Speech 1
The _1____Greek word___________for “man” is “anthropos” and the word
_2______anthropology___________has been in the English language_3_for centuries_______. But
just what does the word mean? Literally anthropology means
“__4_the study of man_______” However, as British_ 5_philosopher_______Alfred
North Whitehead_6__noted__________, “It is a well founded historical
generalization that _7_the last thing to be discovered___in any science is what science is really about” And as Paul Bohannan, _8_renowned anthropologist____________, pointed
out a number of years ago, “Each science that deal s with people has its own
_9__definitions_____of human. An_10__economist__________, “he explains,” defines a human as a_11 _choice-making_____________animal. Philosophers _12_define__________man as a _13__rationalizing_________animal…” Anthropology___14 ___attempts______to be
all-inclusive-the study of human _15__behavior_________in all places and throughout time. It_16_specializes________in the _17_describtion______of_18____humanistic, scientific, biological, historical, psychological, and social views of humans._____________________.
Now, to _19_paraphrase_________Barbara Miller’s statement in her textbook, cultural anthropology , the popular impression of anthropology is _20_based mainly___on
movies and television shows that _21__anticipated_______anthropologists as
adventurers and heroes. Some do have adventures and discover treasures in
Egyptian _22__tombs____________and elsewhere, but_23_mostly________, their work is less _24_glamourous_______and involves _25__repetitive___and _26_tedious___activities. Until around the middle of the nineteenth century, anthropology was a term
used for all humanists._27__My lecture today explains the fields and branches of anthropology_____.
We’re going to_28_begin by____stating that anthropology is the study of
human behavior in all places and at all times.
Western_29 __civilizations_ takes credit for the development of anthropology,
which, _30____as a matter of fact___, was a relatively late science. Earlier Greek and Roman philosophers were more interested in _31__speculating____about the ideal
society _32___rather than_____describing those known to them.
After the__33 _onset____of the Age of Exploration, which included the
discovery of the Americas, as well as travel to other distant places, the study of
non-western people began in earnest. In modern day, anthropology is a
recognized _34__social science____with two__35 __broad fields__and
several_36__branches or sub-fields____.
The two broad fields are _37_physical_________anthropology and
_38__cultural_anthropology. Let me give you a _39___brief description__of
each. Physical anthropology is concerned with the development of man as
a_40__mammal__. Related subjects are_41__anatomy___, biology, and
paleontology. Physical anthropologists study the _42_evolution__of the
human_43__species__. One way they do this is by the comparative
analysis of fossils-preserved _44__remanence____of once-living creatures and
living_45_primates___, which include human beings or Homo sapiens. Common
_46__fossils__are shells, bones, and molds or imprints. These are found
buried in the earth or_47__permanently frozen in glaciers_____. Living primates
are analyzed in order to study the mechanics of evolution and
_48_genetic_differences among human populations.
Next let’s talk about cultural anthropology. This field is the study of learned behavior in human societies. Most cultural anthropologists limit themselves to
a few_49_geographic areas___, _50__for example___, Margaret Mead in Samoa
and New Guinea, and Clyde Kluckhohn with the Navajo Indians in the
southwestern United States. I should mention that Kluckhohn’s work Mirror for
Man is considered_51_one of the best introductions to anthropology______. Cultural anthropology and the _52__scientific_______study of human culture will be discussed
in more detail in our next lecture. The subfields of cultural anthropology
are_53___archeology, linguistics and ethnography. _.
Archaeology is the study of different cultures through material sources rather
than direct _54___interviews or observations____of the group under study. _55_one example__of
a famous archaeological site discovered in the past century was King Tut’s
Tomb near Luxor, Egypt, in 1922.
Linguistics, as you probably know, is the study of language as
_56__communication_____among humans. Culture is learned and
_57_transmitted__primarily through language.
Ethnography is the systematic description of human societies,58 _mostly_____based
on firsthand fieldwork. Based on ethnographies, anthropologists provide
ethnologies or explanations of the behavior of different peoples. A second
subfield of ethnography is social anthropology. Social anthropology is
_59_concerned with people_____as social beings. A related subject is, of course, sociology.
Let me also mention briefly psychological anthropology, which deals with
human_60_personality and feelings_____________. These are greatly influenced by an
individual’s
biological and_61 __mental________characteristics, as well as physical
surroundings and personal_62_experiences____. Related subjects are psychology
and psychiatry.
It is important to note that there are several _63_univesals__________common among
all societies;_64_for example__________, the basic similarities in human biology and the existence of two sexes. Another of these is education either formal or informal
or both. Education is necessary to provide the young with the
_65__skills and attitudes___needed to carry on as_66_adults_______.
So, you might ask, what are the practical applications for such a broad field?
The answer is that anthropology helps us _67_plan the field____and helps us
contribute to the _68_solutions__________of human problems. This newest area of the study of man is applied anthropology._69_a formally___, anthropology was
limited to the academic field. Anthropologists were teachers or museum
curators. But for the past several _70_decades________large numbers of “anthro” graduates have been employed in fields such as _71__urban__planning and administration, _72__health care____, and international development. Most
important is that although anthropologists have taken up the task of
documenting the _73_processes and changes____of cultures past and present, they
also provide the necessary insight into_74_where the human species is hiding___.
