope. Mirror, destroyer, cruiser, piano, tectangle, rhomboid, rhombus, ship,
spectacles, spectroscope, square, telescope, trapezium, violin.
50. Write the following words into a tree-like graph:
vegetable, meat, pork, beef, turnip, carrot, bread, food, cake, cornflakes, cereal.
Key to exercises :
I. 1. C 2.B 3.A 4.D 5.C6.B 7.A 8.B 9.A 10.B 11.C 12.A 13.B 14. A 15.C
II.16. etymology, semantic relatedness 17.headword, entries 18.denotation, application 19.
superordinate, subordinate 20.field theory
III.21. F 22.J 23.E 24.A 25.G 26.C 27.B 28.I 29. D 30.H
IV.31. radiation 32. perfect synonym 33. concatenation 34. homograph
35. shortening 36. homophone 37. change in sound and spelling
38. borrowing 39. perfect homonym 40. relative synonym
V-VI. (See the course book )
VII. 49. (1. ) spectacles, mirror, telescope, microscope, spectroscope. Superordinate : optical instruments (2) harp, lute , violin, piano, drum Superordinate: musical instruments
(3) boat , ship, bark, destroyer, cruiser Superordinate: water craft
(4)square, rectangle, rhomboid , rhomboid, rhombus, trapezium Superordinate: quadrilaterals
50.food
_________________________________________________________
meat vegetable cereal
pork beef turnip carrot bread cake cornflakes
Chapter 7 Changes in Word Meaning and Chapter 8 Meaning and Context (练习６)
I.Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would
best complete the statement.
1.The original meaning of manuscript is ________.
A.any author‘s writing
B. handwriting
C. any author‘s works
D. a piece of paper
2.The original meaning of barn is ______.
A. a place for storing only barley
B. a storeroom
C. a restroom
D. a bathroom
3.The extended meaning of journal is ______
A. daily paper
B. any paper
C. magazines
D. periodical
4.In Shakespearean line ?rats and mice and such small dee r‘, deer obviously designates ?_____‘ in
general.
A. a doe
B.. animal
C. a deerlike animal
D. buck
5.The original meaning of wife is _______.
A. a married woman
B. a young woman
C. woman
D. widowed woman
6.The meaning of meat changed by mode of _______.
A. extension
B. narrowing
C. elevation
D. degradation
7.The meaning of fond changed by mode of _______.
A. extension
B. narrowing
C. elevation
D. degradation
8.The original meaning of minister is ______.
A. head of a ministry
B. a tutor
C.a farmer
D. servant
9.The original meaning of success is ______.
A.result
B. progress
C. event
D. incident
10.The meaning of churl changed by mode of _______.
A. elevation
B. extension
C. degradation
D. narrowing
11.The original meaning of knave is _______.
A. elevation
B. extension
C. degradation
D. narrowing
12.The original meaning of silly is ______.
A. sad
B. jealous
C. happy
D. cold
13.Loud colours belongs to ______.
A.transfer of sensations
B. transfer between abstract and concrete meanings
C.transfer from objective to subjective
D. transfer from subjective to objective
14. Dreadful and hateful belong to _______.
A. transfer from subjective to objective
B. transfer of sensation
C. transfer from objective to
subjective D. transfer between abstract and concrete meanings
15. The meaning of picture changed by modes of _____.
A. extension
B. narrowing
C. degradation
D. elevation
https://www.doczj.com/doc/be17553000.html,plete the following statements with proper words or expressions according to the course book .
16. V ocabulary is the most unstable element of a language as it is undergoing constant changes both in
form and _____.
17. Word-meaning changes by modes of extension, narrowing, degradation, ____and trandfer. Of these,
extension and _______are by far the most common.
18. Linguistic context can be subdivided into lexical context and ______.
19. The extra-linguistic context may extend to embrace the entire _____,which may also affect the meaning
of words .
20.Ambiguity often arises due to polysemy and _____.
III.Match the words or expressions in Column A with those in Column B according to 1) types of changes of the word meaning 2) causes of changes.
A B
21. Extension ( ) A. knight
22. Narrowing ( ) B. fruition
23. Elevation ( ) C. cattle/bee
24. Degradation ( ) D. journal
25. Historical reason ( ) E. pub
26. Class reason ( ) F. cock suck
27. Psychological reason ( ) G. churl
28. By shortening ( ) H. girl
29. By borrowing ( ) I. computer
30. By analogy ( ) J. silly
IV.Study the following sentence and identify 1)types of transfer 2) types of clues for inferring word meaning.
