可持续的农业绿色技术毕业论文文献翻译中英文对照

本科毕业设计（论文）中英文对照翻译(此文档为word格式,下载后您可任意修改编辑!)文献出处：Martin Rasiah. The research of Southeast Asia industry transformation and green industry development [J]. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 2017,1(2): 217-227.原文The research of Southeast Asia industry transformationand green industry developmentMartin· RasiahIntroductionUntil some 20 years ago, most Southeast Asian countries were primarily agricultural economies, in which industrial production played a limited role. However, as their industrial production has increased rapidly over the last decades, Thailand and Malaysia have become known asnewly industrializing countries. Vietnam is also well on its way to follow its neighboring countries and is often labeled as belonging to the second generation tiger economies. In these countries, industrial growth has been much higher than economic growth in agriculture over the past 15 years and the share of industrial production in their GNP is rapidly increasing (be it not necessarily with the same rate in all (parts of ) of these countries). Industrial activities in general have however never been without environmental problems and therefore it is not surprising that the accelerated industrialization in Southeast Asia, entailing a dramatic transformation of the industrial sector, included some serious environmental problems (JEC, 2003). These environmental challenges to the industrial performance in Southeast Asia will probably grow in the future as the region is at the same time under pressure to sustain its economic progress and also to reduce the still remaining poverty. Industrial environmental problems can be related to energy use, resource use, water and air pollution, waste generation, environmental risks, biodiversity, transport, and so forth. The severity of these environmental consequences may vary, depending on the technologies used in the industrial production processes, the organization and management of the production, the coordination of the various steps in the production–consumption chain (in terms of information flows, substance flows, management preferences, etc.), the regulatory regimes at variouslevels (from local to supra-national), and the reactions from citizens and consumers towards products and production. These environmental problems occur within the context of a rapidly changing world where technological innovations, new organizational and management approaches, globalizing production–consumption chains, increasing communication and information exchange possibilities, and changing power balances. These economic, political and technological transitions provide new challenges but also new opportunities for the environmental performance in these countries. The export oriented character of most Asian industries forces them, for example, to include the global environmental requirements for the industrial chains and their products, a pressure which may be expected to become more intense in the coming years.This special issue of Environment, Development and Sustainability, presents several articles that analyze the challenges and opportunities for governing the transformation of industrial activities in Southeast Asia towards more sustainable practices. The following section presents some of the more general trends influencing the environmental performance of industries, particularly in Thailand and Vietnam, followed by a review of recent conceptual innovations on the greening of industry. This introduction concludes with a brief description of the articles in this issue. Conceptual challenges facing the greening of industries in Southeast AsiaThe serious environmental problems resulting from the industrial development in Southeast Asia signify complex challenges for attempts to contribute to the greening of industries in this region. These challenges include the identification of appropriate technological options in combination with economic, social and political aspects. The Asian Development Bank (2001) concluded that the root cause of the poor state of the environment Asia was principally a failure of policy and of institutions. A new approach is, therefore, required with regard to the design and implementation of environmental policy within the region.Traditionally, central national government organizations have been the cornerstone of governance in Southeast Asia. Until recently, it has been the practice to depend upon a stand-alone environmental agency as the institution responsible for environmental protection. Since 1980, such agencies have been established in most countries but they generally remain small, dispose of limited institutional capabilities and lack the necessary political clout (World Bank, 2000a). At the same time, devolution of responsibilities regarding the environment from central to regional and local level government institutions was undermined due to inadequate coordination in the preparatory process and ine?cient transforming mechanisms. It was only recently that the importance of more inclusive arrangements involving private firms and civil society organizations is realized and these countries begin to adopt market basedmechanisms.For example, the regional government institutions such as the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) acknowledge the need for achieving sustainable development in an increasingly globalizing world and today support the use of environmental management systems and certification schemes such as ISO 14001 has become common practice. In general, government authorities and social organizations increasingly realize that e?ective environmental governance depends on transparency, accountability, and the availability of high-quality information concerning economic processes and related environmental e?ects. Therefore, environmental concerns must be integrated across sectors and mainstreamed into economic policy and practice. Environmental protection must be considered an ssential factor in the basic decision making process of firms, households and policy makers (ADB, 2001; Mol, 1995, 2001).Until very recently, the rate of improvement in energy and materials e?ciency, and pollution prevention through the adoption of green environmental technologies has been slow relative to the rate of economic growth in many Southeast Asian countries. In the past, industries were only keen on adopting specific environmental technologies or products on a piecemeal basis to meet specific regulatory requirements. However, this does not reap the potential benefits of managing environmental problemsin an integrated manner over the longer term. The theory of ecological modernization (Huber, 1982; Mol, 1995; Spaargaren, 1997) stresses the necessity of including environmental considerations in overall decision-making and management practices within firms. Combining environmental and economic considerations in management decision-making in a consistent manner can contribute to substantial improvements in the environmental as well as the economic performance of industrial enterprises. Environmental investments should be looked at as part of a comprehensive program of longer term environmental management that also contributes to the financial viability of the business (Letchumanan, 2004). It is therefore vital that strategies for greening industries in Asia go beyond the selection of optimal technological option for a particular industry or sector and support e?ective environmental pollution abatement through in-depth understanding of their social and institutional contexts (Frijns et al., 1997). The tool of triad network analysis (Mol, 1995), mapping the relevant economic, political and environmental actors, may provide useful information for environmental policy-making by visualizing the power relationships surrounding private firms. Successful environmental change in industries depends on technological, managerial, economic, political and societal considerations. For example, based on a large number of case studies on industrial transformation in Europe, Binder et al. (2001) conclude that the mostimportant conditions for the greening of industries seem to be: ? the end of an investment cycle in the a?ected sector, ? satisfactory technological alternatives, ? an innovator in the branch to promote the di?usion of alternative technologies,clear environmental targets,a high degree of political integration between di?erent government actors, andthe availability of funding for compensation to lessen the social and regional disruption caused by change. This example clearly underlines the importance of non-technological considerations in the successful transition towards greening industries. The authors furthermore underline that although industries play a key role in changing their environmental performance, a green industrial policy remains indispensable.Applying the concepts developed within the ecological modernization approach and combining insights in technological options with good comprehension of the relevant social and political dynamics, applying the triad-network approach, provide interesting directions for the greening of industries in Southeast Asia. Scientific research should therefore perform in-depth case studies on industrial transformations in specific sectors, on the successes, failures and challenges ofenvironmental policy by national states, paying attention to changing state-society relations, and on the contributions from di?erent Asian governments to international environmental regimes and vice versa. The articles in this issue provide further insights into these challenges.译文东南亚产业转型和产业绿色化发展研究Martin· Rasiah引言直到大约20年前，大多数的东南亚国家主要是农业经济，产业方面的发展受到很大的限制。

