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世界各国货币英文缩写简写、货币名称和汇率换算各国货币名称的英文缩写简写主要国家货币简写：1．CNY（ChiNese Yuan）人民币2．FRF（FRench Franc）法国法郎3．HKD（Hong Kong Dollar）港元4．CHF（德文sCHweizer Franken）瑞士法郎5．USD（United States Dollar）美元6．CAD（CAnadian Dollar）加拿大元7．GBP（Great Britain Pound）英镑8．NLG（NetherLandish Guilder）荷兰盾9．DEM（德文DEutsche M ark）德国马克10．BEF（BElgischer Franc）比利时法郎11．JPY（JaPanese Yen）日元12．AUD（AUstralian Dollar）澳大利亚元各国详细货币简介：Afghani阿富汗尼Af Afghanistan阿富汗bath铢B Thailand泰国balboa巴波亚B Panama巴拿马aolivar博利瓦＄b Venezuela委内瑞拉colon（哥斯达黎加）科郎￠Costa Rica哥斯达黎加colon（萨尔瓦多）科郎￠El Salvador萨尔瓦多cordoba科多巴C＄Nicaragua尼加拉瓜cruzeiro克鲁赛罗Cr＄brazil巴西dalasi达拉西DG Gambia冈比亚dinar（阿尔及利亚）第纳尔DA Algeria阿尔及利亚dinar（伊拉克）第纳尔ID Iraq伊拉克dinar（约旦）第纳尔JD Jordan约旦dinar（科威特）第纳尔KD Kuwait科威特dinar（利比亚）第纳尔LD Libya利比亚dinar（也门民主人民共和国）第纳尔YD The People’s Democratic Republic of Yemen 也门民主人民共和国dinar（突尼斯）第纳尔D Tunisia突尼斯dinar（南斯拉夫）第纳尔DIN Yugoslavia南斯拉夫dirham迪拉姆DH Morocco摩洛哥dollar（澳大利亚）元＄A Australia澳大利亚dollar（巴哈马）元B＄Bahamas巴哈马dollar（百慕大）元DB＄Bermuda百慕大dollar（加拿大）元Can＄Canada加拿大dollar埃塞俄比亚）元＄Eth Ethiopia埃塞俄比亚dollar（斐济）元F＄Fiji斐济dollar（圭亚那）元G＄Guyana圭亚那dollar（香港）元HK＄Hongkong香港dollar（牙买加）元J＄Jamaica牙买加dollar（利比里亚）元L＄Liberia利比里亚dollar（马来西亚）元M＄Malaysia马来西亚dollar（新西兰）元NA＄NewZealand 新西兰dollar（新加坡）元S＄Singapore新加坡dollar（特立尼达和多巴哥TT＄Trinidad and Tobago特立尼达和多巴哥dollar（美国）元US＄USA美国dong（越南）盾D DBVN越南民主共和国drachma德拉克马Dr Greece希腊escudo（智利）埃斯库多E Chili智利escudo（葡萄牙）埃斯库多Esc Portugal葡萄牙forint福林Ft Hungary匈牙利franc（比利时）法郎BF Belgium比利时franc（布隆迪）法郎Fbu Burundi布隆迪Franc（非洲金融共同体）法郎Franc（非洲金融共同体）法郎CFAF Cameroon喀麦隆；The Central African Republic中非共和国；Chad乍得；The People''s Republic of the Congo 刚果人民共和国；Dahomey达荷美；Gabon加蓬；Ivory Coast象牙海岸；Niger尼日尔；Senegal塞内加尔；Toto多哥；Upper Volta上沃尔特等franc(法国) 法郎FF France法国franc（卢森堡）法郎LuxF Luxemb(o)urg 卢森堡franc（马尔加什）法郎FMG The Malagasy Republic马尔加什共和国franc（马里）法郎MF Mali马里franc(卢旺达)法郎RF Rwanda卢旺达franc(瑞士)法郎Sf Switzerland瑞士gourde古德G Haiti海地guarani瓜拉尼C Paraguay巴拉圭Guilder(或florin)（荷兰）盾fF Netherlands荷兰kip基普K Laos老挝koruna（捷克）克朗KeS Czechoslovakia捷克斯洛伐克krona（冰岛）克朗IKr Iceland冰岛krona（瑞典）克朗SKr Sweden瑞典krone（丹麦）克朗DKr Denmark丹麦krone（挪威）克朗NKr Norway挪威kwacha（马拉维）克瓦查MK Malawi马拉维kwacha（赞比亚）克瓦查K Zambia赞比亚kyat（缅甸）元K Burma缅甸lek列克Lek Albania阿尔巴尼亚lempira伦皮拉L Honduras洪都拉斯leone利昂Le Sierra Leone塞拉利昂leu列伊Lv Romania罗马尼亚lev列弗L Bulgaria保加利亚lira(意大利)里拉Lit Italy意大利Lira（土耳其）里拉（或镑）LT Turkey土耳其Mark（德意志联邦共和国）马克DM GFR德意志联邦共和国Markka（芬兰）马克Fmk Finland芬兰Naira奈拉Nigeria 尼日利亚new cedi新塞地NC Ghana加纳Ouguiya乌吉亚UM Mauritania毛里塔尼亚pa''anga邦加T＄Tonga汤加Peseta比塞塔Ptas Spain西班牙peso（阿根廷）比索＄a Argentina阿根廷peso（玻利维亚）比索＄b Bolivia玻利维亚peso（哥伦比亚）比索Col＄Colombia哥伦比亚peso(古巴)比索Cub＄Cuba古巴peso（多米尼加）比索RD＄The Dominican Republic多米尼加共和国peso（墨西哥）比索Mex＄Mexico墨西哥peso（菲律宾）比索P Philippines菲律宾peso（乌拉圭）比索Ur＄Uruguay乌拉圭pound（塞浦路斯）镑￡C Cyprus塞浦路斯pound（埃及）镑LE Egypt埃及pound（英国）镑￡(￡Stg) Great Britain英国pound（爱尔兰）镑￡Ir Ireland爱尔兰pound（黎巴嫩）镑LL Lebanon黎巴嫩pound（马耳他）镑￡M Malta马耳他pound（苏丹）镑￡S Sudan苏丹pound（叙利亚）镑LS Syria叙利亚quetzal格查尔Q Guatemala危地马拉Renminbiyuan人民币元RMB China中国rial（伊朗）里亚尔Rls Iran伊朗riel瑞尔Cambodia柬埔寨riyal（沙特阿拉伯）里亚尔SRls Saudi Arabia沙特阿拉伯riyal（阿拉伯也门共和国）里亚尔YRls The Arab Republic of Yemen阿拉伯也门共和国rouble卢布R(rub, Rbl) USSR俄罗斯rupee（印度）卢比Rs India印度rupee（毛里求斯）卢比MRs Mauritius毛里求斯rupee（尼泊尔）卢比NRs Nepal尼泊尔rupee（巴基斯坦）卢比PRs Pakistan巴基斯坦rupee（斯里兰卡）卢比SRs Sri Lanka斯里兰卡rupiah（印度尼西亚）卢比（或盾）Rp Indonesia印度尼西亚schilling(奥地利)先令Sch Austria(奥地利)shilling（肯尼亚）先令KSh Kenya(肯尼亚)shilling（坦桑尼亚）先令TSh 坦桑尼亚shilling（乌干达）先令USh 乌干达sol索尔s/ 秘鲁Somali shilling索马里先令ShSo Somali索马里sucre苏克雷S/ Ecuador厄瓜多尔syli西里syli syli几内亚tugrik图格里克Tug Mongolia蒙古won（朝鲜）圆W The Democratic People''s republic of Korea 朝鲜民主主义人民共和国日元￥Japan日本扎伊尔Z Zaire扎伊尔兹罗提Zl Poland波兰注：①dellar的符号＄也可作＄。
各国货币名称的英文缩写主要国家货币1．CNY（ChiNese Yuan）人民币2．FRF（FRench Franc）法国法郎3．HKD（Hong Kong Dollar）港元4．CHF（德文sCHweizer Franken）瑞士法郎5．USD（United States Dollar）美元6．CAD（CAnadian Dollar）加拿大元7．GBP（Great Britain Pound）英镑8．NLG（NetherLandish Guilder）荷兰盾9．DEM（德文DEutsche M ark）德国马克10．BEF（BElgischer Franc）比利时法郎11．JPY（JaPanese Yen）日元12．AUD（AUstralian Dollar）澳大利亚元各国详细货币Nome名称Symbol or Abbreviation 称号或缩写Country of Place 国家或地区Afghani阿富汗尼Af Afghanistan阿富汗bath铢B Thailand泰国balboa巴波亚B Panama巴拿马aolivar博利瓦＄b Venezuela委内瑞拉colon（哥斯达黎加）科郎￠Costa Rica哥斯达黎加colon（萨尔瓦多）科郎￠El Salvador萨尔瓦多cordoba科多巴C＄Nicaragua尼加拉瓜cruzeiro克鲁赛罗Cr＄brazil巴西dalasi达拉西DG Gambia冈比亚dinar（阿尔及利亚）第纳尔DA Algeria阿尔及利亚dinar（伊拉克）第纳尔ID Iraq伊拉克dinar（约旦）第纳尔JD Jordan约旦dinar（科威特）第纳尔KD Kuwait科威特dinar（利比亚）第纳尔LD Libya利比亚dinar（也门民主人民共和国）第纳尔YD The People's Democratic Republic of Yemen 也门民主人民共和国dinar（突尼斯）第纳尔D Tunisia突尼斯dinar（南斯拉夫）第纳尔DIN Yugoslavia南斯拉夫dirham迪拉姆DH Morocco摩洛哥dollar（澳大利亚）元＄A Australia澳大利亚dollar（巴哈马）元B＄Bahamas巴哈马dollar（百慕大）元DB＄Bermuda百慕大dollar（加拿大）元Can＄Canada加拿大dollar埃塞俄比亚）元＄Eth Ethiopia埃塞俄比亚dollar（斐济）元F＄Fiji斐济dollar（圭亚那）元G＄Guyana圭亚那dollar（香港）元HK＄Hongkong香港dollar（牙买加）元J＄Jamaica牙买加dollar（利比里亚）元L＄Liberia利比里亚dollar（马来西亚）元M＄Malaysia马来西亚dollar（新西兰）元NA＄NewZealand 新西兰dollar（新加坡）元S＄Singapore新加坡dollar（特立尼达和多巴哥TT＄Trinidad and Tobago特立尼达和多巴哥dollar（美国）元US＄USA美国dong（越南）盾D DBVN越南民主共和国drachma德拉克马Dr Greece希腊escudo（智利）埃斯库多E Chili智利escudo（葡萄牙）埃斯库多Esc Portugal葡萄牙forint福林Ft Hungary匈牙利franc（比利时）法郎BF Belgium比利时franc（布隆迪）法郎Fbu Burundi布隆迪Franc （非洲金融共同体）法郎Franc（非洲金融共同体）法郎CFAF Cameroon喀麦隆；The Central African Republic中非共和国；Chad乍得；The People's Republic of the Congo 刚果人民共和国；Dahomey达荷美；Gabon加蓬；Ivory Coast象牙海岸；Niger尼日尔；Senegal塞内加尔；Toto多哥；Upper Volta 上沃尔特等franc(法国) 法郎FF France法国franc（卢森堡）法郎LuxF Luxemb(o)urg 卢森堡franc（马尔加什）法郎FMG The Malagasy Republic马尔加什共和国franc（马里）法郎MF Mali马里franc(卢旺达)法郎RF Rwanda卢旺达franc(瑞士)法郎Sf Switzerland瑞士gourde古德G Haiti海地guarani瓜拉尼C Paraguay巴拉圭Guilder(或florin)（荷兰）盾fF Netherlands荷兰kip基普K Laos老挝koruna（捷克）克朗KeS Czechoslovakia捷克斯洛伐克krona（冰岛）克朗IKr Iceland冰岛krona（瑞典）克朗SKr Sweden瑞典krone（丹麦）克朗DKr Denmark丹麦krone（挪威）克朗NKr Norway挪威kwacha（马拉维）克瓦查MK Malawi马拉维kwacha（赞比亚）克瓦查K Zambia赞比亚kyat（缅甸）元K Burma缅甸lek列克Lek Albania阿尔巴尼亚lempira伦皮拉L Honduras洪都拉斯leone利昂Le Sierra Leone塞拉利昂leu列伊Lv Romania罗马尼亚lev列弗L Bulgaria保加利亚lira(意大利)里拉Lit Italy意大利Lira（土耳其）里拉（或镑）LT Turkey土耳其Mark（德意志联邦共和国）马克DM GFR德意志联邦共和国Markka（芬兰）马克Fmk Finland芬兰Naira奈拉Nigeria 尼日利亚new cedi新塞地NC Ghana加纳Ouguiya乌吉亚UM Mauritania毛里塔尼亚pa'anga邦加T＄Tonga汤加Peseta比塞塔Ptas Spain西班牙peso（阿根廷）比索＄a Argentina阿根廷peso（玻利维亚）比索＄b Bolivia玻利维亚peso（哥伦比亚）比索Col＄Colombia哥伦比亚peso(古巴)比索Cub＄Cuba古巴peso（多米尼加）比索RD＄The Dominican Republic多米尼加共和国peso（墨西哥）比索Mex＄Mexico墨西哥peso（菲律宾）比索P Philippines菲律宾peso（乌拉圭）比索Ur＄Uruguay乌拉圭pound（塞浦路斯）镑￡C Cyprus塞浦路斯pound（埃及）镑LE Egypt埃及pound（英国）镑￡(￡Stg) Great Britain英国pound（爱尔兰）镑￡Ir Ireland爱尔兰pound（黎巴嫩）镑LL Lebanon黎巴嫩pound（马耳他）镑￡M Malta马耳他pound（苏丹）镑￡S Sudan苏丹pound（叙利亚）镑LS Syria叙利亚quetzal格查尔Q Guatemala危地马拉Renminbiyuan人民币元RMB China中国rial（伊朗）里亚尔Rls Iran伊朗riel瑞尔Cambodia柬埔寨riyal（沙特阿拉伯）里亚尔SRls Saudi Arabia沙特阿拉伯riyal（阿拉伯也门共和国）里亚尔YRls The Arab Republic of Yemen阿拉伯也门共和国rouble卢布R(rub, Rbl) USSR俄罗斯rupee（印度）卢比Rs India印度rupee（毛里求斯）卢比MRs Mauritius毛里求斯rupee（尼泊尔）卢比NRs Nepal尼泊尔rupee（巴基斯坦）卢比PRs Pakistan巴基斯坦rupee（斯里兰卡）卢比SRs Sri Lanka斯里兰卡rupiah（印度尼西亚）卢比（或盾）Rp Indonesia印度尼西亚schilling(奥地利)先令Sch Austria(奥地利)shilling（肯尼亚）先令KSh Kenya(肯尼亚)shilling（坦桑尼亚）先令TSh 坦桑尼亚shilling（乌干达）先令USh 乌干达sol索尔s/ 秘鲁Somali shilling索马里先令ShSo Somali索马里sucre苏克雷S/ Ecuador厄瓜多尔syli西里syli syli几内亚tugrik图格里克Tug Mongolia蒙古won（朝鲜）圆W The Democratic People's republic of Korea 朝鲜民主主义人民共和国日元￥Japan日本扎伊尔Z Zaire扎伊尔兹罗提Zl Poland波兰注：①dellar的符号＄也可作＄。