Speech 2
Let me begin the lecture today by asking, _1_what exactly is culture_This
question has been _2_approached_____by anthropologists in many different ways. Murdock, _3_for example__, in outline of world cultures, produced what many
have called the _4_the ultimate laundry list ___of things cultural, by naming 900-odd _5_categories______of human behavior. I won’t _6_attempt____to go into these at this time. Another less _7______list is the famous “grocery list” of Edward B. Tyler. He
wr ote, “culture is that _8_complex_____whole which includes knowledge,
_9_belief, art, morals ____, custom, and any other_10_capabilities__and habits acquired by man as a member of society.” But another _11_definition___of
culture that many find useful is, “the_12_totality___ of learned, socially
transmitted behavior.” Obviously this definition leaves out much if we feel
_13_obligated__to include all the ways of life that have been evolved by people
in every society.
A particular culture, then, would mean the total shared way of life of a given
group. This would include their ways of thinking, acting, and feeling as
reflected in their_14_religion__, law, language, art, and customs, as well as
concrete things such as_15_houses, clothing and tools__. Cultural anthropology is
the study of cultures-living and dead. In its totality, it includes linguistics, the study of speech forms, _16__archaeology____( the study of dead cultures),
and_17__ethnology__, which is the study of living cultures or those that can be observed directly.
Why study cultural anthropology? One reason noted by Ruth Benedict,
another well-known anthropologist, is that the story of humanity from the Stone
Age to the present is such a fascinating one of cultural growth. Interestingly,
every society has gone through three _18_stages_or steps of cultural growth.
These are savagery, barbarism, and finally, civilization. The last is, of course,
to varying degrees.
We are often reminded of another _19_compelling___reason to learn about
different cultures-to learn and use a foreign language effectively. Most of us
realize that just knowing the language of another culture is not enough
for_20__meaningful communication__. You can ask anyone who has tried to
use their high school Spanish inside a Spanish-speaking country.
Ned Seelye, in his 1993 book Teaching Culture, lists six _21_skills__to nurture
and support intercultural communication:
Number 1: Cultivate_22_curiosity__ about another culture and empathy toward
its members.
Number 2: Recognize that different roles and other social variables such as
age, sex, social class, religion, ethnicity, and _23_place of residence___affect the way people speak and behave.
Number3: Realize that effective communication requires discovering the
culturally _24__conditioned images of people___when they think, act, and react to the world around them.
Number4: Recognize that situational _25_variables and conventions __shape
people’s behavior in important ways.
Number5: Understand that people generally act the way they do because they
are _26_excising the options__their society allows for satisfying basic
physical and psychological needs.
And, finally, number6: Develop the ability to evaluate the truth of a
generalization about the target culture and to _27_locate___and organize
information about the target culture from books, mass media, people, and
personal observations.
Culture and society must coexist. Without living together people cannot create
a culture or a way of life. If a_28_group or society is small, isolated_____,
and_29_stable__, it might also share a single culture. For example, think
of the Tasaday, allegedly a Stone Age people in the Philippine rain forest, who
were discovered by anthropologists back in 1971. A side note is that due to
their supposed_30_isolation__, they had no weapons or known words in
their language for “enemy” or “war” In your reading after the lecture, you’ll learn more about the Tasaday and the controversy surrounding them up to the
present time.
It is important to remember, however, that_31_large societies____, such as those
in Canada, the United States, India, or Egypt, are multicultural or “pluralist” societies. They also tend to have many subcultures. In the long history of
human life, multiculturalism is a fairly_32_recent phenomenon___. Those of us in multicultural environments must remember that discovering
_33__similarities___among people from different cultures is as important as
identifying differences. For example, in classrooms on just about every
university campus in the world, we find students from many
different_34_social and ethnic backgrounds___. What are some of the “universals”
that you and other international students have all experienced in
your_35_earlier educational life_____?
One common universal is that all cultures use _36_rewards or punishments____to encourage_37_correct behavior__. Another__38 __example__is that societies
withhold certain information from the young. This might include faults in our
leaders or sexual taboos. A third universal is the _39_effort by the controlling group___in a
culture to educate the young to _40_strengthen and secure____its dominant position. In the majority of contemporary societies this control is reached through political means__41_and in contrast to military actions of ealier times__,__42 _such as_the Roman Conquests and the Morrish invasions.
_43__In closing this lecture on societies and culture___, let me _44_remind_you not to forget the
contributions of thoughts and actions of the _45_individual person__in a group. Note the observation of Edward Sapir, another famous anthropologist: “it is always the individual that really thinks and acts and dreams and
revolts.”_46_Now, obviously the concept of culture will be argued by anthropologists for years to come.
Speech 3
To many people throughout the world, some of the _1_most remarkable _and
_2__puzzling monuments_______________ of ancient times are the pyramids of ancient Egypt. You know, almost nothing at all _3_remains__________of the great cities of the kings
of Egypt, the pharaohs. _4_Time and weather________________have been really hard on ancient Egypt’s cities and towns, but several of the_5_temples, statues_____________, and, most important of all, the pyramids have _6_survived______________. Even though
many of the pyramids are in_7__ruins__________, they still give us some idea of
the _8_magnificence ___of ancient Egypt’s civilization-a civilization that, after all, lasted for more than 3000 years. Remember, when we’re talking about
_9_ancient____Egypt, we’re talking about at least thirty consecutive_10_dynasties____.