31. As the fighting on all fronts reached its peak, the economy neared its nadu.
32. Their greatest fear was of a conflagration, since fire would destroy their flimsy wooden settlement
before help could arrive.
33. Many United Nations employees are polyglots. Ms. Mary, for example, speaks five languages.
34. He is listening to that sweet music.
35. It‘s just one more incredible result of the development of microprocessors ---those tiny parts of a
computer commonly known as ?silicon chips‘.
36. Perhaps the most startling theory to come out of kinesics, the study of body movement, was suggested
by Professor Birdwhistell.
37. He is the hope of the family.
38. In spite of the fact that the fishermen were wearing sou’westers, the storm was so heavy that they were
wet through .
39. Copernicus believed in a heliocentric universe, rather tan in the geocentric theory.
40. The village had most of the usual amenities :a pub, a library, a post office, a village hall, a medical
center, and a school.
V.Define the following terms.
41. extension 42. narrowing 43. degradation 44. elevation 45. transfer
VI.Answer the following questions . Your answers should be clear and short . Write your answers in the space given below.
46. What are the extra-linguistic factors?
47. What are the linguistic factors ?
48. What are the types of context ?
VII.Analyze and comment on the following . Write your answers on the space given below.
49. Determine the meaning of the italicized word in the following sentence and then make some alternation
in the context so as to pin down the meaning.
50. How do you understand the following sentence : ?Without clear context, the reference canbe very
confusing ‘?
Key to exercises :
I. 1.B 2. A 3. D 4. B 5. C 6. B 7. C 8. D 9. A 10. C 11. D 12. C 13.A 14. A 15.
A
II.16. content 17. elevation , narrowing 18. grammatical context 19. cultural background
21.homonymy
III. 21.D 22.H 23. A 24. K 25. I 26. G 27. F 28. E 29. C 30. B
IV.31. Antonymy 32. Synonymy 33. Example 34. Transfer of sensations 35. Explanation 36.
Definition 37. Transfer of abstract and concrete sense 38. Relevant details 39. Word structure 40.
Hyponymy
V.–VI. (See the course book )
VI.49. (1) The meaning of hard in the sentence is not very clear . In this context it can mean both ?hardworking‘ and ?difficult‘ . The context fails to narrow down the meaning so that it is difficult for
the reader to decide what the speaker exactly means.
(2) The sentence can be extended as ?He is a hard businessman to deal with‘.
50. This sentence shows one of the functions of context , that is a clear indication of
Chapter 9 English Idioms (练习7 )
I. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement.
1.Jack of all trades is an idiom ________.
A. nominal in nature
B. adjectival in nature
C. verbal in nature
D. adverbial in nature
2.Let the dog see the rabbit is an idiom ________.
A. nominal in nature
B. adjectival in nature
C. verbal in nature
D. adverbial in nature
3.How are you is a(n) __________.
A.idiom nominal in nature
B. idiom verbal in nature
B.idiom adjective in nature D. sentence idiom
4.tooth and nail is an idiom ________.
A. nominal in nature
B. adjectival in nature
C. verbal in nature
D. adverbial in nature
5.Beyond the pale is an idiom _________.
A. nominal in nature
B. adjectival in nature
C. verbal in nature
D. adverbial in nature
6.Play fast and loose shows the feature of ________.
A. repetition
B. reiteration
C. juxtaposition
D. rhyme
7.Spend money like water is an example of _________.
A．metaphor B. simile C. metonymy D. synecdoche
8.The salt of the earth is an example of _______.
A. simile
B. metaphor
C. metonymy
D. synecdoche
9. From cradle to grave is an example of _________.
A. simile
B. metaphor
C. synecdoche
D. metonymy
10.Fall into good hands is an example of _________.
A. simile
B. metaphor
C. synecdoche
D. metonymy
11.The pot calls the cattle black is an example of _______.
A.metaphor
B. personification
C. synecdoche
D. euphemism
12.Powder one’s nose is an example of _________.
A. personification
B. euphemism
C. synecdoche
D. hyperbold
13.A world of trouble is an example of ________.
A. euphemism
B. personification
C. hyperbole
D. metonymy
14.Chop and change shows the feature of __________.
A. rhyme
B. repetition
C. reiteration
D. repetition
15.By hook and by crook is an example of ________.