主要国家货币1．CNY（ChiNese Yuan）人民币2．FRF（FRench Franc）法国法郎3．HKD（Hong Kong Dollar）港元4．CHF（德文sCHweizer Franken）瑞士法郎5．USD（United States Dollar）美元6．CAD（CAnadian Dollar）加拿大元7．GBP（Great Britain Pound）英镑8．NLG（NetherLandish Guilder）荷兰盾9．DEM（德文DEutsche M ark）德国马克10．BEF（BElgischer Franc）比利时法郎11．JPY（JaPanese Yen）日元12．AUD（AUstralian Dollar）澳大利亚元各国详细货币Nome名称Symbol or Abbreviation 称号或缩写Country of Place 国家或地区Afghani阿富汗尼Af Afghanistan阿富汗bath铢 B Thailand泰国balboa巴波亚B Panama巴拿马aolivar博利瓦＄b Venezuela委内瑞拉colon（哥斯达黎加）科郎￠Costa Rica哥斯达黎加colon（萨尔瓦多）科郎￠El Salvador萨尔瓦多cordoba科多巴C＄Nicaragua尼加拉瓜cruzeiro克鲁赛罗Cr＄brazil巴西dalasi达拉西DG Gambia冈比亚dinar（阿尔及利亚）第纳尔DA Algeria阿尔及利亚dinar（伊拉克）第纳尔ID Iraq伊拉克dinar（约旦）第纳尔JD Jordan约旦dinar（科威特）第纳尔KD Kuwait科威特dinar（利比亚）第纳尔LD Libya利比亚dinar（也门民主人民共和国）第纳尔YD The People's Democratic Republic of Yemen 也门民主人民共和国dinar（突尼斯）第纳尔D Tunisia突尼斯dinar（南斯拉夫）第纳尔DIN Yugoslavia南斯拉夫dirham迪拉姆DH Morocco摩洛哥dollar（澳大利亚）元＄A Australia澳大利亚dollar（巴哈马）元B＄Bahamas巴哈马dollar（百慕大）元DB＄Bermuda百慕大dollar（加拿大）元Can＄Canada加拿大dollar埃塞俄比亚）元＄Eth Ethiopia埃塞俄比亚dollar（斐济）元F＄Fiji斐济dollar（圭亚那）元G＄Guyana圭亚那dollar（香港）元HK＄Hongkong香港dollar（牙买加）元J＄Jamaica牙买加dollar（利比里亚）元L＄Liberia利比里亚dollar（马来西亚）元M＄Malaysia马来西亚dollar（新西兰）元NA＄NewZealand 新西兰dollar（新加坡）元S＄Singapore新加坡dollar（特立尼达和多巴哥TT＄Trinidad and Tobago特立尼达和多巴哥dollar（美国）元US＄USA美国dong（越南）盾D DBVN越南民主共和国drachma德拉克马Dr Greece希腊escudo（智利）埃斯库多E Chili智利escudo（葡萄牙）埃斯库多Esc Portugal葡萄牙forint福林Ft Hungary匈牙利franc（比利时）法郎BF Belgium比利时franc（布隆迪）法郎Fbu Burundi布隆迪Franc （非洲金融共同体）法郎Franc（非洲金融共同体）法郎CFAF Cameroon喀麦隆；The Central African Republic中非共和国；Chad乍得；The People's Republic of the Congo 刚果人民共和国；Dahomey达荷美；Gabon加蓬；Ivory Coast象牙海岸；Niger 尼日尔；Senegal塞内加尔；Toto多哥；Upper Volta上沃尔特等franc(法国) 法郎FF France法国franc（卢森堡）法郎LuxF Luxemb(o)urg 卢森堡franc（马尔加什）法郎FMG The Malagasy Republic马尔加什共和国franc（马里）法郎MF Mali马里franc(卢旺达)法郎RF Rwanda卢旺达franc(瑞士)法郎Sf Switzerland瑞士gourde古德G Haiti海地guarani瓜拉尼C Paraguay巴拉圭Guilder(或florin)（荷兰）盾fF Netherlands荷兰kip基普K Laos老挝koruna（捷克）克朗KeS Czechoslovakia捷克斯洛伐克krona（冰岛）克朗IKr Iceland冰岛krona（瑞典）克朗SKr Sweden瑞典krone（丹麦）克朗DKr Denmark丹麦krone（挪威）克朗NKr Norway挪威kwacha（马拉维）克瓦查MK Malawi马拉维kwacha（赞比亚）克瓦查K Zambia赞比亚kyat（缅甸）元K Burma缅甸lek列克Lek Albania阿尔巴尼亚lempira伦皮拉L Honduras洪都拉斯leone利昂Le Sierra Leone塞拉利昂leu列伊Lv Romania罗马尼亚lev列弗L Bulgaria保加利亚lira(意大利)里拉Lit Italy意大利Lira（土耳其）里拉（或镑）LT Turkey土耳其Mark（德意志联邦共和国）马克DM GFR德意志联邦共和国Markka（芬兰）马克Fmk Finland芬兰Naira奈拉Nigeria 尼日利亚new cedi新塞地NC Ghana加纳Ouguiya乌吉亚UM Mauritania毛里塔尼亚pa'anga邦加T＄Tonga汤加Peseta比塞塔Ptas Spain西班牙peso（阿根廷）比索＄a Argentina阿根廷peso（玻利维亚）比索＄b Bolivia玻利维亚peso（哥伦比亚）比索Col＄Colombia哥伦比亚peso(古巴)比索Cub＄Cuba古巴peso（多米尼加）比索RD＄The Dominican Republic多米尼加共和国peso（墨西哥）比索Mex＄Mexico墨西哥peso（菲律宾）比索P Philippines菲律宾peso（乌拉圭）比索Ur＄Uruguay乌拉圭pound（塞浦路斯）镑￡C Cyprus塞浦路斯pound（埃及）镑LE Egypt埃及pound（英国）镑￡(￡Stg) Great Britain英国pound（爱尔兰）镑￡Ir Ireland爱尔兰pound（黎巴嫩）镑LL Lebanon黎巴嫩pound（马耳他）镑￡M Malta马耳他pound（苏丹）镑￡S Sudan苏丹pound（叙利亚）镑LS Syria叙利亚quetzal格查尔Q Guatemala危地马拉Renminbiyuan人民币元RMB China中国rial（伊朗）里亚尔Rls Iran伊朗riel瑞尔Cambodia柬埔寨riyal（沙特阿拉伯）里亚尔SRls Saudi Arabia沙特阿拉伯riyal（阿拉伯也门共和国）里亚尔YRls The Arab Republic of Yemen阿拉伯也门共和国rouble卢布R(rub, Rbl) USSR俄罗斯rupee（印度）卢比Rs India印度rupee（毛里求斯）卢比MRs Mauritius毛里求斯rupee（尼泊尔）卢比NRs Nepal尼泊尔rupee（巴基斯坦）卢比PRs Pakistan巴基斯坦rupee（斯里兰卡）卢比SRs Sri Lanka斯里兰卡rupiah（印度尼西亚）卢比（或盾）Rp Indonesia印度尼西亚schilling(奥地利)先令Sch Austria(奥地利)shilling（肯尼亚）先令KSh Kenya(肯尼亚)shilling（坦桑尼亚）先令TSh 坦桑尼亚shilling（乌干达）先令USh 乌干达sol索尔s/ 秘鲁Somali shilling索马里先令ShSo Somali索马里sucre苏克雷S/ Ecuador厄瓜多尔syli西里syli syli几内亚tugrik图格里克Tug Mongolia蒙古won（朝鲜）圆W The Democratic People's republic of Korea 朝鲜民主主义人民共和国日元￥Japan日本扎伊尔Z Zaire扎伊尔兹罗提Zl Poland波兰注：①dellar的符号＄也可作＄。
亚洲：1阿富汗英文全称：Afghanistan 英文缩写：AFG2亚美尼亚英文全称：The Republic of Armenia英文缩写：ARM3阿塞拜疆英文全称：The Republic of Azerbaijan英文缩写：AZE4巴林英文全称：The Kingdom of Bahrain英文缩写：BRN5孟加拉共和国The People's Republic of Bangladesh英文缩写：BAN6不丹王国英文全称：Kingdom of Bhutan英文缩写：BHU7文莱英文全称：Brunei Darussalam英文缩写：BRU8缅甸英文全称：The Union of Myanmar英文缩写：MYA9柬埔寨英文全称：The Kingdom of Cambodia英文缩写：CAM10中国英文名称The People's Republic of China英文缩写CHN11塞浦路斯The Republic of Cyprus英文缩写：CYP12东帝汶英文全称：Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste英文缩写：TLS13印度英文全称：The Republic of India英文缩写：IND14印度尼西亚英文全称：The Republic of Indonesia英文缩写：INA15伊朗英文全称：The Islamic Republic of Iran英文缩写：IRI16伊拉克英文全称：The Republic of Iraq英文缩写：IRQ17以色列The State of Israel英文缩写：ISR18日本英文全称：Japan英文缩写：JPN19约旦英文全称：The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan英文缩写：JOR20哈萨克斯坦英文全称：The Republic of Kazakhstan英文缩写：KAZ21朝鲜英文全称：Democratic People's Republic of Korea英文缩写：PRK22韩国英文全称：Republic of Korea英文缩写：KOR23科威特英文全称：The State of Kuwait英文缩写：KUW24吉尔吉斯共和国英文全称：Kyrghyz Republic英文缩写：KGZ25老挝英文全称：The Lao People's Democratic Republic英文缩写：LAO26黎巴嫩英文全称：The Republic of Lebanon英文缩写：LIB27马来西亚英文全称：Malaysia英文缩写：MAS28马尔代夫(群岛)英文全称：The Republic of Maldives英文缩写：MDV29蒙古英文全称：Mongolia英文缩写：MGL30尼泊尔英文全称：Nepal英文缩写：NEP31阿曼英文全称：The Sultanate of Oman英文缩写：OMA32巴基斯坦英文全称：The Islamic Republic of Pakistan 英文缩写：PAK33菲律宾英文全称：The Republic of The Philippines英文缩写：PHI34卡塔尔英文全称：The State of Qatar英文缩写：QAT35沙特阿拉伯英文全称：Kingdom of Saudi Arabia英文缩写：KSA36新加坡英文全称：The Republic of Singapore英文缩写：SIN37斯里兰卡The Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka英文缩写：SRI38叙利亚英文全称：The Syrian Arab Republic英文缩写：SYR39塔吉克斯坦英文全称：The Republic of Tajikistan英文缩写：TJK40泰国英文全称：The Kingdom of Thailand英文缩写：THA41阿拉伯联合酋长国英文全称：The United Arab Emirat英文缩写：UAE42乌兹别克斯坦英文全称：The Republic of Uzbekistan英文缩写：UZB43越南英文全称：The Socialist Republic of VietNam英文缩写：VIE44也门英文全称：The Republic of Yemen英文缩写：YEM45巴勒斯坦英文全称：The state of Palestine英文缩写：PLE46格鲁吉亚Georgia英文缩写：GEO47土耳其英文全称：The Republic of Turkey英文缩写：TUR48土库曼斯坦英文全称：Turkmenistan英文缩写：TKM中国香港英文缩写：HKG中国澳门欧洲：1阿尔巴尼亚英文全称：The Republic of Albania英文缩写：ALB2安道尔共和国The Principality of Andorra 英文缩写：AND3奥地利The Republic of Austria 英文缩写：AUT4白俄罗斯The Republic of Belarus英文缩写：BLR5比利时The Kingdom of Belgium常用缩写：BEL6波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那Bosnia and Herzegovina英文缩写：BIH7保加利亚The Republic of Bulgaria英文缩写：BUL8克罗地亚共和国The Republic of Croatia英文缩写：CRO9捷克共和国The Czech Republic英文缩写：CZE10丹麦The Kingdom of Denmark常用缩写：DEN11西班牙Spain英文缩写：ESP12爱沙尼亚The Republic of Estonia英文缩写：EST13芬兰The Republic of Finland英文缩写：FIN14马其顿共和国英文全称：The Republic of Macedonia英文缩写：MKD15法国英文全称：The Republic of France英文缩写：FRA16德国英文全称：The Federal Republic of Germany英文缩写：GER17英国The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland缩写：GBR18希腊英文全称：The Republic of Greece英文缩写：GRE19匈牙利英文全称：The Republic of Hungary英文缩写：HUN20冰岛英文全称：The Republic of Iceland英文缩写：ISL21爱尔兰英文全称：Ireland英文缩写：IRL22意大利The Republic of Italy英文缩写：ITA23拉脱维亚英文全称：The Republic of Latvia英文缩写：LAT24列支敦士登英文全称：The Principality of Liechtenstein英文缩写：LIE25立陶宛The Republic of Lithuania英文缩写：LTU26卢森堡The Grand Duchy of Luxembourg英文缩写：LUX 英文缩写：LUX27马耳他英文全称：The Republic of Malta英文缩写：MLT28摩纳哥英文全称：The Principality of Monaco英文缩写：MON29黑山Montenegro 