A dynasty is a series of kings or queens of the same _11_royal_____family-something like the Romanovs of Europe, the Ming dynasty of China, or the Al-Sauds of
Saudi Arabia.
As many of you probably already know, the pyramids were constructed as
tombs or _12_burial______places for the Egyptian kings and their family members.
You see, the ancient Egyptians _13__passionately__________believed in life after death. In fact, their entire culture _14__revolved________around that belief. The kings, queens, and state officials often_15_spend an entire life time___ preparing
for their life after death. They did this by_16_collecting possessions____ or “grave goods,” by__17__building tombs____________, and so forth. The Egyptians
托福听力功能题及态度题 功能题 在新托福听力中, function功能题占大约15%的比重。那么考生要学会识别function 功能题并把握其解题技巧。 首先我们看看功能题的典型提问方式： What is the purpose of the lecture? What does the professor imply when she says this? Why does the professor say this? What can be inferred from the student’s response? 其次我们学习下功能题的解题技巧 解答这类题目，考生需要注意重听的某句话在重听的小层次中所起到的作用。单独看这句话，可能考生无法判定它的功能。那么放在语境中，考生才能更好地把握其功能。 而在托福听力中常见的功能的分类有解释，总结，建议，鼓励，强调，纠正错误等。此外考生可以根据这些常见的功能分类，分析可能出现的考点，利用听力过程中的笔记把握重点内容。在记笔记的过程中注意把握语气、语调的升降。这些都是功能题常出现的考点。有重点地把握这些能够更好地把握功能题，并提升功能题的正确率。 态度题 在P类问题(Pragmatic Understanding Questions)中，态度题所占的比重相对较少。但是不可忽视其重要性。下面我们来看看托福听力中态度题的一些情况。 态度题的典型提问方式： What is the professor’s opinion of …? What can be inferred about the student when he says this?
2020托福听力满分攻略 托福听力满分有没有可能?只要认真备考提升听力能力，托福听力拿满分是非常有可能的。今天小编给大家带来了托福听力满分攻略,希望能够帮助到大家，一起来学习吧。 托福听力满分攻略 三遍听写法听写练习 是指听写。将一篇听力录音中的原文全部听录下来，它是提高听力有效的方法。对于准备新托福考试的考生而言，比较好的听写材料是老托福的lecture。基础比较薄弱的学生，可以先花一个月的时间将新概念第二和第三册的美英版听写完，然后再来听写老托福的lecture。 创造全英语听力环境 是指“下意识的听力练习”。它是指为自己创造一个英文的环境，比如早晨一起床，我们就打开音箱播放英语，可以是托福的听力材料，可以是英文广播，也可以是一部英文电影等，这样做的好处是随时都可以听到英语，在潜移默化中不知不觉地加深对英语的敏感度。其实这点和泛听有点类似。 精听练习必不可少 是指精听。我们这里所说的“精听”步骤如下：一边听一边看原文，划出自己不认识或似曾相识但反应不过来的词;录音结束，开始查生词，写在原文的旁边，只要写出这个单词在这篇文章中的意思即可;将这篇材料当阅读文章快速精读一遍，彻底看懂;再一边看原文，一边放录音，嘴上要跟读，反复几遍，一直听到可以不看原文彻底听懂为止。精听材料有很多，推荐SSS(Scientific American’s Sixty-second Science)，它非常短，但信息量很大，更重要的是，它是新托福听力出题的重要来源。 多做延伸听力练习 是指高质量的泛听。泛听的“泛”并不指态度的懒散，而是针对整体的要求。我认为泛听的材料有两个：一个是National Geographic(国家地理频道)，另一个是Discovery(探索)。看的时候一定要有英文字幕。每天看，养成习惯，会有很大收获。虽然有些考生认为泛听没有效果，关键开始因人而异，找到适合考生自己的听力训练方法，自然事半功倍。
老托Part C精选93篇 1 Community service is an important component of education here at our university. We encourage all students to volunteer for at least one community activity before they graduate. A new community program called "One On One" helps elementary students who've fallen behind. You education majors might be especially interested in it because it offers the opportunity to do some teaching—that is, tutoring in math and English. You'd have to volunteer two hours a week for one semester. You can choose to help a child with math, English, or both. Half-hour lessons are fine, so you could do a half hour of each subject two days a week. Professor Dodge will act as a mentor to the tutors—he'll be available to help you with lesson plans or to offer suggestions for activities. He has office hours every Tuesday and Thursday afternoon. You can sign up for the program with him and begin the tutoring next week. I'm sure you'll enjoy this community service and you'll gain valuable experience at the same time. It looks good on your resume, too, showing that you've had experience with children and that you care about your community. If you'd like to sign up, or if you have any questions, stop by Professor Dodge's office this week. 【生词摘录】 https://www.doczj.com/doc/be15585404.html,ponent: n.［C］one of several parts that together make up a whole machine or system （机器或系统的）零件；成分；组成部分 2.tutor: n.［C］someone who teaches one pupil or a small group, and is directly paid by them 家庭教师，私人教师 v. to teach someone as a tutor 给… 当家庭教师；指导 3.mentor: n.［C］an experienced person who advises and helps a less experienced person 顾问，指导人，教练
