Measuring Student Motivation for Physical Education
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学生体育锻炼英文作文英文:As a student, I believe that physical exercise is extremely important for our overall well-being. Not only does it keep us fit and healthy, but it also helps to relieve stress and improve our mood. Personally, I try to engage in some form of physical activity every day, whether it's going for a run, playing basketball with friends, or doing yoga. I find that it helps me to stay focused and energized throughout the day.One of the benefits of regular exercise is that it can improve our academic performance. When we exercise, our brain releases endorphins, which are chemicals that help to reduce stress and improve our mood. This can be especially helpful during exam periods when the pressure is high. I remember one time when I was feeling really stressed about an upcoming test, so I went for a long bike ride. When I got back, I felt much more relaxed and was able toconcentrate better on my studies.Another advantage of physical exercise is that it can improve our social skills. For example, when I play team sports like soccer or volleyball, I have the opportunity to work with others towards a common goal. This has helped meto develop better communication and teamwork skills, which are important not only in sports but also in other aspectsof life.In addition, regular exercise can also help to improve our sleep quality. When we are physically active during the day, it can help us to fall asleep faster and have a deeper, more restful sleep. I have definitely noticed that on days when I exercise, I tend to sleep much better at night.Overall, I believe that physical exercise is essential for students. Not only does it have numerous health benefits, but it can also have a positive impact on our academic performance and social skills.中文:作为一名学生,我相信体育锻炼对我们的整体健康非常重要。
讲述体育课的优势和劣势英语作文Advantages and Disadvantages of Physical Education.Advantages:Improved Physical Health: Regular physical activity helps strengthen muscles, improve cardiovascular health, and maintain a healthy weight.Enhanced Mental Well-being: Exercise releases endorphins, which have mood-boosting effects. Physical education also promotes a positive self-image and reduces stress levels.Increased Socialization: Physical education provides opportunities for students to interact with their peers, build relationships, and develop teamwork skills.Cognitive Benefits: Some studies suggest that physical activity can improve attention, memory, and decision-makingabilities.Preparation for a Healthy Lifestyle: Physicaleducation fosters healthy habits that students can carryinto adulthood, such as regular exercise and healthy eating.Disadvantages:Physical Risks: Physical education activities can pose risks of injuries, especially if proper precautions are not taken.Time Constraints: Integrating physical education into the curriculum can reduce the time available for other academic subjects.Lack of Motivation: Some students may not beintrinsically motivated to participate in physical activities.Cost: Providing adequate facilities and equipment for physical education can be costly.Cultural Barriers: In some cultures, there may be gender or religious beliefs that limit participation in physical education.中文回答:体育课程的优点:改善体质,定期的体能活动有助于增强肌肉力量,提高心血管健康状况,并保持健康的体重。
Analysis of physical education for students in public colleges and universities to develop themotivation to think[Paper Keywords] motives of public interest in sports[Abstract] movement is to stimulate and promote student motivation to learn and adhere to exercise self-important premise of sports motivation of students is through the creation of external conditions to meet the students’intrinsic motivation, and by creating external conditions for sports activities to meet students different needs. This paper describes the physical education in public colleges and universities to train students motivation to learn how some of the ways.German educator Diesterweg said: ‘Teaching the essence of art does not teach skills, but to inspire, awaken and encourage.’Interest is the best teacher, student interest in learning a direct impact on student learning behavior and effects, students can form a physical activity through sports habits, interests play a very important role in order to enable students to better grasp the basicknowledge of sports, technology, skills effectively to enhance student body and improve the quality of classroom teaching, and continuously improve student interest in learning, to mobilize the enthusiasm of students, the ‘passive to me’ becomes ‘I want to study the initiative,’‘want to learn.’ college students based on the physiological, psychological characteristics, in teaching the use of goal-setting, optimize the learning environment, develop good teachers and students, reform of sports and other teaching methods, teaching materials and methods to mobilize the students initiative, enthusiasm, through practice, not only the successful completion of teaching tasks, received good classroom teaching , but also to stimulate the students interest in learning. Here are my many years of experience in a number of physical education.First, teachers and students to develop good feelingsStudents of different students, they have the ability to think independently, they come from different regions, to leave their parents and relatives, but also need to establish a new type of teacher-student relationship sothat we should ask for advice careful cultivation in teaching teachers and students, love, care, help and respect for the students to love life and love to cultivate