中国热门科技词汇科学发展观concept of scientific development全民科学文化素质scientific and cultural qualities of the entire people 发展科技scientific and technological advancement科教兴国revitalize China through science and education 农业技术agricultural technology[扩展]白色农业 white agriculture （microbiological agriculture and biological cell agriculture）超级杂交水稻super-hybrid rice技术下乡spreading the application of science and technology in rural areas节水农业water-saving agriculture立体农业3-D agriculture农产品加工及转化the processing and commercialization of agro-products 农业科技agro-science农作物良种seeds of high-quality crop农作物新品种选育the selection and breeding of new crops 生态农业environmental-friendly agriculture无土栽培soil -less cultivationBP机，传呼beeper, pager背投屏幕rear projection screen不明飞行物unidentified flying object （UFO）操作系统operating system产品科技含量technological element of a product创新innovation电话会议teleconference电话留言机answering machine对讲机talkie and walkie多媒体multimedia二期the second phase防抱死系统ABS （anti-lock braking system）孵化器incubator高产优质high yield and high quality高技术产业化apply high technology to production高科技板块high-tech sector高科技园high-tech park个人数字助理PDA （personal digital assistant）工业园区industrial park国家质量技术监督局the State Bureau of Quality and Technical Supervision 国家重点实验室national key laboratories火炬计划Torch Program （a plan to develop new and high technology）计算机中央处理器central processing unit（CPU）技术产权technology property right技术交底confide a technological secret to someone.技术密集产品technology-intensive product交叉学科interdisciplinary branch of science科技成果转化为生产力 transfer of scientific and technological achievements into productive forces科技含量technology content科技基础设施science and technology infrastructure科技是第一生产力Science and technology constitute a primary productive for ce科技体制改革reform of the science and technology management system科技与经济脱节science and technology are out of line from the economy科教兴国rejuvenate the country through science and education可持续发展战略strategy of sustainable development纳米nanometer三峡水利枢纽工程the key water control project at the Three Gorges on the Yangtze River物种起源origin of species新兴学科new branch of science研究成果research results在孵企业incubated enterprises自动取款机automatic teller machine （ATM）自然科学与社会科学的交叉融合integration of natural and social sciencesIT 信息技术[扩展]信息港info port信息高地information highland信息高速公路information superhighway信息革命information revolution信息含量information content信息化informationization信息技术处理ITA - Information Technology Agreement 信息检索information retri办公自动化OA （Office Automation）笔记本电脑laptop / notebook / portable computer 电脑病毒computer virus电脑犯罪computer crime电子管理e-management电子货币e-currency电子商务e-business; e-commerce电子商务认证e-business certification电子邮件E-mail非对称数字用户环路ADSL （Asymmetrical Digital Subscriber Loop）高速宽带互联网high-speed broadband networks公告板BBS （bulletin board system）光盘杂志CD-ROM magazine广域网WAN （wide area net word）汉字处理软件Chinese character processing software黑客hacker计算机2000年问题Y2K problem计算机辅助教育CAI -computer assisted instruction计算机辅助设计CAD-computer assisted design计算机合成制造CAM-computer assisted manufacturing计算机中央处理器CPU - central processing unit超文本传送协议hypertext transfer protocol （HTTP）界面interface金融电子化computerized financial services局域网LAN - local area network互联网服务提供商ISP （Internet Service Provider）全球移动通信系统（全球通）global system for mobile communications （GSM）刻录机CD burner宽带接入broadband access宽带网broadband networks内联网、局域网（计算机）Intranet垃圾邮件junk mail千年问题、千年虫millennium bug; Y2K bug 人工智能AI - artificial intelligence人机交互human - computer interaction人机交互human-computer interaction虚拟人visual human虚拟网virtual net虚拟网virtual net虚拟现实virtual reality虚拟银行virtual bank因特网服务提供商ISP- internet service provider万维网World Wide Web（WWW）应用软件internet applications域名domain在线on line掌上电脑palm computer政府上网工程Government Online Project只读存储器read-only-memory （ROM）智能感知技术perceptive technology智能终端intelligent terminal中文信息处理系统Chinese information processing system数码科技digital technology高保真Hi-Fi （High Fidelity）高清晰度电视high definition TV （HDTV）光谷optical valley光通讯optical communication蓝光光盘Blue -ray Disc数码港cyber port数字地球digital globe数字蜂窝移动通信digital cellular mobile telecommunications三维电影three-dimensional movie三维动画three-dimensional animation[详析] “蓝光光盘”利用蓝色的激光束来刻录数据。

农民节能英语作文带翻译Title: Farmers' Energy Conservation: A Path to Sustainable Agriculture。

