新托福考试阅读部分
冯一伟
目录
The TOEFL Test
Brief Introduction to Reading (4)
Vocabulary Question (5)
Sentence Simplification Question (6)
Rhetorical Purpose Question (18)
Insert Text Question (29)
Factual Information Question (46)
Reference Question (66)
Inference Question (74)
Prose in Summary (82)
Vocabulary Practice (83)
Preface
十六字令(长征) 三首
山，快马加鞭未下鞍。惊回首，离天三尺三。
山，倒海翻江卷巨澜。奔腾急，万马战犹酣。
山，刺破青天锷未残。天欲堕，赖以拄其间。
Structure of the TOEFL iBT
Additional Test
Reading Section : two more passages
Or
Listening Section: one more section
(one more conversation and two lectures)
Types of Question in Reading Section
Basic Information and Inferencing questions
1. Factual information questions
2. Inference question questions
3. Rhetorical purpose questions
4. Vocabulary questions
5. Reference questions
6. Sentence simplification questions
7. Insert text questions
Reading to Learn questions:
8. Prose summary
Fill in a table
E．G．
Vocabulary Question (iBT)
Growth, reproduction, and daily metabolism all require an organism to expend energy. The expenditure of energy is essentially a process of budgeting, just as finances are budgeted. If all of one's money is spent on clothes, there may be none left to buy food or go to the movies. Similarly, a plant or animal cannot squander all its energy on growing a big body if none would be left over for reproduction, for this is the surest way to extinction.
The word squander in the passage is closest in meaning to:
a. extend
b. transform
c. activate
d. waste
Background Preparation:
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VOA(NORMAL SPEED), science 60 secs, No BBC Please!!!
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For Undergraduates
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1. Vocabulary Questions (3-5)
There is no “list of words” that must be tested. (OG, p25)
题型
1)The word X in the passage is closest in meaning to
2)In stating X, the author means that
正确选项必须与所选词汇在词性，单复数和情感色彩上一致
解题方法
1)并列A and B，A or B
2)转折A but B
3)介词搭配
n/v+介词
介词本身不是被考察对象
4)解释线索
形式：A=B/A-B/A(B)/A“B”
内容：A is B
A that is B
A refer to B
A is defined as B
可以使用的词汇书《词以类记》前120页（张红岩）
《托福红宝》（俞敏洪）
2. Simplify a Sentence
best express the essential information
in correct answer 1) change the meaning
2) leave our essential information
从句子拆分的角度讲
句子题的实质是保留外层，剥离内层的过程
S 逻辑
语义相关语义
无关语义
从句子构造的角度讲句子题的本质是保留逻辑和相关语义，剔除无关语义的过程。
解题步骤：
1）句子中有明确的逻辑关系标志词
圈出本句逻辑关系标志词：转折、因果、否定、比较
转折前信息因果原因否定错v全局否定never deny
后信息结果某概念-局部否定except unless 比较A方面
B方面
2）错误选项设置：
1.引入原文出现的虚假逻辑关系
2.将原文细节过分放大（Minor points或者限定词放大sometimes, some of, part of, only,
necessarily，包括量词）；或出现未涉及的限定语，也就是说限定的条件可以被缩小，不可以被放大
3.与原文矛盾或引入原文为提及的信息（不是关键词，有可能是同义）
正确选项保留原文重现和同义双写
3)如果句子中出现了引入两个及以上并列信息点的表达
Eg. Both A and B
Between A and B
Not only A but also B
则正确答案有两种情况
①A+B
②A+B的概括和总结
不可能是只讲A or 只讲B
4)逻辑关系标志词
转折: however, but, even though, even if, although
While 转折
……的时候（SAT语法when划线部分）
Whereas 转折（A… whereas B）, yet, despite, in spite of
比较
因果：because, because of, since, in that, so, therefore, thus, hence, result in, result from, as a result, consequently, in as much as, reason(v.), lead to, accordingly, on account of, … why, explain…
否定：no, not…, none, neither… nor…, never, d eny, fail to, lack of, remove, ignore, miss, dearth
比较
More…than…, less…than, as… than, increase, decrease, improve, outway, surpass, transcend, maximum, minimum, peak, no more than, rather than, contrary to
Eg. Fj is no more beautiful than Frjj. （像……一样不）两者都不怎么样
从句中内容（逻辑）可以忽略，主句中逻辑一定要表达；也就是说，这种选项不为错Eg. ①for…
In order to
By…
② experts estimate
They agree that
A survey shows that
几个注意点：
①Not from… but from 后者是重点，而且这种结构可能为比较级
②TOP 4 Deer Q11（划线中的Term或者代词，可以用同义改写）; 上下文中提到的
term
③Unless容易扩大论述范围，“大”，OG P.60
④OG的试题；难度较低，逻辑简单，与真正的试题有偏差
⑤Whether or not=regardless of
⑥如果划线句以but（转折词）开头，则居中物转折涵义
⑦一句话中有主要逻辑frjj beautiful 因为身材好，甚至于fj相比比
与次要逻辑她身材也很好
⑧比较级和最高级（不能丢失）也是一种逻辑关系
⑨As (p.8, p.13) 与suggest
Show 都有因果关系
demonstrate
⑩破折号里的内容（也就是同位语或者解释）不应该出现在选项中
1. Hills and mountains are often regarded as the epitome of permanence, successfully resisting the destructive forces of nature, but in fact they tend to be relatively short-lived in geological terms.
9. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage?
Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
When they are relatively young, hills and mountains successfully resist the destructive forces of nature.
Although they seem permanent, hills and mountains exist for a relatively short period of geological time.
Hills and mountains successfully resist the destructive forces of nature, but only for a short time.
Hills and mountains resist the destructive forces of nature better than other types of landforms.
2.Although her early theatrical career had included stints as an actress, she was not primarily interested in storytelling or expressing emotions through dance; the drama of her dancing emanated from her visual effects.
4. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
Fuller was more interested in dance’s visual impact than in its narrative or emotional possibilities.
Fuller used visual effects to dramatize the stories and emotions expressed in her work. Fuller believed that the drama of her dancing sprang from her emotional style of storytelling.
Fuller’s focus on the visual effects of dance resulted from her early theatrical training as an actress.
3. One explanation for green icebergs attributes their color to an optical illusion when blue ice is illuminated by a near-horizon red Sun, but green icebergs stand out among white and blue icebergs under a great variety of light conditions.
3. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
One explanation notes that green icebergs stand out among other icebergs under a great variety of light conditions, but this is attributed to an optical illusion.
One explanation for the color of green icebergs attributes their color to an optical illusion that occurs when the light from a near-horizon red Sun shines on a blue iceberg. One explanation for green icebergs attributes their color to a great variety of light conditions, but green icebergs stand out best among other icebergs when illuminated by a near-horizon red Sun.
One explanation attributes the color of green icebergs to an optical illusion under special light conditions, but green icebergs appear distinct from other icebergs under a great variety of light conditions.
4. Contrary to the arguments of some that much of the pacific was settled by Polynesians accidentally marooned after being lost and adrift, it seems reasonable that this feat was accomplished by deliberate colonization expeditions that set out fully stocked with food and domesticated plants and animals.
9. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
Some people have argued that the Pacific was settled by traders who became lost while transporting domesticated plants and animals.
The original Polynesian settlers were probably marooned on the islands, but they may have been joined later by carefully prepared colonization expeditions.
Although it seems reasonable to believe that colonization expeditions would set out fully stocked, this is contradicted by much of the evidence.
The settlement of the Pacific islands was probably intentional and well planned rather than accidental as some people have proposed.
5. At one time, the animals present in these fossil beds were assigned to various modern animal groups, but most paleontologists now agree that all Tommotian fossils represent unique body forms that arose in the early Cambrian period and disappeared before the end of the period, leaving no descendants in modern animal groups.
9. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
The animals found in the Tommotian fossil bed were once thought to belong to avariety of modern animal groups, but now they are thought to have descended from a single group.
Animals in the Tommotian fossil beds were initially assigned to modern animal groups but are now thought to belong to groups that emerged and died out during the Cambrian period.
Though at first they thought otherwise, paleontologists now agree that the animals in the Tommotian have body forms from which modern animals have descended.
It is unclear whether the Tommotian fossils from the early Cambrian period represent unique body forms or whether they should be assigned to various modern animal groups.
6. Only the last of these was suited at all to the continuous operating of machines, and although waterpower abounded in Lancashire and Scotland and ran grain mills as well as textile mills, it had one great disadvantage:
streams flowed where nature intended them to and water-driven factories had to be located on their banks whether or not the location was desirable
for other reasons.
1. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information．
Running water was the best power source for factories since it could keep machines operating continuously but since it was abundant only in Lancashire and Scotland, most mills and factories that were located elsewhere could not be water driven．
The disadvantage of using waterpower is that streams do not necessarily flow in places that are the most suitable for factories which explains why so many water—powered grain and textile mills were located in undesirable places
Since machines could be operated continuously only where running water was abundant, grain and textile mills as well as other factories tended to be located only in Lancashire and Scotland．
Running water was the only source of power that was suitable for the continuous operation of machines, but to make use of it factories had to be located where the water was, regardless of whether such locations made sense otherwise.
7. But as more and more accumulations of strata were cataloged in more and more places, it became clear that the sequences of rocks sometimes differed from region to region and that no rock type was ever going to become a reliable time marker throughout the world．
6. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information．
The discovery of regional differences in the sequences of rocks led geologists to believe that rock types could someday become reliable time markers．
Careful analysis of strata revealed that rocks cannot establish geological time because the pattern of rock layers varies from place to place．
Smith's catalogs of rock strata indicated that the sequences of rocks are different from place to place and from region to region．
Because people did not catalog regional differences in sequences of rocks. It was believed that rocks could never be reliable time markers
8. Physiological immaturity may be part of why infants and toddlers do not form extremely enduring memories, even when they hear stories that promote such remembering in preschoolers.
11. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information．
Incomplete physiological development may partly explain why hearing stories does not improve long-term memory in infants and toddlers
One reason why preschoolers fail to comprehend the stories they hear is that they are
physiologically immature
Given the chance to hear stories，infants and toddlers may form enduring memories despite physiological immaturity．
Physiologically mature children seem to have no difficulty remembering stories they heard as preschoolers．
9As a result of crustal adjustments and faulting, the Strait of Gibraltar, where the Mediterranean now connects to the Atlantic, opened, and water cascaded spectacularly back into the Mediterranean.
10. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
The strait of Gibraltar reopened when the Mediterranean and the Atlantic became connected and the cascades of water from one sea to the other caused crustal adjustments and faulting.
The Mediterranean was dramatically refilled by water from the Atlantic when crustal adjustments and faulting opened the Strait of Gibraltar, the place where the two seas are joined.
The cascades of water from the Atlantic to the Mediterranean were not as spectacular as the crustal adjustments and faulting that occurred when the Strait of Gibraltar was connected to those seas.
As a result of crustal adjustments and faulting and the creation of the Strait of Gibraltar, the Atlantic and Mediterranean were connected and became a single sea with spectacular cascades of water between them.
10. Like the stone of Roman wall, which were held together both by the regularity of the design and by that peculiarly powerful Roman cement, so the various parts of the Roman realm were bonded into a massive, monolithic entity by physical, organizational, and psychological controls. 1. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
The regularity and power of stone walls inspired Romans attempting to unify the parts of their realm.
Although the Romans used different types of designs when building their walls; they used regular controls to maintain their realm.
Several types of control united the Roman realm, just as design and cement held Roman walls together.
Romans built walls to unite the various parts of their realm into a single entity, which was controlled by powerful laws.
11.Unlike in the Americas, where metallurgy was a very late and limited development, Africans had iron from a relatively early date, developing ingenious furnaces to produce the high heat needed for production and to
control the amount of air that reached the carbon and iron ore necessary for making iron.
10. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
While American iron makers developed the latest furnaces, African iron makers continued using earlier techniques.
Africans produced iron much earlier than Americans, inventing technologically sophisticated heating systems.
Iron making developed earlier in Africa than in the Americas because of the ready availability of carbon and iron ore.
Both Africa and the Americas developed the capacity for making iron early, but African metallurgy developed at a slower rate.
12.Many plants and animals disappear abruptly from the fossil record as one moves from layers of rock documenting the end of the Cretaceous up into rocks representing the beginning of the Cenozoic (the era after the Mesozoic).
7. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? In correct choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
The fossil record suggests that there was an abrupt extinction of many plants and animals at the end of the Mesozoic era.
Few fossils of the Mesozoic era have survived in the rocks that mark the end of the Cretaceous.
Fossils from the Cretaceous period of the Mesozoic up to the beginning of the Cenozoic era have been removed from the layers of rock that surrounded them.
Plants and animals from the Mesozoic era were unable to survive in the Cenozoic era.
13. But detractors maintain that the terraces could also have been created by geological activity, perhaps related to the geologic forces that depressed the Northern Hemisphere far below the level of the south, in which case they have nothing whatever to do with Martian water.
9. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
But detractors argue that geological activity may be responsible for the water associated with the terraces.
But detractors argue that the terraces may have been formed by geological activity rather than by the presence of water.
But detractors argue that the terraces may be related to geological forces in the Northern Hemisphere of Mars, rather than to Martian water in the south.
But detractors argue that geological forces depressed the Northern Hemisphere so far below the level of the south that the terraces could not have been formed by water.
14.Fladmark's hypothesis received additional support from the fact that the greatest diversity in Native American languages occurs along the west coast of the Americans, suggesting that this region has been settled the longest. 6. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways to leave out essential information.
Because this region has been settled the longest, it also displays the greatest diversity in Native American languages.
Fladmark's hypothesis states that the west coast of the Americas has been settled longer than any other region.
The fact that the greatest diversity of Native American languages occurs along the west coast of the Americans lends strength to Fradmark's hypothesis
According to Fladmark, Native American languages have survived the longest along the west coast of the Americas.
15.There appear to be many unexplored matters about the motivation to reflect-for example, the value of externally motivated reflection as opposed to that of teachers who might reflect by habit.
11. Which of the sentences below expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information
The practice of being reflective is no longer simply a habit among teachers but something that is externally motivated
Most teachers need to explore ways to form the habit of reflection even when no external motivation exists
Many aspects of the motivation to reflect have not been studied, including the comparative benefits of externally motivated and habitual reflection among teachers
There has not been enough exploration of why teachers practice reflection as a habit with or without external motivation
16.It is significant that the earliest living things that built communities on these islands are examples of symbiosis, a phenomenon that depends upon the close cooperation of two or more forms of life and a principle that is very important in island communities.
3. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
Some of the earliest important examples of symbiosis-the close cooperation of two or more living things-occur in island communities.
Symbiosis-the close cooperation of pairs or small groups of living organisms-is especially important in these island environments.
The first organisms on these islands worked together closely in a relationship known as symbiosis, which is particularly important on islands.
It is significant to note that organisms in the beginning stages of the development of island life cannot survive without close cooperation.
17.The tradition of religious sculpture extends over most historical periods but is less clearly delineated than that of stonewares or porcelains, for it embraces the old custom of earthenware burial ceramics with later religious images and architectural ornament.
4. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the 【highlighted sentence】in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
While stonewares and porcelains are found throughout most historical periods, religious sculpture is limited to the ancient period.
Religious sculpture was created in most periods, but its history is less clear than that of stonewares or porcelains because some old forms continued to be used even when new ones were developed.
While stonewares and porcelains changed throughout history, religious sculpture remained uniform in form and use.
The historical development of religious sculpture is relatively unclear because religious sculptures sometimes resemble earthenware architectural ornaments.
