Informative-Speech

was first developed by the ancient Greeks. were taught first by a group of self-styled "sophists" who were known to "make the weaker argument the stronger." Plato and Aristotle developed theories of public speaking in opposition to the Sophists.
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Public Speaking
a vital means of communication
a way of making your ideas public – of
sharing them with other people and of influencing other people


41% of the 3000 respondents listed "fear of public speaking" as their No.1 fear, while 19% listed "death."
The top 5 fears of people are : 1. Public speaking!!! 2. Heights. 3. Insects and bugs. 4. Financial problems. 5. Deep water.
• What applied skills and basic knowledge are most important for those you will hire with a four-year college diploma?

3. Conclusion —summary of the theme, often with calls.
Preparation for the text
Common figures of speech used in a speech parallel and balanced structures; repetition ; antithesis for force ,vividness and emotional appeal. The object of a political speech is to explain, convince and persuade the people that what he is saying and planning to do best represents their interests so they should support him.
Calling for a united effort and strength to crush Nazi
Part 1—The background of the broadcast
Names and terms
Sir Winston Spencer Churchill Prime Minister 首相 First Lord of the Treasury 财政大臣 Minister of Defense 国防大臣
1.
Preparation for the text
Four type of speech:
1. Informative speech （传递信息型） --to convey information, to teach audience how to do something. --techniques: discussion/explanation/description/illustration --styles: clarity, simplicity 2. Persuasive speech ( 劝说型) --to influence or change audience‟s feelings and beliefs, to exhort them to take action. --techniques: intellectual, logical, emotional appeal, used by lawyer, candidate for office, whoever argues for or against a proposal, an opinion, or a new theory. --based on facts, statistics, logical reasoning

最新资料欢迎阅读2020 智慧树，知到《英语演讲与争辩》章节测试【完好答案】智慧树知到《英语演讲与争辩》章节测试答案第一章1、Which of the following is NOT one of the great English speakers in the history of the last one hundred years?A:Winston Churchil.B:Adam Smith.C:Martin Luther King.正确答案： Adam Smith.2、To draw audience”s attention,a good speaker always shows ___ to/for his/her speech.A:indifferenceB:passionC:a craze正确答案： passion3、What channel did Winston Churchill employ when making speech during the Second World War?A:Radio.B:Television.C:Internet.正确答案： Radio.4、 Without the nutritious base of_______, a good speechis impossible to occur.A:critical thinkingB:cultureC:Logic正确答案： culture5、Cicero,the greatest speech maker in ancient Rome, felt___ when making a speech.A:easyB:confidentC:nervous正确答案： nervous6、According to a professional speech consultant,___ can reduce stage fright by up to 75 percent.A:rich experienceB:preparationC:confidence正确答案： preparation7 、 Mr. Roosevelt was a very ethical speaker because_______.A:he was paralyzedB:he gave speechC:he managed to stand up and made a speech for his country 正确答案： he managedto stand up and made a speech for his country8 、 To get the attention and interest of the audience, you can take the following methods except_______.A:posing a questionB:telling a storyC:making a long statement正确答案： making a long statement9、 We can present the main points by employing the following orders except ___.A:chronological orderB:topical orderC:alphabetical order正确答案： alphabetical order10 、 The right postures of making a speech include the following except_______.A:planting your feet widelyB:hanging your arms loosely by your sideC:looking over your audience and smiling正确答案： planting your feet widely第二章1、If you have served as a volunteer teacher, probably you can talk about_______.A:your love for musicB:your experience of being a volunteer teacherC:your findings during the travel正确答案： your experience of being a volunteer teacher2、Which of the following is NOT one of the three general purposes of public speech?A:To inform.B:To persuade.C:To criticize.正确答案： To criticize.3、It ”s important to prevent your purpose from_______.A:being generalB:being clearC:being specific正确答案： being general4、Without an eye to observe and a mind to do real thinking, you cannot find the most suitable topic. ___A:TrueB:False正确答案： True5、“To impose legal measures andmoral criticism on domesticviolence ” is no more instructive than“domestic violence”.___A:TrueB:False正确答案： False6、Many experienced speakers consider _“ the very life of speeches”A:examplesB:statisticsC:testimony正确答案： examples7 、 ___ is an example that describes an imaginary or fictitious situation.A:A hypothetical exampleB:An extended exampleC:A brief example正确答案： A hypothetical example5最新资料欢迎阅读8、Lord Kelvin once said speaking about, and express “Whenyou can measure what you are it in ___, you know something aboutit.”A:examplesB:numbersC:testimony正确答案： numbers9、 Which of the following sources may not beconsidered reliable or trustworthy when a speaker citesstatistics from them?A:government websitesB:personal blogsC:academic institutions正确答案： personal blogs10、 In your speech you include the statement madeby a top student in your class to illustrate the importance of study habits, this kind of testimony is called ___A:expert testimonyB:peer testimonyC:celebrity testimony正确答案： peer testimony第三章1 、A good speaker always organizes his speech in a/an _ way so that the audience can follow his ideas from beginning to end.A:randomB:orderlyC:emotional正确答案： B2、Chronological order is a method of speech organizationin which the main points follow a _ pattern.A:spatialB:topicalC:time正确答案： C3 、 Comparatively speaking, the solution part is _ the problem part in problem-solution order.A:less important thanB:as important asC:more important than正确答案： C4、According to the lecture, which of the following mightNOT be the effect of insufficient sleep?A:Increased mistakesB:IrritabilityC:Optimism正确答案： C5、A good beginning _.A:prepares listeners for what is to comeB:doesn ”t tell listeners the main idea of the speechC:contributes little to the effect of the whole speech正确答案： A6、A good conclusion _.A:continues to discuss on the topic with presentingmore pointsB:alerts listeners that the speech is going toend C:ends the speech abruptly正确答案： B7、Which of the following statements is NOT correct?A:People all enjoy stories.B:Stories are attractive if they are provocative,amusing, dramatic or suspenseful.C:Stories may not be relevant to the topic if they are very interesting and funny.正确答案： C8、An outline can help you do the following EXCEPT .A:group your ideas into main points and see their logical connections.B:ensure that ideas flow from one to another.C:ensure that you will stand straight on the stage.正确答案： C9 、Which of the following is NOTincluded in the preparation outline?A:the title, specific purpose and central ideaB:the introduction, body and conclusionC:pauses and loudness of your voice正确答案： C10、 Why do we need to label the introduction, bodyand conclusion?A:Because this helps the outline look better.B:Because this marks each as a distinct part of the speech.C:Because this establishes your credibility.正确答案： B第四章1、Which of the following is NOT a reason for the speakerto use language clearly?A:A speaker ”s meaning must be immediately comprehensiblebecause listeners cannot turn to a dictionary to discover their meaning.B:A speaker ”s meaning must be immediately comprehensible because listeners cannot reread an author ”s words to discover their meaning.C:A speaker ”s meaning must be immediately comprehensible because listeners are far from the speaker.正确答案： C2 、 What words can ensure that the ordinary listeners understand easily?A:short, old wordsB:big, bloated wordsC:technical terms正确答案： A3、Which statement is NOT correct about concrete words?A:Concrete words are words that you can see, feel, hear,smell, touch and taste.B: “Honesty, ”“pride,”and“patriotism”are concrete words.C:Concrete words refer to tangible objects-people,places, and things.正确答案： B4、What is NOT regarded as a way to achieve vividness inpublic speaking?A:ArticulationB:ImageryC:Rhythm正确答案： A5、Which of the following statement is NOT correct abouta good delivery?A:A good delivery combines a certain degree of formalitywith the best attributes of good conversation-directness, spontaneity, animation, vocal and facial expressiveness and a lively sense of communication.B:A good delivery is informal and resembles casual conversation.C:A good delivery should be direct, animated, livelyand expressive.正确答案： B6、The 3-step method to help organize an impromptu speech includes: 1) State the point you wish to make; 2) Support your point with evidence and reasoning and 3) .A:Summarize your pointB:Add humor to your conclusionC:Summarize your evidence正确答案： A7、Which of the following is NOTan advantages of speaking extemporaneously?A:It gives more precise control over thought and languagethan impromptu speaking.B:It offers greater spontaneity and directness than speaking from memory and reading from manuscript.C:It relieves the speaker of the burden of speaking in frontof a large audience.正确答案： C8、Which of the following graphs are usually used to compare proportions?A:Line graphs.B:Bar graphs.C:Pie graphs.D:Pictorial graphs.正确答案： C9 、 Which of the following is not recommended when you prepare text slides?A:Choose a typeface that is simple and easy to read.B:Avoid a lot of different colors.C:Use all capital letters to emphasize a long sentence.D:Use a contrasting color or bold print to emphasize a word or phrase.正确答案： C10、____ show more clearly whether values are increasingor decreasing over time.A:Line graphs.B:Bar graphs.C:Pie graphs.D:Pictorial graphs.正确答案： A第五章1、Whenyou want to inform your audience about the historyof Feminist Movement, you would most probably arrange it in ____ order.A:topicalB:problem-solutionC:causalD:chronological正确答案： D2 、 An informative speech aims to convey knowledge and understanding.A:TRUEB:FALSE正确答案： A3、The Greek philosopher______identifies three fundamental strategies for persuading an audience ：Ethos, Logos and Pathos.A:SocratesB:PlatoC:Aristotle正确答案： C4、 Questions of fact are based on whether a particulartopic is _.A:true or not trueB:right or wrongC:should or should not正确答案： A5、MoYan madea speech at the Nobel Banquet in the Stockholm City Hall to accept the Nobel Prize in 2012, and his speech is__A:a speech of introductionB:a speech of acceptanceC:a commemorative speechD:a speech of presentation正确答案： B6、Suppose Mo Yan, the Nobel laureate for Literature, isgoing to deliver a speech in your university. Then his speechis __A:an acceptance speechB:a speech of introductionC:a speech of presentationD:none of the above正确答案： D7 、The competitions that we have discussed in this chapter do NOT include __A:”FLTRP Cup” English Public Speaking ContestB: “21 Century Cup” National English Speaking Competition C:“Star of Outlook ” English Talent CompetitionD:National English Competition for College Students正确答案： D8、The online contest of“FLTRPCup”English Public Speaking Contest includes the following parts except __A:a 3-minute video of prepared speechB:response to questions through a video callC:role-playD:an online voting正确答案： C9 、 Who is NOT mentioned in this lecture as well-known debaters?A:Zhuge LiangB:ConfuciusC:Zhang Yi正确答案： B10 、From Socrates ” debate with his students,we know that _A:we should define what is good and what is evil according to different situations.B:good people never cheat others.C:we should not steal away our friend”s tool when he is committing suicide.正确答案： A。

