跨文化商务沟通复习资料
第一章
一．文化适应的四个维度P9
Dimensions of Acculturation
Integration - persons become an integral part of the new culture while maintaining their cultural integrity
Separation - individuals keep their culture and stay independent of the new culture Assimilation - persons are absorbed into their new culture and withdraw from their old culture
Deculturation - individuals lose their original culture and do not accept the new culture
第二章不作为考试重点
第三章
一．不同文化的人们对待女性，道德标准以及工作的态度不同P47~P56
①Attitudes Toward Women：
Influenced by cultural roots;U.S. women are supposed to have the same rights as men;Kenya women are considered subordinate to men;Gender differences in the U.S. workplace are de-emphasized - women are accepted at higher levels in government and in many companies；U.S. women have taken two-thirds of new jobs created; they are starting new businesses at twice the rate of men;In France, one-fifth of small businesses are owned by women; in Canada, the rate is one-third；The U.S. and Canada lead the world in the number of women in executive positions; Northern and Western Europe, Australia, and New Zealand also have high numbers of women managers.
Percentage of Women in Top Management Positions:The Russian Federation 42%，European Union 30%,Australia 23%,United Kingdom 21%,United States 20%,Japan 7%.
②Cultural Attitudes Toward Work:
Work ethic - hard work is applauded and rewarded; not working is viewed negatively. U.S. persons value work; executives work
-56 hours per week.
-take 14 days of vacation a year.
European persons work
-36 to 41 hours per week.
-take 4 to 6 weeks of vacation a year.
Europeans:Relaxed;Vacation during month of August;Do not work weekends or holidays (The French take longer vacations than people of any other country.) Australians:Value free time; Value short work week
Japanese :Work Monday through Friday, often 18 hours a day;Work until their boss leaves
③Attitudes Toward Ethics:
Ethical behavior means acting with integrity, honesty, competence, respect, fairness, trust, courage, and responsibility.
Ethical standards are guidelines established to convey what is perceived to be correct
or incorrect behavior by most people in a society.
Ethics: The Four-Way Test:
Is it the truth?
Is it fair to all concerned?
Will it build goodwill and better friendships?
Will it be beneficial to all concerned?
二．个人主义和集体主义P57
Individualism - attitude of valuing ourselves as separate individuals with responsibility for our own destinies and actions.
Collectivism - emphasizes common interests, conformity, cooperation, and interdependence.
第四章
一．文化冲击的阶段P69
Stages of Cultural Shock:
Stage 1: Excitement and fascination with the new culture; the "honeymoon" stage. Stage 2: Crisis or disenchantment period; excitement has turned to disappointment. Stage 3: Adjustment phase; you begin to accept the new culture, try new foods, see the h umor in situations.
Stage 4: Acceptance or adaptation phase; feel at home in the new culture and become involved in activities of the culture.
Stage 5: Reentry shock; follows the stages identified earlier: initial euphoria, crisis or disenchantment, adjustment, and adaptation.
二．如何缓解文化冲击P71~P74
To alleviate cultural shock, try to see the environment from the perspective of the host nationals.
①慎重挑选外派人员
Alleviating Cultural Shock by Careful Selection of Overseas Personnel(Sensitive, cooperative, able to compromise;Open to others' opinions;Reaction to new situations; appreciation of cultural differences;Understanding of own values and aware-ness of values in other cultures;Reaction to criticism;Understanding government
system;Ability to develop contacts in new culture;Patience and resiliency.)
②提供出国前培训
Intellectual or classroom model - involves giving facts about the host country using a variety of instructional methods;
Area training or simulation model - emphasizes affective goals, culture specific content, and experiential processes;
Self-awareness or human relations model - based on the assumption that the trainee with self-understanding will be more effective in the overseas assignment;
Cultural awareness model - emphasizes cultural insight and stresses affective goals and an experiential process;
Interaction approach - participants interact with people in the host country; Multidimensional approach - attempts to combine cognitive, affective, and behavioral aspects of training;
③提供反馈和奖励
Reward systems include special allowances for housing, hardship, home leave, medical, taxes, etc.
Appraisal and reward system must reflect the purpose and expectations of the
assignment (profit or building a presence in the country).
Reward system must compensate for what persons are leaving behind and must be based on the idea of equity
④发挥员工的最大潜力
Developing Employees to Their Potential:
Plan for repatriation, including reasons for the assignment and how the employee will contribute to the company upon his/her return.
Allow adequate time for readjustment before employee reports to work.
Provide appropriate compensation for transition expenses.
Assist in locating proper housing.
Show appreciation to family for their contributions.
第五章
一．高语境和低语境的语言P86
High-Context Language 特点：
Low-Context Language 特点：
二．线性语言和非线性的语言P90
Linear Language:
Has a beginning and an end;Is logical;Is object oriented;Linear languages look at time on a continuum of present, past, and future (English).