英文缩写：MNE30荷兰英文名称：The Kingdom of the Netherlands常用缩写：NED31挪威英文名称：The Kingdom of Norway常用缩写：NOR32波兰英文全称：The Republic of Poland英文缩写：POL33葡萄牙英文全称：The Portuguese Republic英文缩写：POR34摩尔多瓦英文全称：The Republic of Moldova英文缩写：MDA35罗马尼亚英文全称：Romania英文缩写：ROU36俄罗斯英文全称：The Russian Federation英文缩写：RUS37圣马利诺英文全称：The Republic of San Marino英文缩写：SMR38塞尔维亚英文全称：The Republic of Serbia英文缩写：SRB39斯洛伐克英文名称：The Slovak Republic国家缩写：SVK40斯洛文尼亚英文全称：The Republic of Slovenia英文缩写：SLO41瑞典英文全称：The Kingdom of Sweden英文缩写：SWE42瑞士英文名称：Swiss Confederation常用缩写：SUI43乌克兰英文全称：UKRAINE英文缩写：UKR44梵蒂冈城国The Vatican City state英文缩写：非洲:1阿尔及利亚The Democratic People's Republic of Algeria缩写：ALG2安哥拉英文全称：The Republic of Angola英文缩写：ANG3贝宁英文全称：The Republic of Benin英文缩写：BEN4博茨瓦那英文全称：The Republic of Botswana英文缩写：BOT5布基纳法索国英文全称：The Burkina Faso英文缩写：BUR6布隆迪英文全称：The Republic of Burundi 英文缩写：BDI7喀麦隆英文名称：The Republic of Cameroon常用缩写：CMR8佛得角英文全称：The Republic of Cape Verde英文缩写：CPV9中非英文全称：The Central African Republic英文缩写：CAF10乍得英文全称：The Republic of Chad英文缩写：CHA11科摩罗英文全称：Union of Comoros英文缩写：COM12刚果（布）英文全称：The Republic of Congo英文缩写：CGO13科特迪瓦英文全称：The Republic of Cote d'ivoire英文缩写：CIV14民主刚果英文全称：The Democratic Republic of Congo英文缩写：COD15吉布提英文全称：The Republic of Djibouti英文缩写：DJI16埃及英文名称：The Arab Republic of Egypt英文缩写：EGY17赤道几内亚英文全称：The Republic of Equatorial Guinea 英文缩写：GEQ18厄立特里亚英文全称：The State of Eritrea英文缩写：ERI19埃塞俄比亚The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia英文缩写：ETH20加蓬英文全称：The Gabonese Republic英文缩写：GAB21 冈比亚英文全称：The Republic of the Gambia英文缩写：GAM22加纳英文全称：The Republic of Ghana英文缩写：GHA23几内亚英文全称：The Republic of Guinea英文缩写：GUI24几内亚比绍英文全称：The Republic of Guinea-Bissau英文缩写：GBS25肯尼亚英文全称：The Republic of Kenya英文缩写：KEN26莱索托英文全称：The Kingdom of Lesotho英文缩写：LES27利比里亚英文全称：The Republic of Liberia英文缩写：LBR28利比亚The Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya英文缩写：LBA29马达加斯加英文全称：The Republic of Madagascar英文缩写：MAD30马拉维英文全称：The Republic of Malawi英文缩写：MAW31马里英文全称：The Republic of Mali英文缩写：MLI32毛里塔尼亚英文全称：The Islamic Republic of Mauritania英文缩写：MTN33毛里求斯(非洲岛国)英文全称：The Republic of Mauritius英文缩写：MRI34摩洛哥英文全称：The Kingdom of Morocco英文缩写：MAR35莫桑比克英文全称：The Republic of Mozambique英文缩写：MOZ36纳米比亚英文全称：The Republic of Namibia英文缩写：NAM37尼日尔英文全称：The Republic of Niger英文缩写：NIG38尼日利亚英文全称：The Federal Republic of Nigeria英文缩写：NGR39卢旺达英文全称：The Republic of Rwanda英文缩写：RWA40 圣多美与普林西比共和国英文全称：The Democratic Republic of Sao Tome and Principe英文缩写：STP41塞内加尔英文全称：The Republic of Senegal英文缩写：SEN42塞舌尔群岛英文全称：The Republic of Seychelles英文缩写：SEY43 塞拉利昂英文全称：The Republic of Sierra Leone英文缩写：SLE44索马里英文全称：The Somalia Republic英文缩写：SOM45南非英文名称：The Republic of South Africa常用缩写：RSA46苏丹英文全称：The Republic of the Sudan英文缩写：SUD47斯威士兰英文全称：The Kingdom of Swaziland英文缩写：SWZ48多哥英文全称：The Republic of Togo英文缩写：TOG49突尼斯英文全称：The Republic of Tunisia英文缩写：TUN50乌干达英文全称：The Republic of Uganda英文缩写：UGA51坦桑尼亚英文全称：The United Republic of Tanzania英文缩写：TAN52赞比亚英文全称：The Republic of Zambia英文缩写：ZAM53津巴布韦英文全称：The Republic of Zimbabwe英文缩写：ZIM美洲：1安提瓜及巴布达英文全称：Antigua and Barbuda英文缩写：ANT2阿根廷英文名称：Republic of Argentina英文缩写：ARG3巴哈马英文全称：The Commonwealth of The Bahamas英文缩写：BAH4巴巴多斯英文全称：Barbados英文缩写：BAR5伯利兹英文全称：Belize英文缩写：BIZ6玻利维亚英文全称：The Republic of Bolivia英文缩写：BOL7巴西英文全称：The Federative Republic of Brazil英文缩写：BRA8加拿大英文全称：Canada英文缩写：CAN9智利英文全称：Republic of Chile英文缩写：CHI10哥伦比亚英文全称：The Republic of Colombia英文缩写：COL11 哥斯达黎加英文全称：The Republic of Costa Rica英文缩写：CRC12古巴英文全称：The The Republic of Cuba英文缩写：CUB13多米尼加共和国英文全称：The Commonwealth of Dominica英文缩写：DMA14多米尼克英文全称：The Dominican Republic英文缩写：DOM15厄瓜多尔英文全称：The Republic of Ecuador英文缩写：ECU16萨尔瓦多英文全称：The Republic of El Salvador英文缩写：ESA17格林纳达英文全称：Grenada英文缩写：GRN18危地马拉英文全称：The Republic of Guatemala英文缩写：GUA19圭亚那英文全称：The Cooperative Republic of Guyana英文缩写：GUY20海地英文全称：The Republic of Haiti英文缩写：HAI21洪都拉斯英文全称：The Republic of Honduras英文缩写：HON22牙买加英文全称：Jamaica英文缩写：JAM23圣卢西亚英文全称：Saint Lucia英文缩写：LCA24墨西哥英文全称：The United Mexican States英文缩写：MEX25尼加拉瓜英文全称：The Republic of Nicaragua英文缩写：NCA26巴拿马英文全称：The Republic of Panama英文缩写：PAN27巴拉圭英文全称：The Republic of Paraguay英文缩写：PAR28秘鲁英文全称：The Republic of Peru英文缩写：PER29圣基茨和尼维斯The Federation of Saint Kitts and Nevis英文缩写：SKN30苏里南英文全称：The Republic of Suriname英文缩写：SUR31特立尼达和多巴哥The Republic of Trinidad and Tobago英文缩写：TRI32乌拉圭英文全称：Oriental Republic of Uruguay英文缩写：URU33美利坚合众国英文全称：The United State of America英文缩写：USA34委内瑞拉英文全称：Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela英文缩写：VEN35圣文森特和格林纳丁斯Saint Vincent and the Grenadines英文缩写：VIN大洋州：1澳大利亚英文全称：The Commonwealth of Australia英文缩写：AUS2库克群岛英文全称：The Cook Islands英文缩写：COK3密克罗尼西亚英文全称：The Federated States of Micronesia缩写：FSM4斐济英文全称：The Republic of The Fiji Islands英文缩写：FIJ5基里巴斯共和国英文全称：The Republic of Kiribati英文缩写：KIR6马绍尔群岛英文全称：The Republic of Marshall Island英文缩写：MHL7瑙鲁英文全称：The Republic of Nauru英文缩写：NRU8新西兰英文全称：New Zealand英文缩写：NZL9帕劳共和国英文全称：The Republic of Palau英文缩写：PLW10巴布亚新几内亚The Independent State of Papua New Guinea 缩写：PNG11萨摩亚英文全称：The Independent State of Samoa英文缩写：SAM12所罗门群岛英文全称：The Solomon islands英文缩写：SOL13汤加群岛英文全称：The Kingdom of Tonga英文缩写：TGA14图瓦卢英文全称：Tuvalu英文缩写：TUV15瓦努阿图(共和国)英文全称：The Republic of Vanuatu英文缩写：VAN16纽埃Niue。
ISO国家代码表阿联酋United Arab Emirates AE ARE 784澳大利亚Australia AU AUS 036 澳大利亚联邦Commonwealth of Australia澳门Macau MO MAC 446 澳门Macau德国Germany DE DEU 276 德意志联邦共和国Federal Republic of Germany俄罗斯Russia RU RUS 643 俄罗斯联邦Russian Federation法国France FR FRA 250 法兰西共和国French Republic菲律宾Philippines PH PHL 608 菲律宾共和国Republic of the Philippines斐济Fiji FJ FJI 242 斐济共和国Republic of Fiji芬兰Finland FI FIN 246 芬兰共和国Republic of Finland韩国Korea,Republic of KR KOR 410 大韩民国Republic of Korea荷兰Netherlands NL NLD 528 荷兰王国Kingdom of the Netherlands加拿大Canada CA CAN 124 加拿大Canada柬埔寨Cambodia KH KHM 116 柬埔寨王国Kingdom of Cambodia卡塔尔Qatar QA QAT 634 卡塔尔国State of Qatar老挝Lao LA LAO 418 老挝人民民主共和国Lao People's Democratic Republic马尔代夫Maldives MV MDV 462 马尔代夫共和国Republic of maldives马来西亚Malaysia MY MYS 458 马来西亚Malaysia美国United States US USA 840 美利坚合众国United States of America墨西哥Mexico MX MEX 484 墨西哥合众国United States of Mexico日本Japan JP JPN 392 日本国Japan瑞典Sweden SE SWE 752 瑞典王国Kingdom of Sweden瑞士Switzerland CH CHE 756 瑞士联邦Swiss Confederation泰国Thailand TH THA 764 泰王国Kingdom of Thailand土耳其Turkey TR TUR 792 土耳其共和国Republic of Turkey乌克兰Ukraine UA UKR 804 乌克兰Ukraine香港Hong Kong HK HKG 344 香港Hong Kong新加坡Singapore SG SGP 702 新加坡共和国Republic of Singapore新西兰New Zealand NZ NZL 554 新西兰New Zealand意大利Italy IT ITA 380 意大利共和国Republic of Italy印度India IN IND 356 印度共和国Republic of India印度尼西亚Indonesia ID IDN 360 印度尼西亚共和国Republic of Indonesia英国United Kingdom GB GBR 826 大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern ireland越南Viet Nam VN VNM 704 越南社会主席共和国Socialist Republic of Viet Nam中国China CN CHN 156 中华人民共和国People's Republic of China中国台湾 Taiwan,China CT CTN 158 中国台湾 Chinese Taiwan。
世界各国的钱币三字缩写和单位杂记┊技术搜2008-07-31 16:43:58 阅读1105 评论6 字号：大中小订阅认识了人民币，那么得认识下港币，当这些都看厌了的时候，你是否会想触摸下欧元或是美钞泥。
不管他兑率是多少，都是钱钱呀~~，咳咳。
一样扔一张给我，暂时就满足了。
