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《英美文化与国家概况》课程教学大纲学分：3.0学时：52适用专业：商务英语、应用英语一、课程性质（定位）与任务课程性质：商务英语专业的必修专业技能基础课程，是一门素质拓展课。
通过本课程的学习，达到开阔学生视野，扩大学生知识面的目的。
课程目标：通过介绍英国和美国这两个最有代表性的英语国家的历史、地理、社会、经济、政治、教育及其文化传统，使学生对西方思想的形成有进一步的认识，扩展自身人文知识，为学生在英语学习中扫除缺乏背景知识的障碍，提高学生对文化差异的敏感性、宽容性和处理文化差异的灵活性，培养学生跨文化交际能力。
前导课程：综合英语后续课程：商务英语、商务英语翻译二、课程目标知识目标：通过教学，使学生了解英、美两国的国家地理、历史、人文特征、经济、宗教、社会、教育与文化等基本情况以及传统的风俗习惯等。
理解西方思想的根源，包括英、美两国社会的思想意识的根源与形成；理解英国历史发展对其现今社会、宗教与政治制度的影响，以及美国社会、文化结构多元化的历史渊源，掌握英、美两国经济、文化和社会等方面的知识要点，还要求学生通过听讲、阅读、讨论等方式提高英语语言应用能力。
技能目标：能够运用学到的知识解释英语学习中遇到的有关问题，提高阅读能力及学生的英语语言水平、跨文化交际能力及文化思考能力。
素质目标：以认识和解读英语国家文化为切入点，深化语言学习与文化学习的内涵关联，提升学习语言的实效和在真实世界中的应用能力。
在提高学生文化意识的基础上，提高学生的文化观察能力、文化思索能力、文化甄别能力和文化探索能力。
三、教学内容及具体要求Chapter 1 Land and People of the UK授课学时：4教学内容：英国的国土和人民基本要求：通过教学使学生对英国国家的组成、地理、气候、旅游名胜等有一个初步的了解，熟悉英国的主要民族及英国人的性格特点。
Chapter 2 The Origins and Shaping of the Nation授课学时：6讲授内容：英国国家起源和形成基本要求：通过本节课的教学，使学生了解英国历史，掌握主要历史事件及人物。
英语国家国情一、课程概述《英语国家国情》是外语系英语专业学生学习的重要课程之一。
它主要是介绍英语国家(英国，澳大利亚和新西兰)的社会与文化背景的教科书。
旨在帮助英语专业学生了解这些国家的社会与文化概貌，如地理，历史，政治、经济、社会生活和文化传统等方面的基本知识。
同时，通过课文的学习和各种练习的实践，达到提高英语水平的目的。
《英语国家国情》是英语专业学生学习的基础学科。
学生通过听课，阅读简易的英语课本，在扩大知识面和英语掌握上都有很大的帮助。
这门课程的重点是让学生加强英语国家的文化知识的学习，从而更好地促进英语语言的学习，而英语语言学习好又对英语文化知识的学习扫除了语言障碍。
二者相互影响，互相促进。
因此《英语国家国情》这门课对英语专业的学生来说是很重要的一门课程。
二、课程目标1．知道《英语国家国情》这门课程的性质、地位和其价值。
知道这门课程所概括的范围、涉及的国家、强调的主题、课程进展和未来发展方向。
2．理解这门学科的主要概念、基本观点和基础知识，尤其是对英国、澳大利亚和新西兰的文化知识加深理解。
3．初步学会运用文化知识很好地促进英语语言的学习，学会运用所学文化知识武装自己的头脑，客观地分析问题和现象。
4．养成在进行英语语言的学习的同时也要注意文化现象和文化知识的学习并在学习中发现问题、分析问题和解决问题。
三、课程内容和教学要求这门学科的知识与技能要求分为知道、理解、掌握、学会四个层次。
这四个层次的一般涵义表述如下：知道—是指对这门学科和英语文化知识重要性的认知。
理解—是指对这门学科涉及到的概念、基本观点和基础知识，尤其是对英国、澳大利亚和新西兰的文化知识加深理解。
掌握—是指学会运用所学文化知识武装自己的头脑，客观地分析问题和现象。
学会—是指运用所学文化知识来帮助英语语言的学习。
教学内容和要求表中的“√”号表示教学知识和技能的教学要求层次。
本标准中打“*”号的内容可作为自学，教师可根据实际情况确定要求或不布置要求。
Key to the Exercises--- An Integrated English Course - Book 6Unit 1 Technology in Reverse●Text ComprehensionI. CII. 1. F. Not all technology makes things complicated and wasteful; it is only retarded technology that makes things complicated and wasteful. Refer to Paragraph 1.2. T. Refer to Paragraph 5.3. F. It is true that the author acknowledges the great changes brought about by new technology, buthe believes these advantageous changes are often offset by a lot of technology-related waste. Refer to Paragraph 7.4. T. Refer to Paragraph 7.5. F. The author expresses his doubt in a sarcastic tone that cellular phones could really improvemarriages and save “family values”. Refer to Paragraph 9.● Language WorkI. Explain the italicized part in each sentence in your own words.1. highly regarded, intricate, attractive2. a sudden increase3. an event that will make you feel upset for a long time4. can supposedly help, at the same time5. need to be able to use6. we receive so many press releases that we find it difficult to deal with them7. an age where hi-tech has brought us noticeably great changes8. supposed, get away from us/be unattainable9. consequence, people who know nothing about technology, impeding10. usually, insignificantII. Fill in the banks with the appropriate forms of the given words.1. customized2. traumatized3. promotional4. paradoxical5. frivolity6. subscribers7. successors8. inanities9. institutionalized10. subsidyIII. Fill in each of the blanks with a word or phrase taken from the box in its appropriate form.1. are clogged with2. purports to3. a vista of4. bombarded…with5. exulted over6. scribbled all over7. find… alluring8. make a comeback9. call up10. tossed … into11. was eliminated12. compress… intoIV. Explain the meaning of the underlined word or phrase in each sentence.1. weak2. entrance to3. full of4. be compensated for by having the same amount deducted from his tax5. shows all the signs of6. excitement and danger7. spent the afternoon discussing8. increase her confidence9. very often10. quick diveV. Correct the errors in the following passage.VI. Fill in each blank in the passage below with ONE appropriate word.1. millionaires2. computer3. breed4. programs5. companies6. generation7. popularity8. provide9. sales10. times11. valuable12. life● Translation1.The program offers long-term care for the mentally retarded.2.He’s got a cumbersome, bulky, old computer—it’s slow and complicated to use.3. He tried not to look conspicuous and moved slowly along the back of the room.4. It would cause a tremendous upheaval to install a different computer system.5. The gold medal continues to elude her.6. Yo u’d be a fool not to embrace an opportunity as good as that.7. Her salary will go up by a hefty 10%.8. I scrawled a quick note to Hilary and put it under her door.9. There’s a smashing view from her office.10 The trip out there was swell, but the hotel was a bit crummy.II. Translate the following passage into Chinese.在我成长的房子里有一间屋子，我们把它称作图书馆。
