外文出处：Agriculture Economic Research Service (用外文写)
in its series Agricultural Information Bulletins with number 33721
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附件1：外文资料翻译译文
可持续的农业绿色技术
摘要
对于美国的农业经济继续沿着可持续发展道路，必须进一步提高生产技术，使它既有利可图，更对环境无害。在这方面，我们评估这些“绿色”或可持续的技术，转向更可持续的道路沿线农业中的作用。然而，市场与绿色技术相关的环境没有可以限制其发展。此外，只是在做现有技术并不意味着它会被采用。绿色技术，如保护性耕作，病虫害综合管理，加强营养管理和精准农业的经验表明，即使是盈利的技术，要采取新的方法可以限制其效力的障碍。
引言
农业在可持续发展的独特作用，以合理的成本提供当前和未来几代人的食物。为了评估美国是否是可持续农业，所有当前和未来几代人必须考虑农业生产的成本。这些费用包括对环境的农业生产的影响和自然资本存量（例如，农田，地下。这种农业可持续发展的看法与可持续发展的美国水，湖泊，河流，河口，湿地）农业部的政策是一致的：美国农业部将平衡生产和盈利的改善，对自然资源基础和生态系统，以及农村社区的活力增强作为管理的目标。——美国农业部秘书的可持续发展备忘录。（SM9500-6）这份报告强调了农业的可持续发展的辩论中的作用。然而，在很大程度上由于数据的限制，没有普遍接受已开发的农业可持续发展指标。例如，调整农产品的农业生产对环境影响的收入目前不能做这样的措施完全是因为许多环境服务缺乏市场价格，许多类型的自然资本量的有关数据的变化是有限的。Hrubovcak LeBlanc and Eakin 1995。因此，未来路评估美国农业的可持续性，我们回顾几个指标的趋势（生产力，土壤侵蚀，地下水量，地表水和地下水的质量和湿地转换率）。
我们利用这些趋势，以评估在促进农业的可持续发展的技术变化的贡献。例如，从历史上看，为了满足日益增长的粮食需求，通过农业研究和开发，在农业上研制新技术。这些技术已经促成了农业生产力和产量巨大的激增。实证会计框架是用来衡量生产力和产出，但是，只有对传统农业的投入和产出进行衡量。来自环境和自然资源的使用的服务，目前被视为大自然的馈赠。此外，不会考虑任何归因于农业生产的农场经济损失。对于美国的农业经济继续沿着可持续发展道路，进一步提高产量，必须产生既增加盈利能力和农业生产的环保性能的技术。
为了评估的研究和发展潜力，促进可持续发展，我们强调四个被视为更加可持续的，并已在农业部门的广泛推广潜力的做法。这些做法包括：综合虫害管理，保护性耕作，加强营养管理和精准农业。从我们的经验与这些做法，我们借鉴的采用和推广有潜力的
更可持续的技术障碍。
一、可持续发展问题——背景
自从布伦特兰委员会侧重于可持续性和可持续发展方面的关注公众的注意已经过去了十多年。根据这个委员会的报告，这经济可持续发展的道路将“满足，而又不损害子孙后代能满足他们的需要的当代人的需求”（世界环境与发展委员会 1987 年）。
自那时以来，可持续发展问题已呼吁不同的往往无关的利益群体。根据Graham-Tomasi 1991，“几乎每个人都在可持续发展潮流，可持续发展已经意味着对所有乘客的所有的东西”（P.82）。例如，Murcott（1997）已确定自1979 年的 57 可持续发展的定义。布伦特兰委员会的可持续发展目标继续向公众辩论可持续性的出发点是有用的（总统可持续发展理事会，1996 年）。
类似与布伦特兰委员会的可持续发展目标，我们认为当经济福祉的现在和子孙后代的幸福最大化的时候，一个经济体系能够持续。然而，如服装和食品超出了商品经济和服务的传统观点的经济福利，如由环境提供的服务的市场上包括商品和服务往往没有购买和销售（例如，娱乐，安全饮用水和风景）。
为了反映后代的需要，可持续性也超出了这一代经济福利。当前和未来世代的福祉是联系在一起传统观念的资本（例如，建筑物及机械）扩大到包括农田，森林，湖泊，河流，河口（自然资本）,湿地 Aldy Hrubovcak and Vasavada 1998。从经济性角度来看，这可持续性的定义，是需要适当的数量和人工制造和自然资本的组合，为社会投资以确保市场和非市场提供商品和服务。这不仅包括不同类型的资本的直接投资，而且在技术上的研究与发展（R＆D）的投资，能够以较低的成本增加对商品和服务的生产。
意见分歧的不管是对许多经济体的实际性能还是经济可持续发展在这一目标是一致的。例如，在增长的极限，目前这一代的（上几代）人类在如石油和煤炭不可再生自然资源的使用上增加了一个固定的压力造成的土地基础对子孙后代造成一个黯淡的前景Meadows and others 1972。具体来说，根据本研究：如果世界人口，工业化，污染，粮食生产和资源枯竭目前的增长趋势继续保持不变，在地球上以现在增长速度将在未来一百年达到极限。Simon，Weinrauch 和 Moore（1994）提供了关于自然资源的可用性对比的看法。他们认为，资源稀缺有关措施是价格，其中价格最高的资源是最稀缺的。在不可再生的自然资源的真正关键（通货膨胀调整）的价格趋势评估的基础上，他们得出结论，这些价格表现出下降的趋势，使人对在增长的极限得出的结论产生怀疑。同样，Nordhaus（1992）认为，真正的资源价格数据没有显示出对稀缺重大转机。