世界各国的钱币三字缩写和单位人民币CNY: Mainland China Yuan美元USD: U.S. Dollar港币HKD: Hong Kong Dollar新台币NTD: New Taiwan Dollar澳大利亚元AUD: Australia Dollar印尼盾IDR: Indonesia Rupiah新西兰元NZD: New Zealand Dollar比利时法郎BEF: Belgium Franc印度卢比INR: India Rupee菲律宾比索PHP: Philliphine Peso巴西币BRC: Brazil CruzeiroR意大利里拉ITL: Italy Lira俄罗斯卢布RUR: Russia Ruble加拿大元CAD: Canada Dollar日元JPY: Japanese Yen南非兰德ZAR德国马克DEM: Germany Mark韩元KRW: Korea Won瑞典克朗SEK: Sweden Krona丹麦克朗DKK: Denmark Krone澳门元MOP新加坡元SGD: Singapore Dollar欧元EUR: European Currency Unit墨西哥披索MEP: Mexico Peso西班牙币SPP: Spain Peseta法国法郎FRF: France Franc马来西亚林吉特币MYR: Malaysia Ringgit瑞士法郎CHF=Confederation Helvetica Franc（赫尔维蒂亚联邦）是瑞士联邦的拉丁文名称。
英镑GBP: Great Britain Pound荷兰基尔德NLG: Netherland Guilder泰国铢THB: Thailand Baht越南盾VND新西兰元NZD匈牙利福林HUF挪威币NOK阿根廷披索(ARS)智利披索(CLP)委瑞内拉币(VEB)亚洲国别货币名称国际标准货币符号辅币进位制中国香港港元HongKong Dollars HK＄HKD 1HKD=100cents（分)中国澳门澳门元Macao Pataca PAT.;P. MOP 1MOP=100avos（分）中国台湾中国台湾元TAIWAN,CHINA DOLLAR TWD中国人民币元Renminbi Yuan RMB￥CNY 1CNY=10 jao（角） 1 jao=10 fen（分）朝鲜圆Korean Won KPW 1KPW=100分越南越南盾Vietnamese Dong D. VND 1VND=10角=100分日本日圆Japanese Yen ￥;J.￥JPY 1JPY=100 sen（钱）老挝基普Laotian Kip K. LAK 1LAK 1LAK=100 ats（阿特)柬埔寨瑞尔Camboddian Riel CR.;J Ri. KHR 1KHR=100 sen（仙）菲律宾菲律宾比索Philippine Peso Ph.Pes.; Phil.P. PHP 1PHP=100 centavos（分）马来西亚马元Malaysian Dollar M.＄;Mal.＄MYR 1MYR=100 cents（分）新加坡新加坡元Ssingapore Dollar S.＄SGD 1SGD=100 cents（分）泰国泰铢Thai Baht (Thai Tical) BT.;Tc. THP 1THP=100 satang（萨当）缅甸缅元Burmese Kyat K. BUK 1BUK=100 pyas（分）斯里兰卡斯里兰卡卢比Sri Lanka Rupee S.Re. 复数:S.Rs. LKR 1LKR=100 cents（分）马尔代夫马尔代夫卢比Maldives Rupee M.R.R; MAL.Rs. MVR 1MVR=100 larees（拉雷）印度尼西亚盾Indonesian Rupiah Rps. IDR 1IDR=100 cents（分）巴基斯坦巴基斯坦卢比Pakistan Pupee Pak.Re.;P.Re. 复数:P.Rs. PRK 1PRK=100 paisa（派萨）印度卢比Indian Rupee Re.复数:Rs. INR 1INR=100paise（派士）（单数:paisa）尼泊尔尼泊尔卢比Nepalese Rupee N.Re.复数:N.Rs. NPR 1NPR=100 paise（派司）阿富汗阿富汗尼Afghani Af. AFA 1AFA=100 puls（普尔）伊朗伊朗里亚尔Iranian Rial RI. IRR 1Irr=100 dinars（第纳尔）伊拉克伊拉克第纳尔Iraqi Dinar ID IQD 1IQD=1000 fils（费尔）叙利亚叙利亚镑Syrian Pound ￡.Syr.; ￡.S. SYP 1SYP=100 piastres（皮阿斯特）黎巴嫩黎巴嫩镑Lebanese Pound ￡L. LBP 1LBP=100 piastres（皮阿斯特）约旦约旦第纳尔Jordanian Dinar J.D.; J.Dr. JOD 1JOD=1,000 fils（费尔）沙特阿拉伯亚尔Saudi Arabian Riyal科威特科威特第纳尔Kuwaiti Dinar K.D. KWD 1KWD=1,000 fils（费尔）巴林巴林第纳尔Bahrain Dinar BD. BHD 1BHD=1,000 fils（费尔）卡塔尔卡塔尔里亚尔Qatar Riyal QR. QAR 1QAR=100 dirhams（迪拉姆）阿曼阿曼里亚尔Oman Riyal RO. OMR 1OMR=1,000 baiza（派沙）阿拉伯也门也门里亚尔Yemeni Riyal YRL. YER 1YER=100 fils（费尔）民主也门也门第纳尔Yemeni Dinar YD. YDD 1YDD=1,000 fils（费尔）土耳其土耳其镑Turkish Pound (Turkish Lira) ￡T. (TL.) TRL 1TRL=100 kurus（库鲁）塞浦路斯塞浦路斯镑Cyprus Pound ￡C. CYP 1CYP=1,000 mils（米尔）欧洲国别货币名称国际标准货币符号辅币进位制欧洲货币联盟欧元Euro EUR EUR 1EUR=100 euro cents（生丁）冰岛冰岛克朗Icelandic Krona（复数：Kronur）I.Kr. ISK 1ISK=100 aurar（奥拉）丹麦丹麦克朗Danish Krona（复数：Kronur） D.Kr. DKK 1DKK=100 ore（欧尔）挪威挪威克朗Norwegian Krone（复数：Kronur）N.Kr. NOK 1NOK=100 ore（欧尔）瑞典瑞典克朗Swedish Krona（复数：Kronor）S.Kr. SEK 1SEK=100 ore（欧尔）芬兰芬兰马克Finnish Markka (or Mark) MK.;FM.; FK.;FMK. FIM 1FIM=100 penni（盆尼）俄罗斯卢布Russian Ruble (or Rouble) Rbs. Rbl. SUR 1SUR=100 kopee（戈比）波兰兹罗提Polish Zloty ZL. PLZ 1PLZ=100 groszy（格罗希）捷克和斯洛伐克捷克克朗Czechish Koruna Kcs.; Cz.Kr. CSK 100 Hellers=（赫勒）匈牙利福林Hungarian Forint FT. HUF 1HUF=100 filler（菲勒）德国马克Deutsche Mark DM. DEM 1DEM=100 pfennig（芬尼）奥地利奥地利先令Austrian Schilling Sch. ATS 1ATS=100 Groschen（格罗申）瑞士瑞士法郎Swiss Franc SF.;SFR. CHF 1CHF=100 centimes（分）荷兰荷兰盾Dutch Guilder(or Florin) Gs.;Fl.;Dfl.; Hfl.;fl. NLG 1NLG=100 cents（分）比利时比利时法郎Belgian Franc Bi.;B.Fr.; B.Fc. BEF 1BEF=100 centimes（分）*卢森堡卢森堡法郎Luxembourg Franc Lux.F. LUF 1LUF=100 centimes（分）英国英镑Pound, Sterling ￡;￡Stg. GBP 1GBP=100 new pence（新便士）爱尔兰爱尔兰镑Irish pound ￡.Ir. IEP 1IEP=100 new pence（新便士）法国法郎French Franc F.F.;Fr.Fc.; F.FR. FRF 1FRF=100 centimes（分）西班牙比塞塔Spanish Peseta Pts.;Pes. ESP 1ESP=100 centimos（分）葡萄牙埃斯库多Portuguese Escudo ESC. PTE** 1PTE=100 centavos（分）意大利里拉Italian Lira Lit. ITL 1ITL=100 centesimi（分）***马耳他马耳他镑Maltess Pound ￡.M. MTP 1MTP=100 cents（分）1Cent=10 mils（米尔）南斯拉夫南斯拉夫新第纳尔Yugoslav Dinar Din.Dr. YUD 1YUD=100 paras（帕拉）罗马尼亚列伊Rumanian Leu（复数：Leva）L. ROL 1ROL=100 bani（巴尼）保加利亚列弗Bulgarian Lev（复数：Lei）Lev. BGL 1BGL=100 stotinki（斯托丁基）阿尔巴尼亚列克Albanian Lek Af. ALL 1All=100 quintars（昆塔）希腊德拉马克Greek Drachma Dr. GRD 1GRD=100 lepton（雷普顿）or lepta（雷普塔）美洲国别货币名称国际标准货币符号辅币进位制加拿大加元Canadian Dollar Can.＄CAD 1CAD=100 cents（分）美国美元U.S.Dollar U.S.＄USD 1USD=100 cent（分）墨西哥墨西哥比索Mexican Peso Mex.＄MXP 1MXP=100 centavos（分）危地马拉格查尔Quatemalan Quetzal Q GTQ 1GTQ=100 centavos（分）萨尔瓦多萨尔瓦多科朗Salvadoran Colon ￠SVC 1SVC=100 centavos（分）洪都拉斯伦皮拉Honduran Lempira L. HNL 1HNL=100 centavos（分）尼加拉瓜科多巴Nicaraguan Cordoba CS NIC 1NIC=100 centavos（分）哥斯达黎加哥斯达黎加科朗Costa Rican Colon ￠CRC 1CRC=100 centavos（分）巴拿马巴拿马巴波亚Panamanian Balboa B. PAB 1PAB=100 centesimos（分）古巴古巴比索Cuban Peso Cu.Pes. CUP 1CUP=100 centavos（分）巴哈马联邦巴哈马元Bahaman Dollar B.＄BSD 1BSD=100 cents（分）牙买加牙买加元Jamaican Dollars ＄.J. JMD 1JMD=100 cents（分）海地古德Haitian Gourde G.;Gds. HTG 1HTG=100 centimes（分）多米尼加多米尼加比索Dominican Peso R.D.＄DOP 1DOP=100澳大利亚澳大利亚元Australian Dollar ＄A. AUD 1AUD=100 cents（分）新西兰新西兰元New Zealand Dollar ＄NZ. NZD 1NZD=100 cents（分）斐济斐济元Fiji Dollar F.＄FJD 1FJD=100 cents（分）所罗门群岛所罗门元Solomon Dollar. SL. ＄SBD 1SBD=100 cents。
Oceania大洋洲1Australia 澳大利亚英文缩写:AUSIt is the world's sixth-largest country by total area. This country has the mostbeautiful natural view. But very dry.澳大利亚的面积居世界第六位、自然景观非常美丽但十分干燥。
Famous building:Sydney Opera House 悉尼歌剧院The Sydney Opera House is a multi-venue performing arts centre in the Australian city of Sydney.It is one of the 20th century's most distinctive buildings and one of the most famous performing arts centres in the world.悉尼歌剧院，位于澳大利亚悉尼，是20世纪最具特色的建筑之一，也是世界著名的表演艺术中心。
2New Zealand 新西兰英文缩写：NZLNewzealand located in the southwest Pacific Ocean, is an island country.新西兰（New Zealand），位于太平洋西南部，是个岛屿国家。
几维鸟因叫声“几维”得名，被新西兰人看作是自己民族的象征，并且定为国鸟。
Kiwi due to call "a few dimensions," named after the New Zealanders as being a symbol of their nation, and as the national bird.3The Republic of The Fiji Islands斐济英文缩写：FIJThe Republic of the Fiji Islands is a multicultural island well-known natural view, and reallygood place for travellers.斐济群岛共和国是一个多元文化的岛国, 以自然景观而闻名是旅游胜地.Well-known natural view, and really good place for travellers. 以自然景观而闻名是旅游胜地4 New Caledonia:新喀里多尼亚岛英文缩写：NC新喀里多尼亚岛被称作为…世界尽头的天堂‟，地处澳大利亚与新西兰之间，位于南太平洋中部。