A. alliteration
B. rhyme
C. reiteration
D. repetition
II. Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions according to the course book.
16.In a broad sense , idioms may include colloquialisms, _____, slang expressions, proverbs, etc.
17.As far as sentence types are concerned, they embrace declarative, interrogative, ________and exclamative
sentences.
18.In terms of complexity they can be further divided into simple, compound and _____ sentences.
19.Apart from the stylistic features , idioms manifest apparent rhetorical coloring in such respects as of
phonetic manipulation, lexical manipulation and ______.
20.When idioms are used in actual context, they do experience _______changes such as different forms of
verbs, agreement of personal pronouns and number and so on.
III. Match the words or expressions in Column A with those in Column B according to 1) phonetic manipulation 2) lexical manipulation 3) figures of speech.
A B
21. Alliteration ( ) A. by and by
22. Simile ( ) B. a dark horse
23. Rhyme ( ) C. up and down
24. Reiteration ( ) D. toss and turn
25. Metaphor ( ) E. like a rat in a hole
26. Repetition ( ) F. fair and square
27. Synecdoche ( ) G. live by one‘s pen
28. Juxtaposition ( ) H. bits and pieces
29. Personification ( ) I. earn one‘s bread
30. Metonymy ( ) J. Failure is the mother of success.
IV.study the following words or expressions and identify 1) types of idioms 2) variations of idioms.
31. keep (break ) one‘s word ( ) 32. Never do things by halves. ( )
33. for good(and all) ( ) 34. through thick and thin ( )
35. pin back sb‘s ears =pin sb‘s ears back ( ) 36. sing a different tune ( )
37. the last straw ( ) 38. as poor as a church mouse ( )
39. He has no spots to change. ( ) 40. fly in the ointment ( )
VII.Define the following terms:
41. simile 42. metaphor 43. metonymy 44. synecdoche 45. euphemism
VIII.Answer the following questions. Your answers should be clear and short.
46. What are the characteristics of idioms ?
47. How many groups may idioms be classified into ?
48. What are the stylistic features of idioms?
IX.Analyze and comment on the following.
49. Explain the structural stability of idioms by using the following idioms.
50. Comment on the sentence: ―structural stability is absolutely unchangeable‖ and explain why.
Key to exercises:
I.1.A 2.C 3.D 4.B 5.B 6.C 7.B 8.B 9.D 10.C 11.B 12.B 13.C 14.D 15.B
II. 16. catchphrases 17. imperative 18. complex 19. figures of speech 20. grammatical
III. 21. D 22. E 23. F 24. H 25.B 26.A 27. I 28. C 29. J 30. G
IV. 31.Replacement 32.Sentence idioms 33. Addition or deletion 34. Idioms adverbial in nature 35. Position-shifting 36. Idioms verbal in nature 37. Shortening
38. Idioms adjective in nature 39. Dismembering 40. Idioms nominal in nature
V-VI. ( See the course book)
X.49.(1)The constituents of idioms cannot be replaced. For example, lip service (support only in words, not in fact ) is not to be changed into mouth service.
(2) The word order cannot be inverted or changed. For example, by twos and threes are not to be turned into by threes and twos .
(3)The constituents of an idiom cannot be deleted or added to , not even an article. For example, out of the question means ?impossible‘. If the article the is deleted, the idiomaticity will be lost and it will signify ?no question‘instead.
(4)Many idioms are grammatically unanalysable. For example, diamond cut diamond ( two parties are
equally matched ) is grammatically incorrect, for normally the verb cut should take the third person singular-s as the subject diamond is singular.
50.(1) This statement is not true.
(2) Characterized by semantic unity and structural stability, idioms do not allow changes as a rule . But
structural stability is not absolute. When idioms are used in actual context, they do experience
grammatical changes such as different forms of verbs, agreement of personal pronouns and number and so on.
(3) Occasionally, we may find changes in constituents of idioms : addition, deletion, replacement,
position-shifting, dismembering, etc.
Chapter 10 English Dictionaries (练习8)
I.Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best
complete the statement and the letter in the bracket.
1.The dictionary that contains information on all branches of knowledge or treats comprehensively a
particular branch of knowledge usually in articles arranged alphabetically is called __________.