18. Over long periods of time, substances whose physical and chemical properties change with the ambient climate at the time can be deposited in a systematic way to provide a continuous record of changes in those properties overtime, sometimes for hundreds or thousands of years.
3. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the 【highlighted sentence】in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information
Because physical and chemical properties of substances are unchanging, they are useful records of climate fluctuations over time
For hundreds or thousands of years, people have been observing changes in the chemical and physical properties of substances in order to infer climate change
Because it takes long periods of time for the climate to change, systematic changes in the properties of substances are difficult to observe.
Changes in systematically deposited substances that are affected by climate can indicate climate variations over time.
19. He then set up experiments with caged starlings and found that their orientation was. in fact, in the proper migratory direction except when the sky was overcast, at which times there was no clear direction to their restless movements.
3. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the 【highlighted sentence】in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
Experiments revealed that caged starlings displayed a lack of directional sense and restless movements.
Experiments revealed that caged starlings were unable to orient themselves in the direction of their normal migratory route.
Experiments revealed that the restless movement of caged starlings had no clear direction.
Experiments revealed that caged starlings' orientation was accurate unless the weather was overcast.
20. Therefore, when observational assessment is used as a technique for studying infant perceptual abilities, care must be taken not to overgeneralize from the data or to rely on one or two studies as conclusive evidence of a particular perceptual ability of the infant.
6. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the 【highlighted sentence】in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
Researchers using observational assessment techniques on infants must not over generalize and must base their conclusions on data from many studies.
On the basis of the data from one or two studies, it seems that some infants develop a particular perceptual ability not observed in others.
To use data from one or two studies on infant's perceptual abilities, it is necessary to use techniques that will provide conclusive evidence.
When researchers fail to make generalizations from their studies, their observed data is often inconclusive.
21. Certainly, rational appeals in advertising aimed at children are limited, as most advertisements use emotional and indirect appeals to psychological states or associations.
8. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
Rational appeals in advertising are certainly limited by children's emotional immaturity and the indirect nature of their associations.
Indirect appeals to children's psychological states or associations can limit the effectiveness of rational appeals in advertising.
Rational appeals playa much smaller role in advertisements for children than emotional appeals and psychological associations do.
Rational appeals in advertising aimed at children should certainly be limited until the children are emotionally and psychologically ready.
22. The explanation is that the Maya excavated depressions, or modified natural depressions, and the plugged reservoirs, which collected rain from large plastered catchment basins and stored it for use in dry season.
8. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
Southern Maya populations obtained the water they needed for the dry season by collecting and storing rainwater in sealed depressions.
The Maya are credited with creating methods for modifying natural rainwater and storing it.
Leaks in the karst caused difficulties in the creation of reservoirs, which were needed to store water for the dry season.
Southern Mayans were more successful at collecting rain than storing it during dry seasons.
23. Inequalities of gender have also existed in pastoralist societies, but they seem to have been softened by the absence of steep hierarchies of wealth in most communities, and also by the requirement that women acquire most of the skills of men, including, often, their military skills.
11. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
Despite the fact the wealth is relatively evenly distributed in pastoral societies, gender inequality still exists because only men can acquire military skill and social status.
Inequalities of gender existed in pastoralist societies until most communities began to require women to possess the same skills as men and take part in the military.
Inequalities of gender in pastoralist societies were caused by steep hierarchies of wealth and differences in military training between men and women.
In pastoral societies, gender inequality is comparatively mild because wealth is relatively evenly distributed and women have to learn most of the same skills that men do.
24. For example, some early societies ceased to consider certain rites essential to their well-being
and abandoned them, nevertheless, they retained as parts of their oral tradition the myths that had grown up around the rites and admired them for their artistic qualities rather than for their religious usefulness.
12．Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highl ighted sentence in
the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
A society’s rites were more likely to be re tained in the oral tradit ion if its myths were admired for artistic
qualities.
The artistic quality of a myth was sometimes an essential reason for a society to abandon it from the
oral tradition.
Some early societies stopped using myths in their religious practices when rites ceased to be seen as
useful for social well-being.
Myths sometimes survived in a society’s tradition because of their artistic qualities even after they were
no longer deemed religiously benef icial.
25.In order for the structure to achieve the size and strength necessary to meet its purpose,
architecture employs methods of support that, because they are based on physical laws, have changed little since people first discovered them-even whi le building materials have changed dramatically.
3. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highl ighted sentence in
the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
Unchanging physical laws have l imited th e size and strength of buildings that can be made with
materials discovered long ago.
Building materials have changed in order to increase architectural size and strength, but physical laws
of structure have not changed.
When people first started to build, the structural methods used to provide strength and size were
inadequate because they were not based on physical laws.
Unlike bui lding materials, the methods of support used in architecture have not changed over time
because they are based on physical laws.
3．Rhetorical Purpose Question (0-2题)
目的题重点考察作者写作意图
The author discussed X in P2 in order to…
Why does the author mention X?