大学学生会组织演讲比赛提案的英语作文全文共6篇示例，供读者参考篇1Hey guys! I have a super cool idea for the upcoming speech contest for the university student council! So listen up and get ready to be blown away!First of all, I think we should have a theme for the contest. How about "Empowering Voices: Inspiring Change"? This theme is all about encouraging students to speak up and make a difference on campus.Next, we should have a variety of categories for the speeches. We can have categories like inspirational speeches, persuasive speeches, informative speeches, and even funny speeches! This way, everyone can showcase their unique speaking style and skills.To make the contest even more exciting, we can have prizes for the winners in each category. Maybe we can offer gift cards, trophies, or even a chance to speak at a student council meeting! This will motivate students to put their best foot forward and deliver their most amazing speeches.And last but not least, we should have a panel of judges who are experienced in public speaking and can provide constructive feedback to the contestants. This way, we can help students improve their speaking abilities and become even better communicators.Overall, I think this speech contest will be super fun and engaging for everyone involved. So let's make it happen and show everyone the power of student voices! Let's go, team student council!篇2Hi everyone,Today I want to talk about my proposal for a speech contest organized by the university student union. I think it would be super cool to have a competition where students can showcase their public speaking skills and share their ideas with the whole campus. Here are some ideas for how we could make it a fun and exciting event.First of all, we could have different categories for the speeches, like persuasive, informative, or even funny. This way, students could choose the type of speech that they feel most comfortable with and really show off their strengths. We couldalso have judges from different areas of campus life, like professors, student leaders, and even alumni, to give feedback and pick the winners.Another idea is to have a theme for the contest, like “making a difference” or “overcoming challenges.” This could really inspire students to think deeply about what they want to say and how they can connect with the audience. We could even have workshops and training sessions to help students prepare their speeches and improve their presentation skills.Finally, we could make the contest a big event on campus, with posters, social media promotion, and maybe even some prizes for the winners. This would make it a really exciting and motivating experience for everyone involved.I really hope you all like my idea for the speech contest, and I can’t wait to hear your feedback and suggestions. Let’s work together to make this event a huge success!Thanks for listening!篇3Hi everyone, my name is Lily and I'm here to talk to you about an exciting idea for our college's student union – a speech competition!So, how about we organize a speech competition for all the students in our college? It would be a great way for us to showcase our public speaking skills, share our ideas, and have some fun too! We can have different topics for each round, like "My Dreams and Aspirations", "The Importance of Community Service", or "How to Overcome Challenges".We can have students from different departments and years participate, which would give everyone a chance to shine. It would also be a great opportunity for us to learn from each other and hear different perspectives. Plus, the winners could receive some cool prizes like gift cards or certificates of achievement.I think this competition would not only be a lot of fun, but also help us build our confidence and improve our communication skills. It would be a great way to bring the student body together and create a stronger sense of community. And who knows, maybe we'll discover some hidden talents among our classmates!So, what do you all think? Are you excited about the idea of a speech competition? Let's make it happen and show everyonejust how awesome our college student union is! Thank you for listening!篇4Hey guys, listen up! I have a super cool idea for the upcoming university student union speech competition. Let's make it fun and exciting to bring some new vibes to our campus!First of all, we can have a theme for the competition like "Empowering Voices" or "Shaping the Future". It will give us a direction and make the speeches more focused and meaningful.Next, we can have different categories for the competition, such as persuasive speech, informative speech, and impromptu speech. This way, everyone can choose a category that they are comfortable with and show off their speaking skills.To make it even more interesting, we can have a panel of judges from different backgrounds like teachers, students, and professionals. This will ensure a fair and diverse evaluation of the speeches.And how about adding some fun elements to the competition, like a talent show or a debate round? It will definitely spice up the event and keep the audience engaged.Finally, let's have some awesome prizes for the winners, like scholarships, vouchers, or even an internship opportunity. This will motivate everyone to do their best and make the competition more competitive.So, what do you guys think? Let's make this year's student union speech competition the most epic one yet! Let's empower our voices and shape the future together!篇5Hello everyone! Today I want to talk to you all about a super cool idea I have for our college student union: organizing a speech contest! I think it would be so much fun and a great way for us to show off our speaking skills and creativity.First of all, we can have different categories for the contest, like persuasive speeches, informative speeches, and even impromptu speeches. This way, everyone can participate and showcase their unique talents. We can also have prizes for the winners, like gift cards or even a trophy. That would make it even more exciting!Next, we could invite some special guests to be the judges. Maybe we could ask some of our teachers or even local community leaders to come and listen to our speeches. It wouldbe a great opportunity for us to get feedback from professionals and improve our public speaking skills.I also think it would be fun to have a theme for the contest. We could choose something like “The Power of Words” or “Making a Difference” to inspire us to come up with creative and impactful speeches. And of course, we can have some snacks and drinks at the event to keep us energized and motivated.Overall, I think a speech contest would be a fantastic way for us to come together as a community, support each other, and have a lot of fun. So what do you say, guys? Are you in? Let's make this happen and show everyone what we've got! Thank you for listening!篇6Hey guys, I have a super cool idea for our university student council – how about organizing a public speaking competition? You know, like where students can show off their speaking skills and confidence in front of a crowd. It will be so much fun!First, we can have different categories for the competition, like persuasive speeches, informative speeches, and even impromptu speeches. This way, everyone can participate in a category that they feel comfortable with. And we can havejudges to give feedback and pick the winners – maybe even have prizes for the best speakers!We can also have workshops and training sessions to help students prepare for the competition. We can invite guest speakers to share their tips and tricks for public speaking, and offer coaching sessions to help students improve their skills. It will be a great opportunity for everyone to learn and grow.And of course, we can invite students from other universities to join the competition too. It will be a great way to meet new friends and showcase our university's talent. Plus, it will be super exciting to see how we stack up against other schools!So what do you guys think? I think a public speaking competition would be a fantastic addition to our student council events. Let's make it happen and show everyone how awesome our university is!。

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Wang Jufang
Example (2)
Specific Purpose
to persuade my audience that genetically engineered crops (GEC) pose serious dangers to the environment and to human health.
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Wang Jufang
1. Questions of Fact
Questions of fact are questions about the truth or falsity of an assertion.
Qs of fact can be answered with certainty
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Definition of Persuasive Speech
The kind of speech where you use reasoning, emotional appeals or your credibility to convince the listeners to agree with you or to inspire them to action.
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Audience Adaptation
A speaker should adapt the content and strategy to the audience: • Their position • Their major objections • Their questions • Their favorite style of communication
PersuasiveSpeech

Strongly Moderately Slightly Neutral Slightly Moderately Strongly in
Opposed Opposed Opposed
in Favor in Favor Favor
Persuasion involves any movement by a listener from left to right.
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Definition of Persuasive Speech
The kind of speech where you use reasoning, emotional appeals or your credibility to convince the listeners to agree with you or to inspire them to action.
Role of speaker
an advocate
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Informative vs. Persuasive
In an informative speech, the speaker conveys facts and details.
to define, to explain and to clarify
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Wang Jufang
Audience Adaptation
A speaker should adapt the content and strategy to the audience: • Their position • Their major objections • Their questions • Their favorite style of communication

第一章测试1.Demonstrative speeches are similar to informative speeches but informativespeeches normally do not include actual demonstrations.A:对B:错答案:A2.The proper idea for demonstrative speech is（）A:My Favorite Misheard Song Lyric?B:Karate techniquesC:What is the average salary in different countries and what causes thedifference?D:Should there be stronger limits on immigration?答案:B3.Entertaining speeches are informal and usually very short; they are speechesthat provide a lot of enjoyment and pleasure for the audience.A:对B:错答案:A4.The TED speech “When do kids start to care about other people’s opinion?”belongs to ( ).A:Informative SpeechB:Debate SpeechC:Oratorical SpeechD:Entertaining Speech答案:A5.The TED speech “Why noise is bad for you and what you can do about it”shows that solid facts such as research and statistics are ineffective toperusade listens.A:对B:错答案:B第二章测试1.以下两单词foot food中，oo的发音相同。