A. lexicon
B. concordance
C. yearbook
D. encyclopaedia
2. A reference book listing alphabetically arranged along with information about their forms,
pronunciations, functions, etymologies, meanings, and syntactical and idiomatic uses is called
______.
A. encyclopaedia
B. dictionary
C. glossary
D. concordance
3. A collection of textual glosses or terms limited to a special area of knowledge or usage is called
______.
A. encyclopaedia
B. dictionary
C. glossary
D. lexicon
4.An alphabetical index of the principal words in a book ir the works of an author with the immediate
contexts is called ________.
A. glossary
B. lexicon
C. gazetteer
D. concordance
5. A book containing an alphabetical arrangement of the words in a language and their definitions is
called __________.
A. concordance
B. lexicon
C. glossary
D. encyclopaedia
6. A book of words or of information about a particular field or set of concepts, especially a book of
words and their synonyms is called_____.
A. lexicon
B. handbook
C. thesaurus
D. manual
7. A book capable of being conveniently carried ad a ready reference is called _____.
A. thesaurus
B. yearbook
C. handbook
D. gazetteer
8. A book that is conveniently handled, especially handbook is called _____>
A. manual
B. thesaurus
C. yearbook
D. gazetteer
9. A book published yearly as a report or summary of statistics or facts is called _____.
A.manual
B. handbook
C. thesaurus
D. yearbook
10.A geographical dictionary is called ______.
A. yearbook
B. gazetteer
C. manual
D. lexicon
11.A Table Alphabetical by Robert Cawdrey was published in _____.
A. 1523
B. 1600
C. 1604
D.1623
12.The English Dictionary by Henry Cokeram was published in _____.
A. 1623
B. 1775
C. 1828
D. 1928
13.Universal Etymological English Dictionary by Nathan Bailley was published in____.
A. 1623
B. 1721
C. 1775
D. 1828
14.A Dictionary of the English Language by Sam Johnson was published in ______.
A. 1721
B. 1735
C. 1775
D. 1828
15.The American Dictionary of the English language by Noah Webster was published in ____ .
A. 1775
B. 1785
C. 1800
D. 1828
https://www.doczj.com/doc/be17553000.html,plete the following statements with proper words or expressions according to the course book . III.16. The dominant sense of the word dictionary by English-speaking people is a book which presents ______order the words of English , with information as to their spelling, pronunciation , meaning,
usage, rules of grammar, and in some, their etymology.
17. Dictionary is closely related to ______, which deals with the same problems: the form, meaning, usage and origins of vocabulary units.
18. The target population of monolingual dictionaries are general _______or second language and foreign learners who have reached the intermediate and advanced stages.
19. Linguistic dictionaries aim at ______ and explaining their usages in the language,.
20.Encyclopedic dictionaries have the characteristics of both ________and encyclopedia.
III.Write the full name of the following grammar abbreviations and put them into Chinese.
21.. c.f. ____________ 22. comb.f. __________ 23. fem. _________ 24. mas. ______
25. neg. ________ 26. pref. ________ 27. suf. _______ 28. v.aux._______
29. poss. _______ 30. vt. ________
IV.Write the full name of the following dictionaries .
31. CTCD: __________ 32. CULD _________________
33. CELD __________ 34. CODCE ____________
35. LDCIE＿＿＿＿＿＿＿３６．OALDCE _______________
37. ODCIE _____________ 38. RHDEL ___________
39. WNCD _____________ 40 WNWDAL _________
V.Define the following terms .
41. Unabridged dictionaries 42. Desk dictionaries 43. pocket dictionaries
44. Encyclopedia 45. Specialized dictionaries
VI．Answer the following questions.
46. What are the special features of Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English New Edition (1987)?
47. What are the special features of Collins Cobuild English Language Dictionary (1987 )?
48. What are the special features of A Chinese-English Dictionary (Revised Edition ) (1995 )?
VII.49.Translate the following sentences into Chinese:
1) A small leak will sink a great ship .
2)Behind the mountains there are people to be found.
3)Money makes the mare go .
4)As the touchstone tries gold, so gold tries men.
5)The proof of the pudding is in the rating.