The author uses X as an example of…
1）常见功能词汇
Argue 支持观点
Against 反对观点（一般情况不可以排除）Illustrate
Note
Demonstrate
Compare or contrast
Refute
Differentiate
Counter
Predict
Summarize
Caution v.（警告）Warn
Provide
2）常考逻辑关系
①举例关系A, eg. B(同句考察)；A. eg. B(跨句考察) A(换行)eg. B(跨段) 词B答A(B通常见较难部分) ②解释关系
通过形式解释：A:B, A-B, A(B), A “B”
通过内容解释
A is/ that is
B they refer to
A is defined as
B 问B答A
①为中心句服务，如果无转折
②如果有转折，则为转折后句义服务
③For example, like则最有可能为上一句服务
托福阅读评分标准解析 托福阅读评分标准解析, 备考前先了解评分规则,今天给大家带来了托福阅读评分标准解析，希望能够帮助到到大家，下面就和大家分享，来欣赏一下吧。 一.托福阅读评分标准 新托福阅读每篇题量为12-14题，每篇阅读除了最后一道题为2分外，其余题目分值都是1分，所以托福阅读总的原始分值为45分。所以。同学们如果在考试中因为时间问题迫不得已要舍弃一道题目时，尽量不要舍弃小结题。一般情况下，这类题目是多选题，6个中选择3个，选错一个扣一分，错2个或3个不得分。具体的评分标准如下表： 如果阅读遇到加试，也有可能会影响阅读成绩。那么阅读加试是如何影响阅读成绩的呢?考试中只有一部分考生会遇到阅读加试，没有遇到加试的考试成绩不会有变动，按照上述评分标准来评分。但是参加加试的考生成绩可能会因为加试题目的情况，成绩产生一些变动，具体细则如下： (1)如果考试正确率比加试正确率高，说明考题偏容易，也就是高分档的学生比较多，那么ETS将给分数的分布作相应的调整，也就是
给一些高分的学生减分。给哪些学生减分呢?当然是加试做得不好的学生。 (2)如果考试正确率比加试正确率低，说明考题偏难，也就是低分档的学生比较多，那么ETS将给分数的分布作相应的调整，也就是给一些低分的学生加分。给哪些学生加分呢?当然是加试做得好的学生。 (3)如果考试正确率和加试正确率持平，实现了正态分布，考生的分数则不需要调整了。 之所以分数有波动是因为ETS为了在考生水平有波动的情况下，仍然能够给予考生一个相对较为公平的分数 怎么样排除托福阅读的错误选项.托福阅读中的题目类型比较丰富，其中一种托福阅读题型要求大家排掉错误的选项，那么面对这种托福阅读题该怎么办呢?下面就来看看看具体方法。 排除题这种托福阅读题型很好辨认，每篇阅读0-2题，比较简单，一般就是在题干中会出现一个大写的单词EXCEPT、NOT、LESS。这是特别不受我们中国同学待见的一种题，因为从逻辑思维的角度上来说，要想从四个选项中把错误的那一个给找出来，我们要在大脑
托福阅读错题总结： 改变计划——从第一套开始做！ TPO24：细节题做完之后，通读文章，了解全文的结构和主要内容层次 一、Lake Water 2、词汇题gains：这里是增量的概念所以应该是increase，而不是存量的概念savings 8、比较细节题：弄清A比B还是B比A，Lake Erie体积小，选择表述相反但正确。 11、解释现象题：定位前后句，前面一句是：Climatic change影响很大，后面一句是： Theslowing down of water renewal leads to a chain of further consequences，由further可以推知Theslowing down of water renewal也是前面现象的原因 14、概括多选题：太细节的不选，没有提到的不选，选项一般是文章几个层次的内容。 同一部分的内容不可能选两个答案。 二、Breathing During Sleep 7、注意题目中的限定during NREM，和文章中的比较转折（往后看） 13、归类题：要理解文章的主要内容，对各部分的内容都要熟悉 三、Moving into Pueblos 1、词汇题：traumatic，外力的，受迫的 3、理解推断题：要理解原文想要表达的意思，原来更加自由 5、细节题：定位对应段的内容，同义句的替换 14、概括多选题：表述过于绝对的选项是不正确的 TPO23：定位，理解，替换（分析定位句，转换含义），不要多想（文中没提到的绝对不选） 一、Urban Climates 11、词汇题：modified（改进的——changed）中性的改变，increased修饰不合理。 定位原句：Wind movements are also modified in cities because buildings increase the friction on air flowing around them. This friction tends to slow the speed of winds。 13、插入句子题：Another possibility is for the heat island to be stretched along the course of major rivers, since large waterways typically have a warming effect on the air directly above them. 原文环境：■The precise configuration of a heat island depends on several factors.■For example, the wind can make a heat island stretch in the direction it blows. ■When a heat island is well developed, variations can be extreme; in winter, busy streets in cities can be 1.7℃warmer than the side streets. ■ 通过标红的词，以及并列的语义：许多原因，例如XX，另一个XX，判断插入第三处。 14、多选题：分析文章的主要内容：城市热的一个现象——这个热是怎么造成的——形 成热岛效应及其特征——城市表面空气造成的其他现象 此题中其他三个选项都是文中没有提到的！ 二、Seventeenth-Century Dutch Agriculture 2、句子同意转述题：Importing the grain, （which would have been expensive and time consuming for the Dutch to have produced themselves）, kept the price of grain low and thus stimulated individual demand for other foodstuffs and consumer goods. 主干：Importing the grainkept the price of grain low and thus stimulated individual demand for other foodstuffs and consumer goods.虽然由and 连接，但其实是因果关系句！ Thus 一词体现出了因果关系！B. Because the Dutch were able to import inexpensive grain, they had money available to create a demand for other food products and consumer
你要找的小托福考试阅读模拟题在这里！ 小托福的词汇量和语法难度相当于大学英语四级的水平，如果考生想要考一个好成绩，一定要多多练习，下文分享的就是小托福考试阅读模拟题，一起阅读下吧~ 在阅读部分，文章会涉及到人文学科、科学、社会科学等内容，学生要注意掌握文章主要内容，抓住关键点，了解作者意图并进行推理。同时，阅读部分的文章形式也十分多样，如电子邮件、信件、新闻、学生写作、广告、日程表等，学生需要在平时积累一些关于习惯用语的表达。 小托福考试阅读模拟题： 模拟题1： Outflow channels are probably relics of catastrophic flooding on Mars long ago. They appear only in equatorial regions and generally do not form extensive interconnected networks. Instead, they are probably the paths taken by huge volumes of water draining from the southern highlands into the northern plains. The onrushing water arising from these flash floods likely also formed the odd teardrop-shaped “islands” (resembling the miniature versions seen in the wet sand of our beaches at low tide) that have been found on the plains close to the ends of the outflow channels. Judging from the width and depth of the channels, the flow rates must have been truly enormous-perhaps as much as a hundred times greater than the 105 tons per second carried by the great Amazon river. Flooding shaped the outflow channels approximately 3 billion years ago, about the same times as the northern volcanic plains formed. Question: According to paragraph 2, all of the following are true of the outflow channels on Mars EXCEPT: A. They formed at around the same time that volcanic activity was occurring on the northern plains. B. They are found only on certain parts of the Martian surface. C. They sometimes empty onto what appear to have once been the wet sands of tidal beaches. D. They are thought to have carried water northward from the equatorial regions. 答案：C 解析：题干问的是原文关于“outflow channels”的描述。在真正考试中，把原文阅读完毕再去和选项比较会花费较多时间。因此，比较合理的做题顺序是，先读选项，然后拿选项和原文信息去比对。 A选项说的是outflow channel的形成时间和火山活动在北部平原的发生时间是相同的。快速浏览原文，只有在最后一句提到了它们的形成时间，说大概在30亿年前，about引导的时间状语很重要，补充说明了这一时间和北部火山平原形成的时间相同。A正确。 B选项说的是火山形成的地点，只在火星表面的特定区域。看原文，第二句，说的是它们只在赤道区域出现。B 也正确。