students’teachers respect and love, trust feelings, teachers should organize every event, every student concerned, be taken seriously and try to meet their legitimate needs of each. brought against them comments and suggestions to seriously consider and carefully answer.Second, the students set goalsPhysical education curriculum goals set at a certain time (phases, through practice to achieve the desired effect it is the school physical education curriculum starting point and destination, students participate in sports activities are purposeful acts, through its goal-setting can inspire them to participate sports motivation, to guide their behavior in physical education for students to establish the same day or within a period to achieve the goal, when this target into the inner needs of practitioners, it will enable students to active participation in exercises to improve self-effort and motivation level. During the target setting according tothe schools, teachers and students of the actual situation, can not be set too high, but not too arrived, to give students a clear and specific goals and methods of achieving the objectives and goals for this specific proposals, followed in teaching but also pay attention to short-term goals and long-term goals, in general, the most effective short-term goals, the behavior of students most likely to produce an immediate boost, but there must be long-term goals to guide their behavior in order to more consciously, consistently, to guide students to see their success stories, teachers should give them every encouragement and progress, to enhance students’self-confidence.Third, in teaching to student-centeredTrain and motivate students to participate in sports activities, interests and hobbies should be emphasized in teaching student-centered to student-teachers taught will change, students passive acceptance of a teaching-style teaching model, students learn self-study, cooperative learning and inquiry learning, etc., to enable students to experience through the exploration activities, collaborative activities and the results obtained byself-learning process to improve student interest in sport and learning ability. Student-centered by no means ‘sheep’of teaching, teachers teaching objectives for each lesson of the establishment, the choice of teaching content, teaching and learning method is used, and evaluation of all aspects of learning that students should take the initiative, a comprehensive development on the center, give full play to their learning motivation and learning potential, enhance student interest in learning and the ability of sports to promote the holistic development of students and healthy growth, according to the teaching of physical characteristics of public colleges and universities, student number, relatively large individual differences, We can also take group teaching or teaching in the completion of the task to arrange a certain time, under the guidance of teachers, students according to their preferences and expertise for a variety of optional activities through free activities, a lot of practice so that students understanding of knowledge and rules of some sports competitions, students are also active in sports knowledge and technology experience to the importance of students in physically, psychologically be met in orderto stimulate students’ enthusiasm for exercise, while the students physical and mental exercise, students sense of competition, unity and enterprising spirit of the spirit.Fourth, the theory and practice, students learn science and to promote exerciseMovement in the field of exercise requires students to master some scientific theories and methods, this part of the movement can be combined with teaching practical classes, you can arrange a few hours (such as the use of rainy day or after-school hours for theory courses such as seminars or lectures to guide students in reading sports books in the content, but in the end is to make these theoretical knowledge combined with practical activities to enhance the level of scientific training of students, so teachers should guide students to move the full body and brains combine to make students’scientific exercise capacity in the combination of theory and practice improved. In addition, teachers in the teaching process to strengthen the safety education, prevention of injury accidents, and enable students to understand some simple first aid, so that you can not prevent students dueto injury willing to participate in sports activities.Fifth, doubts set in PE teachingIn physical education, teachers with a purpose, there are predictable to the students’question set ‘experience, to solve the problem. This will not only improve the students’interest in learning, but also to develop the students thinking. For a better grasp of technical movements, effectively active classroom atmosphere, play an important role in the teaching of ‘doubts and questions’approach more, such as ‘suspense-style doubts and questions’ in the beginning of class to set up some suspense, so that students with the problem class. and their own experience to solve the problem through, such as in the shooting process, after the basketball shot spin Why? volleyball serve and spike, the forward rotation volleyball Why? teachers with a purpose of the questions, lead the students thinking, so that students in the exploration step by step exercises to stimulate the students learned the content of interest, in order to stimulate the enthusiasm of students to exercise initiative, rather than to individual students do better emphasize the more.Six students the right valuesPhysical education