Education in the UKThe History of British EducationEducation Before English Bourgeois RevolutionBefore the English Bourgeois Revolution, British education had had a long history.It was obvious that the education was for Religion and Aristocrat.And at the late 16th century, the feudalism in Britain was coming down and the capitalism was developing fast. The capitalists began to criticize the feudalistic education system and to educate the young capitalists. Therefore, the capitalistic schools came into being.Education After English Bourgeois RevolutionAfter English Bourgeois Revolution, the British education performed in three ways:Firstly, Reforming the Education System. At that time, many educationalists and groups called for Reforming the Education System, and reforming the feudalistic education system. Secondly, New Type of Schools and Primary Schools. The non-establishmentarian educationalists promoted many new type of schools, which impulsed the development of the British education. At the same time, some communions and charity associations began to popularise the primary education.Thirdly, Charity Schools. The non-establishmentarian and Catholic ism tried their best to promote the Charity Schools, and to make the poor children receive the primary education.Education In Industrial RevolutionAround 1880s, Industrial Revolution started in Britain, which also brought great changes in education.“S unday school” came first. "Sunday school" “星期日学校”or “主日学校”is the generic name for many different types of religious education pursued on Sundays by various denominations.And then, another education system was invented-- Monitorial system“导生制”. The Monitorial System (also known as "mutual instruction" “互教互学”or the "Bell-Lancaster method" after the British educators Dr Andrew Bell and Joseph Lancaster who both independently developed it) was an education method that became popular at a global scale during the early 19th century. The method was based on the abler pupils being used as 'helpers' to the teacher, passing on the information they had learned to other students. The Monitorial System was found very useful by 19th-century educators, as it proved to be a cheap way of making primary education more inclusive, thus making it possible to increase the average class size. The methodology was adopted by the Roman Catholic Church in England and Wales, and later by the National Schools System. With the development of the Industrial Revolution, the government started to pay attention to education. And in 1920s, the New College Movement broke out in Britain.Education After Industrial RevolutionForster Act in 1870The nation provides good school education to make all the parents believe that all the children can receive the primary education.Sandon’s Act in 1876Parents must send their children to school receive enough education, or they will be punished. Munde lla’s Act in 1880Protect all the children receiving compulsory education.Balfour Act in 1902The compulsory education in Britain is not limited by the primary education at all. The secondary education becomes the compulsory education.“Everyone Receive s Secondary Education ”In the year of 1924, the Labor Party came into power, and they called for “Everyone Receives Secondary Education”.EducationThere are over 25,000 nursery and primary schools and nearly 5,000 sencondary schools. And there are some 90 universities, including the Open University.Primary EducationAlthough there is no statutory requirement to educate underfives, nearly 53 percent of 3 and 4- year- olds in Britain attend Nursery schools.Compulsory education begins at 5 in Great Britain and 4in Northern Ireland, when children go to Infant schools. At 7 many go to Junior schools.Secondary EducationMost children attend Secondary Education when they are 11 in England, Wales