最近，在“承载能力”的环境更广泛的概念已被添加到可持续发展的问题清单。承载能力是一个在环境中以支持人类活动的生物极限的能力。例如，服务的环境提供了许多可再生或可再生的，但如果使用率超过自然再生率可能会由于过度使用耗尽。实际上，代表了极限承载能力得到社会的依赖所造成的和增长（以上）都使用不可再生和可再生资源。
有些人认为，地球以履行种群的能力可能受到阻碍。例如，Pimentel 和Giampietro （1994）认为，在美国已经是不可持续的农业生产力“赋予土地，水和能源资源的当前损耗率。”此外，在至少 23 个其他国家包括纽约，宾夕法尼亚州，佛罗里达州的农业区地下水和玉米种植带表面检测到硝酸盐和农药（国家研究理事会，1989）。这一发现有助于对当前在他们渗入地下水和地表水前以作为缓冲和吸收肥料和杀虫剂的农业生产方式已经超出了环境的能力的农业生产实践的关注。
这方面的意见分歧对于各经济的经济体以及要考虑可持续的形状的实际性能的要求，在很大程度上是在于就现在和将来之间的可替代性的差异看法。例如，Christensen （1989）认为，在大多数情况下，人为和自然资本不能互相代替。也就是说，产量更多的增加同时需要人为的和自然资本。沿着这条线的推理，Daly（1990）认为，可持续发展的要求：（1）可再生资源（如，鱼，树木）再生率不超过收获率，（2）使用（如煤，气，油）不可再生资源的价格未超过可再生替代品的发展速度，（3）污染率不超过环境的吸收能力。
Solow（1992）认为，这是不可能保持每一个资本类型，并提出了可持续发展在人为和自然资本被允许互相替代较弱的定义。在这种可持续性的定义下，传统的收入措施，可以扩展到考虑环境商品和服务以及在自然资本存量的变化值。Weitzman 1997 表明，这一收入扩大的措施可以被认为是可持续发展的指标。由于人为和自然资本被允许互相替代，对可持续发展的唯一要求是，整体资本存量，而不是每个类型的资本是不会随着时间减少。
二、以更可持续的农业为例
为了评估美国农业可持续发展，我们综述了以下指标的趋势：农业生产力，土壤侵蚀，地下水量，地表水质量，地下水质量和湿地的转换率。这些人们可以想到的农业生产力，土壤侵蚀，地下水量作为对我们当今和今后几代人提供食物的能力的所代表的服务指标之间有些重叠。地表水质量，地面水质，湿地转换率可以被看作是对环境影响的指标与农业生产有关。
生产力的措施之间的产出增长和投入增长率之间有差异。如果生产力增长是积极的，那么相同的输出可以用较少的投入生产。图 1 显示了在美国农业生产率增长（Ahearn BallYee and Nehring 1998）的模式。从 1948 年到 1994 年，美国农业产量增长以每年 1.9 个百分点的平均增长率增长。在输入一个使用略有下降伴随着这一产量的增长，在一年一度的生产率增长速度为 1.9 个百分点而非农部门的增长速度为 1.1 个百分点。农产品的价格反映了这种生产率的增长。在同一时期，农民真正得到农产品的价格下降了百分之五十。
附件2：外文原文（复印件）
Sustainable agriculture green technology
Summary
The agricultural economy of the United States to continue along the road of sustainable development, we must further improve the production technology, that make it both profitable and more environmentally sound. In this regard, we evaluated these "green" or sustainable technology, turn to the role of a more sustainable agriculture along the road. However, the market with green technology environment can limit their development. In addition, just doing the existing technology does not mean it will be adopted. And green technologies, such as conservation tillage, integrated pest management, enhance nutrient management and precision agriculture experience showed that even if the technology is profitable to adopt a new approach can limit the effectiveness of the obstacles.