In today's world, where environmental concerns are at the forefront of global discussions, the role of farmers in energy conservation cannot be overstated. As stewards ofthe land, farmers have a vital role to play in ensuring the sustainability of agricultural practices. In this essay, we will explore the importance of energy conservation for farmers and discuss various strategies they can adopt to contribute to a more sustainable future.首先，让我们来看看农民为何要节约能源。

农业生产过程中需要大量的能源，包括用于灌溉、机械作业、农药施用等。

这些能源的使用不仅对农民的经济造成负担，而且对环境造成了影响。

例如，化石燃料的燃烧会产生大量的温室气体，加剧了气候变化问题。

因此，通过节约能源，农民不仅可以降低生产成本，还可以减少对环境的负面影响。

Now, let's delve into why farmers need to conserve energy. Agricultural production processes require significant energy inputs, including for irrigation, mechanized operations, and pesticide application, among others. The use of these energy sources not only burdens farmers economically but also impacts the environment. For instance, the combustion of fossil fuels generates large amounts of greenhouse gases, exacerbating climate change issues. Therefore, by conserving energy, farmers can not only reduce production costs but also mitigate their negative impact on the environment.那么，农民应该如何节约能源呢？这里有一些可行的策略：1. 采用节能技术，农民可以投资购买节能设备和技术，例如节能灌溉系统、高效农机等。