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Fiji WaterA Sustainability Report:Class assignment for Sustainability Science, ENVS 195 University of Vermont, taught by Dr. Saleem H. Ali, Fall, 2010By Ian Lynch, Colin Francis, Stefan Lutter, Daichi Takase, and Brendan BucklessFiji Water developed a simple product that has come to be a symbol of high class and support for the environment. Bottled water is a luxury product which the Fiji company claims is made with …sustainable practices‟. When one takes a closer look at the company and its product though, it is hard to come to the conclusion that they are indeed ahead of the curve on sustainability. Bottled water is surrounded by controversy, its sustainability firmly in question. Fresh water is an increasingly scarce resource that may become a growing source of conflict in the future, and there is likely no way to make bottled water of any kind sustainable. Tap water is more practical, efficient, and in many cases healthier than its bottled counterpart; and this is certainly true for the United States.We will examine the Fiji Water as a case study of one bottled water brand. We were inspired to asses Fiji Water, because of the Vermont State Legislature‟s recommendation that stores stop carrying Fiji Water due to health concerns, as well as the current campaign to ban bottled water entirely form the UVM campus due to sustainability concerns. We will look at the sustainability of the production and transportation of Fiji water; of its health concerns; and of its impacts on the Fijian environment, society and politics. We will then compare this to the alternative practice of drinking tap water, as well as the production and health effects of Klean Kanteens (stainless steel reusable water bottles) in conjunction with tap water.Sustainability of Production, Packaging and TransportationFiji Water, understandably from a marketing perspective, yet ironically for a bottled water company, designates a large portion of its website to making claims about the …sustainablepractices‟ they make as a company. They separate the sustainable practices into six categories; packaging, logistics, energy, waste and recycling, sourcing locally, and water management.Fiji‟s bottling plant is an ISO 14001 certified facility, which is part of what allowed them to …increase bottle-making and filling efficiency by 15% in 2009‟ (Fiji Water, 2010). Fiji Water is bottled in exclusively in PET plastic, a quality that the company defines as …rare‟ in the bottled water industry. Fiji claims on their website that this decision was made for the benefit of the environment, as according to them PET bottles require …24% less energy to produce, generate 40% less solid waste, and emit 46% less carbon during shipping than glass bottles‟ (Fiji Water, 2010). In addition, they note that PET is easily recyclable, in fact even in demand, and has many important post-consumer uses. The ability of PET to be recycled is important in Fiji Water‟s life cycle analysis. Indeed, there are a variety of post-consumer uses for PET, ranging from uses in carpeting to fibers in clothing. This plastic has potential after its initial use, but one problem certainly remains: in order for PET to be recycled, people have to recycle it. Currently, PET bottles still account for 11% of plastic based materials that ultimately end up in landfills (Saquing et al, 2010). Fiji al so mentions that using PET bottles protects the …safety and quality‟ of their product and Fiji‟s plant makes 50,000 of these bottles per hour on site in two factories (Lenzer, 2009), certainly contributing to the 1.5 million gallons of oil used to make plastic water bottles each year (Green Gazette).Although Fiji says they reduced their plastic content used for bottles in 2009 by an average of 10%, this should have been fairly easy as Fiji bottles weigh more than twice (>4 oz) the average (2 oz) of most other plastic water bottles (Philips, 2009). Fiji have converted to 100% recycled material for their shipping cartons, and are …investigating‟ use of recycled PET for bottles. Fiji Water‟s website claims that by producing 95% of their packaging on s ite orgetting it from local vendors it is benefiting the local economy and reducing “emissions associated with transport of raw materials and work-in-process packaging” (Fiji Water, 2010). This would be of massive importance to the sustainable aspect of Fiji Water, as shipping the packaging to Fiji from another location would add considerably to the ecological impact of the product. However, this is misleading, because the raw materials are still shipped in from outside sources and some are works-in-process when they reach the Fiji plant. The main example is that their plastic comes from a plant in China, which gets materials from other places to create the plastic (Lenzer, 2009). While it is true that the Fiji plant fabricates the plastic into their signature bottles on site, providing jobs for Fijians, they have not reduced transportation related emissions.Aside from simply becoming more efficient, 95% of Fiji‟s on-site waste is recyclable, and the remaining 5% is mostly …biodegradable‟. The wo rd biodegradable must be taken with a grain of salt though, as nothing will biodegrade in a landfill. The time that a product takes to biodegrade must also be considered, because many composting facilities can only compost …biodegradables‟ that can decompo se over a short time period. Their efforts towards recycling, however, are widespread, from ensuring their own waste is recycled to encouraging local programs in Fiji and even pushing recycling-oriented legislation in the United States. Fiji Water, of course, has vested interest in assuring that bottled waters continue to be used extensively in the United States.In terms of shipping, Fiji promotes their square bottle design as allowing them to use 10% less trucks when transporting their bottles, although it is believed that the initial incentive for this design was purely economical (Lenzer, 2009). Also, their decision to ship their products to New York via the Panama Canal instead of shipping to L.A. and trucking across the United States means 55% less greenhouse gas emissions. Although shipping is still a massive obstaclestanding in the way of sustainability for Fiji Water, this cut is an important reduction in the life cycle impact. This data does however only compares two paths of shipping to New York, and not an overall assessment of the impact their transportation has on greenhouse gas emissions. Fiji Water still ships to L.A. and then by truck to markets in the Midwest and uses trucks to get its product to many other destinations around the globe.Environmental, social and political impacts of Fiji Water’s operations in Fiji Fiji Water was created when founder David Gilmour heard of a study in the early 1990s that indicated the existence of the huge, 17 mile long aquifer located on Fiji‟s main island Viti Levu. He then obtained a 99-year lease that has allowed Fiji Water to tap the resource. Fiji‟s corrupt government has not been able to build the infrastructure or front the funds needed to tap into the aquifer for use by its own people, and so Fiji Water has nearly exclusive access to this crucial source of fresh water (Lenzer, 2009).Fiji Water asserts that without them Fiji would be in much worse shape than they are today. Without them, a chunk of the economy would disappear, school projects would collapse, and so would water access projects (Lenzer, 2009). Fiji Water reports that it accounts for 20% of Fiji‟s exports and thus 3% of its GDP, but is overshadowed by tourism and sugar as the major industries (Lenzer, 2009). They claim to also fund sanitation projects in Fiji, to underwrite kindergartners and in January 2009 they donated $500,000 to the military regime to help deal with flood relief and