Introduction
The unique role of agriculture in sustainable development, provide current and future generations of food at a reasonable cost. In order to assess the United States, whether it is sustainable agriculture, and all current and future generations must take into account the cost of agricultural production. These costs include the impact on the environment of agricultural production and natural capital stock (for example, farmland, and underground. View of the sustainable development of agriculture and sustainable development of water, lakes, rivers, estuaries, wetlands) policy of the Department of Agriculture: U.S. Department of Agriculture will balance production and profitability to improve and enhance the vitality of the natural resource base and ecological systems, and rural communities as a management goal. - Sustainable development of the U.S. Department of Agriculture Secretary memorandum. (SM9500-6) This report highlights the role in the sustainable development of agriculture in the debate. However, in large part due to data limitations, there are no generally accepted agricultural development indicators of sustainable development. For example, the adjustment of agricultural products, agricultural production and environmental impact of income can not do such a measure because many environmental services, lack of market prices, changes of many types of natural capital, the amount of data is limited. Therefore, on the way to assess the sustainability of U.S. agriculture, we review the trend of several indicators (productivity, soil erosion, and groundwater quantity, the quality of surface water and groundwater, and wetland conversion rate).
We capitalize on these trends, to assess the contribution in promoting the sustainable development of agriculture of technological change. For example, from a historical point of view, in order to meet the growing demand for food, agricultural research and development in
agriculture to develop new technologies. These technologies have contributed to the huge surge in agricultural productivity and production. Empirical accounting framework is used to measure productivity and output, but only to measure the inputs and outputs of the traditional agriculture. From the use of the environment and natural resources services, are now considered a gift of nature. In addition, it will not consider any farm economic losses attributed to agricultural production. For the agricultural economy of the United States to continue along the road of sustainable development, to further increase production, you must generate both to increase the profitability and environmental performance of agricultural production technology. In order to assess the research and development potential, promote sustainable development, we emphasize four is considered more sustainable, and has been widely potential in the agricultural sector practices. These practices include: integrated pest management, conservation tillage, to enhance nutrient management and precision agriculture. , We learn from our experience with these practices have the potential and promote more sustainable technical obstacles.
First, sustainable development – Background
Concern for the public's attention focused on sustainability and sustainable development since the Brundtland Commission has passed a decade. According to the report of the Committee, the economic path of sustainable development is "... met, without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs of contemporary people's needs" (World Environment and Development Council, 1987).
Since then, the Sustainable Development has called for different, often unrelated interest groups. According to the Graham-Tomasi 1991, "... almost everyone in the sustainable development of the trend of sustainable development means that all passengers of all things" (P.82). For example, Murcott (1997) have been identified since the definition of 57 in 1979, sustainable development. Continue the Brundtland Commission's sustainable development objectives to the public debate on the sustainability of the starting point is useful (President of the Council for Sustainable Development, 1996).
Similar to the Brundtland Commission's sustainable development objectives, we believe that an economy can be sustained when the economic well-being and happiness of future generations to maximize. Such as clothing and food, however, beyond the traditional view of economic well-being of the commodity economy and services, such as the services provided by the environment on the market, including goods and services often do not have to buy and sell (for example, entertainment, safe drinking water and landscape).
In order to reflect the needs of future generations, the sustainability is the generation of economic well-being. The well-being of present and future generations is linked to the
traditional concept of capital (for example, buildings and machinery) to be expanded to include farmlands, forests, lakes, rivers, estuaries, (natural capital) wetlands the Aldy Hrubovcak and Vasavada 1998. From an economic point of view, this definition of sustainability, need a combination of the appropriate number of artificially produced and natural capital for social investment to ensure that the market and non-market goods and services. This includes not only the different types of capital, direct investment, and investment in technical research and development (R & D), can increase the production of goods and services at lower cost.