3.4历史地理类（Passage55～62） Passage55题材：American History字数：714 The Panama Canal [1]While the Panama Canal continues to stand as one of the greatest human achievements in history,its locks and canals were not built overnight.Its ultimate completion in1914was the result of decades of planning,preparation,and construction,not to mention loss of human life.Two countries,France and the United States,were the main players in its construction,and both faced numerous hardships during the project,so many hardships that France,the instigator of the project,eventually had to sell out to the U.S.,the country that finally completed the canal.Still,the United States faced a trio of major hurdles that threatened its completion.These obstacles were political,environmental,and geographical.Yet, through perseverance and will,the United States was ultimately able to create the canal,a vital link between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans. [2]One of the major reasons France had to abandon the Panama Canal project was that it underestimated the environs of the local area.The region of Panama within which the French worked was a dense,tropical jungle.Intense heat and humidity did not help their situation either.Before long,many workers began to succumb to diseases like yellow fever and malaria.Proper measures were not taken to reduce their exposure and vulnerability,and many died as the workforce and the project as a whole suffered greatly.However,once the
2020年托福阅读模拟试题及答案（卷九） 托福阅读文本： The Native American peoples of the north Pacific Coast created a highly complex maritime culture as they invented modes of production unique to their special environment. In addition to their sophisticated technical culture, they also attained one of the most complex social organizations of any nonagricultural people in the world. In a division of labor similar to that of the hunting peoples in the interior and among foraging peoples throughout the world, the men did most of the fishing, and the women processed the catch. Women also specialized in the gathering of the abundant shellfish that lived closer to shore. They collected oysters, crabs, sea urchins, mussels, abalone, and clams, which they could gather while remaining close to their children. The maritime life harvested by the women not only provided food, but also supplied more of the raw materials for making tools than did fish gathered by the men. Of particular importance for the native tool kit before the introduction of metal was the wide knife made from the larger mussel shells, and a variety of cutting edges that could be made from other marine shells. The women used their tools to process all of the fish and marine mammals brought in by the men. They cleaned the fish, and dried vast quantities of them for the winter. They sun-dried fish when practical, but
1. Totally without light and subjected to intense pressures hundreds of times greater than at the Earth’s surface，the deep—ocean bottom is a hostile environment to humans，in some ways as forbidding and remote as the void of outer space． (定语后置in some ways…) 由于完全没有光，而且承受着比在地球表面大数百倍的极大压力，深海底部对人类而言是一个充满敌意的环境，在某些方面就像外层空间一样险恶和遥远。 Totally without light and subjected to intense pressures hundreds of times greater than at the Earth’s surface原因状语 the deep—ocean bottom is a hostile environment to humans 主句 in some ways as forbidding and remote as the void of outer space 后置定语，修饰a hostile environment to humans 整个句子结构是： 原因状语+主句+后置定语 这是一个主句前后分别有状语和定语的修饰成分，但是不是复合句。句子的核心意思是深海对于人类而言是一个充满敌意的环境。 2.Basic to any understanding of Canada in the 20 years after the Second World War is the country's impressive population growth． (倒装结构Basic to any understanding…is…) 要理解二战之后20年中的加拿大，就必须了解该国惊人的人口增长。 该句的正常语序是The country's impressive population growth is basic to any understanding of Canada in the 20 years after the Second World War． 本句是一个简单句，只不过使用了倒装，谓语动词是is. 3.As a result，claims that eating a diet consisting entirely of organically grown foods prevents or cures disease or provides other benefits to health have become widely publicized and form the basis for folklore． (同位语从句claims tha t…) 本句的主句结构是claims have become widely publicized and form the basis for folklore. 那些观点广为人知，并成为一些民间说法的基础。 同位语从句是that eating a diet consisting entirely of organically grown foods prevents or cures disease or provides other benefits to health：只食用绿色食品就能防治疾病或增进健康 本句的机构是主句内部嵌套一个同位语从句， 结果，那些认为只食用绿色食品就能防治疾病或增进健康的观点广为人知，并成为一些民间说法的基础。