50.Translate the following into English :
1)经济特区2。经济效益3。闭路电视4。集团购买力5）进口检疫
6）劳动密集型7）茉莉花茶8）海蛰9）沉舟侧畔千帆过，病树前头万木春
10）一国两制
Key to exercises:
I. 1.D 2.B 3.C 4.D 5.B 6.C 7.C 8.A 9.D 10.B 11.C 12.A 13.B 14.C 15.D
II. 16. alphabetical 17. lexicology 18. native speakers 19. defining words 20. linguistic dictionaries III. 21. confer(参看) 22. combining form (构词成分)23. feminine (阴性) 24. masculine (阳性)25. negative (否定词)26. prefix(前缀) 27. suffix 28. auxiliary verb 29 possessive 30 transitive verb
IV. 31. Chambers Twentieth Century Dictionary 32. Chamber Universal Learners‘ Dictionary
33. Collins English Learner‘s Dictionary 34. The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Current English
35. Longman Dictionary of Current Idiomatic English 36. Oxford Advanced Learner‘s Dictionart of Current English 37. Oxford Dictionary of Current Idiomatic English
38. Random House Dictionary of the English Language 39. Webster‘s New Collegiate Dictionary 40.
Webster‘s New World Dictionary of the American Language
V-VI.( See the course book )
VI.49. 1) 千里之堤,溃于蚁穴。
2）山外有山，天外有天。
3）有钱能使鬼推磨。
4）试金石是金，金子则考验人。
5）实验出真知。
50．（1）special economic zone
(2)economic performance
(3) closed-circuit television
(5)the purchasing power of institutions (5) import quarantine (6) labor- intensive
(7) jasmine tea (8) jellyfish (9) A thousand sails pass the sunken ship ,and ten thousand saplings shoot up
beyond the withered tree. (10) one country, two systems
英语词汇学复习题（A） （2012-05-29） Ⅰ．Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that best completes the statement and put the letter in the bracket. 1．According to semanticists, a word is a unit of ______.（） A．meaning B．sound C．combination of sounds D．group 2．The pronunciation has changed ______ spelling over the years.（） A．more slowly than B．as quickly as C．more rapidly than D．not so quickly as 3．Words may fall into the basic word stock and nonbasic vocabulary by ______.（）A．use frequency B．notion C．origin D．sound 4．Rapid growth of science and technology breeds such new words as the following EXCEPT______.（） A．green revolution B．fast food C．moon walk D．space shuttle 5．Semantic change means an old form which takes on a new ______ to meet the new need. （） A．form B．meaning C．look D．pronunciation 6．Reviving archaic words also contribute to the growth of English vocabulary. For instance, in American English “fall” means ______ in British English.（） A．four B．fell C．for D．autumn 7．The plural morpheme “-s”is realized by /s/after the following sounds EXCEPT ______. （） A．/t/ B．/g/ C．/p/ D．/k/ 8．There are ______ free morphemic words in the following: bird, man, red, collection.（）A．one B．two C．three D．four 9．The following words have derivational affixes EXCEPT ______.（） A．works B．prewar
试题三 第一部分选择题 I. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement and put the letter in the bracket.(30%) 1.According to the degree of similarity, homonyms can be classified into ( ) A. perfect homonyms B. homonyms C. homophones D. all the above 2.Transfer as a mode of semantic change can be illustrated by the example ( ) A. ad for “advertisement” B. dish for “food" C. fond for “affectionate” D. an editorial for “an editorial article" 3.It is a general belief that the meaning does not exist in the word itself, but it rather spreads over ( ) A. the reader’s interpretation B. the neighbouring words C. the writer's intention D. the etymology of the word 4.Which of the following is a prefix of time and order? A. extra- B. pro- C. re- D. semi- 5.Which of the following dictionaries is not a specialized dictionary? A. The Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology B. Chamber's Encyclopedic English Dictionary C. Longmont Dictionary of Phrasal Verbs D. Webster's New Dictionary of Synonyms 6.Which of the following statements is Not true? A. Reference is the relationship between language and the world. B. The relationship between a word and its referent is arbitrary. C. Concept is universal to all men alike. D. Sense denotes the relationships outside the language. 7.The words which occur before or after a word and may affect its meaning form ( ) A. physical context B. grammatical context C. lexical context D. linguistic context 8."Smith is an architect. He designed World Trade Center. "The clue provided in the context is ( ) A. definition B. explanation C. example D. hyponym 9.The term "vocabulary" is used in different ways because of all the following reasons EXCEPT that ( ) A. it can refer to the common core of a language B. it can refer to the total number of the words in a language C. it can represent all the words used in a certain historical period D. it can stand for words in given dialect or field 10.The idiom "a dark horse" is a ( ) A. simile B. metaphor