绿色建筑中英文对照外文翻译文献中英文资料翻译外文文献：Evaluating Water Conservation Measures For Green Building InTaiwanGreen Building evaluation is a new system in which water conservation is prioritized as one of its seven categories for saving water resources through building equipment design in Taiwan. This paper introduces the Green Building program and proposes a water conservation index with quantitative methodology and case study. This evaluation index involves standardized scientific quantification and can be used in the pre-design stage to obtain the expected result. The measure of evaluation index is also based on the essential research in Taiwan and is a practical and applicable approach.Keywords: Green Building; Evaluation system; Water conservation; Building equipment1. IntroductionThe environment was an issue of deep global concern throughout the latter half of the 20th century. Fresh water shortages and pollution are becoming one of the most critical global problems. Many organizations and conferences concerning water resource policy and issues have reached the consensus that water shortages may cause war in the 21st century[1],if not a better solution .Actually, Taiwan is already experiencing significant discord over water supply. Building new dams is no longer an acceptable solution to the current watershortage problems, because of the consequent environmental problems. Previous studies have concludedthat water savings are necessary not only for water conservation but also for reducing energy consumption [2,3].Taiwan is located in the Asian monsoon area and has an abundant supply of rainwater. Annual precipitation averages around 2500mm. However, water shortages have recently beena critical problem during the dry season. The crucial, central issue is the uneven distribution of torrential rain, steep hillsides, and short rivers. Furthermore, the heavy demand for domestic water use in municipal areas, and the difficulties in building new reservoirs are also critical factors. Government departments are endeavoring to spread publicly the concept of water-conservation. While industry and commerce have made excellent progress in water conservation, progress among the public has been extremely slow.Due to this global trend, the Architecture and Building Research Institute (ABRI), Ministry of Interior in Taiwan, proposed the “Green Building” concept and built the evaluation system. In order to save water resources through building equipment design, this system prioritizes water conservation as one of its seven categories. This paper focuses on the water conservation measures for Green Building in T aiwan and a quantitative procedure for proving water-saving efficiency. The purpose of this work is not only aimed at saving water resources, but also at reducing the environmentalimpact on the earth.2. Water conservation indexThe water conservation index is the ratio of the actualquantity of water consumed in a building to the average water-consu mption in general. The index is also called, “the water saving rate”. Evaluations of the water-consumption quantity include the evaluation to the water-saving efficiency within kitchens, bathrooms and all water taps, as well as the recycling of rain and the secondhand intermediate water.2.1. Goal of using the water conservation indexAlthough Taiwan has plenty of rain, due to its large population, the average rainfall for distribution to each individual is poor compared to the world average as shown in Fig. 1.Thus, Taiwan is reversely a country short of water. Yet, the recen t improvements in citizens’ standards of living have led to a big increase in the amount of water needed in cities, as shown in Fig. 2, which, accompanied by the difficulty of obtaining new water resources, makes the water shortage problem even worse. Due to the improper water facilities designs in the past, the low water fee, and the usual practical behavior of people when using water, Taiwanesepeople have tended to use a large quantity of tap water. In 1990,the average water-consumption quantity in Taiwan was 350l per person per day, whereas in Germany it is about 145l per person per day, and in Singapore about 150l per person per day. These statistics reveal the need for Taiwanese people to save water.The promotion of better-designed facilities which facilitate water-saving will become a new trend among the public and designers, because of concerns for environmental protection. The water conservation index was also designed to encourage utilization of the rain, recycling of water used in everyday life and use of water-saving equipment to reduce the expenditure ofwater and thus save water resources.2.2. Methodology for efficient use of water resourcesSome construction considerations and building system designs for effective use of water resources are described below.2.2.1. Use water-conservation equipmentA research of household tap-water consumption revealed that the proportion of the water used in flushing toilets and in bathing, amounts to approximately 50% of the total household water consumption, as given in Table 1. Many construction designers have tended to use luxurious water facilities in housing, and much water has thus been wasted. The use of water-saving equipment to replace such facilities is certain to save a large amount of water. For example, the amounts of water used in taking a shower and having a bath is quite different.A single shower uses around 70l of water, whereas a bath uses around 150l. Furthermore, current construction designs for housing in Taiwan tend to put two sets of bathtubs and toilets, and quite a few families have their own massage bathtubs. Such a situation can be improved only by removing the tubs and replacing them with shower nozzles, so that more water can be possibly saved. The commonly used water-saving devices in Taiwan now include new-style water taps, water-saving toilets, two-sectioned water closets, water-saving shower nozzles, and auto-sensor flushing device systems, etc. Water-saving devices can be used not only for housing, but also in other kinds of buildings. Public buildings, in particular, should take the lead in using water-saving devices.2.2.2. Set up a rain-storage water supply deviceThe rain-storage water supply device stores rain using natural landforms or man-made devices, and then uses simplewater-cleaning procedures to make it available for use in houses. Rain can be used not only as a substitute water supply, but also for re control. Its use also helps to decrease the peak-time water load in cities. The annual average rainfall in Taiwan is about 2500 mm, almost triple better than the global average. However, due to geographic limitations, we could not build enough water storage devices, such as dams, to save all the rain. It is quite a pity that annually about 80% of the rain in Taiwan is wasted and flows directly into the sea, without being saved and stored. The rain-storage water supply system is used with a water-gathering system, water-disposal system, water-storage system and water-supply system. First, the water-gathering system gathers the rain. Then, the water flows to the water-disposal system through pipes, before being sent to the water-storage system. Finally, it is sent to the users’equipment through another set of pipes. Using the drain on the roof of a building, leading to the underground water-storage trough, is considered an effective means of gathering rain. The water, after simple water-disposal processes, can be used for chores such as house cleaning, washing floors, air-conditioning or watering plants.2.2.3. Establishing the intermediate water systemIntermediate water is that gathered from the rain in cities, and includes the recycled waste-water which has already been disposed of and can be used repeatedly only within a certain range, but not for drinking or human contact. Flushing the toilet consumes 35% of all water. If everyone were to use intermediate water to flush toilets, much water could be efficiently saved. Large-scale intermediate water system devices are suggested to be built up regularly with in a big area. Each intermediate watersystem device can gather, dispose and recycle a certain quantity of waste-water from nearby government buildings, schools, residences, hotels, and other buildings. The obtained water can be used for flushing toilets, washing cars, watering plants and cleaning the street, or for garden use and to supplement the water of rivers or lakes. A small-scale intermediate water system gathers waste-water from everyday use, and then, through appropriate water-disposal procedures, improves the water quality to a certain level, so that finally it can be repeatedly used for non-drinking water. Thereare extensive ways to use the intermediate water. It can be used for sanitary purposes, public fountains, watering devices in gardens and washing streets. In order to recycle highly polluted waste-water, a higher cost is needed for setting up the associated water-disposal devices, which are more expensive and have less economic benefits than the rain-utilization system. Except for the intermediate water-system set within a single building, if we build them within large-scale communities or major construction development programs, then it is sure to save more water resources efficiently and positively for the whole country as well as improve the environmental situation.4. Method for assessing the recycling of rainSystems for recycling rain and intermediate water are not yet economic beneficial, because of the low water fee and the high cost of water-disposal equipment. However, systems for recycling rain are considered more easily adoptable than those for recycling intermediate water. Herein, a method for assessing the recycling of rain is introduced to calculate the ratio (C) of the water-consumption quantity of the recycled rainwater to the total water-consumption.4.1. Calculation basis of recycling rainwaterThe designer of a system for recycling rainwater must first