A brief stylistic analysis of “Gettysburg address”delivered by Abraham LincolnI. INTRODUCTIONThe Gettysburg Address is a speech by Abraham Lincoln and is one of the best known speeches in United States history. It was delivered by Linc oln at the dedication of the Soldiers' National Cemetery in Gettysburg, Pe nnsylvania, on the afternoon of Thursday, November 19, 1863, during the American Civil War; four and a half months after the Union armies defeat ed those of the Confederacy at the decisive Battle of Gettysburg. Abraha m Lincoln's carefully crafted address, secondary to other presentations th at day, came to be regarded as one of the greatest speeches in American hi story. In just over two minutes, Lincoln invoked the principles of human e quality espoused by the Declaration of Independence and redefined the Ci vil War as a struggle not merely for the Union, as "a new birth of freedom " that would bring true equality to all of its citizens, and that would also c reate a unified nation in which states' rights were no longer dominant. Public speech is the process of speech to a group of people in a structured, deliberate manner intended to inform, influence, or entertain the listeners. There are mainly three types of speeches for people to address--- informative speech, Persuasive Speeches and Ceremonial Speeches.Informative speech: The purpose of an informative speech is to teachthe audience a small but useful tidbit of information. If your speech is a success, the audience will walk away with some new knowledge. Persuasive Speeches: The purpose is a persuasive speech is to change people's minds or behavior about something. This is a very difficult thing to do. For a persuasive speech to be truly effective, it's not enough to simply present your arguments in an eloquent way. You need to actually get the audience to change their minds.Ceremonial Speeches: A ceremonial speech is one that is given to mark an important occasion in someone's life, such as a graduation speech, a wedding toast, or a eulogy at a funeral. These speeches can be both emotionally moving and fun.To analyze a text from the scope of stylistics, first we must know the definition of the stylistics and stylistic analysis. As for linguistics, many definitions are given by many linguists. The most general one is that stylistics is a branch of linguistics which studies style in a scientific and systematic way concerning the manners/linguistic features of different varieties of language at different levers. For stylistic analysis, it is generally concerned with the uniqueness of the language. The procedure of stylistic analysis is often sequenced in three steps: 1)linguistic description, 2) textual analysis, and 3）contextual factors analysis.Stylistic analysis is a very important method to appreciate thespeech. My paper will focus on the stylistic analysis of the “Gettysburg address”delivered by Lincoln. This address today is considered one of the most famous speeches in American history. Through stylistic analysis, we can well appreciate American presidents’speeches and learn a lot from the words and sentences employed in the speeches. My stylistic analysis of this speech will be conducted from three aspects: linguistic description, which includes graphological level, phonological level, lexical level, syntactic level, and semantic level; textual analysis, which will be analyzed in terms of lexical cohesion, grammatical cohesion and logical cohesion; contextual factors analysis, in which field of discourse, tenor of discourse and mode of discourse will be discussed.II.LINGUISTIC DESCRIPTIONi. Graphological featuresGraphology is the study of the writing system of a language. Graphological level is the expression or realization of language in its written form. Paragraphing refers to the way in which a text is divided into paragraphs. It is a device to reveal the relational structure in a text, the organization of the content. That the speech is composed of 3 paragraphs containing 10 sentences is one conspicuous graphological marker. There two short paragraphs and one long paragraph, of which short paragraphs describe the experiences of the ancestors and the situation they now face, and the long paragraph are the appeals anddeterminations of the president. With respect to punctuations, commas and periods are prevailing ones. But in the last paragraph, the dashes are frequently use. Dashes can be used to set off strongly parenthetical expressions. For example, the sentence “But, in a larger sense, we cannot dedicate-- we cannot consecrate-- we cannot hallow-- this ground.” can explain this. And also dashes are employed to set off summary or long appositives. For example, “It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us---that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion-- that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain-- that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom; and that government of the people, by the people, and for the people, shall not perish from the earth..”ii. Semantic featuresIn order to achieve a good result, public speeches are usually well prepared in written form in advance. This makes it possible for the speaker to employ figurative languages, which can effectively engage the audience. The semantic effect is mainly achieved by the employment of different kinds of figures of speech.Rhetoric devices are employed in most public speeches. Many speeches use parallelism and antithesis to make langue be with the rhythm of music. In this speech, antithesis is employed. For example,“The world will little note nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here.”Parallelism is another syntactic over-regularity. It means exact repetition in equivalent positions. Parallelism is frequently used in this speech. For instance, “It is for us, the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us---that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion-- that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain-- that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom; and that government of the people, by the people, and for the people, shall not perish from the earth.”In his speech, Lincoln uses parallelism to create a strong rhythm to help the audience line up his ideas. All this can achieve effective functions. Lincoln applies antithesis and parallelism to make his speech more natural, grand and magnificent and influential. Metaphor refers to the use of words to indicate something different from their literal meaning. Metaphor has traditionally been viewed as the most important form of figurative language use, and is usually seen as reaching its most sophisticated forms in literary or poetic language. Metaphors allow us to understand one domain of experience in terms of another. Metaphor is used, for instance, “our fathers brought forth upon this continent a new nation, conceived inliberty and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal.”This metaphor depicts the born of baby instead of the formation of country, insinuating that this country is with life like human beings and now it is just a child being in growth and learning. And it needs protection either. Personification is also can be found in the text. For example,“The world will little note nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here.” From this we can see that this speech is very vivid. In the speech, repetition is employed. The sentence “And that government of the people, by t he people, and for the people, shall not perish from the earth.” can be used to illustrated this, making the speech full of rhythm and more persuasive.This repetition helps to achieve the function of coherence in discourse and the function of reinforcemen t in mood and emotion, expressing the speaker’s strong emotion of longing for freedom and justice.iii. Phonological featuresPhonological devices play a very important role in public speeches, since they are delivered orally. Therefore skillful use and control of voice, pitch, pause, tempo, and the employment of various phonetic figures of speech.So we can’t ignore the phonological features of speeches.In Lincoln’s “Gettysburg address”, we can see that In the beginning, “Fourscore and seven years ago” r eplaces eighty-seven years ago is the ingenuity of Lincoln that “four score” has two long vowels [o:] which isresounding and well known by people, and can draw audience’s attention effectively.Except this, we can also see amounts of vocabulary with resounding vowels, such as fourscore，now，that nation，any，that nation might live，cannot，tally did，nobly，great，before，God，new birth，of，by，for，perish and so on. All of the lexis enhance volume and make listeners catch the point of the speech easily.iv. Lexical featuresGenerally speaking, a public speech possesses double traits of expression: it is formal as is required of written language, and it is yet not difficult to understand at the time of delivery as is require of the spoken mode. But this speech is far from an easy one. Word is the basic grammar unit. Different styles require using different words. Meanwhile the different stylistic colorings of the words also determine their different applicable scope. Here we would analyze Abraham Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address from two aspects in the lexical level. This speech consists of 271 words, of which 53 big words containing more than six letters are employed. So the percentage of the big words is about 19.6%. There are totally ten sentences. So relatively, the public speeches use more formal words and their word structure is more complex. The fog dex is about 18.7, which is much more than 10, so the speech is not an easy. There are also many emotional words used in this speech which bring a powerful feeling of unite. For example, in the initial segment, “our fathers broughtforth on this continent a new nation”, Lincoln call ancestors as fathers to show his reverence, meanwhile draw the attention of audience. First person pronouns such as “I”, “we”, “our” ,“us” are mainly used in the speech, which shows that the speaker unconsciously stand at the side of the audience, making the speaker more trustful. Lincoln involves all the audience and makes them feel that they are the ones whom he is speaking to. In this speech, he changes personal pronoun from time to time. By the conversion of personal pronouns, he manages to make the speech flexible and rousing. Lincoln used many formal polysyllabic hard words for evaluation, such as conceived, dedicate, proposition, consecrate and so on. Hard words are used to make the speech difficult, but more precise and formal. Such dynamic words as conceived, dedicated created engaged are mainly used to describe the experience and appeal to American people to shoulder their responsibility. Nouns in the speech are abstract. For example, proposition, power, devotion, freedom and so on. All these abstract nouns can make the speech appealing and the speaker trustworthy.v. Syntactic featuresAs far as sentence type is concerned, the most public speeches, we can find that almost all the sentences are major sentences. The length of sentence depends on the style type of the text. In Lincoln’s speech, there are 10 sentences, all of which are long sentences. The first paragraph onlycontains one sentence, and the last sentence consists of 82 words. This makes the speech a little difficult. In this speech, composite sentences are very common, while simple sentences just account for a little part. A complex sentence consists of one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses. Of the 10 sentences, most are complex sentences. For example,“It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us---that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion-- that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain-- that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom; and that government of the people, by the people, and for the people, sh all not perish from the earth.”As for word order, Lincoln also employed the inverted sentences to make his speech more comprehensible. For example, the first sentence “Fourscore and seven years ago, our fathers brought forth upon this continent a new nation, conceived in liberty and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal.” Tenses used in public speeches are complicated. Generally speaking, the simple present tense, the simple past tense, the future indefinite tense, and the present perfect tense are the most commonly used tense in public speeches. This speech employs simple past tense to describe the experience of the past and the simple present tense to inspire the audience.III. TEXTUAL ANALYSISA text is any passage, spoken or written, of whatever length, that forms a united whole. We can analyze the speech from two aspects in terms of textual analysis: lexical cohesion, and logical cohesion. For lexical cohesion, according to Halliday and Hasan , English lexical cohesive ties fall into two categories: reiteration and collocation. Reiteration is frequently used in this speech. Reiteration can take the following four terms: repetition, synonymy, antonymy, hyponymy, and meronymy, of which repetition and synonymy are employed. For example, the verbs in “But, in a larger sense, we cannot dedicate-- we cannot consecrate-- we cannot hallow-- this ground.”are synonyms and the sentence style is repeated. This kind of writing makes the speech more inspiring, leading the whole speech more coherent. With respect to logical cohesion, logical cohesion is very important. The sentences of this speech are well organized. There are totally 10 sentences in this speech. They are coordinate or subordinate. For example, “It is for us, the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us---that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion-- that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain-- that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth offreedom; and that government of the people, by the people, and for the peo ple, shall not perish from the earth.”These two sentences are coordinate. This speech achieves the cohesion by using the coordination and subordination.Generally speaking, sentence is often seemed as the orderly arrangement of words. Based on the above analyses, we can deduce that Lincoln’s speech has its own feature in syntactical level.IV. CONTEXTUAL ANALYSISContext refers to all elements of a communicative situation: the verbal and nonverbal context, the context of a given speech situation and the social context of the relationship between the speaker and hearer, their knowledge, and their attitude. According to functional stylistics, contextual factors include the following aspects:Field of discourse: it refers to what is going on: to the area of operation of the language activity. It concerned with the purpose and subject-matter of communication. It answers the question of “why”and “about what”communication takes place. In terms of field of discourse, this speech is the political speech.Tenor of discourse: it refers to the role of relationship in the situation. It answers the question of “to whom” the speaker is communicating. This dimension determines the level of the formality and the level of technicality of the language we use. In terms of tenor of discourse, thisspeech is relationship between the president and the audience at the dedication of the Soldiers’ National Cemetery in Gettysburg.Mode of discourse: it mainly refers to the means of communication. It is concerned with “how”the communication is carried out. In terms of mode of discourse, this speech is oral.V. CONCLUSIONThe Gettysburg Address analyzed in ways of linguistic description in terms of the phonological level, the lexical level, the syntactical level and the semantic level, textual analysis, and contextual analysis, from which a deeper understanding of this public speech is achieved. To sum up, from the graphological level, we find that dashes are frequently used and there are only three paragraphs in the speech, which indicates that this speech is concise and very persuasive. From semantic level, a lot of figures of speech such as personification, metaphor, and antithesis are employed. This makes the speech more vivid and more inspiring. From the phonological level, long vowels are used. All of the lexis enhance volume and make listeners catch the point of the speech easily. From the syntactic level, we can conclude that complex and major sentences are used, which makes the speech more serious and formal, corresponding to the very situation at that time. With respect to textual analysis, the speech is well organized, making the speaker more trustworthy and respectable. In terms of the contextual analysis, the speech is analyzed from three aspects,which makes the speech more understandable. In short, the Gettysburg Address of Abraham Lincoln shows his distinct style and speaks out the inner voice of American in that crucial period. Furthermore, our stylistic analysis of this speech can help us well appreciate American presidents’ speech and enhance our presentation skills in daily life.The analysis above roughly touches some observable stylistic features of this speech. But considering the fact that I have learned the stylistics for only a few months and that the analysis is based on my own observation, we know that my analysis is far from being exhaustive.。

The English of Public Speaking
The definition of the public speech The components of the public speech The types of the public speech The ways of delivery The features of the public speech
The ways of delivery
•Reading from a manuscript •Reciting from memory •Impromptu speaking •Extemporaneous speaking
Adventages:
R 1.ensure precise wording,
3. Entertaining speech
Aim: interest, entertain, amuse. Types: party, after dinner
4. Stimulate speech
Aim: stimulate, impress. Types: memorial services, inauguration ceremonies.
language
I mI
Adventages:
1.Indicate speaker's confidence and knowlege.
p m 2.Catche the audience's attention
rp
or mo pm
Disadventage:
The speaker should keep to one or two points. Sometimes, they may