and Northern Ireland and 12-year-olds in Scotland.English and Welsh schools can be organized in a number of ways. They include: Those that are take the full secondary school age-range, from 11 to 18; middle schools for age-ranges between 8 and 14; schools with an age-range of 11 or 12 to 16, combined with a six-form or a tertiary college for pupils over 16.Scottish secondary education is almost completely non-selectiveIn Northern Ireland secondary education is organized largely along selective line of tests in English, maths, and science.Next I will show you some pictures of secondary schools.Eton Public SchoolEton College currently boards 1,309 boys (15 per cent from overseas) between the ages of 13 and 18 (roughly 260 in each year) at a charge of £28,080 (approximately US$54,000 or €39,000) per year. The school is headed by a Provost and Fellows (Board of Governors), who appoint the Head Master. It contains 25 boys' houses, each headed by a housemaster, selected from the more senior members among the teaching staff, who number approximately 160. Almost all of the school's graduates go on to universities, about a third to Oxford or Cambridge. The Good Schools Guide called the school "the number one boys' public school," adding, "The teaching and facilities are second to none."Harrow SchoolHarrow School is a public school for boys. The school is located in Harrow on the Hill in Middlesex, England. It is one of the original nine English public schools as defined by the PublicSchools Act 1868. The school was founded in 1572 under a Royal Charter granted by Elizabeth I of England; although a school in some form has existed on the hill since 1243.[3] Today Harrow has an enrollment of approximately 800 pupils[4] spread across eleven houses,[5] all of whom board full time at a cost of £26,445 per year (approximately US$53,000) as of 2007.[6] The majority of boarding houses were constructed in Victorian times, when the number of boys increased dramatically. Harrow is the traditional rival of Eton College and the two schools have a tradition of annual sporting fixtures, some of which have occurred for centuries. Most notable of these is the annual cricket match (dating back to 1805), which is held at Lord's Cricket Ground. Harrow has been responsible for the creation of the game of squash which was first played at the school in the early 19th century, as well as several other sports. The School Governors recently introduced Harrow to the international community by opening two new schools, one in Beijing, China, and Harrow International School in Bangkok, Thailand.[8] A twelfth school house is in the early stages of development.Westminster SchoolThe Royal College of St. Peter in Westminster, almost always known as Westminster School, is one of Britain's leading boys' independent schools, with one of the highest Oxbridge acceptance rate of any institution. Located next to Westminster Abbey in central London, and with a history stretching back beyond the 12th century, the school's notable alumni include Ben Jonson, Robert Hooke, Jeremy Bentham, A. A. Milne and Shane MacGowan. The school traditionally encourages independent and individual thinking. Boys are primarily admitted to the Under School at age seven, and thence to the main school at age thirteen; girls are admitted only at sixteen. The school has around 750 pupils; around a third are boarders, of whom most go home for the weekends, after Saturday morning school. The Good Schools Guide says of the school: "For the right boy or girl, simply the best," also mentioning that the atmosphere is "Famously relaxed and liberal as has been felt appropriate in a school which thrives on the individuality of its members."Winchester CollegeWinchester College is a famous boys' independent school, set in the city of Winchester in Hampshire, England, once the ancient capital. Officially known as Collegium Sanctae Mariae prope Wintoniam (or Collegium Beatae Mariae Wintoniensis prope Winton), or St Mary's College near Winchester, the College is commonly referred to as "Win: Coll:" or just "Winchester". The school has lived and worked in its present site and buildings for over six hundred years and thus claims the longest unbroken history of any school in England. King Henry VI visited Winchester several