英语四级和六级写作测试经历
大学英语四级考试的过程:
8:40考生进入，检查听力调频和试听
9:00考试材料分发
9:10考试正式开始，考生们开始答题。
9:35监考人员口头提醒5分钟后开始听力测试
9:40听力测试开始，考生注意及时填写答题纸1
10:10听力测试结束，监考人员收回答题卡1
10:15考试继续进行，考生完成了阅读理解和翻译部分。11:15监考人员口头提示考生在10分钟内完成考试。11:25考试结束时，监考人员收回了试卷和答题纸2。
大学英语六级考试流程:
14:40考生进入，检查听力调频和试听
15:00考试材料发放
15:10考试正式开始，考生们开始答题。
15:35监考人员口头提醒5分钟后开始听力测试
15:40听力测试开始，考生注意及时填写答题纸1
16:10听力测试结束后，监考人员收回答题纸1。
16:15考试继续进行，考生完成了阅读理解和翻译部分。监考人员口头提醒考生在10分钟内完成考试。
17:25结束时，监考人员收回了试卷和答题纸2。
英语四六级各题型考前备考方法 听力 建议各位考生朋友在冲刺阶段，要保证每天听上至少三十分钟的真题听力，不要计较能听懂多少，首先要保证听，其次才是精听。具体的做法就是： (1)第一天：完整的听一套真题听力。不要在乎结果，尽量听，哪怕只能听懂其中的几个词也可以接受。 (2)第二天：把之前一天听过的听力再听一遍。要求同上，也不是急于全文听懂。在这次听过之后，可以把原文拿出来朗读一遍。 (3)第三天：还是之前的材料，这次听一句，停顿一下，尽量重复说一遍，至于对错与否，也不要太过执着。 (4)第四天：材料同上，完整的听一遍即可，这次通常会有点感觉到能听懂较多了。 (5)第五天：材料同上，听一句，重述一句，对着原文检查一下，再听，再复述，到完全正确为止。 这就是一份真题应该做到的精听。如果第五天还不能做到，就按照上述步骤的4，5重复做到完全正确为止。 复合式听写 题目序号：36-46 (前八题每题分，后三题每题2分) 及格数量：6分 (写对至少5个单词，至少写出2句话的大意) 核心技巧： 1. 一定要挤出至少2分钟的时间，预览整个文章。(考前时间或者DIRECTION时间)特别关注高频词汇，因为他们会出现在后三空中! 例如：2010年12月真题： Writing keeps us in touch with other people. We write to communicate with relat ives and friends. We write to preserve our family histories…… growing importance of computers, however, there will always be a place and need for the personal lette
1. The Advantages and Disadvantages of Private Tutoring Private tutoring is “in”. A recent investigation shows that about 80 percent of pupils have private tutors. While private tutoring has both advantages and disadvantages, I feel that we should give more thoughts to its negative effects. Such a popular practice clearly indicates that people are attaching greater importance to education. Many parents either missed the chance of obtaining a good education themselves or have been too busy with their own business. When their children meet with difficulties in study, they are helpless. Private tutoring seems to be the only solution. As private tutoring is usually given on the one-to-one basis, the teacher knows the strong points as well as the weak points of the pupil; and teaching is, in most cases, directly to the point. Private tutoring benefits a lot of pupils, indeed. While on the other hand, private tutoring has its own disadvantages. For one thing, it takes up so much of the pupil’s time that they can hardly find enough time for rest or entertainment, which is essential for kids’ physical and mental health. Besides, some teachers, busy “shuttling” from one family to another, tend to neglect their regular teaching duties. What is more, some teachers are eager to help pupils do well on the test, offering the so-called tips for test-taking instead of helping them acquire
英语四级作文万能模板及范文（多种版）Argumentation型 1） some, others, I 型 （1）模版一 There is no consensus among the people as to the view of ______ ___ (主题). Some people hold the idea that _______________________ (观点A). A case in point is that _____________________________ (支持观点A的例子). On the other hand, others may have a quite different view. Acco rding to them, ______________ (观点B). The most typical example is that __________ (支持观点B的例子). Weighing the pros and cons of these arguments, I am inclined to agree with the latter. Admittedly, the former point of view seems reasonable in saying to some extent, but the latter is more convinc ing. （2）模版二 ___________ (主题) is a common occurrence in our lives. The att itudes toward this issue vary from person to person. Some people te nd to ______________ when they are asked _________________ (观点A) because _______________________ (支持观点A的原因). The most typical example is that ____________________________ (支持观点A的例子).