teachers need to strengthen the student sports values ??education so that they correctly understand the ⑴through sports the most direct and significant value, is to promote the body’s normal development and physical health improved, ⑵as social beings, people always affect the behavior of long sports practice, changing their body, and affect people’s mood at any time and a variety of psychological feelings, ⑶development of modern society to expand the scope of people’s social interaction, so that people more and more complex social relations, whether they have and the social, environmental awareness and ability to live in harmony, people’s overall quality has become an important part, ⑷the sports and health knowledge and skills.Seven, teaching environmentThe spacious grounds and plenty of sports equipment, but also to stimulate students in physical activity an important factor. We can imagine that when the students entered the spacious gym, marching soft carpet, listening to beautiful music, a large mirror on the wall mapout of their youthful figure, would have excited, happy, proud, want to wipe the feeling jump jump, so willing to exercise, so schools should strengthen the construction of sports facilities, procurement of adequate sports equipment and improve the physical education environment.In short, the motivation for students are many sports in addition to above methods, we are in teaching, the reform can be taken ⑴sports teaching materials and methods, ⑵use of the original motivation for migration, so that students have learning needs, ⑶physical education in the use of positive feedback, reinforcement learning motivation, ⑷the right direction, to maintain the strength of motivation, ⑸change the focus of evaluation to promote student learning and progress; ⑹various parts of the course, the appropriate use of some of the music, ⑺teaching methods to be interested in technology, teaching methods should be diversified, etc. By using these new tools and methods, we can mobilize students to exercise initiative, to better accomplish the task of teaching physical education class, played a goodrole.References: [1] Physical Education (and health curriculum standards development group [M]. Hubei Education Press, 2003, (1.[2] Pang Yu. The cultivation of physical education motivation [J]. Primary and secondary experiments and equipment, 2004, (5. 。
英语作文提高学生身体素质Improving Students' Physical Fitness。
As we all know, physical fitness is crucial for students' overall development. However, with the rise of technology and sedentary lifestyles, many students are not getting enough exercise, which can lead to a variety of health problems. Therefore, it is essential that we take steps to improve students' physical fitness.Firstly, schools should prioritize physical education classes and ensure that students are getting enough exercise during the school day. This can include activities such as running, jumping, and team sports. Additionally, schools can encourage students to participate in extracurricular sports teams or clubs, which can provide an opportunity for students to stay active outside of school hours.Secondly, parents should encourage their children toengage in physical activities outside of school. This can include going for walks or bike rides as a family, participating in sports leagues, or simply playing outside. Parents can also limit the amount of time their children spend on electronic devices and encourage them to spend more time being active.Finally, it is important for students to understand the importance of physical fitness and the benefits that come with it. Teachers and parents can educate students on the importance of exercise and healthy habits, and encourage them to make physical activity a part of their daily routine.In conclusion, improving students' physical fitness is crucial for their overall health and development. By prioritizing physical education, encouraging students to participate in extracurricular activities, and promoting healthy habits, we can help students lead active and healthy lives.。
鼓励学生参加体育运动英语作文English: Participating in sports is not only good for physical health but also for mental well-being. Students should be encouraged to engage in sports activities as it helps in overall development. Physical activities help in maintaining a healthy body weight, improve cardiovascular health, build strong muscles, and improve flexibility. Regular exercise also helps in reducing the risk of chronic diseases such as obesity, diabetes, and heart disease. Moreover, engaging in sports helps in promoting teamwork, leadership, and communication skills. It also teaches students how to deal with success and failure, boosting confidence and resilience. Additionally, playing sports can help in reducing stress and anxiety levels, improving mood, concentration, and enhancing cognitive function. Therefore, it is essential for schools to promote and support sports participation among students for their physical, mental, and emotional well-being.中文翻译: 参加体育运动不仅有利于身体健康,也有助于心理健康。