Nonlinear Language:
Is circular;Is tradition oriented;Is subjective;Nonlinear languages view time as
Low Context -Get down to business first -Value expertise and performance -Agreement by specific, legalistic -contract -Negotiates as efficiently as possible High Context -Establish social trust first -Value personal relations and goodwill -Agreement by general trust -Negotiations slow and ritualistic -Nonverbal; cultural aspects are important
-Language transmits little of explicit message
Example: Japanese language Chinese language
-Restricted code - speech coding system of high-context languages; spoken statement reflects the social relationship
-Message is explicit
-May be given in more than one way to assure understanding
-Very direct and verbal
Example: U.S. English (high-context language viewed as a waste of time) Example: Spanish language
-Elaborated code - speech coding system of low-context languages; verbal elaboration is necessary due to few shared assumptions
cyclical and seasons as ever-repeating pattern (Chinese and Japanese).
三．寓言和谚语P92
四．语言的性质P94
How Languages Differ①②
①Syntactic Rules – arrangement of words in a sentence. Subject, verb, object can be combined in six possible ways. English follows mainly a subject-verb-object order (as do French and Spanish). Japanese and Korean have the preferred order of subject-object-verb. Hebrew and Welsh follow verb-subject-object. The object does not come first in any language.
②Meanings - Denotative (Japanese Spider Crab), Connotative (Alaskan King Crab), and Figurative (kicking the bucket)
Variations in Verbal Style①②③④⑤⑥（了解）
①Japanese Verbal Style:The Japanese converse without responding to what the other person says. Emphasis is on nonverbal communication so they do not listen.
They prefer less talkative persons and value silence.The Japanese prefer a person say something in as few words as possible.They make excuses at the beginning of a talk for what they are about to say. They do not want apologies for was already said.They use “yes” to mean many different things.
②Mexican Verbal Style:The Mexican style seems overly dramatic and emotional by U.S. persons.Mexicans rise above fact; they embellish facts; eloquence is admired.They like to use diminutives, making the world smaller and more intimate.They add suffixes to words to shrink problems. Mexicans come across as less than truthful.Their rationale involves two types of reality - objective and interpersonal. Mexicans want to keep people happy for the moment. When asked directions, if they do not know the answer, they will make up something to appear to be helpful.
③Chinese Verbal Style:The Chinese understate or convey meanings indirectly. They use vague terms and double negatives. Even criticism is indirect.Harmony is very important. During negotiations, the Chinese state their position in such a way that seems repetitious.They do not change their point of view without discussing it with the group.They speak humbly and speak negatively of their supposedly meager skills and those of their subordinates and their family.
④Verbal Styles in the Arab World:The Arabs encourage eloquence and “flowery” prose. They are verbose, repetitious, and shout when excited.For dramatic effect, they punctuate remarks with pounding the table and making threatening gestures.Arabs view swearing, cursing, and the use of obscenities as offensive.They like to talk about religion and politics but avoid talking about death, illness, and disasters. Emotional issues are avoided.The first name is used immediately upon meeting but may be preceded by the title “Mr.” or “Miss.”
⑤German Verbal Style:In the German language, the verb often comes at the end of the sentence. In oral communication, Germans do not get to the point right away.Germans are honest and direct; they stick to the facts. They are a low-context people; everything is spelled out.Germans usually do not use first names unless they are close friends (of which they have few).They do not engage in small talk; their conversations are serious on a wide variety of topics. Avoid conversations related to their private
lives.
⑥Language Variations in the U.S.
Age - some word s are specific to an age group (“cool”).
Gender - men speak more, they repeat more, and more often than women; women are more emotional and use such terms as “sweet,” “darling,” and “dreadful.”
Race - Black English includes such terms as rapping (a narration to a musical beat). Regional Variations - distinctive language patterns exist between various parts of the United States.
五．语言和文化的相互影响 P102
Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis - The main idea is that language functions as a way of shaping a person’s experience, not just a device for reporting that experience. Both structural and semantic aspects of a language are involved.
Linguistic determinism is the assumption that a person’s view of reality stems mainly from his or her language. Ex: The absence of the word snow in Inuit, the language of the Eskimo people. The language does, however, have numerous words for types of snow, while other languages do not have the equivalent of flaky snow or crusty snow.
Bernstein Hypothesis - explains how social structure affects language and is an extension of the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis. Bernstein considers culture, subculture, social context, and social system to be part of social structure. Speech emerges in one of two codes - restricted or elaborated. Channels used in the restricted code would be oral, nonverbal, and paralinguistic. Restricted codes would include highly predictable messages. Elaborated codes are used with strangers; involve messages that are low in predictability. Give very explicit information. The verbal channel is important in elaborated codes, while restricted codes make use of nonverbal and paralinguistic cues.