2012大学英语四级考试写作辅导 记叙文的思路与练习 记叙文是以叙述人物的经历和事物的发展变化过程为主要表现形式的一种文体。记叙文既可以以写人为主，又可以以写事为主。写记叙文要注意记叙文的“六大要素”即： 时间（When）——何时发生，有没有具体时间？ 地点（Where）——何地发生，有没有地点变化？ 人物（Who）——何人参与，谁是主角？ 事件（What）——发生了什么，有何特点？ 原因（Why）——事件的起因？ 结果（How）——事件的经过及结局？ 一般说来，在一篇记叙文中这六大要素是缺一不可的。 记叙文的思路就围绕这六大要素充分展开。 【例】四级考试中，只出现过一次专门的记叙文体裁的写作，即“An Early Morning Walk”（1988.6.），2003年6月出现过包含记叙文的作文，即“An Eye-Witness Account of a Traffic Accident”。 对于“An Early Morning Walk”，知道命题要求后，我们就要开始构思了。 When：题目已规定了是“清晨”，在这个时候，“我”去散步。 Where：到哪儿散步？去公园？在校园里？在街上（街上空气不好，还是不去！）。 Who：在公园里看到晨练的人：中老年人、年轻人、小孩子;在校园里看到读书背单词的学生。 What：人们热火朝天地做操，随音乐跳舞，打球，等等。 Why：清晨空气清新，适合锻炼;一日之际在于晨，背背书，读读单词。 当然，由这个题目可以令人想到很多东西，因篇幅所限，我们做了删减。
An Early Morning Walk One morning I got up very early，and everything around was very quiet. The sun had just risen，shining brilliantly and everything seemed to be covered with a layer of golden silk. There were only some birds singing occasionally in the tall trees. I strolled along the street toward the park，breathing the fresh air and feeling extremely happy. When I arrived at the park，I found，to my surprise，that there were so many people there. Men and women，boys and girls，all were enjoying themselves in their various activities. Some were doing morning exercises，some were playing badminton and some old people were having their tea while talking to each other cheerfully. I wandered around the park. To my delight，I found a few middle-school students talking to each other in English in one corner of the park. I went up and spoke to them in English. We soon became friends. I was very glad to find another opportunity to practice my spoken English. On the way home，I realized that an early morning walk really was good and healthful. Taking early morning walks makes one healthy and wise. 【点评】文章按照时间顺序（in chronological order），第一句话点明时间（One morning）、人物（第一人称“I”），并简要描述了早晨的特点（What was the setting），接着第二段第一句话交代地点（in the park），然后介绍公园里人们及作者的活动（What was happening），最后在文章结尾点题，即，归纳中心思想——Taking early morning walks makes one healthy and wise. 仅仅189个单词既满足了记叙文的“六大要素”，又有明确的中心思想和生动的细节，行文方式符合要求。 1. 以“A Most Unlucky Day”为题，想想该怎么写。注意：题目的中心词是“unlucky”。 When： Where： Who： What： Why： How： 参考思路
英语四六级复习方法 英语四六考试复习方案 九月：基础备考 核心：词汇及语法积累(9月3日至9月30日，每日复习时间：2小时~3小时) 十月到十一月：强化备考(最核心期) 核心：真题训练 第二轮：(10月21日至12月5日，每日复习时间：2.5小时~3小时)这段时间，拿出第二套真题集，抽取大约六套左右原来做过的题目重新做。如果准确率极高，说明之前真题练习不错，反之则证明效果不佳。要特别注意重复做错的题目。这两个月是备考的黄金期，放弃了这一段时间，就等于放弃了所有过级可能性。听课，接受引导式学习，是保证部分倍感自控无望的同学学习进度的最好方式。清明和五一长假的肆意玩耍经常会使得之前学习成果瞬间灰飞烟灭。还是那句话，坚持，就几乎等于胜利。 十二月上旬：冲刺备考 核心：回顾错题，模拟考试 (12月5日至12月19日，每日复习时间：2.5小时~3小时) 几乎所有考试失败的前辈都会悲叹上场之后，考试时间不够，所以再次强化自己的考场能力成为最后时日的关键。拿出最后剩余的真题，选择早晨的9点整(四级)或下午的3点整(六级)，计时完成题目。你需要分析自己的强弱项，提前计划在正式考试时如何利用优势弥补劣势，让分数最大化。当然，继续背那些重复出现却总是记混的单词也是好的选择。如果完成了上述一切，恭喜你，你将极有可能在14年12月20日的考试中获得满意成绩，并且形成一套不