托福听力常见难题解题思路分享 托福听力常见难题解题思路分享, 如何做对讲座开头题?今天给大家带来了托福听力常见难题解题思路分享，希望能够给帮助到大家，下面就和大家分享，来欣赏一下吧。 托福听力常见难题解题思路分享如何做对讲座开头题? 托福听力疑难考点解读：讲座开头问题 首先解释一下这个考点：所谓讲座开头部分，指的是教授开始的寒暄以及引入讲座的部分，时间在第一分钟左右。大家需要明确的是，在讲座开始部分的提问，无论学生还是老师是发出者，教授的意思大多数是要引出下文。比如托福考试曾经考过metacognition(元认知)，教授在刚开始先引出元认知的概念，然后就举例，说音乐家和其他人的大脑有个部分不一样，大家有谁能知道不同大脑的元认知在这个时候有何不同? 这个信息点以原因题的形式考的，问到为什么教授会问这个问题，答案自然是，为了讲到这篇主旨：大脑和元认知的关系。在人手必备的托福官方真题当中，这个考点也经常考到：托福官方真题17 L1实例讲解
“Amy: why don’t we know the exact date when this head was made? Professor: That’s a fair question. We are talking about prehistory here. So obviously the artists didn’t put a signature or date on anything they did. So how do we know when this figure was carved? ” 这是在讲座第一分十秒开始的一个问答，题目的考试形式是重听题，重听内容即以上片段中的内容，那么按照答题规律，这道题目不管问法如何，答案选的是引出下文： Why does the professor say this? A. to make the point that written records are not important B. to explain why the question is worth discussing C. to justify the omission of an important point D. to express this point about the quality of prehistoric art 正确答案B选项，虽然B说的是来解释一下为什么这个问题值得讨论，但正是说明这个问题是值得讨论的，所以接下来这篇讲座讲的便是对这个问题真正的全面的回答，即所谓的引出下文。
托福听力讲座天文类话题结构介绍 和举例 托福听力讲座中的天文类话题是大部分考生都比较陌生的一个话题，大家可能具备少许天文学的基本常识，但对于托福考试给出的材料来说显然是不够的。下面就和大家分享托福听力讲座天文类话题结构介绍和举例,希望能够帮助到大家，来欣赏一下吧。 托福听力讲座天文类话题结构介绍和举例 托福听力讲座天文类话题结构介绍 首先，主题概念的引出。往往考察主旨题。一定要注意新词的解释，留心各种形式的同位语。其次，通过举例子和对比、逻辑关系等，进行论证和分析。 最后，得出结论或总结。 托福official真题听力中天文学类话题举例 1、星球及特征 例如木星，冥王星，天狼星，太阳，月球等。
托福official真题2 lecture 4 小行星带是如何发现的。通过十进制原则，来引出波德定律，推理出波德定律是****于数学，而且是为了实现测量星球之间的距离。 托福official真题5 lecture 2 支持登月的原因。首先要了解行星构成的要素及年龄，盆地的形成是很好的研究对象。接着又说月球中含有水，可以供人们呼吸和作为燃料运用。 托福official真题22 lecture 2 讨论和太阳相关的谜。 托福official真题18 lecture 1 关于太阳黑子的研究，并阐述了随着时间的推移，这个研究是不断进步。先是欧洲人根据自己的信念主观臆断再到伽利略通过望远镜观察提出了挑战，然后到两位学者长年的研究发现太阳黑子数量变化和地磁周期一致。可见讲座的主旨是在说人类对于太阳黑子的科学认知的不断演变的过程。 2.天文学理论 例如日心说与地心说，不同天文学家的观点，古希腊人对天文现象的解释等。 托福official真题13 lecture 4流星。最开始教授说要讲不同种类的流星体，但是后来用了大篇幅去解释它的起源，然后又给了流星体分类，最后才讲到了流星，并对其进行分类阐述。
五大托福听力练习软件的简单介绍 五大托福听力练习软件由易到难为langman, delta, Kaplan, barron，TPO，分别如下：托福模考软件之Langman Langman界面还好,但是题实在是太简单了。Kaplan软件做的很好,可以录音,口语还有范答,用起来也很顺手。它的阅读文章难度比较大,因为全是文科文章。比如历史文化地理什么的,很适合理科生折磨自己,不过题不难。听力语速长度都还好吧,题简单。因此考生可以根据自己的实际英语水平，决定是否需要联系练习，或者是作为初练。 托福模考软件之delta 托福delta分为蓝和红两本书，据说题目丰富，难度比较适宜，适合考生作为前期的强化训练用。 托福模考软件之Kaplan 目前Kaplan 系列有2个版本，2008版和2009新版，但是，通过使用2本书作为参考后发现，这两本书在模考方面没有大的更新，和在网络上流传的版本是一模一样的。同时，该模考软件的阅读部分有乱码，听力部分比正常考试时间显得要短一些，而且无法通过打开光盘进行重听题目。口语部分的第1、2题出的和考试基本接近，但是在第四题的时候，reading 里的专业概念和具体的例子关联性不大，和考试有一定偏差。并且听力的第5题有时听起来过于啰嗦，第六题比较接近真实考试。写作部分的综合写作和考试的相似性不大。该书建议有时间就做，没时间可以放弃。 托福模考软件之barron Barron是最难的,而且带加试。听力加个加试就是1个半小时,阅读更长。barron难主要体现在它的长度上,阅读还好,听力比较难,有的lecture到10分钟了都。不过题不是很难。
托福模考软件之TPO TPO界面和真正考试是一样的,题比较简单，但针对性较强，听力、写作、阅读、口语每部分都要好好利用。其中流传于这样的一句话，TPO在手，托福考试不怕，虽然有点夸张，但是其重要性还是可见一斑。大家常用的TPO网站有TPO小站，但需要下载，还有些BUG。有一个托福备考的网站叫托福考满分，可以在线进行TPO练习和精听，无需下载。练习的时候可以先做完题目，然后使用“精听全文”功能，吃透整篇文章。精听还可以使用1.5倍数练习，精听练习是熟悉托福听力文章结构与考点很好的练习办法，这里不多说了，大家可以上网找找相关的练习技巧。老托Part C和SSS也挺全的。缺点是不能装在手机上使用，如果出手机版就更赞了。 以上就是五大托福听力练习软件的简单介绍了，介绍中有一些个人主观因素在内，仅供大家参考。因此要想客观的了解这些软件的实际利弊，还需要考生自身去实践才能得出适合自己的结论。 水军回复：