times before he founded Eton College: the two schools, together with their respective sister foundations of New College, Oxford, and King's College, Cambridge, maintain an ancient bond of mutual affection and support known as the amicabilis concordia. Winchester is the oldest of the original nine English public schools as defined by the Public Schools Act 1868, and is commonly considered to nurture the most intellectual atmosphere of all schools in the United Kingdom. The Good Schools Guide described the school as "Uniquely civilised," saying that it produced an "Academically, comradely and architecturally privileged boyhood most Wykehamists treasure throughout their lives."Roedean SchoolRoedean School is an independent girls' school in Roedean village on the outskirts of Brighton, East Sussex in the United Kingdom. The school overlooks the sea and is situated close to the marina. Students attend from many different parts of the world. As well as teaching academicsubjects, Roedean supports a wide variety of extra-curricular activities such as dance, martial arts, sports, riding, music and drama. The Good Schools Guide stated that the "School has a healthy spirit and much to offer."[1] The school incorporates a 320-seat theatre, a heated indoor swimming pool and a chapel, as well as a range of workshops, studios, laboratories and sports pitches. Current school fees are between £4,550 and £9,750 per term[2], from the youngest day girls to the oldest boarders.This makes Roedean the most expensive school in the United Kingdom. Cheltenham CollegeCheltenham College is a co-educational independent school, located in Cheltenham, Gloucestershire, England. The first of all the major public schools of the V ictorian period, it was opened in July 1841. An Anglican foundation, it is known for its classical, military and sporting traditions. The 1893 book Great Public Schools by E. S. Skirving, S. R. James, Henry Churchill, and Maxwell Lyte, which had a chapter on each of what they regarded to be England's ten greatest public schools, included Cheltenhan College. In 2005 the school was one of fifty of the country's leading private schools which were found guilty of running an illegal price-fixing cartel, exposed by The Times, which had allowed them to drive up fees for thousands of parents.[2] Each school was required to pay a nominal penalty of £10,000 and all agreed to make ex-gratia payments totalling three million pounds into a trust designed to benefit pupils who attended the schools during the period in respect of which fee information was shared.Higher EducationHigher education is education that is provided by universities, vocational universities, community colleges, liberal arts colleges, technical colleges, and other collegial institutions that award academic degrees, such as career colleges. Since 1950, Article 2 of the first Protocol to the European Convention on Human Rights obliges all signatory parties to guarantee the right to education. At world level, the United Nations' International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights of 1966 guarantees this right under its Article 13, which states that "higher education shall be made equally accessible to all, on the basis of capacity, by every appropriate means, and in particular by the progressive introduction of free education".There are some 90 universities, including the Open university.The British universities are governed by royal charters or by Act of Parliament and enjoy academic freedom. They appoint their own staff, decide which students to admit, provide their own courses and award their own degrees.Higher education is largely financed by public fundsTuition fees for students paid through the awards system and income charged by institutions for research and other purposes. There are also contributions from parents.First degree courses are mainly full time and usually last 3 years in England, Wales and Northern IrelandDegree titles vary according to the practice of each university. In England, Wales and Northern Ireland the most common titles for a first degree are Bachelor of Arts (BA), Master of Science (BSC) and for a second degree Master of Arts (MA), Master of Science (MSC), and Master of Philosophy (PhD).And there is another type of university—Open University.The Open University is a non-resisential university based in the new town of Milton Keynes, Buckinghamshire. It is so named because it is “open” to become students. The university was founded in 1969 and bagan its first courses in1970. The university offers degree and other courses for adult students of all ages in Britain and the other number countries of the EU. It uses a combination of specially Printed texts, correspondence tuition, television and radio broadcasts and audio/video cassettes.。