第六章看案例
第七章不考
第八章
一．电子通讯礼仪P157
Electronic Communication Etiquette
When communicating by telephone, the initial impression is formed more on vocal quality than on words spoken.
Good telephone manners include answering the phone promptly, identifying yourself properly, and being courteous at all times.
When using voice mail, be brief but complete when leaving a message.
When using e-mail, avoid negative or personal information.
Proper netiquette avoids the following:
shouting - typing the message in all capital letters
dissing - speaking ill of someone
flaming - sending vicious, insulting messages
spamming - mass mailings of commercial advertisements or material cross-posted to numerous newsgroups.
二．小费文化P160
Tipping:People communicate nonverbally by their tipping practices; those who are basically stingy and those who are basically generous will reveal these traits by their tipping behavior.
“Insult tipping” (leaving a few coins) shows a lack of breeding and is always inappropriate.
Although a tip of 15 percent of the bill used to be considered a generous tip in fine restaurants, 20 percent is now closer to the norm when the service is excellent.
第九章
特色食品和饮食禁忌P187
Unusual Foods:特色
U.S. - corn-on-the-cob, grits, popcorn, marshmallows, crawfish
South Korea - dog meat
Saudi Arabia - sheep's eyeballs
Mexico - chicken's feet in chicken soup
China - duck's feet
Russia - Danish pastry stuffed with raw cabbage
Some African countries - gorilla
Consumption Taboos:禁忌
U.S. - horse meat and dog meat
Strict Muslims - pork and alcohol
Orthodox Jews - pork, shellfish, meat, and milk together
Hindus - beef
跨文化商务沟通期末考试的复习内容 一、单选题（10题×2分=20分） 1、__A____ i s called interracial communication。 A.The communication between African Americans and European Americans. B.The communication between two people‘ https://www.doczj.com/doc/b217208447.html,munication we have with ourselves D.Interactions among people from different nations. 2、The nail that sticks up gets hammered down is a proverb revealing____. A. individualism B. collectivism C. self-centered D. independence 3、The colour red means prosperity(繁荣、兴旺）in___D_____ . A. American B. England C. Spain D. China 4、“Yellow dog” refers to ___C___ in England. A.someone who is happy B. Someone who is brave C. Someone who is coward（卑鄙的） D. Someone who is sad. 5、A：Thank you so much for what you have done for me and I really appreciate your kindness. B:___C_____ (If you were B, which of the following you would choose as a polite and proper answer) A. It’s my duty to do so. B. No, it’s nothing. C. It’s my pleasure. D. It’s what I Should do.
智慧树知到《跨文化商务沟通》章节测试答案 第一章 1、The belief that your own cultural background, including ways of analyzing problems, values, beliefs, language, and verbal and nonverbal communication, is superior. culture communication ethnocentrism sender 答案: ethnocentrism 2、The total accumulation of beliefs, customs, values, behaviors, institutions and communication patterns that are shared, learned and passed down through the generations in an identifiable group of people. intercultural communication culture business communication feedback 答案: culture 3、A process by which information is exchanged between individuals through a common system of symbols, signs, or behavior, or the exchange of thoughts, messages, or information, as by speech, signals, writing, or behavior. ethnocentrism noise communication horizontal communication 答案: noise
《跨文化商务沟通》 第一章文化、沟通及跨文化沟通课后练习 一、单项选择题共12 题 1、Cultural bias is unavoidable since there was a long process of culture （）in world history. A . separation B . communication C . progress D . communicat 参考答案：A 2、Although there are many cultural barriers among different cultures, there are also certain proper channels to（）among different nations. A . argument B . communicate C . dispute D . transport 参考答案：B 3、Culture has variety of characteristics but not （）. A . shared B . learned C . ethnocentric D . invariability 参考答案：D 4、Only outward symbols of a culture are visible, while the most important aspects of a culture are invisible. This phenomenon is often compared as a metaphor （）.