智慧树知到《英语演讲与辩论》章节测试答案第一章1、Which of the following is NOT one of the great English speakers in the history of the last one hundred years ？A:Winston Churchil.B:Adam Smith.C:Martin Luther King.正确答案：Adam Smith.2、To draw audience ' s attention, a good speaker always shows ___ to/for his/her speech.A:indifferenceB:passionC:a craze正确答案：passion3、What channel did Winston Churchill employ when making speech during the Second World War?A:Radio.B:Television.C:Internet.正确答案：Radio.4、Without the nutritious base of , a good speech is impossible to occur.A:critical thinkingB:cultureC:Logic正确答案：culture5、Cicero, the greatest speech maker in ancient Rome, felt ___ when making a speech. A:easyB:confidentC:nervous正确答案：nervous6、According to a professional speech consultant, ___ can reduce stage fright by up to 75 percent.A:rich experienceB:preparationC:confidence正确答案：preparation7、Mr. Roosevelt was a very ethical speaker because .A:he was paralyzedB:he gave speechC:he managed to stand up and made a speech for his country正确答案：he managed to stand up and made a speech for his country8、To get the attention and interest of the audience, you can take the following methods except _____ .A:posing a questionB:telling a storyC:making a long statement正确答案：making a long statement9、We can present the main points by employing the following orders except ___.A:chronological orderB:topical orderC:alphabetical order正确答案：alphabetical order10、The right postures of making a speech include the following except .A:planting your feet widelyB:hanging your arms loosely by your sideC:looking over your audience and smiling正确答案：planting your feet widely第二章1、If you have served as a volunteer teacher, probably you can talk about .A:your love for musicB:your experience of being a volunteer teacherC:your findings during the travel正确答案：your experience of being a volunteer teacher2、Which of the following is NOTo ne of the three general purposes of public speech? A:To inform.B:To persuade.C:To criticize.正确答案：To criticize.3、It 's important to prevent your purpose from .A:being generalB:being clearC:being specific正确答案：being general4、Without an eye to observe and a mind to do real thinking, you cannot find the most suitable topic. ___A:TrueB:False正确答案：True5、“To impose legal measures and moral criticism on domestic violence ” is no more instructive than “domestic violence ”. ___A:TrueB:False正确答案：False6、Many experienced sp eakers consider _ “ the very life of speeches ”A:examplesB:statisticsC:testimony正确答案：examples7、___ is an example that describes an imaginary or fictitious situation.A:A hypothetical exampleB:An extended exampleC:A brief example正确答案： A hypothetical example8、Lord Kelvin once said “When you can measure what you are speaking about, and express it in ___, you know something about it. ”A:examplesB:numbersC:testimony正确答案：numbers9、Which of the following sources may not be considered reliable orwhen trustworthy a speaker cites statistics from them?A:government websitesB:personal blogsC:academic institutions正确答案：personal blogs10、In your speech you include the statement made by a top student in your class to illustrate the importance of study habits, this kind of testimony is calledA:expert testimonyB:peer testimonyC:celebrity testimony正确答案：peer testimony第三章1、A good speaker always organizes his speech in a/an _ way so that the audience can follow his ideas from beginning to end.A:randomB:orderlyC:emotional正确答案： B2、Chronological order is a method of speech organization in which the main points follow a _ pattern.A:spatialB:topicalC:time正确答案： C3 、Comparatively speaking, the solution part is _ the problem part in problem-solution order.A:less important thanB:as important asC:more important than正确答案： C4、According to the lecture, which of the following might NOT be the effect of insufficient sleep?A:Increased mistakesB:IrritabilityC:Optimism正确答案： C5、A good beginning _.A:prepares listeners for what is to comeB:doesn ' t tell listeners the main ide a of thespeechC:contributes little to the effect of the whole speech 正确答案： A 6、A good conclusion _.A:continues to discuss on the topic with presenting more pointsB:alerts listeners that the speech is going to endC:ends the speech abruptly 正确答案： B7、Which of the following statements is NOT correct?A:People all enjoy stories.B:Stories are attractive if they are provocative, amusing, dramatic or C:Stories may not be relevant to the topic if they are very interesting 正确答案： C8、An outline can help you do the following EXCEPT .A:group your ideas into main points and see their logical connections. B:ensure that ideas flow from one to another.C:ensure that you will stand straight on the stage. 正确答案： C9、Which of the following is NOT included in the preparation outline? A:the title, specific purpose and central ideaB:the introduction, body and conclusionC:pauses and loudness of your voice suspenseful .and funny.正确答案：C正确答案： B10、 Why do we need to label the introduction, body and conclusion?A:Because this helps the outline look better.B:Because this marks each as a distinct part of the speech.C:Because this establishes your credibility.正确答案： B第四章1、 Which of the following is NOT a reason for the speaker to use language clearly? A:A speaker 's meaning must be immediately comprehensible because listeners turn to a dictionary to discover their meaning.B:A speaker 's meaning must be immediately compreh ensible because listeners reread an author ' s words to discover their meaning.C:A speaker 's meaning must be immediately comprehensible because listeners from the speaker. 正确答案： C2、 What words can ensure that the ordinary listeners understand easily?A:short, old wordsB:big, bloated wordsC:technical terms正确答案： A3、 Which statement is NOT correct about concrete words?A:Concrete words are words that you can see, feel, hear, smell, touch and taste. B: “Honesty, ” “pride, ” and “patriotism ” are concrete words.C:Concrete words refer to tangible objects — people, places, and things.4、 What is NOT regarded as a way to achieve vividness in public speaking?A:Articulationcannot cannot are farB:ImageryC:Rhythm正确答案： A5、Which of the following statement is NOT correct about a good delivery?A:A good delivery combines a certain degree of formality with the best attributesof good conversation —directness, spontaneity, animation, vocal and facial expressiveness and a lively sense of communication.B:A good delivery is informal and resembles casual conversation.C:A good delivery should be direct, animated, lively and expressive.正确答案： B6、The 3-step method to help organize an impromptu speech includes: 1) State the point you wish to make; 2) Support your point with evidence and reasoning and 3) .A:Summarize your pointB:Add humor to your conclusionC:Summarize your evidence正确答案： A7、Which of the following is NOT an advantages of speaking extemporaneously?A:It gives more precise control over thought and language than impromptu speaking.B:It offers greater spontaneity and directness than speaking from memory and reading from manuscript.C:It relieves the speaker of the burden of speaking in front of a large audience.8、Which of the following graphs are usually used to compare proportions?A:Line graphs.B:Bar graphs.C:Pie graphs.正确答案：CD:Pictorial graphs.正确答案： C9、Which of the following is not recommended when you prepare text slides?A:Choose a typeface that is simple and easy to read.B:Avoid a lot of different colors.C:Use all capital letters to emphasize a long sentence.D:Use a contrasting color or bold print to emphasize a word or phrase. 正确答案： C10、 __ show more clearly whether values are increasing or decreasing over time.A:Line graphs.B:Bar graphs.C:Pie graphs.D:Pictorial graphs.正确答案： A第五章1、When you want to inform your audience about the history of Feminist Movement, you would most probably arrange it in order.A:topicalB:problem-solutionC:causalD:chronological正确答案： D2、An informative speech aims to convey knowledge and understanding.A:TRUEB:FALSE正确答案： A3、The Greek philosopher _______ identifies three fundamental strategiesfor persuading an audience ：Ethos, Logos and Pathos.A:SocratesB:PlatoC:Aristotle正确答案： C4、Questions of fact are based on whether a particular topic is _.A:true or not trueB:right or wrongC:should or should not正确答案： A5、Mo Yan made a speech at the Nobel Banquet in the Stockholm City Hall to accept the Nobel Prize in 2012, and his speech is __A:a speech of introductionB:a speech of acceptanceC:a commemorative speechD:a speech of presentation正确答案： B6、Suppose Mo Yan, the Nobel laureate for Literature, is going in your university. Then his speech is __A:an acceptance speechB:a speech of introductionC:a speech of presentationD:none of the above正确答案： D7、The competitions that we have discussed in this chapter do NOT includeA: ”FLTRP Cup” English Public Speaking C ontestB:“21 Century Cup ” National English Speaking Competition C:“Star of Outlook ” English Talent CompetitionD:National English Competition for College Students正确答案： D8、The online contest of “FLTRP Cup” English Public Speaking following parts except __A:a 3-minute video of prepared speechB:response to questions through a video callC:role-playD:an online votingto deliver a speech Contest includes the正确答案：C9、Who is NOT mentioned in this lecture as well-known debaters?A:Zhuge LiangB:ConfuciusC:Zhang Yi正确答案： B10、From Socrates ' debate with his students, we know that _situations. A:we should define what is good and what is evil according to differentB:good people never cheat others.C:we should not st eal away our friend ' s tool when he is committing suicide.。

Informative speechWhen I’m in a bad mood or tired, I always choose to have a drink which can make me feel refreshed. Drink is an important part of our daily life. Today I want to talk something about the three most popular drinks in the world. They are cocoa，coffee and tea.The first drink is cocoa，which is native to America. It was introduced to Europe during the 16th century. At the very start，some nobles thought cocoa is unacceptable. However，with the improvement of taste, cocoa became popular throughout Europe，even the world. According the research，drinking cocoa can help people relieve stress and slow down the aging process.Coffee is often confused with cocoa. in fact，they are different in many ways. Coffee originates in Africa and coffee bean is much smaller than cocoa bean. Legend says that Kaldi, the first man fond coffee, discovered his goats feasting on coffee shrubs. So he tasted the leaves curiously and began to dance around. As for effect，Caffeine is effective in relieving fatigue，improving digestion and treatment for depression.The last one is Chinese traditional drink，tea. The Chinese are the earliest in the world to drink tea，which can date back to two thousand years. Then tea was introduced throughout the world. At first，tea was used as medicine，today，tea is also considered as a healthy drink. Because tea not only have heat-clearing and reducing thirst effect，but also can reduce the risk of AD and PD. In conclusion, theses drinks have very long history and rich culture. At the same time, they all have their advantages，we can make use of them to have a healthy life.。