determine the quantity of rainwater and the demand, which will determine the rainwater collection device area and the storage tank volume. Rainwater quantity can actually be determined by a simple equation involving precipitation and collection device area. However, precipitation does not fall evenly spread over all days and locations. In particular, rain is usually concentrated in certain seasons and locations. Consequently, the critical point of the evaluation is to estimate and assess meteorological precipitation. Meteorological records normally include yearly, monthly, daily and hourly precipitation. Yearly and monthly precipitation is suitable for rough estimates and initial assessment. However, such approximation creates problems in determining the area of the rainwater collection device and the volume of the storage tank. Thus, daily precipitation has been most commonly considered. Hourly precipitation could theoretically support a more accurate assessment. However, owing to the increasing number of parameters and calculation data increases, the complexity of the process and the calculation time, result in inefficiencies. Herein, daily precipitation is adopted in assessing rainwater systems used in buildings [4,7].4.3. Case study and analysisFollowing the above procedure, a primary school building with a rainwater use system is taken as an example for simulation and to verify the assessment results. This building is located in Taipei city, has a building area of 1260 m and a total floor area of 6960 m ; it is a multi-discipline teaching building. Roofing is estimated to cover 80% of the building area, and the rainwater collection area covers 1008 m .Rainwater is used as intermediatewater for the restrooms, and the utilization condition is set at 20 m per day, whilethe out flow coefficient (Y) is 0.9. A typical meteorological precipitation in Taipei in 1992 was adopted as a database. The rainwater storage tank was set to an initial condition before the simulation procedure. Herein, four tank volumes were considered in the simulations of rainwater utilization—15, 25, 50, 100 m. The results indicate that increased storage tank volume reduces overflow and increases the utilization of rainwater. Given a 50 m storage tank, the quantity of rainwater collection closely approaches the utilization quantity of rainwater. Consequently, this condition obtains a storage tank with a roughly adequate volume. When the volume of the storage tank is 100 m, the utilization rate is almost 100% and the overflow quantity approaches zero. Despite this result being favorable with respect to utilization, such a tank may occupy much space and negatively impact building planning. Consequently, the design concept must balance all these factors. The building in this case is six floors high, and the roof area is small in comparison to the total floor area. The water consumption of the water closet per year, but the maximum rainwater approaches 7280 m collection is 2136 m per year. Thus, significant replenishment from tap water is required. This result also leads to a conclusion that high-rise buildings use rainwater systems less efficiently than other buildings. Lower buildings (e.g. less than three floors) have highly efficient rainwater utilization and thus little need for replenishment of water from the potable water system.The efficiency of rainwater storage tanks is assessed from the utilization rate of rainwater and the substitution rate of tap water. Differences in annual precipitation and rainfall distribution yielddifferent results. Figs. 5 and 6 illustrate the results of the mentioned calculation procedure, to analyze differences in rainwater utilization and efficiency assessment.The simulation runs over a period often years, from 1985 to 1994, and includes storage tanks with four different volumes. When the volume of the rainwater tank is 50 m, the utilization rate of rainwater exceeds 80% with about 25% substitution with tap water. Using this approach and the assessment procedure, the volume of rainwater storage and the performance of rainwater use systems in building design, can be determined.In the formula of the water conservation index, C is a special weighting for some water recycling equipment that intermediates water or rain, and is calculated as the ratio of the water-consumption quantity of the recycled rainwater to the total water-consumption. Therefore, this assessment procedure can also offer an approximate value of C for the water conservation index.5. Green building label and policy“Green Building” is called “Environmental Co-Habitual Architecture” in Japan, “Ecological Building” or “Sustainable Building” in Europe and “Green Build ing in North American countries. Many fashionable terms such as “Green consumption”, “Green living”, “Green illumination” have been broadly used. In Taiwan, currently, “Green” has been used as a symbol of environmental protection in the country. The Construction Research Department of the Ministry of the Interior of the Executive Yuan has decided to adopt the term “Green Building” to signify ecological and environmental protection architecture in Taiwan.5.1. Principles of evaluationGreen Building is a general and systematic method of design to peruse sustainable building. This evaluation system is based on the following principles:(1) The evaluation index should accurately reflect environmental protection factors such as material, water, land and climate.(2) The evaluation index should involve standardized scientific quantification.(3) The evaluation index should not include too many evaluation indexes; some similar quality index should be combined.(4) The evaluation index should be approachable and consistent with real experience.(5) The evaluation index should not involve social scientific evaluation.(6) The evaluation index should be applicable to the sub-tropical climate of Taiwan.(7) The evaluation index should be applicable to the evaluation of community or congregate construction.(8) The evaluation index should be usable in the pre-design stage to yield the expected result.According to these principles, the seven-index system shown in Table 4 is the current Green Building evaluation system use d in Taiwan. The theory evaluates buildings’ impacts on the environment through the interaction of “Earth Resource Input” and “Waste Output”. Practically, the definition of Green Building in T aiwan is “Consume the least earth resource and create the least construction waste”.Internationally, each country has a different way of evaluating Green Building. This system provides only the basicevaluation on “Low environment impact”. Higher level is sues such as biological diversity, health and comfort and community consciousness will not be evaluated. This system only provides a basic, practical and controllable environmental protection tool for inclusion in the government’s urgent construction envir onment protection policy. The “Green Building” logo is set to a ward Green Building design and encourage the government and private sector to pay attention to Green Building development. Fig. 7 is the logo of Green Building in Taiwan [6,8].5.2. Water conservation measureThis paper focuses on water conservation index in green building evaluation system. Water conservation is a critical category of this evaluation system, and is considered in relation to saving water resources through building equipment design. This evaluation index contains standardized scientific quantification and can be used in the pre-design stage to obtain the desired result. The evaluation index is also based on research in Taiwan and is practically applicable. Using water-saving equipment is the most effective way of saving water; using two-sectioned water-saving toilets and water-saving showering devices without a bathtub are especially effective. Various other types of water-recycling equipment for reusing intermediate water and rain are also evaluated. In particular, rainwater-use systems in building designs areencouraged. When a candidate for a Green Building project introduces water recycling system or a rainwater use system, the applicant should propose an appropriate calculation report to the relevant committee to verify its water-saving efficiency. This guideline actually appears to be a reasonable target for performing Green Building policy in T aiwan.A new building can easily reach the above water conservation index. This evaluation system is designed to encourage people to save more water, even in existing buildings. All this amounts to saying that large-scale government construction projects should take the lead in using such water-saving devices, as an example to society.6. ConclusionThis paper introduces the Green Building program and proposes a water conservation index with standardized scientific quantification. This evaluation index contains standardized scientific quantification and can be used in the pre-design stage to obtain the expected results. The measure of evaluation index is also based on the essential research on Taiwan and is a practical and applicable approach. The actual water-saving rate (WR) for Green Building projects should be <0.8, and the AR of the water-saving equipment should be higher than 0.8. Thus, qualified Green Building projects should achieve a water saving rate of over 20%. For the sustainable policy, this program is aimed not only at saving water resources, but also at reducing the environmental impact on the earth.The Green Building Label began to be implemented from 1st September 1999, and over twenty projects have already been awarded the Green Building Label in T aiwan, while the number of applications continues to increase. For a country with limited resources and a high-density population like Taiwan, the Green Building policy is important and represents a positive first step toward reducing environmental impact and promoting sustainable development.译文：台湾的绿色建筑节约用水评价措施在台湾绿色建筑评价是一个新的制度，在它的一个7个类别中，通过建筑设备设计节省水资源，使水资源保护置于优先地位。