体育课优缺点英语作文英文回答:Physical education, also known as PE or gym class, is an integral part of most school curricula worldwide. It provides students with opportunities to engage in physical activities, develop motor skills, and learn about healthy lifestyles. While physical education offers numerous benefits, it also presents some potential drawbacks.Benefits of Physical Education:Enhanced Physical Health: PE classes provide students with regular opportunities to participate in physical activities that promote cardiovascular health, muscular strength, and endurance. These activities help reduce the risk of chronic diseases such as obesity, heart disease, and diabetes.Improved Cognitive Function: Research indicates thatphysical activity can enhance cognitive function, including memory, attention, and problem-solving abilities. By engaging in PE classes, students improve both their physical and mental well-being.Development of Motor Skills: Physical education classes provide a structured environment for students to develop their motor skills. These skills include coordination, balance, agility, and spatial awareness, which are essential for various sports and other physical activities.Socialization and Teamwork: PE classes offer students opportunities to interact with their peers in a social setting. Through team sports and cooperative games, students learn the importance of teamwork, communication, and fair play.Resilience and Discipline: Physical education classes foster resilience and discipline by challenging students to overcome obstacles and push their limits. By participating in physically demanding activities, students develop asense of accomplishment and learn the value of perseverance.Potential Drawbacks of Physical Education:Injury Risk: Physical education classes involve vigorous physical activities that can carry a risk of injury. Students should be properly supervised andinstructed in safe practices to minimize this risk.Not Tailored to Individual Needs: Traditional PE classes may not be tailored to the individual needs of all students. Students with physical limitations ordisabilities may find it challenging to participate in certain activities.Student Disinterest: Some students may lack interestor motivation to participate in physical education classes. This can make it difficult for teachers to engage students and promote healthy habits.Limited Time and Resources: In some schools, physical education is often given less time and resources than otheracademic subjects. This can limit the effectiveness of PE programs and reduce the benefits students receive.Cultural and Gender Biases: Physical education classes may sometimes reflect cultural or gender biases that can exclude or discourage certain students from participating.中文回答:体育课的优点:增强体质,体育课为学生提供了定期参加体育锻炼的机会,有助于促进心血管健康、肌肉力量和耐力。
怎样改进体育课英语作文Improving Physical Education Classes。
Physical education classes are an essential part of the school curriculum, as they promote physical fitness, teamwork, and overall well-being. However, there are always ways to improve these classes to make them more engaging and beneficial for students. In this essay, I will discuss some possible ways to enhance physical education classes and make them more enjoyable and effective for students.First and foremost, it is important to incorporate a variety of activities into physical education classes. While traditional sports such as basketball, soccer, and volleyball are important, it is also beneficial to introduce students to a wider range of activities, such as yoga, dance, and martial arts. This not only exposes students to different forms of physical activity but also allows them to discover new interests and talents. Additionally, incorporating different activities can caterto students with different abilities and preferences, making physical education classes more inclusive and enjoyable for all.Another way to improve physical education classes is to focus on individualized instruction. Instead of a one-size-fits-all approach, teachers should take the time to assess each student's abilities and provide personalized feedback and guidance. This can help students improve their skills and confidence in a particular sport or activity, leading to a more positive and rewarding experience in physical education classes.Furthermore, it is important to create a positive and supportive environment in physical education classes. Teachers should encourage teamwork, sportsmanship, and mutual respect among students. By promoting a positive and inclusive atmosphere, students are more likely to feel motivated and comfortable participating in physical education classes, leading to better overall experiences and outcomes.In addition to these suggestions, it is also importantto incorporate technology into physical education classes. With the advancement of technology, there are now various tools and resources available to enhance physical education, such as fitness apps, wearable devices, and virtual reality simulations. These technologies can help students tracktheir progress, set fitness goals, and engage ininteractive and immersive physical activities, making physical education classes more engaging and relevant tothe digital age.Overall, there are many ways to improve physical education classes and make them more enjoyable andeffective for students. By incorporating a variety of activities, providing individualized instruction, creatinga positive environment, and integrating technology,physical education classes can become a more valuable and enriching experience for students. It is important for educators to continue exploring new ideas and strategies to enhance physical education classes and promote the overall well-being of students.。