老托福听力93篇(87-88)-These days we take 87 These days we take for granted the wide variety of music available on the radio. But, this wasn't always the case. In the early days of radio, stations were capable of broadcasting only a narrow range of sounds, which was all right for the human voice but music didn't sound very good. There was also a great deal of crackling and other static noises that further interfered with the quality of the sound. A man named Edwin Armstrong, who was a music lover, set out to change this. He invented FM radio, a technology that allowed stations to send a broad range of frequencies that greatly improved the quality of the music. Now, you'd think that this would have made him a millionaire; it didn't. Radio stations at that time had invested enormous amounts of money in the old technology. So the last thing they wanted was to invest millions more in the new technology. Nor did they want to have to compete with other radio stations that had a superior sound and could put them out of business. So they pressured the Federal Communications Commission, the department of the United States government that regulates radio stations, to put restrictive regulations on FM radio. The result was that its use was limited to a very small area around New England. Of course as we all know, Edwin Armstrong's FM technology eventually prevailed and was adopted by thousands of stations around the world. But this took years of court battles and he never saw how it came to affect the lives of almost everyone. 【生词摘录】 1. crackling: n. [C]爆裂声 2. static: adj. 静电的 3. FM: 调频(frequency modulation) 4. frequency: n. [C]频率 5. millionaire: n. [C]百万富翁，大富豪 6. restrictive: adj. 限制性的 7. regulation: n. 规则，规章 8. prevail: v. 流行，盛行，获胜，成功 9. adopt: v. 采用 88 I'm going to talk about a train that exemplifies the rise and fall of passenger trains in the United States: the Twentieth Century Limited. Let me go back just a bit. In 1893, a special train was established to take people from New York to an exposition in Chicago. It was so successful that regular service was then set up between these cities. The inaugural trip of the Twentieth Century Limited was made in 1902. The train was different from what anyone had ever seen before. It was pulled by a steam engine and had five cars: two sleepers, a dining car, an observation car, and a baggage car, which, believe it or not, contained a library. The 42 passengers the train could carry were waited on by a large staff. There were even secretaries and a barber on board. It wasn't long before people had to wait two years to get a reservation. As time passed, technical improvements shortened the trip by a few hours. Perhaps the biggest technological change occurred in 1945, the switch from steam to diesel engines. By the 1960's, people were traveling by car and airplane. Unfortunately, the great old train didn't survive until the end of the century it was named for. 【生词摘录】
Linking of Sounds 连读现象 历年TOEFL听力最常考的连读现象可细化为六种方式： 1．“辅音+元音”式：即前一个单词结尾的辅音与后一个单词开头的元音相连读。 辅音[s]+元音 It’s easy. 这很简单。 ? I have lots of friends.我有很多朋友。 ? Let’s eat lunch. 我们现在吃午饭吧。 ? 辅音[z] +元音 He’s angry. 他生气了。 ? She’s in trouble. 她有麻烦了。 ? Where’s our car? 我们的车在哪里？ ? 辅音[m] +元音 Am I too late? 我是不是太晚了？ ? Come on in. 请进。 ?? What time is it now?现在几点? ?? ? 辅音[n] +元音 You can ask later. 你可以过一会儿再问。 ?