仅仅局限于英语学习的良好学习方法。拥有坚持的习惯和正确的方法，一切关于是否取消考试的传言，不过是朵朵浮云。各位加油! 英语四六级复习计划 选做一套近年来的四六级考题(如：2012年6月大学英语四六级考题)，并在考试规定的时间里答题，以从整体答题效果上找出自己的弱点，如：听力感觉迟钝?文章阅读速度较慢?读懂了文章后的问题却找不准文章中与之相对应的语句?不知如何下笔翻译?写作感觉词不达意，不知道如何根据写作要求较好地进行论点的陈述和写作内容的展开?发现了自己的这些弱点后就可以中进行有针对性的复习了。) 制定一个有效的复习计划(复习计划最好含有“阶段性目标”)，并遵循计划进行复习。 把词汇复习作为四级复习的第一步。对于大多数参加四级考试的考生来说，答题的主要障碍都来自于词汇量的不足，所以四级复习需要把词汇学习作为复习的首要工作。 下面是笔者帮助广大四级考生粗略安排的一份四级复习计划，建议每位考生可以根据自己的英语基础和复习情况进行一定调整，以实现最有效的复习。 英语四六级单词 毫无疑问，单词是英语备考的基础部分，单词关，也是想顺利通过考试的的同学们必过的一关。许多同学对厚厚的单词书总是望而生畏，背单词也是有始无终，虎头蛇尾。那么我们最需要做的就是要有效的记忆单词。这个有效包括：我们用最少的时间记住最重要的单词。现在市场上有很多单词书是按照单词出现的频率编写的，例如，文都教育的《大学英语四级词汇分频妙计》，它把四级考试的单词按出现频率进行了归类，把最常出现的单词放在最前面，这样就保证了我们可以非常有效的记忆单词，达到事半功倍的效果。 英语四六级听力
范例一 For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic: Attend Your Classes Regularly。You should write at least 120 words following the outline given below in Chinese. 1. 现在大学校园里，迟到、早退、旷课是常见的现象 2. 保证学生的出勤率对大学教育的重要性 3. 作为一个大学生应该怎样做 Attend Your Classes Regularly Nowadays it is a very common phenomenon that some university students are late for or even absent from classes. And still there are some students who slip out of the classroom before the class is over. Class attendance has become a thorny problem to both the students and teachers. In fact, it is very important for the students to attend their classes regularly. First, it will ensure you to catch up with the teachers in your learning. That is very helpful to you if you want to do a good job in your study. Second, attending classes regularly is a way of showing respect to your teachers ,too. Your teachers will feel bad if the students do not attend their classes, which, in turn, will affect their teaching and be no good for the students. Third, attending classes regularly will help to form a good habit of punctuality, which is of great importance for the students to do a good job in the future. Therefore, we university students should form the good habit of attending our classes regularly from now on. And some day we’ll benefit from it. 点评：2008年元月三日，中山大学博士发帖称遭导师虐待；2008年元月四日，中国政法大学爆“杨帆门”事件；近几年，中小学老师或打学生或猥亵学生、体罚学生等各类新闻不断曝光，进而引发了师生关系的大讨论。本范例题为四级考试传统的问题解决型的写作，与校园生活密切相关。 范例二 For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic: Students’ Rating of Their Teachers。You should write at least 120 words following the outline given below in Chinese. 1. 学生给老师打分已经普遍 2. 人们对其持不同态度 3. 我的看法 Students’ Rating of Their Teachers Nowadays, it has become as common in colleges and universities for students to grade teachers as for teachers to grade students. In some universities students’ rating has even become the only source of information on teaching effectiveness.. This, however, has caused great controversy. Some are in favor of the rating system, They hold that since students attend the teachers’ classes every day, they should have their opinion