托福阅读高分前辈分享4条训练提分心得经验 备考托福时考生除了自己做练习外，学习高分学霸的备考经验也是快速发现问题提升实力的好办法。今天给大家带来了托福阅读高分前辈分享4条训练提分心得经验,希望能够帮助到大家在托福考试中拿高分，下面就和大家分享，来欣赏一下吧。 托福阅读过程中笔记怎么记? 托福阅读过程中记笔记的好处在于帮助学生记住段落的主题内容，甚至包括一些细节内容。这样可以方便我们做文章内容小结题。当然，记笔记也有缺陷，重点就在于时间问题，因为托福阅读的时间一般来说并不充裕，如果再算算上记笔记的时间，就更有可能做不完所有题目。所以，对于实力比较高的学生，本身时间充裕，则可以通过记笔记的方式加强对于段落主旨的理解;相反地，对于本身时间就有问题的学生来说，首先应该保证做完题目，记笔记就并不是非常必要。 托福阅读答题时间如何规划安排? 很多托福考生都会遇到托福阅读在规定时间内做不完的情况。一般来说，如果想要保证10道题在18分钟之内做完，最稳妥的安排应该是除单词题以及文章内容小结题之外每道题平均1.8分钟。当
然，这个时间只是一个平均时间，对于一些比较难或者麻烦的题目，例如推理题和部分否定事实信息题，时间可能会更长一些，而相对比较容易定位的事实信息题，句子简化题以及文本插入题，则相对可以缩短一些时间。 托福阅读直接做题还是先读文章? 托福阅读中绝大多数题目都只包含某一段或者两段中的信息，所以对于考生来说，并没有必要在一开始就读一遍文章，而是应该根据题目来读文章。当然，很多考生可能又会问，如果这样读的话，是不是就不能知道每个段落的主旨大意了?其实不然，我们在做题的过程中，肯定需要读文章中的具体内容，也包括段落主旨大意，如果能够把做题以及读懂文章主旨结合在一起，这是最完美的。 托福阅读算分就按照OG给出的方法算吗? 现在的托福官方指南OG第四版给出的是最权威的算分体系，但是这种算分也只是一个大概的分数段，每次考试还会参考整体考试的情况来进行一些微调。比如说有些考生错的题目其他考生都几乎没有错，那么这道题对于这位考生的影响就会比较大;相反，如果考生错的题目是那种很难的，很多人都做错的题目，则对于分数的影响相对会小一些。
0308 托福试题 阅读( 55minutes ) Question 1-11 seen in putrefying materials .He did (10) this by passing air through guncotton filters, the fibers of which stop solid particles. After the guncotton was dissolved in a mixture of alcohol and ether, the particles that it had trapped fell to the bottom of the liquid and were examined on a microscope slide .Pasteur found that in ordinary air these exists a variety of solid structures ranging in size from 0.01 mm to more than 1.0 mm .Many of these bodies resembled the reproductive (15) structures of common molds, single-celled animals, and various other microbial cells . As many as 20 to 30 of them were found in fifteen If food is allowed to stand for some time, putrefies .When the putrefied material is examined microscopically ,it is teeming with bacteria. Where do these bacteria come from , since they are fresh food? Even until the mid-nineteenth century, many people believed microorganisms originated by spontaneous (5 ) generation ,a hypothetical living organisms develop from nonliving matter. The most powerful spontaneous generation microbiologist Louis showed that structures present in air closely found not that it to be seen in such process by which of the theory of French chemist and opponent was the Pasteur(1822-1895).Pasteur resemble the microorganisms
托福阅读题库练习及答案汇总 托福阅读考试如何才能让自己获得高分?除了托福词汇的大量储备之外，我想托福真题的练习是必不可少的。那么除了平时大家利用官方真题Official来进行托福阅读练习之外，你还能找到哪些真题来进行练习呢?今天小编在这里就为大家整理了托福阅读题库练习及答案汇总，其中包括了阅读原文、题目以及答案，希望对大家的托福阅读考试提分有帮助。 托福阅读真题练习：工作时间的文本+题目+答案 托福阅读文本： According to anthropologists, people in preindustrial societies spent 3 to 4 hours per day or about 20 hours per week doing the work necessary for life. Modern comparisons of the amount of work performed per week, however, begin with the Industrial Revolution (1760-1840) when 10- to 12-hour workdays with six workdays per week were the norm. Even with extensive time devoted to work, however, both incomes and standards of living were low. As incomes rose near the end of the Industrial Revolution, it became increasingly common to treat Saturday afternoons as a half-day holiday. The half holiday had become standard practice in Britain by the 1870s, but did not become common in the United States until the
托福阅读真题3 PASSAGE 3 The Native Americans of northern California were highly skilled at basketry, using the reeds,grasses, barks, and roots they found around them to fashion articles of all sorts and sizes- not only trays, containers, and cooking pots, but hats, boats, fish traps, baby carriers, and ceremonialobjects. Of all these experts, none excelled the Pomo — a group who lived on or near the coast during the 1800's, and whose descendants continue to live in parts of the same region to this day. They made baskets three feet in diameter and others no bigger than a thimble. The Pomo people were masters of decoration. Some of their baskets were completely covered with shell
pendants; others with feathers that made the baskets' surfaces as soft as the breasts of birds. Moreover, the Pomo people made use of more weaving techniques than did their neighbors. Most groups made all their basketwork by twining —the twisting of a flexible horizontal material, called a weft, around stiffer vertical strands of material, the warp. Others depended primarily on coiling — a process in which a continuous coil of stiff material is held in the desired shape with tight wrapping of flexible strands. Only the Pomo people used both processes with equal ease and frequency. In addition, they made use of four distinct variations on the basic twining process, often employing more than one of them in a single article. Although a wide variety of materials was available, the Pomo people used only a few. The warp was always made of willow, and the most commonly used weft was sedge root,