雅思阅读第056套P1-Education_Philosophy雅思阅读第056套P1-Education PhilosophyREADING PASSAGE 1You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.Education PhilosophyA Although we lack accurate statistics about child mortality in the pre-industrial period, we do have evidence that in the 1660s, the mortality rate for children who died within 14 days of birth was as much as 30 per cent. Nearly all families suffered some premature death. Since all parents expected to bury some of their children, they found it difficult to invest in their newborn children. Moreover, to protect themselves from the emotional consequences of children’s death, parents avoi ded making any emotional commitment to an infant. It is no wonder that we find mothers leaving their babies in gutters or referring to the death in the same paragraph as a reference to pickles.B The 18th century witnessed the transformation from an agrarian economy to an industrial one - one of the vital social changes taking place in the Western world. An increasing number of people moved from their villages and small towns to big cities where life was quite different. Social supports which had previously existed in smaller communities were replaced by ruthless problems such as poverty, crime, substandard housing and disease. Due to the need for additional income to support the family, young children from the poorest families were forced into early employment and thus their childhood becamepainfully short. Children as young as 7 might be required to work full-time, subjected to unpleasant and unhealthy circumstances, from factories to prostitution. Although such a role has disappeared in most wealthy countries, the practice of childhood employment still remains a staple in underdeveloped countries and has rarely disappeared entirely.C The lives of children underwent a drastic change during the 1800s in the United States. Previously, children from both rural and urban families were expected to participate in everyday labour due to the bulk of manual hard work. Nevertheless, thanks to the technological advances of the mid-1800s, coupled with the rise of the middle class and redefinition of roles of family members, work and home became less synonymous over time. People began to purchase toys and books for their children. When the country depended more upon machines, children in rural and urban areas were less likely to be required to work at home. Beginning from the Industrial Revolution and rising slowly over the course of the 19th century, this trend increased exponentially after the Civil War. John Locke, one of the most influential writers of his period, created the first clear and comprehensive statement of the 'environmental position’ that family education determines a child’s life, and via this, he became the father of modern learning theory. During the colonial period, his teachings about child care gained a lot of recognition in America.D According to Jean Jacques Rousseau, who lived in an era of the American and French Revolution, people were 'noble savages’ in the original state of nature, meaning they were innocent, free and uncorrupted. In 1762, Rousseau wrote a famous novel - Emile - to convey his educational philosophythrough a story of a boy’s education from infancy to adulthood. This work was based on his extensive observation of children and adolescents, their individuality, his developmental theory and on the memories of his own childhood. He contrasted children with adults and described their age-specific characteristics in terms of historical perspective and developmental psychology. Johan Heinrich Pestalozzi, living during the early stages of the Industrial Revolution, sought to develop schoo ls to nurture children’s all-round development. He agreed with Rousseau that humans were