英语词汇学 第一部分选择题 I. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers .Choose the one that would best complete the statement and put the letter in the bracket（30％） 1. Degradation can be illustrated by the following example[ ] A. lewd → ignorant B. silly → foolish C. last → pleasure D. knave → boy 2. Homophones are often employed to create puns for desired effects of: [ ] A. humour B. sarcasm C. ridicule D. all the above 3. The four major modes of semantic change are _____. [ ] A. extension, narrowing, elevation and degradation B. extension, generalization, elevation and degradation C. extension, narrowing, specialization and degradation D. extension, elevation, amelioration and degradation 4. The use of one name for that of another associated with it is rhetorically called _____. [ ] A. synecdoche B. metonymy C. substitution D. metaphor 5. Idioms adjectival in nature function as _____. [ ] A. adjectives B. attributes C. modifiers D. words 6. Grammatical context refers to _____ in which a word is used. [ ] A. vocabulary B. grammar C. semantic pattern D. syntactic structure 7. In the idiom 'in good feather', we change 'good' into 'high, full' without changing meaning. This change of constituent is known as _____ . [ ] A. addition B. replacement C. position-shifting D. variation 8. The word "laconic" is _____. [ ] A. onomatopoeically motivated B. morphologically motivated C. semantically motivated D. etymologically motivated 9. CCELD is distinctive for its _____. [ ] A. clear grammar codes B. language notes
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Chapter 9 Changes in Word Meaning 9.1 Causes of Changes in Word Meaning 9.2 Four Tendencies in Semantic Change 9.3 Semantic Development or Change Resulting from the Figurative Use of Words Definition: Change of meaning refers to the alteration of the meaning of existing words, as well as the addition of new meaning to established words. 9.1 Causes of Changes in Word Meaning A.Historical cause 历史原因 It often happens that though a word retains its original form ,its meaning has changed because the object which it denotes has changed . *Changes of meaning because of increased knowledge of the object described are common in the history of science. Eg. pencil ==is from a Latin word meaning “a little tail” or “a fine brush”, like our Chinese “pen”毛笔.Later, when it was made of wood and graphite ,it was still called a “pencil”. atom ==It was borrowed though Latin and French from Greek arouos,invisible. Thus atom meant originally “an particle too small to be divided”. This meaning is now out-of-date, because scientist have found out that atom can be split.
1、选择题（2 ×15=30） 2、填空题（2×5=10 ） 3、搭配题(1×10=10) 4、名词解释题(4×5=20) 5、问题回答(5×3=15) 6、论述题(第39题7分，第40题8分) 选择题： 1. Which of the following is an initialism ? D. UN 2. The following are all nominal suffixes EXCEPT A. –ful . 3．Both English and B. Danish belong to the Germantic branch of the Indo-European language family. 4.Affixes added to the end of words to indicate grammatik relationships are known as C. inflectional morphemes. 5.Motiation accounts for the connection between word-form and C.its meaning. 6.Ambiguity often arises due to polysemy and C.homonymy. 7.Affixes attached to other morphemes to create new words are known as B .derivational affixes. 8.The semantic unity of idioms is reflected in the A.illogical relationship between the literal meaning of each word and the meaning of the idiom as in rain cats and dogs. https://www.doczj.com/doc/be17553000.html,ually a small number of languages have been designated official languages for an organization’s activities ,for example, the UN was established with five official languages English, French, A.Spanish Russian, and Chinese.中英俄法西
全国高等教育自学考试 英语词汇学试题 课程代码：00832 Ⅰ．Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that best completes the statement and put the letter in the bracket.（30%）1．According to semanticists, a word is a unit of ______.（） A．meaning B．Sound C．combination of sounds D．Group 2．The pronunciation has changed ______ spelling over the years.（） A．more slowly than B．As quickly as C．more rapidly than D．Not so quickly as 3．Words may fall into the basic word stock and nonbasic vocabulary by ______.（）A．use frequency B．notion C．origin D．sound 4．Rapid growth of science and technology breeds such new words as the following EXCEPT______.（） A．green revolution B．fast food C．moon walk D．space shuttle 5．Semantic change means an old form which takes on a new ______ to meet the new need. （）A．form B．meaning C．look D．pronunciation 6．Reviving archaic words also contribute to the growth of English vocabulary. For instance, in American English “fall” means ______ in British English.（） A．four B．fell C．for D．autumn 7．The plural morpheme “-s” is realized by /s/after the following sounds EXCEPT ______. （）A．/t/ B．/g/ C．/p/ D．/k/ 英语词汇学试卷第 1 页共9 页