0308托福试题 阅读（55minutes） Question 1-11 If food is allowed to stand for some time, it putrefies .When the putrefied material is examined microscopically ,it is found to be teeming with bacteria. Where do these bacteria come from , since they are not seen in fresh food? Even until the mid-nineteenth century, many people believed that such microorganisms originated by spontaneous (5 ) generation ,a hypothetical process by which living organisms develop from nonliving matter. The most powerful opponent of the theory of spontaneous generation was the French chemist and microbiologist Louis Pasteur(1822-1895).Pasteur showed that structures present in air closely resemble the microorganisms seen in putrefying materials .He did (10) this by passing air through guncotton filters, the fibers of which stop solid particles. After the guncotton was dissolved in a mixture of alcohol and ether, the particles that it had trapped fell to the bottom of the liquid and were examined on a microscope slide .Pasteur found that in ordinary air these exists a variety of solid structures ranging in size from 0.01 mm to more than 1.0 mm .Many of these bodies resembled the reproductive (15)structures of common molds, single-celled animals, and various other microbial cells . As many as 20 to 30 of them were found in fifteen liters of ordinary air ,and they could not be distinguished from the organisms found in much larger numbers in putrefying materials .Pasteur concluded that the organisms found in putrefying materials originated from the organized bodies present in the air .He postulated that these bodies are constantly (20)being deposited on all objects. Pasteur showed that if a nutrient solution was sealed in a glass flask and heated to boiling to destroy all the living organisms contaminating it, it never putrefied .The proponents of spontaneous generation declared that fresh air was necessary for spontaneous generation and that the air inside the sealed flask was affected in some way (25)by heating so that it would no longer support spontaneous generation. Pasteur constructed a swan-necked flask in which putrefying materials could he heated to boiling, but air could reenter. The bends in the neck prevented microorganisms from getting in the flask.. Material sterilized in such a flask did not putrefy. 1,What does the passage mainly discuss? (a)Pasteur’s influence on the development of the microscope. (b)The origin of the theory of spontaneous generation . (c)The effects of pasteurization on food. (d)Pasteur’s argument agai nst the theory of spontaneous generation . 2,The phrase “teeming with ”in line 2 is closest in meaning to (a)full of (b)developing into (c)resistant to (d)hurt by 3,Which of the following questions did the theory of spontaneous generation attempt to answer? (a)What is the origin of the living organisms are seen on some food? (b)How many types of organisms can be found on food? (c)What is the most effective way to prepare living organisms for microscopic examination? (d)How long can food stand before it putrefies? 4,The word “resemble” in line 9 is closest in meaning to
第29套：The Extinction of the Dinosaurs Paragraph1:Geologists define the boundary between sediment layers of the Cretaceous period(144-65million years ago)and the Paleocene period (65-55million years ago)in part by the types and amounts of rocks and fossils they contain or lack.Before the limit of65million years ago，marine strata are rich in calcium carbonate due to accumulations of fossils of microscopic algae deposited on the sea floor.Above the 65-million-year limit，sea-floor sediments contain much less calcium carbonate,and fossils of several families of mollusks are no longer found. In continental sediments,dinosaur fossils,though frequent before65 million years ago,are totally absent.By contrast,new families of mammals appear,including large mammals for the first time. 1..According to paragraph1，which of the following is true of Paleocene sediments ○They lack fossils from some families of mammals found in Cretaceous sediments. ○They contain fossils of dinosaurs. ○They contain fossils of some animals that did not exist during the Cretaceous. ○They contain fossils of more kinds of mollusks than are found in Cretaceous sediments.