选修体育课对大学生的好处英语作文The Benefits of Taking Elective Physical Education Courses for College StudentsIntroductionPhysical education is an important aspect of a college student's overall education. While some students may view elective physical education courses as optional, they actually provide numerous benefits that contribute to a student's academic success, physical well-being, and overall quality of life. In this essay, we will explore the advantages of taking elective physical education courses for college students.Improved Physical HealthOne of the most obvious benefits of taking elective physical education courses is the improvement of physical health. Regular exercise has been proven to reduce the risk of chronic diseases such as obesity, heart disease, and diabetes. By participating in physical education classes, students have the opportunity to engage in physical activities that can improve cardiovascular health, strength, flexibility, and overall fitness levels. These classes can also help students develop healthy habits that they can carry with them throughout their lives.Enhanced Mental HealthIn addition to physical health benefits, participating in elective physical education courses can also have a positive impact on mental health. Exercise has been shown to reduce symptoms of stress, anxiety, and depression, while also boosting mood and overall mental well-being. Physical activity releases endorphins, which are known as "feel-good" hormones that can improve mood and alleviate symptoms of depression. By incorporating physical activity into their daily routines through elective physical education courses, college students can experience these mental health benefits, ultimately improving their academic performance and overall quality of life.Improved Academic PerformanceResearch has shown that there is a direct correlation between physical activity and academic performance. Regular physical activity can improve cognitive function, memory, and concentration, all of which are essential for academic success. By participating in elective physical education courses, students can enhance their academic performance by boosting their brain health and productivity. Additionally, physical activity has been shown to reduce stress and anxiety, which can improve focus and motivation.Social Interaction and Networking OpportunitiesPhysical education courses provide students with the opportunity to socialize and interact with their peers in a different setting than the classroom. These courses often involve team sports, group exercises, and cooperative activities that can help students build relationships, develop teamwork skills, and enhance their communication abilities. By participating in physical education courses, students can form connections with classmates who share similar interests and values, ultimately expanding their social networks and support systems.Stress Relief and Overall Well-beingCollege students often face high levels of stress due to academic pressures, personal responsibilities, and other factors. Elective physical education courses can serve as a healthy outlet for stress relief, allowing students to unwind, relax, and recharge. Exercise has been shown to reduce stress levels, improve sleep quality, and promote overall well-being. By incorporating physical activity into their schedules through elective physical education courses, students can better manage stress and maintain a healthy work-life balance.ConclusionIn conclusion, elective physical education courses offer numerous benefits for college students, including improved physical health, enhanced mental health, improved academic performance, social interaction and networking opportunities, stress relief, and overall well-being. By taking advantage of these courses, students can enhance their overall quality of life, succeed academically, and develop lifelong healthy habits. It is important for college students to prioritize their physical health and well-being by incorporating regular physical activity into their routines through elective physical education courses.。
三年中怎样为中考体育做准备英文作文全文共3篇示例,供读者参考篇1如需2000字以上的英文文章,我将提供以下段落作为参考:Preparing for the physical education section of the high school entrance examination requires not only physical training, but also mental resilience and discipline. Over the course of three years, students must develop a strong foundation in various sports, improve their physical fitness, and fine-tune their skills to ensure success on exam day.To begin, students should set realistic goals for themselves and create a training schedule that fits into their daily routine. This may involve joining sports teams, attending additional training sessions, or practicing individual exercises at home. By consistently dedicating time to physical activity, students will gradually build up their strength, endurance, and agility.In addition to regular training, students should pay attention to their diet and overall health. Eating a balanced diet, staying hydrated, and getting enough rest are essential for maintaining peak physical performance. Furthermore, students shouldconsult with coaches, teachers, or fitness trainers to receive guidance on how to improve specific aspects of their physical condition.One important aspect of preparing for the physical education section of the high school entrance examination is mastering the basic skills required for various sports. Whether it be running, jumping, throwing, or swimming, students must practice these skills repeatedly until they become second nature. Furthermore, students should focus on improving their coordination, balance, and flexibility to excel in different physical activities.Another key component of exam preparation is mental toughness. Students must learn how to push through physical discomfort, stay focused under pressure, and overcome obstacles with determination. By developing a strong mindset, students can face the challenges of the exam day with confidence and resilience.In conclusion, successfully preparing for the physical education section of the high school entrance examination involves a combination of physical training, mental strength, and dedication. By setting goals, maintaining a healthy lifestyle, mastering basic skills, and cultivating mental toughness,students can increase their chances of achieving their desired results. With three years of diligent preparation, students can be well-prepared for the challenges of the exam day and showcase their physical abilities with pride.