A . blanket B . iceberg C . icebox D . invisible man 参考答案：B 5、（）The communication between people from different cultures when a member of one culture produces a message for consumption by a member of another culture. A . business communication B . cultural communication C . intercultural communication D . vertical communication 参考答案：C 6、（）A process by which information is exchanged between individuals through a common system of symbols, signs, or behavior, or the exchange of thoughts, messages, or information, as by speech, signals, writing, or behavior. A . communication B . message C . information D . transformation 参考答案：A 7、（）The communication is within business and administration, aiming at a common objective and profits for both the individuals and organizations. A . cultural exchange B . business exchange C . business communication
《跨文化商务沟通》课程论文规范 （2008年06月编制） 论文组成部分排列顺序 ●封面(Cover) ●正文(Main body) 标题(Title)、 副标题(Subtitle) 作者(Author) 摘要(Abstract) 关键词(Key words) 正文内容(Text) ●参考文献(References) 论文格式规范细则 纸张和打印 打印：标准A4白纸，根据论文的篇幅，单面打印。 页边距：上空2.5cm,下空2cm，左空2.5cm，右空2cm。 对齐：节标题左对齐（left alignment），正文使用两端对齐。
字体 字体（font）大小：全文一致。 英文：Times New Roman 12 pt，中文部分使用宋体小四号（即12 pt）。 标题(Title)：Times New Roman 16pt 加粗；副标题(Subtitle): Times New Roman 14pt 一级标题：Times New Roman14pt 加粗。 二级标题及以下标题：Times New Roman 12pt 加粗 表、附录中的文字以及页码的字体可根据需要调整大小，一般用Times New Roman 加粗。 段落首行：缩进5格或1个制表符（TAB）的距离。 正文行距：1.5倍。 引语段（block quotation）、参考文献著录条目：单倍行距。 页码（Pagination） 论文所有的页码标注在每一页右下角，第1页为正文第一章的第一页，10.5号字。 章节的区分： 鉴于篇幅原因，本课程论文不允许使用“章”为单位，由于文章内容需要时，通过序号用阿拉伯数字编排序号，如1，2，3加以区分等。正文二级标题（节）及二级以下标题用阿拉伯数字编排序号，如3.1、3.2.2等
Chapter 1: Communication:An intercultural Perspective 1、N eeds and purposes for communication （1）Maslow’s hierarchy of needs----------be suit of developed country The most basic at the bottom to the most refined at the peak of a triangle---------Physiological needs,such as food,shelter,and sex;Just above that come the needs of safety like family ; then there are social needs for things like love and friendship ; these are followed by ego and esteem needs ,which are above us as individuals wanting self-respect,recognition,and even power;finally ,at the top of the traingle comes the most sophidticated need----------for self-actulization.this is about self-fulfillment,about finding and being oneself. （2）For developing countrys-------------10 items Survival ---------rent a flat/shelter ; try to get help Co-operation---------work with others ;social groups Personal needs（within survival） Relationships（love/belonging） Persuasion Power Social needs Information Making sense of the world Self-expression 2、d efinition of communication （1）Communication simply refers to the process of sending and receiving messeges among people .-------限定于人 （2）Communication is someone perceives behavior or its residue and attributes meaning to it,communication has taken place regardless of whether that behavior is concious or unconcious ,intentional or unintentional . --------------没有限定于人 3、the scope and classification of communication （1）there are at least two or more people Classification: 1) frist classification of communication-----five tapes A ：human communication B : animal communication C : human – animal communicatiom E : machine-to – machine communication F : human –machine communication 2)the second classification of communication