Differences of opinion, regardless of the actual performance of many economies or economic sustainable development are consistent with this goal. For example, in The Limits to Growth, the current generation (previous generations) human non-renewable natural resources such as oil and coal use increased by a fixed pressure of the land base to the future generations a bleak prospect, Meadows, and others 1972. Specifically, this study: If current growth trends of the world's population, industrialization, pollution, food production and resource depletion continue to remain the same on Earth with the present growth rate reached its limit in the next one hundred years. Simon, Weinrauch and Moore (1994) provides a view on the availability of natural resources contrast. They believe that the measures of resource scarcity prices, the highest price of resources are most scarce. Assessment of price trends on the basis of non-renewable natural resources, the real key (adjusted for inflation), they concluded that these prices show a downward trend, the people cast doubt on the conclusions reached in The Limits to Growth. Similarly, the Nordhaus (1992), the real resource price data did not show a major turning point of scarcity.
Recently, in a broader concept of "carrying capacity" of the environment has been added to the list of issues of sustainable development. The carrying capacity is the biological limit the ability to support human activities in the environment. For example, the service environment provides many of the renewable or renewable, but if the usage exceeds the rate of natural regeneration may be depleted due to excessive use. In fact, represents the ultimate bearing capacity of the dependence of society caused by the growth (above) to use non-renewable and renewable resources.
Some people believe that the Earth's ability to fulfill the population may be hindered. For example, Pimentel, and Giampietro (1994), unsustainable agricultural productivity given land, water and energy resources, the current attrition rate in the United States. "In addition, in at least 23 other countries, including New York, Pennsylvania, Florida agricultural areas of groundwater and the corn belt, the surface detection of nitrates and pesticides (National Research Council, 1989). This finding help on the current before they seep into groundwater and surface water as a buffer and absorb fertilizer and pesticide mode of agricultural
production is beyond the capacity of the environment, agricultural production practices concern.
This respect the differences of opinion to be considered for the economies of the economy, and the actual performance requirements of the sustainable shape, in large part is on the substitutability of the differences between the present and future view. For example, Christensen (1989) that, in most cases, man-made and natural capital can not replace each other. In other words, increase the yield of man-made and natural capital. Along this line of reasoning, Daly (1990), the requirements of sustainable development: (1) renewable resources (eg, fish, trees) and regeneration rate does not exceed the harvest rate, (2) (such as coal, gas, oil) non-renewable resources, the price does not exceed the pace of development of renewable alternatives, (3) contamination rate does not exceed the absorptive capacity of the environment.
The Solow (1992), it is possible to keep every type of capital and sustainable developments in the man-made and natural capital are allowed to replace each other the weaker definition. In this definition of sustainability, traditional measures of income can be extended to consider the environmental goods and services as well as changes in the stock of natural capital. Weitzman, 1997, this expanded income measures can be considered as indicators of sustainable development. Due to man-made and natural capital are allowed to replace each other, the only requirement is that of sustainable development, the overall capital stock, rather than each type of capital will not reduce over time.
Second, a more sustainable agriculture, for example
In order to assess the sustainable development of U.S. agriculture, we have the following trend of the indicators: agricultural productivity, soil erosion, the amount of groundwater, surface water quality, and groundwater quality and wetland conversion rates. These people can think of agricultural productivity, soil erosion, groundwater availability as there is some overlap between the ability to provide food for our present and future generations on behalf of service indicators. The quality of surface water, ground water quality, wetlands, and conversion rates can be seen as indicators of the impact on the environment and agricultural production.
The difference between the productivity measures between output growth and input growth. If productivity growth is positive, then the same output with less input production. Figure 1 shows the growth of agricultural productivity in the U.S. the mode. From 1948 to 1994, agricultural output growth in the average growth rate of 1.9 percent per year growth. A slight decrease in the input is a use along with the output growth in annual productivity growth rate by 1.9 percentage points while non-agricultural sector growth rate of 1.1 percent. The price of agricultural products reflects this productivity growth. During the same period, farmers actually get the price of agricultural products fell by 50 percent.