Organizing Informative SpeechOrganizing Your Speech to Inform Will Include:1. Preparing an Attention-Getting Introduction2. Preparing a Preview of What You Are Going to Talk About3. Preparing the Main Body of Your Speech4. Preparing a Summary of What You Spoke About5. Preparing a Memorable Conclusion1. REPARING AN ATTENTION-GETTING INTRODUCTIONThe opening of your speech is very important. You must have your audience's immediate attention and get them interested in your speech at the very beginning. You must make them want to listen to your speech.1. Make your audience curious. Ask your audience a question. They will immediately be interested in knowing the answer. For example, one of our students started her speech with this series of questions:What can cost ten dollars or a thousand dollars?What can be every color of the rainbow?What can you wear on your arm, your cheek, your leg, or even your back?What do famous movie stars and authors have?Are you curious? We are sure that you would like to hear more of the speech. This student made her informative speech about "Tattoos."2. Begin your speech with a story. People like to listen to a story. They want to find out what it is all about. For example, a boy from Colombia started his speech with this story:A guard took me to a square room with no lights. The room was so black I couldn't even see my own feet. All of a sudden a hidden electric wall slid closed behind me. There was no way out. I thought I was in a tomb. All of a sudden bright lights came on. I was surrounded by gold on all Jour sides!Did this story make you interested in hearing this speech? Of course it did! This student made his speech about "The Gold Museum" in Bogota, Colombia.3. Begin your speech with a well-known quotation. One of our students began her speech about "The Disadvantages of Borrowing" with the famous quotation from Hamlet by William Shakespeare:Neither a borrower nor a lender be, for loan often loses both itself and friend.4. Begin your speech with a startling or shocking fact. Example:You can get almost anything you want without cash! And you can begin today!This statement got your attention, didn't it? A student of ours used this striking statement to begin his speech "The Billion Dollar Business of Bartering. " (He talked about ways to use your skills or services to get almost anything you want without cash.)2. PREPARING A PREVIEW OF WHAT YOU ARE GOING TO TALK ABOUT After your terrific attention-getting opener, you must provide your audience with a preview of what you are going to talk about. The best way to do this is to tell your listeners exactly what you are going to say.EXAMPLE 1: In a speech entitled "Surviving a Hurricane" you could use the following preview:My purpose today is to tell you what to do in the event of a hurricane. I will talk about:A. How to prepare for a hurricaneB. Safety measures to take during the hurricaneand C. What to do after the storm is over3. PREPARING THE MAIN BODY OF YOUR SPEECHNow that your listeners know exactly what you are going to talk about, it is time to present your information. Be sure to present the main parts of your speech just the way you said you would.EXAMPLE 1: If you said that you were going to talk about the three most dangerous effects (wind, water, and pressure build-up) of a hurricane, you must keep your promise! The main body of your speech must contain the following sections:I. The Winds of a HurricaneII. The Rain of a HurricaneIII. The Pressure Build-Up Inside Buildings4. PREPARING A SUMMARY OF WHAT YOU SPOKE ABOUTAlthough you have finished presenting all your information in the main body of your speech, you are not ready to sit down. Every good speech should have a summary of the information presented. The best way to summarize your information is to remind your audience about what you said. Help your listeners remember what you spoke about by repeating the main points covered in the main body of your speech. EXAMPLE 1: In the speech about "Surviving a Hurricane" you could use the following summary:Well, I've given you some very important information today. You now know:A. How to prepare if a hurricane is comingB. Various safety measures to take during the stormC. What to do after the hurricane is over5. PREPARING A MEMORABLE CONCLUSIONYou still aren't ready to sit down! You must do one more thing before your speech is finished. You must end your speech effectively. Never end your speech with "That's all I have to say. . ." The final words of your speech are the ones your audience will remember. It's important to conclude with a statement that will leave your audience thinking about what the techniques for concluding speeches are the same as those for beginning speeches.EXAMPLE 1: In the speech about "Surviving a Hurricane," a memorable and effective conclusion could be the following:For 12 hours in the black of night, it was like a nightmare. In the morning we saw crushed cars and roofless houses. But we survived because we knew what to do!IntroductionFunction Possiblelanguage1Welcoming your audience • Good morning, ladies and gentlemen• Good morning, gentlemen• Good afternoon, ladies and gentleman• Good afternoon, everybody2Introducing your subject • I am going to talk today about...• The purpose of my presentation is to introduce ournew range of...3Outlining your structure • To start with I'll describe the progress made this year.Then I'll mention some of the problems we'veencountered and how we overcame them. After that I'llconsider the possibilities for further growth next year.Finally, I'll summarize my presentation (beforeconcluding with some recommendations).Body• do not hurry• be enthusiastic• give time on visuals• maintain eye contact• modulate your voice• look friendly• keep to your structure• use your notes• signpost throughoutConclusionFunction Possiblelanguage1Summing up • To conclude, ...• In conclusion, ...• Now, to sum up ...• So let me summarize/recap what I've said.• Finally, may I remind you of some of the main pointswe've considered.2Giving recommendations • In conclusion, my recommendations are ...• I therefore suggest/propose/recommend the following strategy.3Thanking your audience • Many thanks for your attention.• May I thank you all for being such an attentiveaudience.Function LanguageIntroducing the subject • I'd like to start by...• Let's begin by...• First of all, I'll...• Starting with...• I’ll begin by...Finishing one subject... • Well, I've told you about...• That's all I have to say about...• We've looked at...• So much for......and starting another • Now we'll move on to...• Let me turn now to...• Next...• Turning to...• I'd like now to discuss...• Let's look now at…Analyzing a point and giving recommendations • Where does that lead us?• Let's consider this in more detail...• What does this mean for ABC?• Translated into real term...Giving an example • For example,...• A good example of this is...• As an illustration,...• To give you an example,...• To illustrate this pointDealing with questions • We'll be examining this point in more detail later,on...• I'd like to deal with this question later, if I may...• I'll come back to this question later in my talk...• Perhaps you'd like to raise this point at the end...• I won't comment on this now...Summarizing and concluding • In conclusion,...• Right, let's sum up, shall we?• I'd like now to recap...• Let's summarize briefly what we've looked at...• Finally, let me remind you of some of the issueswe've covered...• If I can just sum up the main points...Topic Areas: English Learning / Health / Culture / Environmente.g.Students’ StressCultural DifferencesWhat can I do to help the environment?Requirements: PPT with visual and/or audio aids Grouping: Two students in one teamTime Limit: 5 minutes for each team。

英语演讲与辩论各位读友大家好，此文档由网络收集而来，欢迎您下载，谢谢课程编号:100191英文名:The Art of English Public Speaking and debating课程类别:专业选修学分:2学分课时:32课时主讲教师:韩静等选定教材:Stephen E. Lucas,《演讲的艺术》,北京:外语教学与研究出版社,2004年课程概述:《英语演讲与辩论》课程是一门语言技能和专业知识相结合的课程,在一定程度上实现相关专业与外语专业之间的复合、交融和渗透,使学生从语言的单一性向知识的多元化、宽厚型方向转化.该课程有助于提高学生综合应用英语的能力,有助于学生综合素质的培养,是英语教学改革的新课型通过该课程的学习不仅能帮助学生进一步提高英语表达能力、英语口语交际能力,更有利于学生开拓思路、掌握沟通技巧;引导学生体会演讲魅力、提高演讲技巧、展示演讲才能,有利于他们早日掌握这门适用于各种领域的沟通艺术.这门课程的学习需要一定程度的语言技能以外的知识积累.通过这门课程的学习,学生能够系统地了解英语演讲的技巧,英语演讲稿的写作方法以及英语演讲技巧在现代交际中的作用.本课程采用理论传授与实际操练相结合;教师讲解和学生参与相结合;教师点评和学生试评相结合的教学方法.本课程授课内容主要包括两大块,均采用多媒体、互动式授课.第一部分包括英语演讲课程的理论教学,采用范例录像观摩和阐释理论知识点相结合的方法;第二部分包括学生操练并辅助以课堂讨论及对学生操练和作业进行评析等方法.考查方法采用课堂参与和考试相结合.教学目的:通过本课程的学习,使学生全面、系统地掌握英语演讲和辩论的理论知识与艺术特点以及在现实交际生活的作用及在一定程度上实现相关专业与外语专业之间的复合、交融和渗透,使学生从语言的单一性向知识的多元化、宽厚型方向转化,并且提高学生综合应用英语的能力和综合素质的培养.教学方法:本课程授课内容主要包括两大块,均采用多媒体、互动式授课.第一部分包括英语演讲辩论课程的理论教学,采用示范录像观摩和阐释理论知识点相结合的方法;第二部分包括学生操练并辅助以课堂讨论及对学生操练和作业进行评析等方法.考查采用课堂参与记录与考试相结合的方法,课堂参与记录占50%,考试占50%.1)教学原则a.教师为主导,学生为主体,训练为主线;b.运用激励策略,营造宽松型、学生友好型氛围;c.语境教学法;d.过程教学法.2)课堂组织形式a. 精讲多练,突出学生参与;b. 运用视听演示材料供学生观摩;c. 鼓励学生制作视觉辅助材料;d. 运用摄像设备拍录学生演讲实景;e. 先讲后评,组织讨论;f. 运用评估表分析学生演讲;g.大班与小班授课应有区别.各章教学要求及教学要点第一章Speaking And Listening教学要求:本章教学要求学生比较全面了解演讲的基本理论和概念,演讲中的道德准则以及倾听在言语交流中的重要性.教学内容:一、Speaking in Public1. The Power of Public Speaking2. The Tradition of Public Speaking3. Similarities Between Public Speaking and Conversation4. Differences Between Public Speaking and Conversation5. Developing Confidence: Your Speech Class6. Public Speaking and Critical Thinking7. The Speech Communication Process8. Public speaking in a Multicultural World二、Ethics and Public Speaking1. The Importance of Ethics2. Guidelines for Ethical Speaking3. Plagiarism4. Guidelines for Ethical Listening三、Listening1. Listening Is Important2. Listening and Critical Thinking3. Four Causes of Poor Listening4. How to Become a Better Listener思考题:1. In what way is public speaking likely to make a difference in your life?2. How is public speaking different from everyday conversation?3. How can you control your nervousness and make it work for you in your speeches?4. What are the seven elements of the speech communication process? How do they interact to determine the success or failure of a speech?第二章Speech Preparation: Getting Started教学要求:本章教学要求学生了解在演讲的准备阶段如何选题和立意,如何分析听众的特点,如何收集资料和如何规范地使用所搜集到的论据来说明自己的想法.教学内容:Selecting a Topic and Purpose1. Choosing a Topic2. Determining the General Purpose3. Determining the Specific Purpose4. Phrasing the Central Idea二、Analyzing the Audience1. Audience-Centeredness2. Your Classmates as an Audience3. The Psychology of Audiences4. Demographic Audience Analysis5. Situational Audience Analysis6. Getting Information About the Audience7. Adapting to the Audience三、Gathering Materials1. Using Your Own Knowledge and Experience2. Doing Library Research3. Searching the Internet4. Interviewing5. Tips for Doing Research四、Supporting Your Ideas1. Supporting Materials and CriticalThinking2. Examples3. Statistics4. Testimony5. Sample Speech with Commentary思考题:1. What is the difference between the specific purpose and the central idea of a speech? What are four guidelines for an effective central idea?2. What methods can you use to adapt your speech to your audience before the speech? During the speech?3. What five things should you do to take research notes efficiently?4. What are five tips for using examples in your speeches?第三章Speech Preparation: Organizing and Outlining教学要求:本章教学要求学生系统掌握英语演讲稿的写作方法和写作规范.教学内容:Organizing the Body of the Speech1. Organization Is Important2. Main Points3. Supporting Materials4. Connectives二、Beginning and Ending the Speech1. The Introduction2. The Conclusion三、Outlining the Speech1. The Preparation Outline2. The Speaking Outline思考题:1. What are the five basic patterns of organizing main points in a speech? Which are appropriate forinformative speeches? Which is used only in persuasive speeches? Which is used most often?2. What are seven methods you can use in the introduction to get the attention and interest of your audience?3. What are four ways to reinforce the central idea when concluding your speech?4. What is a preparation outline? What are the eight guidelines discussed in the chapter for writing a preparation outline?5. What is a speaking outline? What are four guidelines for your speaking outline?第四章Presenting The Speech教学要求:本章教学要求学生基本掌握演讲写作中的语言技巧,演讲的不同形式,以及直观教具的制作和用法. 教学内容:一、Using Language1. Language Is Important2. Meanings of Words3. Using Language Accurately4. Using Language Clearly5. Using Language Vividly6. A Note on Inclusive Language二、Delivery1. What is a Good Delivery?2. Methods of Delivery3. The Speaker’s V oice4. The Speaker’s Body5. Practicing Delivery6. Answering Audience Questions三、Using Visual Aids1. Advantages of Visual Aids2. Kinds of Visual Aids3. Guidelines for Preparing Visual Aids4. Guidelines for Presenting Visual Aids思考题:1. What are three things you should do to use language clearly in your speeches?2. Why is it important for a public speaker to use inclusive language? What are five usages of inclusive language which have become so widely accepted that no speaker can afford to ignore them?3. What are the eight aspects of voice usage you should concentrate on in your speeches?4. What are the five steps you should follow when practicing your speech delivery?5. What steps should you take when preparing for a question-and-answer session? What should you concentrate on when responding to questions during the session?6. What are the major advantages of using visual aids in your speeches?第五章Varieties of Public Speaking教学要求:本章教学要求学生掌握演讲的几种主要的体裁,能够在不同的场合选择不同的方式进行有效演讲. 教学内容:教学内容:Speaking to Inform1. Types of Informative Speeches: Analysis and Organization2. Guidelines for Informative Speaking3. Sample Speech with Commentary4. The Importance of Persuasion5. Persuasive Speeches on Questions of Fact6. Persuasive Speeches on Questions of Value7. Persuasive Speeches on Questions of Policy二、Methods of Persuasion1. Building Credibility2. Using Evidence3. Reasoning4. Appealing to emotions三、Speaking on Special Occasions1. Speeches of Introduction2. Speeches of Presentation3. Speeches of Acceptance4. Commemorative Speeches5. After-Dinner Speeches四、Speaking in Small Groups1. What Is a Small Group?2. Leadership in Small Groups3. responsibilities in a Small Group4. The Reflective-Thinking Method5. Presenting the Recommendations of the Groups思考题:1. Why must informative speakers be careful not to overestimate what the audience knows about the topic? What can you do to make sure your ideas don’t pass over the heads of your listeners?2. What are three methods you can use to avoid abstractions in your informative speech?3. Explain the difference between passive agreement and immediate action as goals for persuasive speeches on questions of policy.4. What four methods of organization are used most often in persuasive speeches on questions of policy?5. What are four tips for using evidence effectively in a persuasive speech?6. What are the three major traits of a good acceptance speech?7. What are the five major responsibilities of every participant in a small group?参考书目:1)Lucas, Stephen E. The Art of Public Speaking. 8th Ed. New York: McGraw Hill, 2004. 配有Instructor’s Manual.2)Verderber, Rudolph F. The Challenge of Effective Speaking. 10th Ed. Boston: Wadsworth Publishing Company, 1997.3) Collins, Patrick. Say It with Power & Confidence. Paramus: Prentice Hall, 1998.4)Kay, Sue:《实用演讲技巧》,北京:外语教学与研究出版社,2004.5)亚历山大,《英语辩论手册》,北京:外语教学与研究出版社,1999.Chinese universities should/should not allow mix-genderdormitories.Ladies and Gentlemen, Good evening! I’m very glad to stand here and give you a shortI will argue from the following two aspects about Chinese universities should not allow mix-gender dormitories.First of all,we should seriously think about the existence value of mix-gender dormitories. According to the published study of Journal of American College Health, they investigated more than 500 students of five American universities,and about 90% of which living in the mix-gender dormitories. In the dormitory, men and women are not necessarily in the same room, many of them just live on the different floors. The results of the survey show that 41% of the students,living in the mix-gender dormitories,admit that they arepromiscuity in astudents,living in a single gender dormitory,of the ratio is 17%.The study also points that living in the mix-gender dormitory is easier to promiscuity. The proportion of having three or more sexual partners in the past year is three times as much as students who live in the single-gender ,with the number increasing,the account of promiscuity will be make us more embarrassed in the future. Secondly, it also has a great effect on students’ living. For example,when I want to take a bath after busy work and have a deep sleep wearing pajamas,I find that I can’t do it because I have a maleI was a man,I would even worried If I would be sued for obscene or not ,just because I wear a short pants and my shake-feathering is too long. And all this is the embarrassment due to allow mix-genderwhen you live with the students in common sex,girls could not worry aboutthe position which underwear hang on, let alone whether they are less wear at night. Meanwhile boys can play games loudly and don’t have to worry about the girl. Some privacy is able to accept by the people,having common sex,but the opposite sex ismany students aren’t lover in min-gender dorm. Therefore privacy protection has become an embarrassing problem,but also making life into inconvenience.新课程标准/ 演讲/ 辩论/ 教学设计英语演讲与辩论是英语语言综合能力的体现。