《英语词汇学》课程习题集 一、单选题 1. The word “humorousness” has _______ morphemes. A. one B. two C. three D. four 2. The word “nationalize” has _______ morphemes. A. one B. two C. three D. four 3. The word “decoding” has _______ morphemes. A. one B. two C. three D. four 4. Which of the following forms is not an allomorph of the morpheme “in-”? A. ig- B. ir- C. il- D. im- 5. Which of the following forms does not contain an allomorph of the inflectional morpheme of plurality? A. books B. pigs C. horses D. expense 6. According to ______, there is an intrinsic correspondence between sound and sense. A. naturalists B. anthropologists C. linguists D. conventionalists 7. According to ______ , there is not a logical connection between sound and sense. A. naturalists B. anthropologists C. linguists D. conventionalists 8. Most English words are _________ symbols. A. definite B. arbitrary C. infinite D. hereditary 9. From the point of view of ________, a direct connection between the symbol and its sense can be readily observed in a small group of words. A. nationalism B. anthropology C. linguistics D. motivation 10. Words motivated phonetically are called _________ words. A. onomatopoeic B. similar C. natural D. symbolic 11. In the sentence “John was asked to spy the enemy”, “spy” is considered an example of the word-formation process using _________. A. compounding B. derivation C. conversion D. acronym 12. In the sentence “John was doctored by Mr. Smith in the hospital”, “doctor” is considered an example of the word-formation process using _________. A. compounding B. derivation C. conversion D. acronym 13.In the sentence “John was asked to get into the office after a two-hour wait”, “wait”is considered an example of the word-formation process using _________. A. compounding B. derivation C. conversion D. acronym 14. In the sentence “John decided to nurse his sister himself”, “nurse” is considered an example of the word-formation process using _________. A. compounding B. derivation C. conversion D. acronym
Explain the following terms 一1) free morpheme/ A free morpheme is one that can be uttered发出，表达alone with meaning. It can exist on its own without a bound morpheme. In the traditional sense, a free morpheme is a word. 例如hand ,eat, get 2) bound form/never used as sentences. – ess in countess, lioness and duchess –ish in boyish, childish and greenish –s in hats, books and cups 3) function words/ function words are often short words, they do not have much lexical meaning and some of them have no lexical meaning of their own; They are often short words such as determiners限定词, conjunctions连词, prepositions介词, auxiliaries辅助物, and so forth. 如to, the , of , by 4) content words实词/ They are used to name objects, qualities, actions, processes or states, and have independent lexical meaning. They are the nouns, main verbs, adjectives形容词and adverbs副词of a language. 二1) syntheti c综合的language / inflectional grammatical markers, French, German and Russian. 2) analytic language/word order, prepositions or auxiliary verbs , English and Chinese 3) Indo-European family of languages/ Europe and parts of Southern Asia Eight groups 三1) morphemes /The morpheme is the smallest meaningful linguistic unit of language, not divisible可分的or analyzable into smaller forms. 2) allomorphs/variants变体of the same morphem如im-, ir-, il- : allomorphs of the morpheme in- 3) root / is the basic unchangeable part of a word, and it conveys the main lexical meaning of the word. work able, work er, work ed, and work ing 4) stem /A stem is of concern only when dealing with inflectional morphology. Inflectional (but not derivational) affixes are added to it. It is the part of word-form which remains when all inflectional affixes have been removed. 如undesirables, undesirable; desired, desire 5) base / A base is any form to which affixes of any kind can be added. Desirable, desire - base and root, not stem; undesirable, desirable-base, not root and stem 6) inflectional affixes/A inflectional affix serves to express such meanings as plurality复数, tense, and the comparative比较的or superlative 最高的degree. 如-s, -ed, -er, -est 7) derivational affixes / When they are added to another morpheme, they derive a new word. re+write, mini+car, super+market, modern+ize, work+er 8) compounding 复合法/Compounding is a word-formation process consisting of combining two or more bases to form a compound word 9) derivation 派生法/Derivation or affixation is generally defined as a word-formation process by which new words are created by adding a prefix or a suffix or both to the base 10) conversion 转化法/Conversion is a word-formation process in which a word of a certain word-class is shifted into a word of another word-class without the addition of an affix. 11) initialism/It is a type of shortening, using the first letters of words to form a proper name, a technical term, or a phrase. 12) acronym首字母缩略词/Acronyms are words formed from the initial letters of the name of an organization or a scientific term, etc. Acronyms differ from initialisms in that they are pronounced as words rather than as sequences of letters. 13) blending拼缀/Blending is a process of word-formation in which a new word is formed by