He’s an engineer.他是一名工程师。 ?? Turn off the TV, please.请把电视关掉。 ? 辅音[r] +元音 Your every wish will be done. 你所有的心愿都会实现。 ? Our exam was long.我们的考试时间很长。 ? Your answer is right. 你的回答正确。 ?? 辅音[l] +元音 You can tell us the story.你可以告诉我们这个故事。 ? Fill out this application form. 请填好这张表格。 ? He’s as tall as you.他和你一样高。 ? travel agency 旅行社 ? 辅音[p] +元音 The cat is on top of the desk. 猫在桌子上。 ? Keep up the good work.继续保持，好好工作。 ? I’ll have a cup of coffee. 我要一杯咖啡。 ?
新托福结构听力法 什么是结构听力法？ 自从托福变得iBT（变态）之后，大家都感觉到托福考试非常难。究其因由是因为考试不再是单纯的考单项，而是综合考试。除了阅读部分之外，都是三项综合考察。而在这几项能力的考察中，听力的考察尤其频繁。除了阅读，每个部分都涉及到听录音，记笔记。因此，听力部分的好坏，直接关系着整个托福考试的成败。因此找到攻克听力的方法尤为重要。教授托福听力多年，我总结出来，新托福听力所考察的，就是大家能否抓住主要内容的能力，能否忽略细小的细节，抓住最主要的结构，不管是听力部分，还是口语或者写作，都需要考生具备这种能力，因此我用“结构听力法”命名我的教学法。 所谓的结构听力法，顾名思义就是学会如何抓主要结构。首先，我们可以分析一下托福听力的考察方面。根据官方指南所给出的托福听力对技能的考察，我们可以看出，托福听力主要考察三个方面： 1. basic understanding （基本理解）50% 2. pragmatic understanding （实际理解）25% 3. connecting information （连接信息）25 `% 而这三个方面如果再详细的分析的话，可以看出具体是考察6种技能： 1. identifying the topic and main idea （主题） 2. listen for details (主要细节) 3. determining attitude and purpose （态度，目的，重放题较多） 4. making inferences and predictions （推断题） 5. categorization information （分类） 6. summering a process （过程） 从上面的考察点我们可以看出，托福听力考察大结构，不考小细节，另外根据美国的思维方式，我们还要熟知，答托福题，一定要直线思维，不能用推理思维。 大结构Vs 小细节 直线思维Vs. 推理思维 关于直线思维给大家举个例子： 有个重放录音题目，录音播放的是：“…easy solutions if you could afford it!”其中大家会定位到两个选项上： B. The solution she describes is obvious. C. The solution was not a common practice. 如果按照推理思维，我们会选C，因为里面提到了如果负担得起就是简单的方法。大家的思路是这样的，负担得起就是简单的方法，那引申义就是很多人都负担不起，因此不是一个常见的做法。其实答案是B，ETS想考你的就是，easy solutions, 对应的表达意思就是obvious.
因果关系： 因为（原因, 源于）: due to，as，for, because(of), since, owing to, thanks to, come from, result from, initiate from, derive from, arise from, originate from,in that, on account of,be attributed to 所以（结果，导致）：therefore, thereby, thus, hence, consequently, as a consequence, so, so that, as a result(of), result in, bring about, accordingly, account for, give rise to, contribute to, lead to, spark, prompt, be responsible to, stimulate, cause, make, render, spur, push, motivate 对比转折关系: in contrast to, while, whereas, nevertheless, instead of, but，yet, conversely, alternatively, on the contrary, contrary to, in contrast, different from, differ from, however, rather than, unlike, in fact, while, meanwhile 并列比较关系：or, vice versa, also, as well as, both and, either or, neither nor, in the same way, equally, similarly, similar to, like, just like, unlike，likewise, not onlybut also, more than.