a subsequent $450,000 that summer for remediation projects (Lenzer, 2009). Fiji Water has managed to make water available to 40,000 Fijians through access projects (Fiji Water, 2010). Fijians do not however have access to the Fiji Water aquifer.Currently the government does not tax the company, and when taxes have been proposed the company has shut down its operations in protest (Lenzer, 2009). The government now seemsto have little will to confront the company, so the country receives little benefit from the exploitation of a major natural resource. Fiji Water has even been successful in keeping other local bottling companies from using the word “Fiji” in their product name (Lenzer, 2009). This prevents local people form benefiting from the name recognition that Fiji Water has built for the resource, and yet they boast on their website that they have benefited local economic development by advertising the country around the world. It is hard to believe that they have opened up doors for Fijians when Fiji Water has copyrighted the word “FIJI” in many nations including the U.S. (Lenzer, 2010).In response to threats from local villages during times of political unrest Fiji Water decided to donate in the neighborhood of $100,000 a year to help local communities. This is meager in comparison to the company‟s massiv e marketing budget, which clocked in at $10 million in 2008. They also paid $250,000 to be part founders of the SLC soccer stadium (Lenzer, 2009).Fiji Water‟s response to the Mother Jones article that Anna Lenzer wrote exposing controversies surrounding the company, does not point by point refute claims that she made about their operations or the state of water access in Fiji. Instead their rebuttal simply regurgitates the charitable efforts they list on other parts of their website. While, as any business would, they have invested more in local communities since violence erupted in 2000 when their plant was taken over by angry locals (Lenzer, 2009), they still don‟t offer the support they could. In the Mother Jones article Lenzer talks about the village Rakiraki near the Fiji plant, which experiences the many water problems that the rest of the country does. Fiji Water has clearly not heavily invested in improving the lives of people right next to their plant, despite boasting about their philanthropic efforts in the region.The aquifer that Fiji Water draws from is an incredible resource that should be used to benefit the people of Fiji, a nation where water issues abound. Water supply for locals is unreliable and outbreaks of typhoid and parasitic infections have occurred as a result (Lenzer, 2009). At present their problems include: “crumbling pipes, a lack of adequate wells, dysfunctional or flooded water treatment plants, and droughts” (Lenzer, 2009). Reliance on emergency water supplies is common, with families being rationed as little as four gallons a week (Lenzer, 2009). It has been reported that even patients at hospitals have to cart in their own water (Lenzer, 2009). The pipes in schools are reported to spew leaves, shells, and even frogs (Lenzer, 2009). In order to supplement their meager water supplies some Fijians will bust open fire hydrants or bribe water truck drivers (Lenzer, 2009). This dire water situation will only be exacerbated by climate change.The one way in which Fiji Water‟s operations in Fiji is sustainable, compared to other water extraction efforts in places as close to home as Maine, is that they do not draw on the aquifer in the Yaqara Valley faster that it is replenished (Fiji Water, 2010). The reforestation projects they fund in the valley also help preserve the quality of the water in the aquifer. However, if there is more water that can be drawn from the aquifer than they can bottle, as their website claims, why don‟t they make the extra wat er available to surrounding villages like Rakiraki?When Fiji Water brags about the naturally occurring geological protection that its aquifer provides Fiji Water a few interesting thoughts come to mind. First, if the rock surrounding the aquifer is impermeable, then how does rainfall permeate through it to replenish it at speeds greater than the company extracts water? If it is indeed impermeable is their extraction really sustainable? If it is permeable, then it is worth considering that the aquifer is downstream fromthe tailings of a gold mine. Also, how is getting water from an artesian source any different than from a municipal facility strictly regulated under the Safe Drinking Water Act in terms of quality? The answer is there is very little difference and drinking tap water is much more sustainable on many levels.Fiji Water planned to begin conservation and energy projects in 2008 to offset their carbon emissions by 120% (Lenzer, 2009). One problem with this goal is what they consider their current carbon emissions to be. They likely will use only the 2% increase in fuel usage by shipping vessels they claim to result from hiring them to ship their product in calculating their carbon emissions. As a large corporation they probably do effect the movement of shippers in some way, which could mean that they should account for more carbon emissions by the ships carrying their product. Another question worth asking is whether they include the carbon emissions of the Chinese diesel plant that makes the plastic they use. Their website reports the Chinese plant in the full carbon life cycle, but does not say that their offsetting efforts cover that plant and does not say anything of the transport of raw materials to the Chinese plant.The location of their conservation projects should also be considered. Are these projects going to occur in Fiji, where their water extraction harms an already degraded water system, or will Fiji Water carry out conservation projects in any other part of the world in search of the cheapest project that results in the most carbon offsetting qualities? Business interests may lead them to choose the later.The goals that they say will help fight climate change are based off of a model called …forward crediting‟, as reported by online trade journal ClimateBiz. The ad campaigns that say that their consumers are contributing to preventing climate change are therefore based on actions that have not yet happened, but will over the course of a few decades (Lenzer, 2009). Accordingto their website Fiji Water has saved the Sovi Basin rainforest. This 50,000-acre rainforest protection effort, also mentioned on Fiji Water Bottles, has not yet obtained a lease (Lenzer, 2009). So, while Fiji Water spokespersons are talking about their “green‟ efforts as though they have already occurred or are presently being carried out, they have not in reality. They are, in fact, future goals that have yet to be achieved, or in most cases, even begun.In addition to falling short of their supposed efforts to benefit the Fijian people and their environment, Fiji Water