naturally good but were spoiled by a corrupt society. His approach to teaching consisted of both general and specific methods, and his theory was based upon establishing an emotionally healthy and homelike learning environment, which had to be in place before more specific instruction occurred.E One of the best-documented cases of Pestalozzi’s theory concerned a so-called feral child named Victor, who was captured in a small town in the south of France in 1800. Prepubescent, mute, naked, and perhaps 11 or 12 years old, Victor had been seen foraging for food in the gardens of the locals in the area, and sometimes accepted people’s direct offers of food before his final capture. Eventually, he was brought to Paris and expected to answer some profound questions about the nature of humanity, but that goal was quashed very soon. A young physician, Jean Marc Gaspard Itard, was optimistic about the future of Victor and initiated a five-year education plan to civilise him and teach him to speak. With a subsidy from the government, Itard recruited a local woman called Madame Guerin to assist him to provide a semblance of a home for Victor, and he spent an enormous amount of time a nd effort working with Victor. Itard’s goal to teach Victor the basics of speech could never be fullyachieved, but Victor had learnt some elementary forms of communication.F Although other educators were beginning to recognise the simple truth embedded in Rousseau’s philosophy, it is not enough to identify the stages of children’s development alone. There must be specific education geared towards those stages.One of the early examples was the invention of kindergarten, which was a word and a movement created by a German-born educator, Friedrich Froebel, in 1840. Froebel placed a high value on the importance of play in children’s learning. His invention would spread around the world eventually in a variety of forms. Froebel’s ideas were inspired through hi s cooperation with Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi. Froebel didn’t introduce the notion of kindergarten until he was 58 years old, and he had been a teacher for four decades. The notion was a haven and a preparation for children who were about to enter the regimented educational system. The use of guided or structured play was a cornerstone of his kindergarten education because he believed that play was the most significant aspect of development at this time of life. Play served as a mechanism for a child to grow emotionally and to achieve a sense of self-worth. Meanwhile, teachers served to organise materials and a structured environment in which each child, as an individual, could achieve these goals. When Froebel died in 1852, dozens of kindergartens had been created in Germany. Kindergartens began to increase in Europe, and the movement eventually reached and flourished in the United States in the 20th century.SECTION 1: QUESTIONS 1-13Questions 1-4Reading Passage 1 has six paragraphs, A-F.Choose the correct heading for paragraphs A and C-E from the list of headings below.Write the correct number, i-vii, in boxes 1-4 on your answer sheet.1 ____________ Paragraph AExample AnswerParagraphs B ii2 ____________ Paragraph C3 ____________ Paragraph D4 ____________ Paragraph EQuestions 5-8Look at the following events (Questions 5-8) and the list of dates below.Match each event with the correct date, A, B or C.Write the correct letter, A, B or C, in boxes 5-8 on your answer sheet.NB You may use any letter more than once.5 __________ the need for children to work6 __________ the rise of the middle class7 __________ the emergence of a kindergarten8 __________ the spread of kindergartens around the U.S. Questions 9-13Look at the following opinions or deeds (Questions 9-13) and the list of people below.Match each opinion or deed with the correct person, A, B, C or D.Write the correct letter, A, B, C or D, in boxes 9-13 on your answer sheet.NB You may use any letter more than once.9 __________ was not successful in proving a theory10 __________ observed children’s records11 __________ suggested a setting for study which prioritized emotional comfort12 __________ proposed that corruption was not acharacteristic of people’s nature13 __________ was responsible for an increase in the number of a type of school。