Statistical hypothesis testing Adriana Albu，Loredana Ungureanu Politehnica University Timisoara,adrianaa@aut.utt.ro Politehnica University Timisoara,loredanau@aut.utt.ro Abstract In this article,we present a Bayesian statistical hypothesis testing inspection, testing theory and the process Mentioned hypothesis testing in the real world and the importance of, and successful test of the Notes. Key words Bayesian hypothesis testing; Bayesian inference;Test of significance Introduction A statistical hypothesis test is a method of making decisions using data, whether from a controlled experiment or an observational study (not controlled). In statistics, a result is called statistically significant if it is unlikely to have occurred by chance alone, according to a pre-determined threshold probability, the significance level. The phrase "test of significance" was coined by Ronald Fisher: "Critical tests of this kind may be called tests of significance, and when such tests are available we may discover whether a second sample is or is not significantly different from the first."[1] Hypothesis testing is sometimes called confirmatory data analysis, in contrast to exploratory data analysis. In frequency probability,these decisions are almost always made using null-hypothesis tests. These are tests that answer the question Assuming that the null hypothesis is true, what is the probability of observing a value for the test statistic that is at [] least as extreme as the value that was actually observed?) 2 More formally, they represent answers to the question, posed before undertaking an experiment,of what outcomes of the experiment would lead to rejection of the null hypothesis for a pre-specified probability of an incorrect rejection. One use of hypothesis testing is deciding whether experimental results contain enough information to cast doubt on conventional wisdom. Statistical hypothesis testing is a key technique of frequentist statistical inference. The Bayesian approach to hypothesis testing is to base rejection of the hypothesis on the posterior probability.[3][4]Other approaches to reaching a decision based on data are available via decision theory and optimal decisions. The critical region of a hypothesis test is the set of all outcomes which cause the null hypothesis to be rejected in favor of the alternative hypothesis. The critical region is usually denoted by the letter C. One-sample tests are appropriate when a sample is being compared to the population from a hypothesis. The population characteristics are known from theory or are calculated from the population.
农村社会养老保险的现状、问题与对策研究社会保障对国家安定和经济发展具有重要作用，“城乡二元经济”现象日益凸现，农村社会保障问题客观上成为社会保障体系中极为重要的部分。建立和完善农村社会保障制度关系到农村乃至整个社会的经济发展，并且对我国和谐社会的构建至关重要。我国农村社会保障制度尚不完善，因此有必要加强对农村独立社会保障制度的构建，尤其对农村养老制度的改革，建立健全我国社会保障体系。从户籍制度上看，我国居民养老问题可分为城市居民养老和农村居民养老两部分。对于城市居民我国政府已有比较充足的政策与资金投人，使他们在物质和精神方面都能得到较好地照顾，基本实现了社会化养老。而农村居民的养老问题却日益突出，成为摆在我国政府面前的一个紧迫而又棘手的问题。 一、我国农村社会养老保险的现状 关于农村养老，许多地区还没有建立农村社会养老体系，已建立的地区也存在很多缺陷，运行中出现了很多问题，所以完善农村社会养老保险体系的必要性与紧迫性日益体现出来。 （一）人口老龄化加快 随着城市化步伐的加快和农村劳动力的输出，越来越多的农村青壮年人口进入城市，年龄结构出现“两头大，中间小”的局面。中国农村进入老龄社会的步伐日渐加快。第五次人口普查显示：中国65岁以上的人中农村为5938万，占老龄总人口的67.4%.在这种严峻的现实面前，农村社会养老保险的徘徊显得极其不协调。 （二）农村社会养老保险覆盖面太小 中国拥有世界上数量最多的老年人口，且大多在农村。据统计，未纳入社会保障的农村人口还很多，截止2000年底，全国7400多万农村居民参加了保险，占全部农村居民的11.18%，占成年农村居民的11.59%.另外，据国家统计局统计，我国进城务工者已从改革开放之初的不到200万人增加到2003年的1.14亿人。而基本方案中没有体现出对留在农村的农民和进城务工的农民给予区别对待。进城务工的农民既没被纳入到农村养老保险体系中，也没被纳入到城市养老保险体系中，处于法律保护的空白地带。所以很有必要考虑这个特殊群体的养老保险问题。
https://www.doczj.com/doc/b517144785.html,/finance/company/consumer.html Consumer finance company The consumer finance division of the SG group of France has become highly active within India. They plan to offer finance for vehicles and two-wheelers to consumers, aiming to provide close to Rs. 400 billion in India in the next few years of its operations. The SG group is also dealing in stock broking, asset management, investment banking, private banking, information technology and business processing. SG group has ventured into the rapidly growing consumer credit market in India, and have plans to construct a headquarters at Kolkata. The AIG Group has been approved by the RBI to set up a non-banking finance company (NBFC). AIG seeks to introduce its consumer finance and asset management businesses in India. AIG Capital India plans to emphasize credit cards, mortgage financing, consumer durable financing and personal loans. Leading Indian and international concerns like the HSBC, Deutsche Bank, Goldman Sachs, Barclays and HDFC Bank are also waiting to be approved by the Reserve Bank of India to initiate similar operations. AIG is presently involved in insurance and financial services in more than one hundred countries. The affiliates of the AIG Group also provide retirement and asset management services all over the world. Many international companies have been looking at NBFC business because of the growing consumer finance market. Unlike foreign banks, there are no strictures on branch openings for the NBFCs. GE Consumer Finance is a section of General Electric. It is responsible for looking after the retail finance operations. GE Consumer Finance also governs the GE Capital Asia. Outside the United States, GE Consumer Finance performs its operations under the GE Money brand. GE Consumer Finance currently offers financial services in more than fifty countries. The company deals in credit cards, personal finance, mortgages and automobile solutions. It has a client base of more than 118 million customers throughout the world