篇2How to Prepare for the Middle School Entrance Examination in Physical Education in Three YearsPhysical education is an important subject in the middle school entrance examination in China. It requires students to have a certain level of physical fitness and sports skills. Therefore, it is necessary for students to make good preparations for the physical education test in the three years of junior high school. Here are some practical tips for preparing for the middle school entrance examination in physical education.First of all, it is important to establish a regular exercise routine. Physical education test includes events such as running, jumping, and throwing. To improve performance in these areas, students need to practice regularly. Running long distances, doing sprints, practicing long jump and high jump, and throwing shot puts and javelins are all important aspects of physicaleducation training. Students should set aside time each day for exercise and follow a disciplined training plan.In addition to regular exercise, students should also pay attention to their diet and nutrition. A balanced diet is essential for maintaining good physical fitness. Eating a variety of foods such as fruits, vegetables, lean proteins, and whole grains can provide the necessary nutrients for physical growth and development. It is important to avoid junk food and sugary drinks, as they can negatively impact performance in physical education tests.Furthermore, students should participate in extracurricular sports activities to enhance their sports skills. Joining sports teams or clubs at school can provide opportunities to practice and improve in various sports. Playing different sports can help students develop agility, coordination, and teamwork skills, which are important for the physical education test. Additionally, participating in competitions can build confidence and motivation for students to excel in the test.Moreover, students should focus on improving their overall physical fitness. In addition to specific sports skills, physical education test also evaluates students' overall physical fitness level. Students should aim to improve their cardiovascularendurance, muscular strength, flexibility, and agility. Engaging in activities such as swimming, cycling, yoga, and aerobics can help students enhance their physical fitness and perform better in the physical education test.Lastly, it is important for students to stay motivated and focused on their goals. The middle school entrance examination is a competitive test that requires dedication and hard work. Students should set realistic goals for themselves and work towards achieving them. It is important to stay positive and believe in oneself, even when facing challenges or setbacks. By staying motivated and focused on their preparations, students can perform their best in the physical education test and achieve success in the middle school entrance examination.In conclusion, preparing for the middle school entrance examination in physical education requires consistent effort and dedication over the three years of junior high school. By establishing a regular exercise routine, maintaining a balanced diet, participating in sports activities, improving overall physical fitness, and staying motivated, students can enhance their performance in the physical education test and achieve success in the middle school entrance examination. With properpreparation and hard work, students can excel in the physical education test and pave the way for a bright future.篇3How to Prepare for the Physical Education Exam in Three YearsPhysical education is an important subject in the middle school entrance exam. It not only tests students' physical fitness but also their ability to cooperate and compete with others. Therefore, it is crucial for students to prepare for the physical education exam well in advance. Here are some tips on how to prepare for the physical education exam in three years.First year:1. Develop a regular exercise routine: Start by incorporating regular exercise into your daily routine. This could be as simple as taking a brisk walk or going for a jog. The key is to get your body moving and build up your endurance.2. Learn the basic skills: Familiarize yourself with the basic skills required in physical education, such as running, jumping, throwing, and catching. Practice these skills regularly to improve your technique and coordination.3. Join a sports team: Joining a sports team in school or community can help you improve your overall fitness and develop important teamwork skills. Choose a sport that you enjoy and are passionate about, whether it's basketball, soccer, or track and field.Second year:1. Focus on improving your strengths: Identify your strengths and weaknesses in physical education and focus on improving your weaknesses. For example, if you struggle with running, focus on increasing your endurance and speed through regular practice.2. Set goals: Set specific, achievable goals for yourself in physical education. Whether it's running a certain distance in a set time or improving your performance in a specific sport, having clear goals can help motivate you to work harder.3. Take advanced classes: Consider taking advanced physical education classes or joining extracurricular