山东理工大学教案注：教案附后Lesson 10 Informative Speech IIInformative speech: a speech designed to convey knowledge and understanding.When your general purpose is to inform, you act as a teacher or lecturer. Your goal is to convey information ---and do it clearly, accurately and interestingly, your aim is to enhance the knowledge and understanding of your listeners---to give them information they did not have before.The informative speeches occur in a wide range of everyday situations.Types of informative speeches5.Speeches about objects6.Speeches about processes7.Speeches about events8.Speeches about concepts1.Speeches about objectsObject: anything that is visible, tangible, and stable in form.Objects may have having parts or to be alive, they may include places, structures, animals, or even people.You will not have time to cover everything about an object, just focus on one aspectWhen you organize the speech you may choose one of the three organizational methods: chronological; spatial and topical.If your specific purpose is to explain the history or evolution of your subject, you can put your speech in chronological order (A method of speech organization in which the main points follow a time pattern). For instance:Specific purpose: To inform my audience about the major achievements of Frederick Douglass Central idea: Although born in slavery, Frederick Douglass became one of the greatest figures in American history.Main points: I. Douglass spent the first 20 years of his life as a slave in Maryland.II. After escaping to the North, Douglass became a leader in the abolitionist movement to end slaveryIII. During the Civil War, Douglass helped establish black regiments in the Union Army. IV. After the war, Douglass was a tireless champion of equal rights for his race.If your specific purpose is to describe the main features of your subject, you may organize your speech in spatial order (A method of speech organization in which the main points follow a directional pattern).Specific purpose: To inform my audience about the major land regions in SpainCentral idea: There are five major land regions in Spain.Main points: I. The Northern part…II. The western…III. The central…IV. The eastern…V. The Southern part…Some of the speeches about objects fall into topical order (A method of speech organization in which the main points divide the topic into logical and consistent subtopics). Here is an example: Specific purpose: To inform my audience about the major alternative-fuel cars now being developed.Central idea: The major alternative-fuel cars now being developed are powered by electricity, natural gas, methanol, or hydrogen.Main points: I. one kind of alternative-fuel car is powered by electricity.II. A second kind of alternative-fuel car is powered by natural gas.III. A third kind of alternative-fuel car is powered by methanol.IV. A fourth kind of alternative-fuel car is powered by hydrogen.Other methods of speech organization:Causal order: A method of speech organization in which the main points show a cause-effect relationship.Problem-solution order: A method of speech organization in which the first main point deals with the existence of a problem and the second main point presents a solution to the problem.2.Speeches about processProcess: A systematic series of actions that leads to a specific result or product.Speeches of process explain how something is made, how something is done, or how something works.When informing about a process, we will usually arrange our speech in chronological order, explaining the process step by step from beginning to end. For example:Specific purpose: To inform my audience about the major steps in the classic Japanese tea ceremony. Central idea: There are five major steps in the classic Japanese tea ceremony.Main points: I. First, the guests approach the teahouse, taking times on the way to purify their hands.II. Second, the guests enter the tea house, admire the hanging scroll and the vase witha flower arrangement, and seat themselves.III. Third, the tea master prepares a bowl of tea for each guest, following the prescribed ritual.IV. Fourth, each guest in turn takes exactly three and a half sips of tea.V. Fifth, the guests admire the tea implements, admire the interior of the teahouse, and depart.Sometimes, you will focus on the major principles or techniques involved in performing the process. Then you will organize your speech in topical order. Each main point will deal witha separate principle or technique. For example:Specific purpose: To inform my audience about the common methods used by stage magicians to perform their tricks.Central idea: Stage magicians use two common methods to perform their tricks---mechanical devices and sleight of hand.Main points: I. Many magic tricks rely on mechanical devices that may require little skill by the magician.II. Other magic tricks depend on the magician’s skill in fooling people by sleight-of-hand manipulation.3. Speeches about eventsEvent: Anything that happens or is regarded as happening.There are many ways to discuss event. If your specific purpose is to recount the history of an event, you will organize your speech in chronological order, relating the incidents one after another in the order they occurred. For example:Specific purpose: To inform my audience about the history of the disability rights movement.Central idea: The disability rights movement has made major strides during the past 40 years. Main points: I. The disability rights movement began in Berkeley, California, during the mid-1960s.. II. The movement has achieved its first major victory in 1973 with passage of the federal Rehabilitation Act.III. The movement reached another milestone in 1990 when Congress approved the Americans with Disabilities Act.IV. Today the movement is spreading to countries beyond the .If you want to explain the causes and effects, you may organize the speech in causal order. Let’s say your specific purpose is “To inform my audience why so many lives were lost whenthe ‘unsinkable ’ ocean liner Titanic sank. ” Working from cause to effect, youroutline might look like this:Specific purpose: To inform my audience why so many lives were lost when the ‘unsinkable ’ ocean liner Titanic sankCentral idea: Inability to remove the passengers and crew from the doomed Titanic caused the death of more than two-thirds of those on board.Main points: I. There were two major causes for the great loss of life when the ship went down.A.The Titanic carried insufficient lifeboats for the number of people on board.B.On the ship California, which was nearby, the radio operator had shut down the radio andgone to sleep.II. The effects of these two situations were disastrous.A.When all usable lifeboats had been filled, more than 1,500 people remained on board theTitanic.B.The California, unaware of the distress signal, steamed on which the Titanic went tothe bottom.There are other ways to deal with an event besides telling what happened and why it happened. You can approach an event from almost any angle or combination of angles---features, origins, implications, benefits, future developments, and so forth. In such cases, you will put your speech together in topical order.4. Speech about conceptsConcept: A belief, theory, idea, notion, principle, or the like.Speeches about concepts are usually organized in topical order. One common approach is to list the main features or aspects of your concept. For example:Specific purpose: To inform my audience about the basic principles of Afro centrism.Central idea: The basic principles of Afro centrism have a theoretical and a practical dimension. Main points: I. The theoretical dimension of Afro centrism looks at historical and social events from an African rather than a European perspective.II. The practical dimension of Afro centrism calls for reforming the school curriculum to fit the needs and cultural experiences of African-American children.A more complex approach is to define the concept you are dealing with, identify its major elements, and illustrate it with specific examples. Foe instance:Specific purpose: To inform my audience about the basic principles of Islam.Central idea: The beliefs of Islam can be traced to the prophet Muhammad, are written in the Koran, and have produced a number of sects.Main points: I. Islam was founded by the prophet Muhammad in the early 600s.II. The teaching of Islam are written in the Koran, the holy book of Islam.III. Today Islam is divided into a number of sects, the largest of which are the Sunnisand the Shiites.As you can see from the examples, speeches about concepts are often more complex than other kinds of informative speeches. Concepts are abstract and can be very hard to explain.When explaining concepts, pay close attention to avoiding teaching technical language,you should define terms clearly, and use examples and comparisons to illustrate the concepts and make them understandable to your listeners.Guidelines for informative speakingAll the previous chapters we have discussed relate to the principles of informative speaking. Choosing a topic, and specific purpose, analyzing the audience, using language, delivering the speech---all of these must be done effectively if you want your speech a success. Here we emphasize five points that will help you avoid the mistakes that plague many informative speakers.1. Don’t overestimate what the audience knows.It is easy to overestimate the audience’s stock of information. In most informative speeches, your listeners will be only vaguely knowledgeable about the details of your topic. Otherwise there would not be much need for an informative speech! Therefore, you must lead your listeners step by step, without any shortcuts. You cannot assume they will know what you mean. Rather, you must be sure to explain everything so thoroughly that they cannot help but understand. As you work on the speech, always consider whether it will be clear to someone who is hearing about the topic for the first time.2.Relate the subject directly to the audienceInformative speakers have one big hurdle to overcome. They must recognize that what is fascinating to them may not be fascinating to everybody. Once you have chosen a topic that could possibly be interesting to your listeners, you should take special steps to relate it to them.You should tie it in with their interests and concerns.Start in the introduction, instead of saying:I want to talk with you about stress.You could say,Do you get butterflies in your stomach when you have to give a speech? Can you feel your blood pressure rising when you have an argument with your roommate, spouse, or partner? Are you worried sick about finishing the paper you have been putting off all week? Is so, you have experienced the symptoms of stress.Get your audience involved right at the beginning. And whenever you can ,put your audience into the body of the speech. Find ways to talk about your topic in terms of your listeners. Bring your material home to them. Get it as close to them as possible.3.Don’t be too technicalWhat does it mean to say that an informative speech is too technical? It may mean the subject matter is too specialized for the audience. The important thing foe a speaker to know is what can be explained to an ordinary audience and what cannot.If you are talking to a group of specialists, you can use technical words and be understood.But you must do all you can to avoid technical words when informing a general audience.4.Avoid abstractionsOne way to avoid abstractions is through description (a statement that depicts a person, event, idea, or the like with clarity and vividness). Description can be used depict external events, but also can be used to communicate internal feelings.Here is how one student tried to convey to his audience the sensations he experienced when he first began sky diving:As we wait for the plane to climb to the jump altitude of 12,000 feet, my mind races witha frenzied jumble of thoughts: “Okay, this is the moment you have been waiting for. It is goingto be great. Am I really going to jump out of an plane from 12,000 feet? What if something goes wrong? Can I still back out? Come on now, don’t worry. It’ll be fine.”Even if we have not been sky diving, we have the same kind of emotions on the similar occasions.So what happened next?Now it is time to jump. My palms are sweating and my heart is pounding so hard I think it may burst. “Get ready,” yells the instructor. As I jump into the blue, I wonder, “What amI doing here?”Yes---and then what?The blast of air resistance blows me backward like a leaf at the mercy of an autumn wind.In about 10 seconds my body levels out and accelerates to a speed of 120 miles an hour. The air supports my body like an invisible flying carpet. There is no sound except for the wind rushing around my face. The earth appears soft and green, rivers look like strips of silver, and in every direction the scenery forms a panoramic landscape. Any fears or doubts I had are gone in the exhibition of free flight. Every nerve in my body is alive with sensation; yet I am overcome by a peaceful feeling and the sense that I am at one with the sky.As we listen to the speaker, we are almost up there with him, sharing his thoughts, feeling his heart pound, joining his exhilaration as he floats through the sky. The vivid description lends reality to the speech and draws us further in.Another way to escape abstraction is with comparisons (A statement of the similarities among two or more people, events, ideas, etc.) t hat put your subject in concrete familiar terms.What would happen if a comet or large asteroid struck the earth? You would say this:If a comet or