跨文化商务沟通案例与分析 跨文化商务沟通案例与分析 案例一 1925美国总理福特访问日本，美国哥伦比亚广播公司（CBS）受命向美国转播福特在日的一切活动。在福特访日前两周，CBS谈判人员飞抵东京租用器材、人员、保密系统及电传问题。美方代表是一位年轻人，雄心勃勃，提出了许多过高的要求，并且直言不讳 地表述了自己的意见，而日方代表则沉默寡言，第一轮谈判结束时，双方未达成任何协议。两天后，CBS一位要员飞抵东京，他首先以个人名义就本公司年轻职员的冒犯行为 向日方表示道歉，接着就福特访日一事询问能提供哪些帮助。日方转变了态度并表示支持，双方迅速达成了协议。 分析： ? 在这个案例中可以看出，美国人坦率外露的思维方式和日本人内部思维方式相冲突。美国人反对过分拘泥于礼仪，办事干净利落，注重实际，语言表达直率，而且耐心 不足；日本人讨厌过分施加压力，比较注重资历、地位。CBS的要员充分掌握了日本人的性格及谈判风格，才促成了谈判的成功 案例二 ? 美国福特汽车公司和通用汽车公司最初来上海谈判时，正值美国政府要对中国进 行制裁，并提出美国在中国的合资公司不能提出国产化要求的时候。但福特汽车公司代 表一开始就提出合作期间可考虑50%的国产化要求，通用汽车公司接着在上海谈判时， 又主动提出国产化率可从60%开始。由于他们并未理会其政府的限制，我方代表也充满信心的与其谈判，最终达成协议。 分析： ? 美国人热情奔放，性急但信心十足、很容易接近，认为自己是谈判高手，希望对 方也是谈判高手，含糊隐晦、高深莫测的对手只会让美国人纳闷，只有同样充满信心才 能获得对方的好感。 案例三 ? 1998年11月，德国戴姆斯----奔驰公司并购美国三大汽车公司之一的克莱斯勒公司，被全球舆论界誉为“天堂里的婚姻”。戴姆勒是德国实力最强的企业，是扬名世界 的“梅塞德斯”品牌的所有者，克莱斯勒则是美国三大汽车制造商中盈利能力最强，效 率最高的公司。人们认为，这宗跨越大西洋的强强联合定会造就一个驰骋世界汽车市场，所向无敌的巨无霸。然而谁会想到，这桩“婚姻”似乎并不美满。并购后并没有实现公
重庆科技学院 跨文化交流与沟通 姓名：曹俊 班级：国贸11-03 学号：2011443913 学院：法政与经贸学院 题目：跨文化商务沟通中的文化差异
跨文化商务沟通中的文化差异 引言 随着经济全球化的不断发展，跨文化商务沟通，也就是国内企业与国外企业的交往沟通越来越频繁，越来越密切。在交往沟通过程中，由于种种文化差异的原因，经常会产生冲突，阻碍了双方的经济交往。如何在交往沟通中避免冲突，就成为了人们关心的首要问题。因此了解各国间的文化差异就显得格外的重要，否则将会引起不必要的误会，甚至可能直接影响跨文化商务沟通的实际效果。这就意味着如何化解各国不同的文化背景在国际商务交往中是非常重要的。 正文 一、主要的跨文化商务沟通的 文化差异是指不同国家、不同地区、不同民族在历史、政治、经济、传统及风俗习惯等方面的差异。在国际商务沟通中，由于参与者来自不同国家，受其政治制度、风俗习惯、宗教信仰、教育背景的影响，其文化背景存在着明显的差异。不同文化背景的人，对同一件事、同一句话、同一个动作都有着不同、甚至相反的理解，中国古代哲人的名言“性相近，习相远”，也说明了这个道理。主要的 文化差异有： (1)商务时间观：文化不同，对时间的期求和处理的规则也不同。霍尔把时间的利用方式分为单一时间利用方式和各种时间利用方式。单一性时间利用方式强调“专时专用”和“速度”，北美人、中欧人和斯堪的纳维亚人具有此类特点。多种时间利用方式强调“一时多用”，中东和拉美文化具有此类特点。在商务谈判中，美国人视时间为金钱，而阿拉伯、南美和亚洲某些商务会谈可能一连数小时都不涉及正题。因此，两个采用不同时间利用方式的经营者遇到一起时，就需 (2)商务空间观：不同群体空间开放程度不同，如美国人工作时开门表示愿意与外界沟通，而德国人工作时喜欢闭门享受安静的空间。空间占有欲不同，有的国家喜欢将所有的空间利益据为己有，而有的国家追求空间的合理规划和分工
跨文化商务沟通 Norm:are cultural ingrained principles of correct and incorrect behaviors which, if broken, carry a form of overt or covert penalty. Intercultural business communication:is relatively new term in the business world and is defined as communication within and between business that involves people form more than one culture. Subcultures:are groups of people possessing characteristic traits that set apart and distinguish them from others within a larger society or macroculture. Stereotypes: is perceptions about certain groups of people or nationalities, exist with nearly all of people which live in different cultures. Ethnocentrism:is the notion that one’s own culture is supe rior to any other. It is the idea that other cultures should be measured by the degree to which they live up to our cultural standards. Values: are social principles, goals, or standards accepted by person in a culture. Attitudes: are our likes and dislikes to certain people, objects, or situations, and they are rooted in our behavior and in our emotions. Cultural patterns:can be viewed as a system of beliefs, attitudes and values that work in combination to provide a coherent, if not always consistent, model for perceiving the world. Cultural shock: is basically a communication problem that involves the frustrations accompanying a lack of understanding of the verbal and nonverbal communication of the host culture, its customs, and its value systems. Linguistic determinism:is the assumption that a person’s view of reality stems mainly from his or her language. Nonverbal communications:refers to nonword messages such as gestures, facial expression, interpersonal distance, touch, eye contact, smell, and