also has influence on the government in Fiji. Beyond the fact that due to their economic power, Fiji Water has forced the Fijian government to abandon efforts to tax and impose any sort of regulation on their plant, there are also claims that Fiji Water‟s operations legitimize the corrupt military junta. Fiji Water obviously refutes this, saying they have never offered the government suppor t of any kind. They don‟t actually have to do so to legitimize the junta. Simply by working with the Fijian embassies in places like Japan and the U.S. to market their product they legitimize it (Lenzer, 2009).Anna Lenzer‟s experience with the police in Fiji also indicates the company‟s effect on Fijian politics. The police questioned her, making accusations that she was working for another water company and trying to tarnish Fiji‟s name. Fijians in the government, military, and police force seem to support the company‟s operations and don‟t want problems for Fiji Water, because of the economic importance of the company to the country. This attitude makes the people in power in Fiji unlikely to challenge and regulate Fiji Water for the benefit of its people and environment.PET Health ConcernsFiji‟s website stresses the importance of water to the human body. They point out that, astonishingly, after oxygen, water is the second most important substance to our body, evennoting that approximate ly fifty to sixty percent of our bodies are made of water. “It (water) helps regulate body temperature, carry nutrients and oxygen to cells, remove waste, dissolve minerals and other nutrients, cushion joints, and protect organs, as well as a host of other critical physiological processes” (Fiji Water, 2010). Next, the website speaks on the especial benefits of Fiji Water that make it stand out from other forms of the liquid. They note the inclusion of silica, bicarbonate, PH, fluoride, and electrolytes. …O ur water gathers silica (also known as silicon), an important mineral that some believe may improve skin and make joints more flexible. Generally helpful in managing the effects of aging, silica may also help strengthen the skeletal system and support bone health‟ (Fiji Water, 2010). Bicarbonate, they say, prevents our blood from becoming too acidic or alkaline, and helps prevent the lactic acid buildup that leads to muscular fatigue. When mentioning the PH of Fiji Water they point out that the water has a normal for our body PH of 7.8 and that it contributes to our overall health. For fluoride Fiji says this: …many brands of purified bottled water undergo reverse osmosis or distillation treatments that remove most, or even all, of the fluoride from the water. FIJI Water contains 0.26mg of naturally occurring fluoride per liter, contributing to your daily intake of this tooth-strengthening element‟ (Fiji Water, 2010). Lastly, Fiji remarks on the need for replenishing charged ions (electrolytes) after a workou t. All seem completely reasonable reasons to quench one‟s thirst with a bottle of Fiji Water.Despite Fiji‟s pro-plastic claims, there are plenty of issues surrounding plastic, and particularly plastic used to package food and drinks. Materials from the plastic not only leach into the drinks and end up in the human body, possibly causing harmful effects, but also ultimately end up in the environment. PET, used by Fiji, is desirable in the industry because ofits clear characteristic, which emphasizes the cleanliness of the bottled water (Westerhoff et al, 2008).One common material that leaches into water from plastic bottles is the element antimony. Antimony is quite toxic and can lead to short term effects such as nausea and dizziness if levels are over the maximum contaminant level (MCL) (Westerhoff et al, 2008). Long-term exposure to antimony can lead to increased blood cholesterol and lower blood sugar. Although it is not specifically classified as a carcinogen due to lack of studies, it is similar to arsenic, a known carcinogen. Antimony-based catalysts produce more than 90% of PET products worldwide, as it is the cheapest, easiest catalyst (Westerhoff et al, 2009). A study of bottled water showed that antimony levels were 0.195 ppb at the beginning of the study and0.226 ppb after 3 months indoors at 22 C. The initial value is just below the maximum contaminant level for antimony in drinking water in Japan, 2 ppb, while the final value is above. In comparison, local (Southwestern United States) tap water contained .146 ppb. The study showed that time, temperature, and UV radiation all played a role in increasing antimony levels in the bottled water, although temperature was the most influential variable. This is of concern, because Fiji Water is shipped unrefrigerated on shipping vessels through tropical temperatures that exceed 22 C.When comparing the quality of plastic water bottles an examination of the plastics toxicity is critical. This is a clear benefit to not using plastic water bottles in comparison to stainless steel alternatives. The EPA has listed the terephthalate plastic used in Fiji water bottles as toxic. “Recent reports suggest that endocrine disruptors may leach into the contents of bottles made from polyethylene terephthala te (PET)”(Wagner & Oehlmann, 2009). These endocrine disruptors are a growing concern associated with many different types of plastics. Endocrinedisruptors interfere with natural hormone production and regulation and can therefore have very serious effects (Wagner & Oehlmann, 2009). There are concerns that even fairly low-level exposure can cause adverse effects in humans.Phthalates are highly controversial material associated with plastic bottles. It is widely claimed that PET 1, the plastic that Fiji uses, does not contain phthalates. That said, studies have shown that phthalates are present in PET 1 bottles that have been left storing water for 10 weeks (Wagner & Oehlmann, 2009). What isn‟t controversial about phthalates are the health concerns associated with them. They are a known xenoestrogen, and studies indicate that they can cause a variety of problems, such as male reproduction system deformation (Wagner & Oehlmann, 2009).Acetaldehyde is another leaching contaminate that is found in PET bottles (Choodum et al, 2007). Acetaldehyde is fairly harmless when exposed to humans on short-term, lower levels. However, when applied for long periods acetaldehyde is certainly a carcinogen, as specified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. It is the material that is at fault for liver cancer being so common in alcoholics. It is also believed to be damaging to DNA and muscle development.All in all, materials leaching into water from plastic containers are largely dependant on storage conditions. Generally, the longer the bottle is stored, and the higher temperatures it is stored at, the more likely that undesirable material will leach into the bottle (Reimann et al, 2010). Since bottled water is often stored for an