Inventory management Inventory Control On the so-called "inventory control", many people will interpret it as a "storage management", which is actually a big distortion. The traditional narrow view, mainly for warehouse inventory control of materials for inventory, data processing, storage, distribution, etc., through the implementation of anti-corrosion, temperature and humidity control means, to make the custody of the physical inventory to maintain optimum purposes. This is just a form of inventory control, or can be defined as the physical inventory control. How, then, from a broad perspective to understand inventory control? Inventory control should be related to the company's financial and operational objectives, in particular operating cash flow by optimizing the entire demand and supply chain management processes (DSCM), a reasonable set of ERP control strategy, and supported by appropriate information processing tools, tools to achieved in ensuring the timely delivery of the premise, as far as possible to reduce inventory levels, reducing inventory and obsolescence, the risk of devaluation. In this sense, the physical inventory control to achieve financial goals is just a means to control the entire inventory or just a necessary part; from the perspective of organizational functions, physical inventory control, warehouse management is mainly the responsibility of The broad inventory control is the demand and supply chain management, and the whole company's responsibility. Why until now many people's understanding of inventory control, limited physical inventory control? The following two reasons can not be ignored: First, our enterprises do not attach importance to inventory control. Especially those who benefit relatively good business, as long as there is money on the few people to consider the problem of inventory turnover. Inventory control is simply interpreted as warehouse management, unless the time to spend money, it may have been to see the inventory problem, and see the results are often very simple procurement to buy more, or did not do warehouse departments . Second, ERP misleading. Invoicing software is simple audacity to call it ERP, companies on their so-called ERP can reduce the number of inventory, inventory control, seems to rely on their small software can get. Even as SAP, BAAN ERP world, the field of
吉林化工学院理学院 毕业论文外文翻译English Title（Times New Roman ，三号） 学生学号：08810219 学生姓名：袁庚文 专业班级：信息与计算科学0802 指导教师：赵瑛 职称副教授 起止日期：2012.2.27～2012.3.14 吉林化工学院 Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology
1 外文翻译的基本内容 应选择与本课题密切相关的外文文献（学术期刊网上的），译成中文，与原文装订在一起并独立成册。在毕业答辩前，同论文一起上交。译文字数不应少于3000个汉字。 2 书写规范 2.1 外文翻译的正文格式 正文版心设置为：上边距：3.5厘米，下边距：2.5厘米，左边距：3.5厘米，右边距：2厘米，页眉：2.5厘米，页脚：2厘米。 中文部分正文选用模板中的样式所定义的“正文”，每段落首行缩进2字；或者手动设置成每段落首行缩进2字，字体：宋体，字号：小四，行距：多倍行距1.3，间距：前段、后段均为0行。 这部分工作模板中已经自动设置为缺省值。 2.2标题格式 特别注意：各级标题的具体形式可参照外文原文确定。 1．第一级标题（如：第1章绪论）选用模板中的样式所定义的“标题1”，居左；或者手动设置成字体：黑体，居左，字号：三号，1.5倍行距，段后11磅，段前为11磅。 2．第二级标题（如：1.2 摘要与关键词）选用模板中的样式所定义的“标题2”，居左；或者手动设置成字体：黑体，居左，字号：四号，1.5倍行距，段后为0，段前0.5行。 3．第三级标题（如：1.2.1 摘要）选用模板中的样式所定义的“标题3”，居左；或者手动设置成字体：黑体，居左，字号：小四，1.5倍行距，段后为0，段前0.5行。 标题和后面文字之间空一格（半角）。 3 图表及公式等的格式说明 图表、公式、参考文献等的格式详见《吉林化工学院本科学生毕业设计说明书（论文）撰写规范及标准模版》中相关的说明。
Advantages of Managed Code Microsoft intermediate language shares with Java byte code the idea that it is a low-level language witha simple syntax , which can be very quickly translated intonative machine code. Having this well-defined universal syntax for code has significant advantages. Platform independence First, it means that the same file containing byte code instructions can be placed on any platform; atruntime the final stage of compilation can then be easily accomplished so that the code will run on thatparticular platform. In other words, by compiling to IL we obtain platform independence for .NET, inmuch the same way as compiling to Java byte code gives Java platform independence. Performance improvement IL is actually a bit more ambitious than Java bytecode. IL is always Just-In-Time compiled (known as JIT), whereas Java byte code was ofteninterpreted. One of the disadvantages of Java was that, on execution, the process of translating from Javabyte code to native executable resulted in a loss of performance. Instead of compiling the entire application in one go (which could lead to a slow start-up time), the JITcompiler simply compiles each portion of code as it is called (just-in-time). When code has been compiled.once, the resultant native executable is stored until the application exits, so that it does not need to berecompiled the next time that portion of code is run. Microsoft argues that this process is more efficientthan compiling the entire application code at the start, because of the likelihood that large portions of anyapplication code will not actually be executed in any given run. Using the JIT compiler, such code willnever be compiled.