老托福听力Part C 93篇-5 [生词摘录] 1. videotape: V. to record a television programme, film etc. on a videotape 2. vacuum: n. [C] a space that is completely empty of all gas, especially one from which all the air has been taken away 3. shade: n. [U] slight darkness or shelter from the direct light of the sun made by something blocking it 4. toasty: adj. [AmE] (informal) warm and comfortable 5. Fahrenheit: n. [U] a scale of temperature in which water freezes at 32°and boils at 212° 6. marvel: n. [C] something or someone surprisingly useful or skillful, that you like and admire very much 7. enlargement: n. [C] a photograph that has been printed again in a larger size 8. life-size(life-sized): adj. a picture or model of something or someone that is life-size is the same size as they are in real life 9. shuttle: n. [C] a spacecraft that can fly into space and return to Earth, and can be used more than once 10. mission: n. [C] an important job done by a member of the airforce, army etc, especially an attack on the enemy 11.torso: n. [C] your body, not including your head, arms, or legs 12. durable: adj. staying in good condition for a long time even
详解托福听力心理学相关背景知识托福听力相对而言是比较有难度的项目，考生是要在平时积累足够的背景知识，再更多的做练习与了解托福听力评分标准，才可以在考试中取得理想成绩。下面老师为大家带来了托福听力心理学相关背景知识一文。 心理学——Psychology： 心理学：主要表示研究心理现象客观规律的科学。心理现象主要是指认识、情感、意志等心理过程和能力、性格等心理特征。 心理学研究牵涉了知觉、认知、情绪、人格、行为、人际关系、社会关系等相当多的领域，同样是和日常生活的许多领域——家庭、教育、健康等发生关联。心理学一方面是试着使用大脑运作来解释个人基本的行为与心理机能，另外心理学同样是要尝试解释个人心理机能在社会行为以及社会动力中的角色;同时它也与神经科学、医学、生物学等科学有关，因为这些科学所探讨的生理作用会影响个人的心智。 针对ETS出题人而言，弗洛伊德(心理学家)最关键的思想理论成就也就是他的各种意识论。当然现代心理学对于意识以及认知的观点与弗洛伊德都是有大不同的，因为弗洛伊德的出发点是“治病救人”，因此他的理论不仅不是一般意义上的心理学，同样不是所谓的哲学，而是基于调整病态心理问题而生的理论。但老爷爷确实做出了很多前无古人的创举。 伪心理学： 心理学原本就属于一项很严谨的科学研究，要求不断的进行实验来验证所有的理论。另外心理学不但是在临床医学上被广泛应用，同时还在有的需要心理学研究辅助的行业也有非常重要的作用，例如在美剧里时常出现的“侧写(profiling)”，此为一种通过罪犯的行为方式推断其心理状态，最后分析罪犯的性格、职业、生活环境等的特殊刑侦手段。很多时候我
们都会将它与一些所谓“封建迷信”联系在一起，而所谓的“伪心理学”与真正的心理学最大的不同即为：伪心理学并不为他们的理论进行实验与验证。所以啦，看手相、面相、测字、通灵等等在科学界都被认为是“伪科学”。 以上就是老师介绍的托福听力心理学相关背景知识，更多精彩敬请关注本在线托福网。
新托福结构听力法 所谓的结构听力法，顾名思义就是学会如何抓主要结构。首先，我们可以分析一下托福听力的考察方面。根据官方指南所给出的托福听力对技能的考察，我们可以看出，托福听力主要考察三个方面： 1. basic understanding （基本理解）50% 2. pragmatic understanding （实际理解）25% 3. connecting information （连接信息）25 `% 而这三个方面如果再详细的分析的话，可以看出具体是考察6种技能： 1. identifying the topic and main idea （主题） 2. listen for details (主要细节) 3. determining attitude and purpose （态度，目的，重放题较多） 4. making inferences and predictions （推断题） 5. categorization information （分类） 6. summering a process （过程） 从上面的考察点我们可以看出，托福听力考察大结构，不考小细节，另外根据美国的思维方式，我们还要熟知，答托福题，一定要直线思维，不能用推理思维。 一、用结构听力法记笔记 任何一篇文章的时候，我们要注意如下的10点主要结构，每个结构都对应上述的考察点：1主题2定义3因果4过程5例子6转折7强调8列举9比较10总结 因此我们要根据这10点去记笔记，具体怎么记呢？下面我们按讲座和对话分别讲解。 4.2 讲座的结构 1．主题： 什么是主题？主题要记下来吗？怎样记主题？ 首先，老师在讲座开头可能会这样直接告诉你，“今天我要讲。。。Today, I will be talking about…”这样的开头是友好的，你很容易就找到主题。但是有些教授就会东扯西扯的。例如：上次我们讲了。。。今天我们讲。。。； Last time, we talked about…, today, we will be discussing… 我们一直在讲。。。今天我们来讲。。。 We’ve been talking about…Today, let’s discuss… 接着上次的。。。今天我们讲。。。 Continuing…Today, we will… 大家千万不要记他上次说的，要记后面的，后面的才是主题。 或者听完全文，感受一下，他说的最多的是什么，这才是主题。只在开头，中间，或者只在结尾讲一次的，都不是主题，切记！ 笔记可以不写，注意听！ 2．定义： 下定义的时候，有时候老师会有提示，例如：what I mean by…is….我说。。。的意思是。。。或者自己问问题：what is…? 或者电脑屏幕上出现生词，肯定会有解释，也肯定会考。一定要注意听。把要解释的名词写下来，解释的意思听懂即可，不用写。 常见信号词： “What I mean is…”、 “All that means is…” “…, which is / that is…（那就是说……）”
托福听力场景词汇 1.医院场景： 场景特点：关于学生看病和医院相关的场景。 常见套路：（1）常见病症的词汇 （2）常见治疗手段的词汇 （3）治病的常见句型总结 场景词汇：Diagnose, patient’s illness, painful, technological advance, blood and tissue sample血液组织样本, diagnostic techniques, detect diseases, variations in temperature, X rays, side effect, uncomfortable, endure pain, health care，Medical clinic and infirmary诊所医务室, nursing staff护理人员, get sick, a really bad cold, develop terrible coughs, pneumonia[nju?'m??n??] 肺炎, stay in the infirmary, don’t feel well, rest more an d skip a few classes, get medical excuse, the clinic hour, emergency number Modern medical facility, health needs, dental clinic牙科诊所, maternity[m?'t??n?t?] ward产房, operating room, special surgery外科手术, surgeons外科医生，Student Health Services, blood pressure, university nutritionists营养学家, processed foods加工食品, university hospital， Pain, discharge排放、流出, slight earache耳朵痛, take it easy Prevention, symptoms, cough, fever, running nose, head and bones ache, chill寒冷, flu, influenza[?nfl?'enz?] 流行性感冒, overtired过度疲劳, stressed out筋疲力尽的, exposure to virus, sneeze[sni?z]喷嚏, airborne virus空气传播病毒,