silence. International English:is English for businesspeople that either deal with other cultures whose native language is not English or for whom English may be a second language. Etiquette:refers to manners and behavior considered acceptable in social and business situations. Customs:are behaviors generally expected in specific situations and are long-established, socially acceptable ways of behaving in given circumstance. Negotiation:is a process in which two or more entities discuss common and conflicting interests in order to reach an agreement of mutual benefit
跨文化商务沟通案例与分析 案例一 1925美国总理福特访问日本,美国哥伦比亚广播公司(CBS)受命向美国转播福特在日得一切活动。在福特访日前两周,CBS谈判人员飞抵东京租用器材、人员、保密系统及电传问题。美方代表就是一位年轻人,雄心勃勃,提出了许多过高得要求,并且直言不讳地表述了自己得意见,而日方代表则沉默寡言,第一轮谈判结束时,双方未达成任何协议。两天精品文档,您值得期待 后,CBS一位要员飞抵东京, 她首先以个人名义就本公司年轻职员得冒犯行为向日方表示道歉,接着就福特访日一事询问能提供哪些帮助。日方转变了态度并表示支持,双方迅速达成了协议。 分析: ? 在这个案例中可以瞧出,美国人坦率外露得思维方式与日本人内部思维方式相冲突。美国人反对过分拘泥于礼仪,办事干净利落,注重实际,语言表达直率,而且耐心不足; 日本人讨厌过分施加压力,比较注重资历、地位。CBS得要员充分掌握了日本人得性格及谈判风格,才促成了谈判得成功 案例二 ? 美国福特汽车公司与通用汽车公司最初来上海谈判时,正值美国政府要对中国进行制裁,并提出美国在中国得合资公司不能提出国产化要求得时候。但福特汽车公司代表一开始就提出合作期间可考虑50%得国产化要求,通用汽车公司接着在上海谈判时,又主动提出国产化率可从60%开始。由于她们并未理会其政府得限制,我方代表也充满信心得与其谈判,最终达成协议。 分析: ? 美国人热情奔放,性急但信心十足、很容易接近,认为自己就是谈判高手, 希望对方也就是谈判高手,含糊隐晦、高深莫测得对手只会让美国人纳闷, 只有同样充满信心才能获得对方得好感。 案例三 ? 1998年11月,德国戴姆斯----奔驰公司并购美国三大汽车公司之一得克莱斯勒公司, 被全球舆论界誉为“天堂里得婚姻”。戴姆勒就是德国实力最强得企业,就是扬名世界得“梅塞德斯”品牌得所有者,克莱斯勒则就是美国三大汽车制造商中盈利能力最强, 效率最高得公司。人们认为,这宗跨越大西洋得强强联合定会造就一个驰骋世界汽车市场,所向无敌得巨无霸。然而谁会想到,这桩“婚姻”似乎并不美满。并购后并没有实现公司预期得目标。到2001年, 公司得亏损额达到20亿美元,股价也一路下滑,并且裁减员工,公司得发展一直都很艰难。 分析: ? 大西洋两岸不同文化差异得冲突就是这场婚姻危机得根本原因。戴姆斯——奔驰公司得CEO施伦普一开始没有意识到两家企业无论在组织结构、薪酬制度,还就是企业文化上都
The essential elements of communication 1. there should be at least two part s. 2. there should be a message 3. there should be a contact between the two parts 4. there should be a language that both sides share. 5. there should a place 6.time for the communication to take place. Message (信息） Source of message encode code channel/medium decoder retriever of message （信息源）编码）（密码）（渠道/媒介）（解码）（信息接受者）Attributes of communication 1. It is a born need 2. It is interactive 3. it can be either constructive or destructive to a relation 4. It cannot be white washed in case it is performed. ?I. What is culture? The definition can be in three-step hierarchy/ the structure of culture Spiritual: beliefs, core of value, ethnics, etc.; Custom/social: manners, organizations, techniques, etc,. Material: food, tools, clothing, etc. Ideological culture/ social culture/ material culture Four Aspects of Culture 1. It’s learnt, not obtained from genes. Social, family, and regional factors as input. 2. It’s shared by a group of people. Local language and culture to be shared by people in a certain group. 3. It’s symbolic. Many can be of symbols of a culture --- language (verbal or non-verbal one), architects, arts, and so on. 4. It’s adaptive. No culture is fixed except the dead. What may effect cross-cultural communication Way of observing verbal language non-verbal language ?Kickbacks回扣（而不是：踢回） ?Honey cooler讨好女人的男子（而不是：甜饮料） ?Dog-eared书页的折角（而不是：狗耳朵） ?Sea-elephant 海豹（而不是：海象walrus) ?Street walker 妓女（而不是：行人） ?Hospital trust 银行（而不是：友好的信任） ?Lover 情人（而不是：爱人） ?Rest room 厕所（而不是：休息室） ?Dollar sale 全部商品一美圆贱卖（而不是：美圆贱卖） ?Green wash 塑造环保形象（而不是：刷绿色） ?busboy 饭店里的洗碗檫桌子的杂工（而不是：公共汽车上的售票员 ?busybody≠大忙人，它相当于汉语中的“爱管闲事的人”。 ?从跨文化角度提出了出口商标翻译的三种方法，即直译法、音译法和音意合璧法?Who to whom? ?Introduce the host to the visitor/ first(groups) ?First introduce your side to the visiting side ?Then the visiting side will make an introduction of themselves