sports clubs to challenge yourself and improve your skills. These opportunities can help you push yourself to the next level and prepare you for the physical education exam.Third year:1. Practice past exam papers: In the final year leading up to the physical education exam, focus on practicing past exam papers to familiarize yourself with the format and types of questions. This will help you develop a strategy for answering questions and manage your time effectively during the exam.2. Seek feedback: Ask your physical education teacher or coach for feedback on your performance and areas for improvement. Use this feedback to make adjustments to your training routine and focus on areas that need more attention.3. Stay motivated: Stay motivated and committed to your physical education exam preparation. Remember that your hard work and dedication will pay off in the end, so keep pushing yourself to improve and excel in the exam.In conclusion, preparing for the physical education exam in three years requires dedication, hard work, and perseverance. By following these tips and strategies, you can improve your physical fitness, skills, and performance in the exam. Good luck!。
Measuring Motivation for Physical Education… 1
Measuring Student Motivation for Physical Education: Examining the Psychometric Properties of the Perceived Locus of Causality Questionnaire and the Situational Motivation Scale
Psychology of Sport and Exercise 12 (2011) 284-292
Chris Lonsdale a,*, Catherine M. Sabiston b, Ian M. Taylor c, Nikos Ntoumanis d a University of Western Sydney, School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith NSW 2751, Australia b McGill University, Canada c Loughborough University, UK d University of Birmingham, UK
DATE OF SUBMISSION: August 18, 2010 Measuring Motivation for Physical Education… 2 Abstract Objectives: The purpose of this study was to evaluate, within a cross-cultural context, the psychometric properties of scores derived from the Perceived Locus of Causality Questionnaire (PLOCQ) and the Situational Motivation Scale (SIMS). Both questionnaires are grounded in self-determination theory and are commonly employed in physical education research. Method: Secondary school students from the United Kingdom (UK; n = 300, mean age = 13.71) and Hong Kong (HK; n = 342, mean age = 15.34 years) completed both questionnaires prior to a physical education lesson. Results: Internal consistency analyses, as well as single and multi-group confirmatory factor analyses produced evidence that largely supported the reliability and validity of PLOCQ and SIMS scores in the UK sample. However, the analyses indicated some areas of concern regarding the internal consistency of the external and introjected regulation PLOCQ items in the HK sample. Also, identified regulation and intrinsic motivation constructs were not distinguishable by youth in either culture in either questionnaire. Finally, compared with the UK, students in HK interpreted the SIMS external regulation items to be more self-determined. Conclusions: Researchers interested in studying contextual and situational motivation in UK physical education classes should, in general, feel confident in using the PLOCQ and the SIMS, respectively. However, our results highlight some important difficulties in the measurement of contextual and situational motivation in HK Chinese students. Further research is needed to better understand how students from different cultures respond to items intended to tap controlling forms of motivation.
Key Words: self-determined motivation, intrinsic motivation, extrinsic motivation, amotivation, external regulation, introjected regulation, identified regulationMeasuring Motivation for Physical Education… 3 Measuring Student Motivation for Physical Education: Examining the Psychometric Properties of the Perceived Locus of Causality Questionnaire and the Situational Motivation Scale Motivation is an important variable to consider in the physical education (PE) context, as adaptive types of motivation have been associated with intentions to exercise (Standage, Duda, & Ntoumanis, 2003), step counts during PE classes (Lonsdale, Sabiston, Raedeke, Ha, & Sum, 2009) and physical activity during leisure-time (Gordon-Larsen, McMurray, & Popkin, 2000; Hagger, Chatzisarantis, Culverhouse, & Biddle, 2003). Self-determination theory (SDT; Ryan & Deci, 2002) has been widely used to study motivation within the PE context (see review by Ntoumanis & Standage, 2009). Nonetheless, there has been limited attention paid to the validity of scores derived from popular SDT-based measures of students’ motivation for PE. Filling this research gap is important if SDT is to continue as a significant framework to study motivation in PE. The primary purpose of the current study was to evaluate the psychometric properties of scores derived from two instruments, the Perceived Locus of Causality questionnaire (PLOCQ; Goudas, Biddle, & Fox, 1994) and the Situational Motivation Scale (SIMS; Guay, Vallerand, & Blanchard, 2000), both of which are grounded in SDT and are commonly employed in research in the PE context (Lonsdale, et al., 2009; Ntoumanis, 2001, 2005; Prusak, Treasure, Darst, & Pangrazi, 2004; Taylor & Ntoumanis, 2007). A second aim was to investigate the cross-cultural equivalence of scores derived from these measures in the United Kingdom (UK) and the Chinese ‘special administrative region’ of Hong Kong (HK). Examining the cross-cultural validity of scores derived from popular motivation questionnaires is an important research objective, given the proposed applicability of SDT tenets across cultures (Deci, et al., 2001).