毕业设计附件外文文献翻译：原文+译文文献出处: Markus S. Green accounting theory and sustainable development [J]. Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal, 2016, 2(1): 29-46.原文Green accounting theory and sustainable developmentMarkus SAbstractGreen accounting, also known as environmental accounting, combining accounting and natural environment, the diversity of measurement methods and properties, on the basis of relevant environmental laws and regulations, and examined the relationship between economic development and environmental resources, and using the method of special, cause social resources and environment of the enterprise profit and loss revealed, recognition, measurement and analysis, in order to provide the environmental information of accounting theory and methods. The basic theories of green accounting are in the correction and criticism of the traditional accounting theory on the basis of the emergence and development. For a long time, the traditional accounting theory from the Angle of human economic activities, only reflect and supervision enterprise capital and its movement, according to the accrual basis, the historical cost and double-entry these three basic pillar of the economic accounting matters for accounting recognition, measurement, recording and reporting, caused by the environment of economic problems in this is not the answer. Green accounting for all the human activities and the whole ecological environment resources as the starting point, around how to compensate the cost of natural resources, efforts to fulfill the duties of the environmental management in all levels make the recognition, measurement and reporting, fundamentally changed the traditional accounting theory for the definition of accounting elements. Keywords: sustainable development; Green accounting; the basic theory1 IntroductionHuman industrial activities along with the rapid development of economic growth, people's living standard had the very significantly improved. But at the same time, the human scale of thedestruction of the earth's resources is also unprecedented. Due to the excessive open the calculation of environmental resources, ecological environment suffered serious damage, has appeared to make ends meet. Can say, is to rely on human to overdraw the future development. And, the environment problem has become a global problem, breakthrough the limitation of the country and region. The protection of environment, governance, the effective use of resources has become a global consensus. The emerging topic of green accounting is on the premise of this. Green accounting object of study is the content of environmental accounting in the accounting and supervision, is the enterprise production activities and environmental resources between consumption and supply process. Traditional accounting object itself contains only the enterprise production activities, capital contains only into three parts, operation and exit enterprises. Green accounting on the basis of the traditional accounting, increase the content of the environmental resources, the consumption and compensation of the natural environment of the enterprise up objectively reflect the role of, make its production activities impact on the environment are subject to supervision by the society and the country, so as to realize the virtuous circle of natural resource consumption and complement, make environment don't have to pay for economic growth, ultimately achieve sustainable development.2 Literature reviewIn the 1980 s, the western developed countries first proposed the term "sustainable development".1992, held in environment and development conference in governments and international institutions generally achieved consensus, recognized and accepted this view. These cases show that the theory has validity, universality, and urgent need. Sustainable development in macroscopic Angle of human survival and development, the protection of the environment and resources, and the logic of the dialectical relationship between economic activities, is the research content of macroeconomics in the aspect of environmental problems. Its role is to the coordinated development of the economic growth and environmental policies are discussed. The theory is the overall goal of the green accounting system and the basis, is a green accounting system began to expand and build theoretical basis. The starting point of green accounting, as well as the ultimate goal is to promote the sustainable development of economy and environment; this determines the starting point of the green accounting research and belonging. Sustainable development theory is the most important theoretical basis for green accounting; green accounting is one of the importantmeasures to promote the sustainable development, both in full accord. The implementation of sustainable development, the realization of the essence of which is environmental management; And environmental management responsibility, is held by government agencies. The implementation of environmental management responsibility, to identify by the independent audit department. Thus, as a social control mechanism of the green accounting is a top-down bear the responsibility of environmental protection and management, is also an important way of implementing sustainable development strategy.The connotation of sustainable development has two aspects: development and continuous. Development is the fundamental premise and foundation, only development, only necessary to discuss sustainability. Persistence is the key, there is no continuity, and it could have been. Development includes the following two aspects: first, the development is the accumulation of human material civilization, it directly reflects on the economic growth. Second, development is a national economic and social system construction of course, the ultimate goal is to increase the interests of all, is looking for social progress. Continuous meaning also contains two aspects: the first is that environmental resources storage and carrying capacity is limited. Because of the limitation, conflicts with the necessity of economically, have become the restriction conditions of economic development. Second, shouldn't overdraw the future economic development, considering their own interests at the same time, also for future generations to develop interests do consider. Sustainable development includes the resources and environment and the sustainable development of ecological planning, the sustainable development of the economic activities of production and social cultural sustainable development of three parts, is a long-term development strategy. You need to first on the basis of the sustainable use of resources and ecological environment, achieve economic production activities under the premise of sustainable development. Finally, the sustainable development center problem is, the ultimate goal is to seek the overall progress of society. Sustainable development strategy to achieve the ecological balance, the unification of the economic production and social development benefits, the extensive economic growth mode to intensive changes, keep the economic development and environment in harmony. Is beneficial to improve the level of people's whole life, promote the new industrialization, the adjustment of agricultural structure and the protection of the ecological environment, finally realizes the fast, stable, sustainable and healthy development of nationaleconomy.3 The basic theory of green accountingGreen accounting is the environment, environmental economics and development economics, the product of the combination of accounting. Green accounting theory problem should be to look at environmental issues stand in the perspective of accounting, with the thought of the accounting system and method system to think and analyze, in order to solve the contradiction between economic development and maintaining ecological environment. As a branch of modern accounting, green accounting should establish a goal, the basic theory of structural system composed of assumptions and principles.3.1 Green accounting targetAs the goal of green accounting behavior guidelines can be divided into two levels. One is the basic goal. Use accounting to measuring, reflect and control the social environment resources, improving social environment and resource problems, achieve economic benefit, ecological benefit and social benefit of synchronous optimization. Based on the requirements of environmental macro management, the enterprise in the production and business operation and obtain economic benefits at the same time, must attach great importance to the ecological environment and material circulation rule, reasonable development and utilization of natural resources, insist on sustainable development strategy, try to improve the environmental benefit and social benefit. Second, the specific objectives. For the corresponding accounting, the value of natural resources, the cost of natural resources, environmental protection, improve resource environment recognition and measurement, the benefits of environmental protection for the government departments and the competent department of industry, investors and social public enterprise environmental objectives, environmental policy and planning and other relevant information. Provide related object with the ultimate goal of environmental accounting information is control and coordinate the relationship between economic benefit and environmental resources, realize the environmental benefits, social benefits and economic benefits of synchronous optimization, to achieve economic development, social progress and environmental protection harmonious and unified.3.2 The basic hypothesis of green accountingThe sustainable development of assumptions. Hypothesis refers to the sustainabledevelopment of green accounting to accounting subject in natural resource depletion, ecological resources do not drop, on the basis of guarantee the social and economic sustainable development. Sustainable development contains a large amount for the contents of the ecological environment; the request must be coordinated development of economy and environment. Although the green accounting in the accounting entity's economic activities, there is a lot of uncertainty but accounting and supervision procedures and methods should be based on the sustainable development. Sustainable development is to establish the basic premise of green accounting, is the basis of constructing green accounting theory and method system conditions.Environmental value assumptions. In Marx's labor theory of value, only for the exchange of labor value. Only use environmental resources value, there is no exchange of value and price, do not belong to the scope of the traditional accounting, but must carry on the green accounting must first admit that environmental resources are valuable, although it does not apply to the labor theory of value, is applicable to the marginal value theory. Multiple measurement assumptions. Because of the complexity of the environmental factors and vagueness of the green benefit, if the only unit of measurement for money, will not be able to objectively reflect the environmental condition of the accounting entity and green benefit, therefore green accounting on the measurement should be multiple. Should be given priority by money value, supplemented by physical, percentage, or index, etc., sometimes even can use the graph and text notes, and should adopt combination of quantitative and qualitative, accuracy and fuzziness of compatible measurement method.4 The basic principles of green accounting4.1 Social principlesSocial principle refers to the green accounting requires enterprises must stand in the perspective of society, to stand in the Angle of the responsible for the environment and resources, consider the interests of the enterprise. For the evaluation of enterprises have to abandon a purely on the basis of enterprise operating profit idea, to enterprise profit created by green. At the same time, the enterprise to provide accounting information must also be conducive to the management and the macro control of the country.4.2 Principle of both economic and environmental benefitsGreen accounting should not only consider the economic interests of the enterprise itself, and should take the social ecological and environmental benefits, to comprehensively reflect andcontrol the enterprise's economic efficiency, resources and environment, waste and the ecological environment, the accounting main body in ecological environment, the whole social production, consumption and the corresponding ecological cycle are reflected in the accounting mode, the comprehensive measurement and reveal the enterprise production activities to the consequences of the ecological environment to the society, in order to standardize enterprise behavior, realize the sustainable development of economy.4.3 Principle of mandatory disclosure and voluntary disclosureIn green accounting system, the relevant government department or organization to deal with enterprise minimum levels of environmental resources, the mandatory provisions of the disclosure of information to make clear, at the same time, encourage enterprises to consciously to the public and the government related department or group provides environmental resources information as much as possible.译文绿色会计理论与可持续发展Markus S摘要绿色会计，又称环境会计，是将会计学和自然环境相结合，采用多元化的计量手段和属性，以有关环境法律、法规为依据，研究经济发展与环境资源之间关系，并运用专门的方法，对企业给社会资源环境造成的收益和损失进行确认、计量、揭示、分析，以便为决策者提供环境信息的会计理论和方法。