跨文化商务沟通整理 跨文化商务沟通期末考试的复习内容 一、单选题（10题X2分=20分） 1、 __A ____ is called in terracial com muni cati on 。 A.The com muni cati on betwee n Africa n America ns and Europea n America ns. B.The com muni cati on betwee n two people ‘ https://www.doczj.com/doc/b217208447.html, muni cati on we have with ourselves D」n teracti ons among people from differe nt n ati ons. 2、The nail that sticks up gets hammered down is a proverb revealing ___ . A.in dividualism B. collectivism C. self-ce ntered D. in depe ndence 3、 The colour red means prosperity（繁荣、兴旺）in___D _____ . A. America n B. En gla nd C. Spai n D. Chi na
4、“Yellowdog” refers to C ____ in England. A.some one who is happy B. Some one who is brave C. Some one who is coward （卑鄙的） D. Some one who is sad. 5、A: Thank you so much for what you have done for me and I really appreciate your kindn ess. B: __ C ______ （If you were B, which of the following you would choose as a polite and proper answer）
2020智慧树,知到《跨文化商务沟通》章节 测试[完整答案] 智慧树知到《跨文化商务沟通》章节测试答案 见面课：冰山之下--商业广告中的文化价值观 1、问题:Culture is like an iceberg. Only a small part of culture is visible. For instance, food, dress, paintings are all apparent to eyes. But a great part of culture is hidden under the water, such as _, , and so on. 选项： A:views B:attitudes C:architecture D:customs 答案: 【views;attitudes;customs】 2、问题:Originally Geert Hofsted developed a model that identifies four primary cultural dimensions: _, , Individualism versus Collectivism, ___. 选项： A:Power Distance B:Long- versus Short-Term Orientation C:Uncertainty Avoidance D:Masculinity versus Femininity
答案: 【Power Distance; Uncertainty Avoidance; Masculinity versus Femininity】 3、问题:Chinese consumers can be ascribed to the values of conformity and“face”. 选项： A:对 B:错 答案: 【对】 4、问题:It”s better for advertisers to realize and take note of the different cultural values and make corresponding adjustments to their advertising appeals. 选项： A:对 B:错 答案: 【对】 5、问题:The Americans have the spirit of innovation and risk-taking. They are not willing to cope with uncertainties inherent in life and can tolerate and accept new ideas and strangers. 选项： A:对
国际跨文化商务沟通 【课程目标】 了解来自不同文化背景的人士在表达交流方法的差别以及具体表现形式 掌握具体有效的跨文化交流与沟通的策略与方法 了解到如何用既具有自己特点又被其它国家文化容纳的方法进行跨文化交流 掌握如何采用具体步骤和技巧筑起与不同文化背景人群沟通的桥梁。 【内容概要】 投资融资理论及实务课程主要按照“公司生存与发展”的目标主线，按照公司目标，公司战略，公司投资、融资的体系展开讲授。课程分为公司价值与投资融资部分和公司投资融资与《公司法》案例分析及公司治理三部分。投资分产业投资、股权投资和金融资本投资三个不同投资领域，融资分为企业不同生命周期的天使、风险、私募股权融资和债权融资。 【课程大纲】 1．什么是文化？文化如何影响管理？ 什么是文化 文化的两个常用比喻 文化层次论 民族社会文化与公司文化 文化的冰山比喻 文化的正态分布 文化的维度 郝夫斯特的文化维度 强皮纳斯的文化维度 文化的态度维度（工作价值观与态度的文化差异） 文化与管理的关系 文化与企业经营战略的关系 文化对组织架构设置的影响 文化对企业制度建立和执行的影响 文化对领导和员工行为的影响 2. 文化区域与文化细节 主要国家地区风俗 主要国家的禁忌与工作中的主要文化冲突点 各国商业企业经营特点及员工心理行为习惯 主要国家地区商业伦理 3.交流沟通的形式、过程和基本要素 书面、口头及非语言沟通的特点和应用
内部与外部交流的特点和应用 信息交流的环形结构 交流沟通的基本要素 4.国际跨文化商务沟通的理念和特点 倾听 ( active listening ) 的重要性和技巧 商业沟通的价值观和道德观 ( values and ethics ) 以沟通对象及客户为中心的沟通模式 现代商务沟通先进技术的应用 5.多文化背景中的国际商务沟通 文化的特点与范畴 东西方价值观念的比较 不同的文化对于沟通风格和方式的影响 跨文化沟通的特点和技巧 6.国际商务沟通中的障碍、问题及其解决办法 不同的价值观和态度 不同的沟通习惯和风格 个人的思维和沟通方式的差异 解决沟通障碍的有效方法 7.中国经理人员进行国际沟通的有效途径和方法 了解现代商务沟通国际化、全球化的发展趋势 参加国际商务活动（如国际会议、商务考察等）的沟通技能 书面沟通的要点和技巧 口头沟通的要点和技巧