托福听力备考4个基本要素 托福听力中考生常会因为听不懂长难句而无法顺利解答题目，而长难句本身的高难度也会让许多同学头疼不已。下面就和大家分享托福听力备考4个基本要素，来欣赏一下吧。 托福听力备考4个基本要素 托福听力备考以“词”为首 “词”为四要素之首为，托福考试涉及艺术、生命科学、自然科学、社会科学四大学科，44个话题，考察学术环境下的听力能力，要求考生掌握8000左右词汇量，其中包括学科专有词汇。良好的词汇基础就是听力高分的必要因素。 那么不同年级的同学如何准备词汇呢?小学和初中阶段备考同学可以按照初中词汇、高中词汇、四级词汇、托福词汇的顺序进行准备，高中阶段的同学可以按照高中词汇、四级词汇、托福词汇的顺序备考，大学阶段的同学可以考虑从四级词汇或托福词汇开始备考。确定词汇记忆的范围后，我们还需要注意托福听力的词汇记忆不同于阅读的词汇记忆，虽然两者的范围相当，但记忆方法却截然不同。阅读讲究用“看”的方式来识词，而听力则要用听的方式。因此记单词的时候可以采取“看-听”同步的形式熟练生词发音，即时反应，尽量达到2秒内精准输出生词意思。
托福听力备考先“听”再“记” “听”，托福听力学习过程中，“听”先于“记”，同学们需要确保听懂听力的基础上，加强笔记。如何提升听的能力呢?我们可以采用泛听与精听结合的方式。泛听即广泛的听，用于培养英语语感，目的在于在听力练习中以掌握*的整体意思。因此，泛听并不要要求百分之百听懂听力材料中的所有细节,只求听懂大意。备考的同学可以选择自己喜欢的方式练习泛听，如看美剧、听英文歌、模仿英语演讲、听英文广播等。精听材料尽量选择官方真题Official或与考试学科、难度相近的资料。学习过程中需要进行精读、精听、模仿跟读、影子跟读、口述输出。 托福听力备考要合“理” “理”，这里指的是听力的逻辑规律。托福听力需要掌握一些基础的逻辑论证框架和出题规律，如问题-解决方案、举例论证、对比论证、因果论证、分类论证、反对-赞同等。 如官方真题Official27-L1体现论证体现事物的因果关系 Mangrove root systems have the ability to absorb and, well, trap sediments and pollutants in water that flow through them before they enter the ocean.This of course has beneficial results for the nearby coral reefs.
老托福听力93篇(45-46)-So, why did what is now 45 So, why did what is now called "modern dance" begin in the United States? To begin to answer this question, I'll need to backtrack a little bit and talk about classical ballet. By the late 1800's, ballet had lost a lot of its popularity. Most of the ballet dancers who performed in the United States were brought over from Europe. They performed using the rigid techniques that had been passed down through the centuries. Audiences and dancers in the United States were eager for their own, "contemporary" dance form. And, so, around 1900, dancers created one. So, how was this "modern" dance so different from classical ballet? Well, most notably, it wasn't carefully choreographed. Instead, the dance depended on the improvisation and free, personal expression of the dancers. Music and scenery were of little importance to the "modern" dance, and lightness of movement wasn't important either. In fact, modern dancers made no attempt at all to conceal the effort involved in a dance step. But even if improvisation appealed to audiences, many dance critics were less than enthusiastic about the performances. They questioned the artistic integrity of dancers who were not professionally trained and the artistic value of works that had no formal structure. Loie Fuller, after performing Fire Dance, was described as doing little more than turning "round and round like an eggbeater." Yet, the free, personal expression of the pioneer dancers is the basis of the "controlled freedom" of modern dance today. 【生词摘录】 1. backtrack: v. (由原路)返回，后退 2. ballet: n. [C]芭蕾舞 3. rigid: adj. 严格的 4. contemporary: adj. 当代的 5. choreograph: v. 设计舞蹈动作，精心编排 6. improvisation: n. 即席创作 7. scenery: n. 舞台布景 8. lightness: n. 轻盈，灵活 9. conceal: v. 隐藏 10. eggbeater: n. [C]打蛋器 11. pioneer: adj. 先驱，创始人 12. controlled freedom: 克制的自由 46 Today I want to discuss fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gas. The term "fossil fuel" refers to the trapped remains of plants and animals in sedimentary rock. You see, living plants trap energy from the sun by the process of photosynthesis, and they store the energy in their chemical compounds. Most of that energy is released when the plant dies and decays. However, sometimes organic matter is buried before it decays completely. In this way some of the solar energy becomes trapped in rocks, hence the name fossil fuel. Although the amount of organic matter trapped in any one growing season is small, the accumulated remains from millions of years are considerable. Because the accumulation rate is so slow, millions of times slower than the rate at which we now dig up this organic matter and