large asteroid struck the earth, the impact would be devastating.It is vague and abstract; It does not communicate your meaning clearly and concretely. Now suppose you add this:To give you an idea how devastating the impact would be, it would be like all the nuclear bombs in the world going off at one spot.Now you have made the abstract specific.5.Personalize your ideasPersonalize: to present one’s ideas in human terms that relate in some fashion to the experience of the audience.Listeners want to be entertained as they are being enlightened. People are interested in people. They react to stories, not statistics. Whenever possible, you should try to personalize your ideas and dramatize them in human termsLets say you are talking about anorexia nervosa, the eating disorder that affects millions of young women in the United States. You should not toss figures and facts into your speech, they are too dry, you should weave in some examples of people who have suffered from anorexia to get the audience involved. One student began by telling about her best friend, Julie:I was Julie’s best friend. I watched her grow from a little girl who was doted on by her parents into a tomboy who carried frogs in her pockets. I watched her become a young woman, fussing with her hair and trying on every outfit in her closet before her first date. I always wanted to be just like her.But then something went terribly wrong. Julie’s shiny hair became dull and brittle. Her eyes lost their sparkle, and she didn’t smile that brilliant smile any more. I watched now, as she stepped onto the scale seven times a day, wore baggy clothes to cover her shriveled frame, and kept muttering about losing those last two stubborn pounds. Julie had become anorexic.By putting a human face on a familiar topic, the speaker took anorexia out of the realm of statisticsand medical jargon and brought it home in personal terms.Sample speech with commentaryThe following classroom speech provides an excellent example of how to apply the guidelines for informative speaking discussed in this chapter. As you study the speech, notice how the speaker takes what could be a highly technical topic and explores it in clear, nontechnical language. Pay attention as well to how crisply the speech is organized, how the speaker use well-known supporting materials to develop her ideas, and how she relates those ideas to her audience at various points throughout the speech.CryonicsJayne Richter1. The time is now. Imagine your mother or father has suffered a heart attack. Deprived of its vital blood supply, a part of their heart is dying. Or imagine your grandmother or grandfather lying nearly motionless in their nursing home bed. Advanced age, complicated by pneumonia, is about to end their lives. Or imagine a close friend has just entered the hospital with a massive systemwide infection. AIDS has left their body ravaged by multiple diseases.Beginning with a series of brief hypothetical examples is a fine way to capture attention and interest. In this case, the scenarios work particularly well because they relate the topic directly to the audience.2. For most people, these circumstances would herald the end of life. Today’s medicine can no longer help them. But all of you may be able to meet again in the far future. Does this should like science fiction? Perhaps. But it may one day be possible. How? Through the process of cryonics. The speaker poses two questions that arouse curiosity and get the audience further involved in the speech. Then she reveals her topic.3. Cryonics is the process of freezing human beings after death in hope that medical science will be able to revive them in the future. Intrigued by the prospect of being cryonically frozen, I’ve spent some time researching the subject of cryonics. After reading dozens of newspaper and magazine articles, I would like to give you a brief overview of the history, methods, and future of cryonics. Let’s start with the development of cryonics.The speaker defines cryonics, establishes her credibility, and previews the main points to be discussed in the body of the speech. An explicit preview statement at the end of the introduction is especially important in speaking to inform.4. Although the idea of freezing people is relatively new, the notion of preserving them is old. In the 1770s, for example, Ben Franklin wrote he wanted to be “immersed in a cask (木桶) of Madeira wine, ’til that time when he could be recalled to life.”It was not to be, but Franklin’s dream lived on to be revived in our time as cryonics.Now the speaker moves into her first main point. The information in this paragraph provides historical perspective on the impulse for immortality that underlines the appeal of cryonics.5. Cryonics has been a staple （话题） of science fiction novels, the plot device in movies such as Austin Powers and Sleepers, and the subject of countless newspapers and magazine articles. Until 1964, however, cryonics remained firmly in the realm of fiction. It was at this time that physics professor Robert Ettinger argued in his book The Prospect of immortality that cryonics was indeed possible. Three years later, on January 12, 1967, 73-year-old James H Bedford became the first human being to be cryonically frozen.The speaker sketches the development of cryonics in ourr own time. The details in this paragraphadd variety, color, and interest. Imagine, for example, how much less effective the paragraph would have been if the speaker had merely said, ” The first case of a person being cryonically frozen occurred in the 1970s.”The specific names and dates add depth and texture to the speaker’s explanation.6. Ever since Bedford was frozen, cryonics has steadily increased in popularity. Currently there are four cryonic institutions in the United States-two in California and one each in Michigan and Arizona. So far 80 people have been cryonically frozen from around the world, and another estimated 800 people have signed up to be frozen when they die. Their aim is to remain frozen in a state of suspended animation （活气，生气）---perhaps for centuries---in the hope that medical science will be able to revive them in the future at a time when cures（治愈） exist for all of today’s diseases and when restoration to full function and health is possible.This paragraph completes the speaker’s first main point. Because cryonics is so often associated with science fiction, the speaker’s classmates were especially intrigued to learn that there are four cryonics institutions in the U S and that 80 people have already been cryonically frozen.7. So you’re probably wondering how will they do it? How does cryonics work?The speak uses questions as signposts to let the audience know she is moving into her second main point.8. Currently, when a person who has signed up to be cryonically suspended dies, a specific procedure, which was outlined in the book Cryonics:Reaching for Tomorrow,must be carried out. First, before death, an individual must decide whether to have his or her entire body frozen or just the head. If the whole body is to be frozen, it must be preserved upon death. Immediately after death---ideally within a matter of minutes---the patient is connected to a heart-lung machine and chemicals such as glucose （葡萄糖）and heparin （肝素，一种抗凝血药）are circulated（循环） with the oxygenated （充氧的） blood to help minimize the freezing damage. At the same time, the patient’s internal temperature is reduced as quickly as possible using cold packs.The explanation in this and the next paragraph provides an excellent model of how to explain technical information in everyday, nontechnical language. Because the speaker is not an expert on cryonics, she is careful to identify the source of her information.9. If only the head will be frozen, a slightly different procedure must be carried out. The head must be surgically detached from the rest of the body and preserved in a separate container from the rest of the body and preserved in a separate container. You may be wondering” Why would I preserve only my head?” The answer is, with some diseases the body is in a very poor condition. If this is the case and you choose to preserve your head only, you do so with the belief that medical science will be able to create a healthy new body for you in the future.Notice how the speaker relates the topic directly to her audience by speaking in terms of “you”and by posing the question that listeners are likely asking mentally.10. Once the head or body is ready for freezing, a liquid called a cryoprotectant, which works as an antifreeze（抗冻剂） of sorts to help prevent cell（细胞） damage, is circulated through the body or head. Over a 20-day period, the patient is prepared for long-term storage by cooling the body or head to a temperature of negative 320 degrees Fahrenheit. When this temperature is reached, the patient is stored in a steel cylinder（圆筒） of liquid nitrogen（氮）. According to an article in Omni magazine,” At this temperature, biological function ceases and the patient will remain unchanged for hundreds of years.”The speaker completes her discussion of how cryonics works. Notices how she clarifies the meaning of “cryopeotectant ”by comparing it to an automotive antifreeze. This is a small point, but it illustrates the speaker’s efforts throughout the speech to communicate technical terms and concepts in ways her audience can readily understand.11. Now that we have explored the development of cryonics and how the freezing process works, you may wonder about questions such as how much it costs and whether the people that are frozen can be rethawed(重新解冻).A transition cues the audience that the speaker is moving to her next main point.12. According to an article in Fortune magazine, the cost of cryonic suspension ranges from ＄60,000to＄125, can be creatively paid for by making the cryonics institution the beneficiary （受益人） of your life insurance policy. These costs may be rather steep, but as one cryonics member states, “Facing my own mortality turned out to be much harder than coming up with the cash to pay for life insurance premiums（酬金）.”Knowing that cost is a common question people have about cryonics, he speaker makes sure to include it in her speech. The quotation at the end of this paragraph adds a bit of wry humor.13. But cost is not the only issue. Even if you can afford the cost of being cryonically frozen, scientists have not yet worked out all the details involved in freezing and rethawing. As explained by New Scientist magazine, the problem is that the process itself inflicts（遭受） a certain amount of cellular damage by dehydrating(使脱水) cells and puncturing（刺穿） their delicate membranes （膜）. So far, there are only a few types of human tissue that can be successfully frozen and rethawed, including sperm, embryos（胚胎）, and bone marrow（骨髓）, which contain relatively few cells. It is not yet possible to freeze and rethaw complicated organs such as the heart or liver---not to mention a complete body or brainA signpost at the beginning of this paragraph gets the speaker into her next subpoint, which deals with the problems involved in rethawing people once they have been cryonically frozen. As in the rest of the speech ,the speaker identifies the source of her information and presents that information clearly and forthrightly.14. What scientists need is a procedure that will allow them to reduce the damage inflicted by the freezing process. And in fact scientists are currently working on this procedure. Research is being done in the hope of finding better cryoprotectants –--or antifreezes---which will reduce the cell damage caused by freezing .According to the book Cryonics: Reaching for Tomorrow; scientists are also developing microscopic machines that are capable of repairing cells at the molecular（分子的） level. These machines might one day make it possible to repair the cell damage caused by freezing process and thus bring frozen patients back to full life. Until that time ,the people that are already frozen will have to remain in their current state of suspended animation in the hope that science will one day work out solutions to the problems involved with freezing and rethawing.The speaker explains the efforts of scientists to find a way to reduce the damage caused by the freezing process so as to be able to bring frozen patients back to life. This brings her discussion of cryonics fully up to date and completes the body of the speech.15. In closing, we have seen that cryonics is much more than a plot in a science fiction novel. It has developed from a wholly unrealistic fantasy to the point that 80 people have already been frozen and hundreds more have made the choice to be cryonically frozen when they die. If scientists can ever figure out how to rethaw people successfully, we can be sure that cryonics will become much more popular.The phrase “in closing”signals that the speaker is moving into her conclusion. She then provides an excellent summary of the main points developed in the body16. So think again of your father or mother suffering a heart attract, your grandmother or grandfather dying of pneumonia or your close friend stricken with AIDS. If they close to be buried or cremated in traditional fashion their physical minds and bodies would be destroyed. That isabsolutely certain. By contrast, being cryonically frozen offers some small chance that they may be revived in the future. Even if that chance is small it is more than no chance at all. The final paragraph relates the topic to the audience once again and unifies the entire speech by referring to the three hypothetical scenarios mentioned in the introduction. The closing sentence ends the speech on a strong note.。