英文翻译说明 1. 英文翻译文章输成word，5号新罗马（New Times Roman）字体，1.5倍行间距，将来方便打印和一起装订；英文中的图表要重新画，禁止截图。 2. 整篇论文1.5倍行间距，打印时，用B5纸，版面上空2.5cm，下空2cm，左空2.5cm，右空2cm（左装订）。 3. 论文翻译后的摘要用五号宋体，正文小四号宋体、英文和数字用新罗马（New Times Roman）12、参考文献的内容用五号字体。图和表头用五号字体加粗并居中，图和表中的内容用五号字体。论文翻译的作者用五号字体加粗。 论文大标题………小三号黑体、加黑、居中 第二层次的题序和标题………小四号黑体、加黑、居中 第三层次的题序和标题………小四号宋体、加黑、居中 正文……………………………小四号宋体、英文用新罗马12 页码……………………………小五号居中，页码两边不加修饰符 4. 论文中参考文献严格按照下述排版。 专著格式：序号.编著者.书名[M].出版地: 出版社, 年代, 起止页码 期刊论文格式：序号.作者.论文名称[J]. 期刊名称, 年度, 卷(期): 起止页码 学位论文格式：序号.作者.学位论文名称[D]. 发表地: 学位授予单位, 年度 例子: (1).胡千庭, 邹银辉, 文光才等. 瓦斯含量法预测突出危险新技术[J]. 煤炭学报, 2007.32(3): 276-280. (2). 胡千庭. 煤与瓦斯突出的力学作用机理及应用研究[D]. 北京: 中国矿业大学(北京), 2007. (3). 程伟. 煤与瓦斯突出危险性预测及防治技术[M]. 徐州: 中国矿业大学出版社, 2003.
毕业设计（论文）外文参考文献及译文 英文题目Component-based Safety Computer of Railway Signal Interlocking System 中文题目模块化安全铁路信号计算机联锁系统 学院自动化与电气工程学院 专业自动控制 姓名葛彦宁 学号 200808746 指导教师贺清 2012年5月30日
Component-based Safety Computer of Railway Signal Interlocking System 1 Introduction Signal Interlocking System is the critical equipment which can guarantee traffic safety and enhance operational efficiency in railway transportation. For a long time, the core control computer adopts in interlocking system is the special customized high-grade safety computer, for example, the SIMIS of Siemens, the EI32 of Nippon Signal, and so on. Along with the rapid development of electronic technology, the customized safety computer is facing severe challenges, for instance, the high development costs, poor usability, weak expansibility and slow technology update. To overcome the flaws of the high-grade special customized computer, the U.S. Department of Defense has put forward the concept：we should adopt commercial standards to replace military norms and standards for meeting consumers’demand [1]. In the meantime, there are several explorations and practices about adopting open system architecture in avionics. The United Stated and Europe have do much research about utilizing cost-effective fault-tolerant computer to replace the dedicated computer in aerospace and other safety-critical fields. In recent years, it is gradually becoming a new trend that the utilization of standardized components in aerospace, industry, transportation and other safety-critical fields. 2 Railways signal interlocking system 2.1 Functions of signal interlocking system The basic function of signal interlocking system is to protect train safety by controlling signal equipments, such as switch points, signals and track units in a station, and it handles routes via a certain interlocking regulation. Since the birth of the railway transportation, signal interlocking system has gone through manual signal, mechanical signal, relay-based interlocking, and the modern computer-based Interlocking System. 2.2 Architecture of signal interlocking system Generally, the Interlocking System has a hierarchical structure. According to the function of equipments, the system can be divided to the function of equipments; the system
软件专业毕业论文外文文献中英文翻译 Object landscapes and lifetimes Tech nically, OOP is just about abstract data typing, in herita nee, and polymorphism, but other issues can be at least as importa nt. The rema in der of this sect ion will cover these issues. One of the most importa nt factors is the way objects are created and destroyed. Where is the data for an object and how is the lifetime of the object con trolled? There are differe nt philosophies at work here. C++ takes the approach that con trol of efficie ncy is the most importa nt issue, so it gives the programmer a choice. For maximum run-time speed, the storage and lifetime can be determined while the program is being written, by placing the objects on the stack (these are sometimes called automatic or scoped variables) or in the static storage area. This places a priority on the speed of storage allocatio n and release, and con trol of these can be very valuable in some situati ons. However, you sacrifice flexibility because you must know the exact qua ntity, lifetime, and type of objects while you're writing the program. If you are trying to solve a more general problem such as computer-aided desig n, warehouse man ageme nt, or air-traffic