农业大棚温室智能化自动控制中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)翻译:农业大棚温室智能化自动控制摘要：确定控制温室作物生长历来使用约束优化或应用人工智能技术，解决了轨迹的问题。

已被用作经济利润的最优化研究的主要标准，以获得足够的作物生长的气候控制设定值。

本文针对温室作物生长的问题，通过分层控制体系结构由一个高层次的多目标优化方法，在解决这个问题的办法是找到白天和夜间温度参考轨迹（气候相关的设定值）和电导率（fertirrigation相关设定值）。

的目标是利润最大化，果实品质，水分利用效率，这些目前正在培育的国际规则。

结果说明，选择从那些获得工业的温室，在过去的八年中示出和描述。

关键词：农业；分层系统；过程控制；优化方法；产量优化1介绍现代农业是时下在质量和环境影响方面的规定，因此它是一个自动控制技术的应用领域已经增加了很多，在过去的几年里，温室产生的空气系统的是一个复杂的物理，化学和生物学过程，同时，使具有不同的响应时间和模式的环境因素，其特征在于由许多相互作用，它必须加以控制，以以获得最佳效果的种植者。

作物生长过程是最重要的，主要受周围环境的气候变量（光合有效辐射 - PAR，温度，湿度，二氧化碳浓度，里面的空气），水和化肥，灌溉，病虫害提供量，和文化的劳动力，如修剪和农药的治疗等等。

温室是适合作物生长，因为它构成了一个封闭的环境中，可以控制气候和肥料灌溉变量。

气候和肥料灌溉是两个独立的系统，不同的控制问题和目标。

根据经验，不同作物品种的水和养分的要求是已知的，在实际上，第一个自动化系统控制这些变量。

另一方面，市场价格的波动和环境的规则，以提高水的利用效率或其他方面加以考虑，减少肥料残留在土壤中的（如硝酸盐含量）。

因此，优化生产过程，可概括为一个温室大气系统的问题，达到以下目标：的最佳作物生长（一个更大的生产与质量更好）联营公司的成本（主要是燃料，电力和化肥，减少），减少残留物（主要是杀虫剂和离子在土壤中），和水的利用效率的提高。