大学英语四级写作素材整理 近几年的四级作文题基本上都是要求考生就某种现实现象或观点发表自己的看法，内容多是考生所熟悉的社会热点话题或大学生生活题材。写好四级作文有两个关键点：第一，根据英文的表达习惯来安排写作结构;第二，用自己熟悉的英文词汇、句式和句 型正确地写出自己的观点和看法。因此，老师将按照起承转合的结构安排，为大家详细介绍一下写作中常用的重点关联词汇、短语、句式及句型，好为大家四级写作提供有用的素材。 (一)起 观点(现象性)： 1. When it comes to…, differ ent people hold different views. Some argue that…, while others believe that… 2. Now people in growing numbers are beginning to believe that… 3. Nowadays, it is generally believed that…, but I doubt whether… 4. As is known to all, …(谚语或名言). A case in point is that… 描述性： 1. One of the most serious problems our country is faced with nowadays is … 2. As we can easily see from the above graph, the figure of …has nearly decreased/increased …times, compared with… 3. From… to …, great changes have taken place in… (二)承 1. 关联词语或重点词汇： 递进： first, second, third…last; firstly, secondly, thirdly… finally; to begin with, what’s more, in the end; first of all, then, next, moreover, furthermore…, in the first place, in the second place, last but not least 举例：
学霸对英语四六级的备考建议 学霸对英语四六级的备考建议 一、词汇 词汇是英语学习的基础，它的重要性自不必多说。全程班的课程安排中，前面一部分就是词汇讲解。我记得每节课时长只有三十分 钟左右，但是听课都得花上一个小时。听词汇课的过程中，我会记 录生词、释义以及例句。我也很喜欢用【开心词场】，除了对应班 级的词书外，我还背过其它词书(例如与中国传统文化相关的词汇等)。对于一些一下子记不住的单词，可以把它们记在笔记本上，常 去翻看。要注意的是，光知道单词的意思而不会用是不够的。我在 记单词的时候会关注一些近义词，以便写作文的时候能够活用词汇。 另外想说一下我个人的想法，我觉得要知道自己掌握的词汇量的具体数值并不容易，但是想大致确定词汇量是否足够可以看一下两点：1、做阅读的时候是否因为生词过多而无法理解文意;2、写作文 的时候是否想好了句子的架构却想不起对应的词汇。如果自觉词汇 量的不够的话，一定要趁备考时间充足加油记单词。如果目前掌握 的词汇量足够应考，也要常常复习避免遗忘。 在临考时(例如考前半个月)，没有必要强迫自己再记新的词汇。可以复习一下已记住的词汇，如果时间不够充裕的话也一定要复习 一下核心词汇(可以参考所购买资料附赠的词汇本或者用开心词场)。条件允许的话，还是建议在看词汇的时候朗读一下例句。 二、听力 我这次能取得高分离不开听力正确率的提高，所以希望小伙伴们也重视听力的练习。 听力大致分为短对话、长对话、独白、填词。如果对各类题的掌握程度差别较大，可以单独练习比较薄弱的题型;如果掌握程度差不多，则建议一次听一套练习。不过小沐我一开始也不是一套一套来
练习的，毕竟时长35分钟，一开始注意力还能集中，听着听着就容易走神。有着同样困扰的小伙伴们，如果备考时间充足，可以先把一份听力分两次听，但要保证听的时候注意力完全集中。然后保证充足的练习量(我有段时间每周去图书馆练4-5次听力)，这样的话几个月后连续听35分钟也不那么容易走神了。 做听力的时候要先看选项，但是我不建议在准备期间看过多的题目，因为这样容易把信息混淆。至于一次看多少题的选项，还需要小伙伴们通过练习把握自己的节奏。在看选项的时候可以用笔划出“重点”，所谓“重点”，就是指某两个或四个选项间有明显区别的部分。 在听长对话和独白的时候要记得作笔记，而且笔记要简洁明了。例如当对话中出现两个人的信息时，可以分别写下他们的名字(或简写)，然后把相关的信息分别列在后边。 填词比起改革前要简单许多，英语基础不错的小伙伴们可以要求自己“最多错两个”，尽量要全对。不过填词时也容易犯漏了“to”、"in"等介词的错误，这个就需要大家注意在第三遍听的时候不掉以轻心，仔细检查。 三、阅读 四、翻译 对于一般题材的文字，我相信英语基础还不错的同学应该能保证翻译出来的单句的正确性。但是碰上传统文化(这次是科技类)题材的文字时，可能会觉得有些词不知道怎么翻。考场上碰到的话也就只能找意思相近的写啦，考前还是建议多准备。开心词场里有传统文化相关词汇的词书，应该对备考有帮助。一般来说，做翻译题是有打草稿的位置和时间的。正式考试时可以先把粗翻的内容写在试题卷的空白处，然后看看有哪些词可以改成“高级词汇”，哪些句型可以变换一下(例如把短句合并成长句)。尽量让译出来的文章看起来流畅优美，这样小瑕疵也不会减太多分啦~ 五、作文
For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic: Attend Your Classes Regularly。You should write at least 120 words following the outline given below in Chinese. 1. 现在大学校园里，迟到、早退、旷课是常见的现象 2. 保证学生的出勤率对大学教育的重要性 3. 作为一个大学生应该怎样做 Attend Your Classes Regularly Nowadays it is a very common phenomenon that some university students are late for or even absent from classes. And still there are some students who slip out of the classroom before the class is over. Class attendance has become a thorny problem to both the students and teachers. In fact, it is very important for the students to attend their classes regularly. First, it will ensure you to catch up with the teachers in your learning. That is very helpful to you if you want to do a good job in your study. Second, attending classes regularly is a way of showing respect to your teachers ,too. Your