con trol, this is too restrictive. The sec ond approach is to create objects dyn amically in a pool of memory called the heap. In this approach, you don't know un til run-time how many objects you n eed, what their lifetime is, or what their exact type is. Those are determined at the spur of the moment while the program is runnin g. If you n eed a new object, you simply make it on the heap at the point that you n eed it. Because the storage is man aged dyn amically, at run-time, the amount of time required to allocate storage on the heap is sig ni fica ntly Ion ger tha n the time to create storage on the stack. (Creat ing storage on the stack is ofte n a si ngle assembly in structio n to move the stack poin ter dow n, and ano ther to move it back up.) The dyn amic approach makes the gen erally logical assumpti on that objects tend to be complicated, so the extra overhead of finding storage and releas ing that storage will not have an importa nt impact on the creati on of an object .In additi on, the greater flexibility is esse ntial to solve the gen eral program ming problem. Java uses the sec ond approach, exclusive". Every time you want to create an object, you use the new keyword to build a dyn amic in sta nee of that object. There's ano ther issue, however, and that's the lifetime of an object. With Ian guages that allow objects to be created on the stack, the compiler determines how long the object lasts and can automatically destroy it. However, if you create it on the heap the compiler has no kno wledge of its lifetime. In a Ianguage like C++, you must determine programmatically when to destroy the
英文翻译 英语原文： . Introducing Classes The only remaining feature we need to understand before solving our bookstore problem is how to write a data structure to represent our transaction data. In C++ we define our own data structure by defining a class. The class mechanism is one of the most important features in C++. In fact, a primary focus of the design of C++ is to make it possible to define class types that behave as naturally as the built-in types themselves. The library types that we've seen already, such as istream and ostream, are all defined as classesthat is,they are not strictly speaking part of the language. Complete understanding of the class mechanism requires mastering a lot of information. Fortunately, it is possible to use a class that someone else has written without knowing how to define a class ourselves. In this section, we'll describe a simple class that we canuse in solving our bookstore problem. We'll implement this class in the subsequent chapters as we learn more about types,expressions, statements, and functionsall of which are used in defining classes. To use a class we need to know three things: What is its name? Where is it defined? What operations does it support? For our bookstore problem, we'll assume that the class is named Sales_item and that it is defined in a header named Sales_item.h. The Sales_item Class The purpose of the Sales_item class is to store an ISBN and keep track of the number of copies sold, the revenue, and average sales price for that book. How these data are stored or computed is not our concern. To use a class, we need not know anything about how it is implemented. Instead, what we need to know is what operations the class provides. As we've seen, when we use library facilities such as IO, we must include the associated headers. Similarly, for our own classes, we must make the definitions associated with the class available to the compiler. We do so in much the same way. Typically, we put the class definition into a file. Any program that wants to use our class must include that file. Conventionally, class types are stored in a file with a name that, like the name of a program source file, has two parts: a file name and a file suffix. Usually the file name is the same as the class defined in the header. The suffix usually is .h, but some programmers use .H, .hpp, or .hxx. Compilers usually aren't picky about header file names, but IDEs sometimes are. We'll assume that our class is defined in a file named Sales_item.h. Operations on Sales_item Objects