未来农业的英文介绍作文Title: The Future of Agriculture: A Sustainable Revolution。

Introduction:The landscape of agriculture is undergoing a profound transformation as we navigate towards a more sustainable and efficient future. With advancements in technology, changing environmental concerns, and shifting consumer demands, the future of agriculture is poised to embrace innovation like never before.Sustainable Practices:One of the central themes driving the future of agriculture is sustainability. Farmers and researchers alike are increasingly adopting practices that minimize environmental impact while maximizing productivity. This includes the widespread adoption of precision agriculturetechniques, such as the use of drones and satellite imagery to optimize resource use and minimize waste. Additionally, the integration of agroecological principles, such as crop rotation and integrated pest management, is becoming more common as we recognize the importance of maintaining ecosystem balance.Technological Innovations:Technology is playing a pivotal role in shaping the future of agriculture. From automated machinery to the Internet of Things (IoT) sensors, farmers have access to an array of tools designed to streamline operations and improve efficiency. For example, autonomous tractors equipped with GPS technology can precisely plant seeds and apply fertilizers, reducing both labor costs and environmental impact. Furthermore, breakthroughs in genetic engineering and biotechnology are enabling the development of crops that are more resilient to pests and environmental stresses, ensuring food security in the face of climate change.Vertical Farming and Urban Agriculture:As urbanization continues to rise, there is a growing need to produce food closer to where it is consumed. Vertical farming, which involves growing crops invertically stacked layers, offers a promising solution to this challenge. By utilizing hydroponic or aeroponic systems, vertical farms can produce high yields in a fraction of the space required by traditional agriculture. Moreover, urban agriculture initiatives, such as rooftop gardens and community-supported agriculture programs, are empowering city dwellers to reconnect with the food they eat while reducing the carbon footprint associated with transportation.Blockchain and Supply Chain Transparency:Consumers are increasingly demanding transparency and traceability in the food supply chain. Blockchain technology has emerged as a powerful tool to achieve this goal by providing an immutable record of each step in the production and distribution process. By scanning a QR codeon a product, consumers can access information about its origin, cultivation practices, and journey to the store shelf. This level of transparency not only builds trust between producers and consumers but also enables more informed purchasing decisions that align with personal values.Closing Thoughts:The future of agriculture holds immense promise as we harness the power of technology and innovation to address pressing global challenges. By embracing sustainable practices, leveraging technological advancements, and fostering collaboration across sectors, we can create a food system that is both environmentally resilient and socially equitable. As we embark on this journey towards a more sustainable future, let us remember the vital rolethat agriculture plays in nourishing our bodies, sustaining our communities, and preserving our planet for generations to come.。

JILIN AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY 研究生农业科技英文文献翻译报告题目名称：（中文）（英文）Title（英文题目小四号Times new roman ）（五号空一行）学生姓名：学号：（五号空一行）院系专业：教学班级：（五号空一行）硕士导师：职称：（五号空一行）研究方向：年月日说明：1. 硕士导师签字：目的是让学生结合论文开题撰写英文文献报告，请导师在第一学期确定学生论文研究方向，指定英文文献查寻范围。

2. “题目名称”用中/英文题目填写。

3. 所有页面设置为A4（210×297㎜），其中上、下、左、右边距均为2.50cm。

4．本页不标注页码。

目录示例（四号空一行）Contents（四号Times New Roman 加粗居中）（四号空一行）第一部分/ PART I（见封面）Title（英文题目小四号Times new roman ） (Ⅰ)第二部分/ PART II（摘要）Abstract and Key words (Ⅰ)第三部分/ PART III（正文）I □×× (1)1.1 ×× (2)1.1.1□× (3)1.1.2 □×× (4)II □×× (6)2.1 ×× (7)2.1.1×× (8)2.1.2×× (9)2.2×× (10)第四部分/ PART IV（参考文献）References (11)第五部分/ PART V（鸣谢/附录）Acknowledgements (12)Appendix (13)说明：1、如论文用中文撰写，应按照学校文科论文格式排版。

2、目录单独成页，从目录开始行间距均为固定值20磅，要求最多编写到四级标题，如：（1）、（2）。

3、文中“□”代表一个空格。

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农业经济可持续发展生态农业论文(全文)1可持续农业的发展内涵现代的可持续发展以及生态的农业发展的模式主要是可以更好的建立相对来说比较稳定的农业生态系统，而且同时是以人工干预的方法来使得一定范围内的农业生态系统有了一定程度的良性循环的发展，从而实现了农业资源方面的高效的利用，这样可以有效的使得农业经济发展的模式得到完善。

现代可持续、生态农业发展模式主要是更好的成立相对而言比较稳定的农业生态系统，而且同时凭借人工干预的方法更好的保持小范围内的农业生态系统的良性循环，实现农业资源的高效化利用，这样在一定的程度上对农业经济发展的农业规模化以及产业经济化的发展模式，而且同时其最大的目的是现行农业经济发展模式下出现了耕地的资源有很多的荒漠化以及贫瘠化的问题，这样就能更好的促进我国农业经济转型。

农业经济发展模式的可持续发展的根本就是在一定程度上满足了人们对环境的需要以及占用后代生存环境的“可持续发展型模式”，可持续发展最重要的核心问题就是通过对农业生产资源优化配置和利用的高效化，在一定程度上调整农民的收入和经济产业结构之间的关系，慢慢的实现资源的节约型、环境的友好相处，这样更好的促进农业可持续化发展模式的良性发展，更好的促进我国农业产业经济结构的调整和现代化发展的基础。

2发展生态农业的意义2.1科技的进步促进了农业资源的充分利用，对环境的污染进行降低，促进农业的可持续发展生态农业的发展是现代化科技技术成功和传统的农业精华进行有效的结合。

它可以充分的重视生物的多样性和生物的共生，将间作套中就似乎恶化立体技术在农业生产中有效的利用，并且将空间进行多次多层的利用，降低系资源的有效投入；同时，还必须要将农业、林业、畜牧业等进行有效的结合，充分的使用原料，并且有效的变废为宝，提高农业生态系统的生物转化率和农业废弃的再生循环，有效的对资源的有效性和农业生产发展之间的需求的增加之间的矛盾有效的环节；对于生态农业技术的发展还必须要重视对新技术的改进，通过使用生物肥料和化学、物理等病虫害的综合防治的技术的使用，减少农药的使用量，减少降低对环境造成的污染，促进农业的发展。