《跨文化商务沟通》教学大纲 一、课程名称：跨文化商务沟通 (Cross-cultural Business Communication ) 二、课程编码： 三、学时与学分：34/2 四、考核方式：考查 五、先修课程：交际管理 六、适用学科专业：英语 七、教学目的： 《跨文化商务沟通》是一门商务沟通实践课程，旨在提高学生在不同文化背景下进行常见商务沟通的能力，即英语语言的实际运用能力。本课程主要通过对在不同文化背景下各种常见商务操作以及英语语言的应用进行分析，如在不同文化背景下如何建立商务关系、商务接待、时间观念、决策制定者、商务谈判、商务缔约、市场营销、管理人员与职员的关系，以及对不同文化背景下的国际商人等进行案例分析和讨论，在跨文化沟通理论的指导下，将英语运用于不同的商务操作中，从而提高学生的语言实际运用能力。 八、基本教学内容与学时安排： 该课程持续17周，每周2学时。具体安排如下： 第1周：Unit 1 Stereotypes Across Cultures 介绍不同文化背景下的价值观、文化模式、文化总体概括以及对文化模式的应变。 第2周：Unit 2 Making Initial Contacts Across Cultures 通过案例分析，导出在不同文化背景下怎样建立商务联系。 3--4周：Unit 3 Hospitality Across Cultures 学习怎样与来自不同文化背景的同事的交往以及怎样招待客户。 5--6周：Unit 4 Time Across Cultures 通过案例分析，了解不同文化社会的时间观以及商务安排中的公司时间与个人时间的协调关系。 7--8周：Unit 5 Decision Makers Across Cultures通过案例分析，掌握不同文化背景中谈判代表的才能以及说服能力。 9--10周: Unit 6 Negotiation Across Cultures讲述非语言表达在不同文化背景中沟通的作用，了解不同的谈判形式，掌握自己的谈判风格。 11--12周: Unit 7 Contacts Across Cultures 了解不同文化背景中的明确协议和隐含协议形式，以及怎样遵守合约。 13--14周: Unit 8 Marketing Across Cultures 了解全球化市场，以及全球分公司和国内分公司区别。 15--16周: Unit 9 Management and Employee Relations Across Cultures 通过案例分析，了解文化对决策制定和管理形式的影响，以及管理者与职员的关系。 第17周：Unit 10 The International Businessperson Across Cultures 了解不同文化背景中国际行政代表的培训，为成为国际化商人做准备。 九、教材：Larua M. English, Sarah Lynn，Business Across Cultures: Effective Communication Strategies (English for Business Success), May 1, 1995 十、主要参考书目：
跨文化商务沟通复习资料 第一章 一．文化适应的四个维度P9 Dimensions of Acculturation Integration - persons become an integral part of the new culture while maintaining their cultural integrity Separation - individuals keep their culture and stay independent of the new culture Assimilation - persons are absorbed into their new culture and withdraw from their old culture Deculturation - individuals lose their original culture and do not accept the new culture 第二章不作为考试重点 第三章 一．不同文化的人们对待女性，道德标准以及工作的态度不同P47~P56 ①Attitudes Toward Women： Influenced by cultural roots;U.S. women are supposed to have the same rights as men;Kenya women are considered subordinate to men;Gender differences in the U.S. workplace are de-emphasized - women are accepted at higher levels in government and in many companies；U.S. women have taken two-thirds of new jobs created; they are starting new businesses at twice the rate of men;In France, one-fifth of small businesses are owned by women; in Canada, the rate is one-third；The U.S. and Canada lead the world in the number of women in executive positions; Northern and Western Europe, Australia, and New Zealand also have high numbers of women managers. Percentage of Women in Top Management Positions:The Russian Federation 42%，European Union 30%,Australia 23%,United Kingdom 21%,United States 20%,Japan 7%. ②Cultural Attitudes Toward Work: Work ethic - hard work is applauded and rewarded; not working is viewed negatively. U.S. persons value work; executives work -56 hours per week. -take 14 days of vacation a year. European persons work -36 to 41 hours per week. -take 4 to 6 weeks of vacation a year. Europeans:Relaxed;Vacation during month of August;Do not work weekends or holidays (The French take longer vacations than people of any other country.) Australians:Value free time; Value short work week Japanese :Work Monday through Friday, often 18 hours a day;Work until their boss leaves ③Attitudes Toward Ethics: Ethical behavior means acting with integrity, honesty, competence, respect, fairness, trust, courage, and responsibility. Ethical standards are guidelines established to convey what is perceived to be correct