teachers will feel bad if the students do not attend their classes, which, in turn, will affect their teaching and be no good for the students. Third, attending classes regularly will help to form a good habit of punctuality, which is of great importance for the students to do a good job in the future. Therefore, we university students should form the good habit of attending our classes regularly from now on. And some day we’ll benefit from it. 点评：2008年元月三日，中山大学博士发帖称遭导师虐待；2008年元月四日，中国政法大学爆“杨帆门”事件；近几年，中小学老师或打学生或猥亵学生、体罚学生等各类新闻不断曝光，进而引发了师生关系的大讨论。本范例题为四级考试传统的问题解决型的写作，与校园生活密切相关。 范例二 For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic: Students’Rating of Their Teachers。You should write at least 120 words following the outline given below in Chinese. 1. 学生给老师打分已经普遍 2. 人们对其持不同态度 3. 我的看法 Students’ Rating of Their Teachers Nowadays, it has become as common in colleges and universities for students to grade teachers as for teachers to grade students. In some universities students’ rating has even become the only source of information on teaching effectiveness.. This, however, has caused great controversy. Some are in favor of the rating system, They hold that since students attend t he teachers’ classes every day, they should have their opinion about their teachers’ effectiveness. Others, on the contrary, are strongly against it. They believe that there is much more to teaching than what is shown on students’ rating forms. Students sh ould not be expected to judge whether the materials they use are up to date or how well the teacher knows about the subject. These judgments require professional knowledge, which is best left for the teachers’ colleagues. I think students’ rating of their teachers is necessary, but it should be conducted in a way that can really shed meaningful light on teachers’ performance. Instead of rating the teachers’ knowledge on the subject, students should be asked to estimate what they have learned in a course, an d to report on such things as a teacher’s ability to communicate with students, his or her relationship with students, and his or her ability to arouse students’ interest in the subject. 点评：越来越多的高校采取让学生给老师打分的形式来了解教学反馈，并以此作为促进教学质量的有效手段。对此做法，管理部门及教学双方褒贬不一，看法迥异。本范例题为校园生活热议话题，值得关注。
目录 1.Should We Help Strangers? 2.Don’t Rely Too Much on Computers https://www.doczj.com/doc/be11468407.html, Talent Show 4.Killing Time Indoors 5.Restrict Mobile Phone in Library 6.My Opinion on Micro-blog 7.Celebrities as Products’ Spokespersons 8.Spam Message 9.Internet Slang 10.How to Relieve Stress 11.Is Military Training Necessary Now 12.Whom Do You Turn to When in Trouble? 13.On Self-employment of College Graduates 14.Text Messages on TV Shows 15.Attending Your Classes Regularly 16. A Brief Introduction to the University 17. A Letter to a Friend 18.Student Consultant to the Dean Wanted 19. A Letter of Thanks 20.ＡLetter of Job Application 21.How to Succeed in Passing CET-4?