英语词汇学试题 Introduction and Chapter 1 Basic Concepts of Words and Vocabula ry（练习1） I．Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement. 1.Morphology is the branch of grammar which studies the structure or forms of words, primarily through the use of _________construct. A. word B. form C. morpheme D. root 2.________ is traditionally used for the study of the origins and history of the form and meaning of words. A. Semantics B. Linguistics C. Etymology D. Stylistics 3.Modern English is derived from the language of early ______ tribes. A. Greek B. Roman C. Italian D. Germanic 4. Semantics is the study of meaning of different _________ levels: lexis, syntax, utterance, discourse, etc. A. linguistic B. grammatical C. arbitrary D. semantic 5.Stylistics is the study of style . It is concerned with the user’s choices of linguistic elements in a particular________ for special effects A. situation B. context C. time D. place 6.Lexicography shares with lexicology the same problems: the form , meaning, origins and usages of words, but they have a _______ difference. A . spelling B. semantic C. pronunciation D. pragmatic 7. Terminology consists of _______ terms used in particular disciplines and academic areas. A. technical B. artistic C. different D. academic 8. __________refers to the specialized vocabularies by which members of particular arts, sciences, trades, and professions communicate among themselves. A. Slang B. Jargon C. Dialectal words D. Argot 9 ._________ belongs to the sub-standard language, a category that seems to stand between the standard general words including informal ones available to everyone and in-group words. A. Jargon B. Argot C. Dialectal words D. Slang 10. Argot generally refers to the jargon of _______.Its use is confined to the sub-cultural groups and outsiders can hardly understand it. A. workers B. criminals C. any person D. policeman 11.________ are words used only by speakers of the dialect in question. A. Argot B. Slang C. Jargon D. Dialectal words 12. Archaisms are words or forms that were once in _________use but are now restricted only to specialized or limited use. A. common B. little C. slight D. great 13. Neologisms are newly-created words or expressions, or words that have taken on ______meanings. A. new B. old C. bad D. good 14. Content words denote clear notions and thus are known as_________ words. They include nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs and numerals. A. functional B. notional C. empty D. formal 15. Functional words do not have notions of their own. Therefore, they are also called _______words. Prepositions, conjunctions, auxiliaries and articles belong to this category. A. content B. notional C. empty D. new
英语词汇学复习题(五) I. Some of the following statements are true, and the others false. Mark your answer by writing T or F on your answer sheet. (10%) 1.The great majority of the basic word stock of the English language are native words, that is, words of Anglo-Saxon origin. 2.Suffixation is different from conversion in that it does not change the word-class of the base. 3.Words of a semantic field are synonymous. 4.Clipping involves the deletion of one or more syllables from a word, which is also available in its full form. 5.Content words have lexical meaning but no grammatical meaning. 6. A particular characteristic of componential analysis is that it attempts to treat components in terms of binary opposites. 7. A root is the basic unchangeable part of a word. 8.Many English words cannot be analyzed in terms of semantic features. 9.All words have antonyms. 10.The impact of context on meaning differs from one word to another and from one instance or passage to another. II. The following are multiple-choice questions. Mark your answer by writing A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet. (20%) 11.The English language from ______ to the present is called Modern English. (A) 450 (B) 1100 (C) 1500 (D) 1800 12.The sentence “John was fired for petty thieving.” Is stylistically ________. (A) literal (B) colloquial (C) archaic (D) neutral 13.Of the following words, _____ is an acronym. (A) OPEC (B) CIA (C) stylistic (D) affective 14.The definition of a word given in the dictionary is called its _____ meaning. (A) connotative (B) denotative (C) stylistic (D) affective 15.In terms of oppositeness of meaning, ________ is a pair of conversives. (A)“deep” and “shallow” (B)“present” and “absent” (C)“love” and “hate” (D)“above” and “below” 16.In the group of words “ride, run, walk, go, fly”, “go” is a ________. (A) superordinate term (B) hyponym (C) subordinate term (D) hyponymy 17. The word “success” used to mean “result, outcome”, now it means “a favorable outcome or result”. This is an example of __________ of meaning. (A) elevation (B) degeneration (C) extension (D) restriction