indeterminable amount of time as Fiji is far from its markets, this is not particularly reassuring.Fiji Water Quality in VermontFiji Water comes from Yaqara Valley of Viti Levu (one of Fiji‟s two principal islands). It claims to be entirely untouched by man and the most pure of waters. This, however, is highly controversial. Everything Fiji Water claims about their purity can and should be contested and questioned, as it is only advertisement l icensed by © 2010 FIJI WATER COMPANY LLC.Anita Kelman is a former professor of Environmental Science at Champlain College and every year she taught there she would conduct a water purity study with her students. They tested bottle water brands with tap water and well water to examine the qualities against each other. Professor Kelman said that along with her students, she tested all sorts of bottled water brands including Evian, Dasani, Aquafina, and thankfully Fiji. And after doing some basic color metric tests and other water purity tests they discovered that Fiji Water had high levels of bacteria. She also found that Evian was the only other brand that ever had an instance with contaminated water. All other bottled water brands tested as clean as filtered tap water.Year after year Professor Kelman saved her lab reports. Looki ng back she said, “I found, year after year sky-high levels of bacteria well above standard plate count (SPC).” This may be the result of the product‟s long voyage in unrefigerated containers to reach Vermont, so it may not contain bacteria when sold in, say Californian stores that are closer to the factory.So Professor Kelman took her research to the Vermont Department of Health. After listing her as a credible resource they conducted a study themselves buying up bottles of Fiji Water from across the state. They found just as high levels of bacteria however, unlike Professor Kelman, they did not find any E. Coli so the product was not taken off Vermont shelves, and is even still available at the University Marché.So the question arises, how can Fiji Water get away with selling such contaminated water while still marketing it as healthy, pure, and sustainable? The answer is because of U.S. Foodand Drug Administration Standards. The FDA hasn‟t seen the need to really monitor water bottle brands very closely. If they really wished to regulate water quality then Fiji would not be sold in a country where the actual need for bottled water is so insignificant. The fact is Fiji Water is an American company doing business on a third-world island, so how good do we really expect the water to be? And even if the water is clean and safe when it is bottled in Fiji, then it shouldn‟t be shipped for months allowing such bacteria to grow and materials to leach from the plastic bottles.Although public opinion tends to favor bottled water for safety and health, tap water is actually better regulated than bottled water and must follow incredibly strict guidelines and standards of filtration, contaminant detection and purification (EPA, 2009). While tap water is maintained by the cleaner standards of the Environmental Protection Agency, bottled water is not subject to much regulation by the Food and Drug Administration (Mclendon, 2010). The EPA requires utility companies to test municipal water hundreds of times per month, while the Food and Drug Administration requires bottling companies to test their supply only once per week (EPA, 2009).Tap Water QualityGround water is generally cleaner than surface water, because it is filtered through rocks and soil, but most cities in the US tend to rely on the surface water. This makes the filtering system essential for providing safe drinking water (EPA, 2009). Water suppliers use a variety of treatment processes to remove contaminants from drinking water. According to the EPA, a typical water-treatment plant uses the following five steps to clean up "raw water" before delivering it to customers.Coagulation: removes dirt and other particles suspended in water. Alum and otherchemicals are added to water to form tiny sticky particle s called “floc” which attract the dirt particles. The combined weight of the dirt and the alum (floc) become heavy enough to sink to the bottom during sedimentation.Sedimentation: The heavy particles (floc) settle to the bottom and the clear water moves to filtration.Filtration: The water passes through filters, some made of layers of sand, gravel, andcharcoal that help remove even smaller particles.Disinfection: A small amount of chlorine is added or some other disinfection method is used to kill any bacteria or microorganisms that may be in the water.Storage: Water is placed in a closed tank or reservoir for disinfection to take place. The water then flows through pipes to homes and businesses in the community. (EPA, 2009)Most contaminants are filtered out or killed with disinfectants. However, Mclendon states that while water supplies in the United States are safer than they used to be, plenty of old and new dangers still lurk beneath the surface. (Mclendon, 2010) More than 20 percent of the nation‟s water treatment systems have violated key provisions of the Safe Drinking Water Act. (Duhigg, 2009) According to Duhigg, since 2004 the water provided in the US contained illegal concentration of chemicals like arsenic or radioactive substances like uranium, as well as dangerous bacteria often found in sewage. (Duhigg, 2009) Even though the EPA has enforced strict standards of drinking water quality, many Americans still aren't drinking entirely safe tap water. Fiji Water themselves have also responded to the quality of tap water. The company has gone after its alternative competitor (tap water) by saying it is "not a real or viable alternative" and can contain "4,000 contaminants.” In her last book, Rubies in the Orchard, Fiji‟s co-owner Lynda R esnick wrote, "You can no longer trust public or private water supplies.”Duhigg introduces a specific case of illegal contamination. The water system in Ramsey, N.J., has illegal concentrations of arsenic and the solvent tetrachloroethylene. In New York State, 205 water systems have broken the law by delivering tap water that contained illegal amounts of bacteria since 2004 (Duhigg, 2009). The EPA states that if the water system is not meeting the requirements, consumers can work with local and state officials and the water supplier to make sure the required monitoring and reporting occurs (EPA, 2009). However, hardly any of those water systems in violation were ever punished. Ramsey was not fined for its water violations, though a Ramsey official said that filtration systems have been installed since then. In New York, only three water systems were penalized for bacteria violations, according to federal data (Duhigg, 2009). Duhigg explains, the problem is that …current and former government off icials have not made enforcing the Safe Drinking Water Act a federal priority‟. David Uhlmann, who。