22.Protect Non-Material Cultural Heritage 23.Suspend Schooling to Work 24.Registering Online with Real Names 25.Create a Conservation-Oriented Campus 26.Should Chinese Athletes Serve Overseas？ 27.Low-carbon Lifestyle 28.The Real-name Train Ticket System Launched 29.On Vegetarian 30.Should We Resume The Traditional Chinese Characters? 31.Principals Recommending Students to PKU 32.On Professional Ethics of Doctors 33.Should We Trace and Reclaim Cultural Relics Lost Overseas? 34.Should Enterprises Hold an Annual Meeting? 35.Should Universities Lower Admission Requirements for Celebrities 36.Does Technology Widen the Gap between the Poor and Rich? 37.On Lottery 38.Dialects in Movies and TV Series 39.Should Parents Read Their Children’s Diaries?
英语四级六级备考：阅读真题常见短语 1. abide by (=be faithful to;obey) 忠于;遵守 2. be absent from… 缺席，不在 3. absence or mind (=being absent-minded) 心不在焉 4. absorb (=take up the attention of) 吸引…的注意力(被动语态)：be absorbed in 全神贯注于… 近：be engrossed in;be lost in;be rapt in;be concentrated on;be focused on;be centered on 5. (be) abundant in (be rich in;be well supplied with) 富于，富有 6. access (to) (不可数名词) 能接近，进入，了解 7. by accident (=by chance，accidentally) 偶然地，意外 Without accident (=safely) 安全地 8. of one's own accord (=without being asked;willingly;freely) 自愿地，主动地 9. in accord with与…一致out of one's accord with 同…不一致 10. with one accord (=with everybody agreeing) 一致地 11. in accordance with (=in agreement with) 依照，根据 12. on one's own account 1)为了某人的缘故，为了某人自己的利益 2) (=at one's own risk) 自行负责 3) (=by oneself) 依靠自己 on account 赊账; on account of 因为; on no account 不论什么原因也不; of…account 有………重要性 13. take…into account (=consider) 把……考虑进去 14. give sb. an account of 说明，解释(理由)
四级写作范文必背经典 大学英语四级范文背诵(01) COLLEGE STUDENTS SHOULD ATTEND PHYSICAL EXERCISE Physical exercise is a necessary part of college life. However, still some college students do not like to attend sports activities, they think those activities waste their time and influence their study. Indeed, it is very unwise for college students to keep distance from physical exercise because physical exercise is not harmful but good to them. College students can benefit a lot from physical exercise. First of all, attending physical sports can help students build a strong body, and keep abounding energy. Moreover, physical exercise is an effective way to relief pressure and keep a pleasant move. Besides, by attending physical activities, students can have chances to contact and communicate with others which can help them improve their social skills. Nowadays, all colleges and universities have provided many sports facilities for students to do physical exercises, students can chose freely according to their interests and needs. As for me, I am keen on all kinds of ball games, especially football and basketball. From these games, I have gained a lot, and enjoined great pleasure. To conclude, physical exercise is beneficial to every college students, and therefore do not hesitate to attend sports activities. 大学英语四级范文背诵(02) Online games As a product of modern computer and the Internet, online games have become very popular among college students. Many students have enjoyed great pleasure and satisfaction from these games. But as we see, some students lacking self discipline on too much indulge in these games. So that their health and academic performances are affected. This phenomenon has caused much worry from the teachers and parents. However, some others argue that online games are not always harmful. They can train their ability of youngsters to respond to things quickly. Moreover, they can stimulate their imagination and their interest in computer science. More importantly, it does bring college students much pleasure and release their pressure greatly. Form my point of view, online games are wonderful entertainment if you play them in a clever way. When they interfere too much with your study, it is better for you to give them up at once, but if you have enough self control over them, you can certainly obtain real pleasure and benefit a lot from them. 大学英语四级范文背诵(03) Certificates Craze on Campus In recent years, to get a certificate has become a new craze among college students. Just randomly, ask a student on campus what he or she is busy doing, quite possibly, you may get the answer that he or she is preparing for a certificate of some kind. Why does this craze appear? There are two mainly reasons behind this phenomenon. First, it is the employments pressure that forces college students to get more certificates. With the admission expansion of