英语演讲智慧树知到课后章节答案2023年下上海建桥学院上海建桥学院第一章测试1.Listeners usually realize how tense a speaker is.（）A:对 B:错答案:错2.The teaching and study of public speaking began more than 4,000 years ago.（）A:对 B:错答案:对3.Which of the following does your textbook recommend as a way to deal withnervousness in your speeches? （）A:Visualize the worst things that could happen. B:Turn negative thoughtsinto positive thoughts. C:Stay up late the night before to finish preparing.D:Avoid making direct eye contact with the audience. E:Generate extraadrenaline as you speak.答案:Turn negative thoughts into positive thoughts.4.（） lets you know how your message is being received.A:Vocal variety B:Credibility C:Feedback D:Interference E:Audienceadaptation答案:Feedback5.Dealing with such matters as the logical relationships among ideas, thesoundness of evidence, and the differences between fact and opinion are all part of what your textbook calls （）.A:rational communication. B:oral deliberation. C:induction. D:criticalthinking. E:deduction.答案:critical thinking.第二章测试1.The aim of a speaker is to accomplish his or her goals by any meansnecessary.（）A:错 B:对答案:错2.As a public speaker, you face ethical issues when （）.A:researching your speech. B:all of them. C:organizing your speech.D:selecting the topic for your speech.答案:all of them.3.It is true, as the old adage says, that “sticks and stones can break my bones,but words can never hurt me.” （）A:错 B:对答案:错4.For his informative speech, Douglas told his classmates how to get free foodat a drive-through restaurant. Rather than focusing on legitimate deals, suchas student discounts or coupons, Douglas talked about ways to trickemployees into believing you had already paid for food when you had not.His instructor gave the speech a poor grade because it violated the ethicalcriteria for public speaking presented in your textbook. The major guideline Douglas violated was: （）.A:Adapt to your audience’s frame of refer ence. B:Avoid plagiarism. C:Makesure your goals are ethically soun D:Avoid name-calling and other forms ofabusive language. E:Be fully prepared for each speech.答案:Make sure your goals are ethically soun5.Emil began his research early and found some excellent sources for hisinformative speech. He cut and pasted passages from several Web sites into a file in his word processor. When he started putting his speech together, heused some complete sentences from the cut-and-pasted materials,paraphrases from other passages, and several original ideas of his own.Unfortunately, Emil forgot to record his sources in his research notes, so hedidn’t cite any of the sources in his speech. Which of the following statements best describes Emil’s situation? （）A:Emil is ethical because he started his research early and found goodmaterials. B:Emil is ethical because he used many of his own ideas. C:Emil isethical because he meant to take better notes about his sources. D:Emil isguilty of global plagiarism. E:Emil is guilty of incremental plagiarism.答案:Emil is guilty of incremental plagiarism.第三章测试1.You can improve your own speeches by listening carefully to the speeches ofother people. （）A:对 B:错答案:对2.Critical listening involves listening to evaluate a message for purposes ofaccepting it or rejecting it. （）A:对 B:错答案:对3.It is necessary for a public speaker to identify his or her source whether thespeaker is paraphrasing or quoting verbatim. （）A:错 B:对答案:对4. A public speaker need only be concerned about ethics in the conclusion of aspeech. （）A:错 B:对答案:错5.Ethical issues can arise at every stage of the speechmaking process. （）A:错 B:对答案:对第四章测试1.The first step in speechmaking is choosing a topic for your speech.（）A:错 B:对答案:对2.The specific purpose statement indicates precisely what the speaker hopes toaccomplish in a speech. （）A:错 B:对答案:对3.The central idea should encapsulate or sum up the main points to bedeveloped in the body of the speech. （）A:对 B:错答案:对4.According to your textbook, brainstorming is especially helpful when you arehaving trouble （）.A:determining the general purpose. B:choosing a speech topi C:analyzing the audience. D:phrasing the central ide E:determining the specific purpose.答案:choosing a speech topi5.“Knowing how to deal with stress” is a poorly phrased specific purpose for aclassroom speech because it （）.A:all of them. B:does not include a reference to the audience. C:containsfigurative language. D:is too technical.答案:does not include a reference to the audience.第五章测试1.The primary purpose of speechmaking is to demonstrate your command ofthe topic. （）A:错 B:对答案:错2.Being audience-centered means that your primary purpose as a speaker is togain a desired response from the audience. （）A:错 B:对答案:对3.The aim of successful speechmaking is to gain a desired response fromlisteners by any means necessary. （）A:对 B:错答案:错4.Being audience-centered means a speaker must sacrifice what she or hereally believes to get a favorable response from the audience. （）A:错 B:对答案:错5.Adapting to audiences is one of the easiest tasks facing beginning speakers.（）A:错 B:对答案:错第六章测试1.Most library catalogues allow a researcher to look for books by author, title,or subject. （）A:错 B:对答案:对2.Periodical databases help you locate magazine and journal articles. （）A:错 B:对答案:对3.As your textbook explains, periodical databases are particularly useful forfinding reference works such as encyclopedias. （）A:错 B:对答案:错4.General periodical databases such as ProQuest Research Library andLexisNexis Academic Universe give you access to the full texts of manyarticles. （）A:对 B:错答案:对5.The Statistical Abstract of the United States is the standard reference sourcefor numerical information on the social, political, and economic aspects of American life. （）A:对 B:错答案:对1. 1.Clear organization is usually less important in speaking than in writing. （）A:对 B:错答案:错2.Audiences find well-organized speakers to be more credible than poorlyorganized speakers. （）A:错 B:对答案:对3.How well a speech is organized affects how listeners view the speaker’scompetence and trustworthiness. （）A:错 B:对答案:对4.Research suggests that using a clear, specific method of speech organizationcan enhance your ability to deliver a speech fluently. （）A:对 B:错答案:对5.The introduction of a speech usually should be prepared before the body. （）A:对 B:错答案:错1.Regardless of what other methods you use to gain attention, you shouldalmost always relate the topic to your audience in the introduction of aspeech. （）A:错 B:对答案:对2.It is seldom a good idea to discuss the importance of your topic in theintroduction of a speech. （）A:对 B:错答案:错3.If your topic is clear in the body of the speech, there is no need to state it inthe introduction. （）A:对 B:错答案:错4. A startling introduction is effective only if it is firmly related to the speechtopic. （）A:对 B:错答案:对5.Opening your speech with a lengthy quotation is an excellent way to gain theattention of your audience. （）A:对 B:错答案:错第九章测试1.The preparation outline should be drawn up before a speaker beginsresearch for a speech. （）A:错 B:对答案:错2.When making a preparation outline, you should state your main points andsubpoints in full sentences to ensure that you develop your ideas fully. （）A:对 B:错答案:对3.When making an outline, you should place the main points farthest to the leftand less important ideas progressively farther to the right. （）A:错 B:对答案:对4.You should include your specific purpose statement with your preparationoutline. （）A:对 B:错答案:对5.Including the specific purpose with your preparation outline makes it easierto assess how well you have constructed the speech to accomplish yourpurpose. （）A:错 B:对答案:对第十章测试1.As your textbook explains, language and thought are closely linked. （）A:错 B:对答案:对2.The words we use to label an event determine to a great extent how werespond to that event. （）A:对 B:错答案:对3.If the meaning of a word is clear to you, you can assume that it is also clear toyour audience. （）A:对 B:错答案:错4.The denotative meaning of a word includes all the feelings, associations, andemotions that the word touches off in different people. （）A:对 B:错答案:对5.The connotative meaning of a word is more variable, figurative, andsubjective than its denotative meaning. （）A:错 B:对答案:对第十一章测试1.Good speech delivery should call attention to itself. （）A:错 B:对答案:错2.Good speech delivery conveys a speaker’s ideas without calling attention toitself. （）A:对 B:错答案:对3.Nonverbal communication is based on a person's use of voice and body,rather than on the use of words. （）A:对 B:错答案:对4.One of the advantages of speaking from a manuscript is that it frees a speakerfrom the need to establish eye contact with the audience. （）A:错 B:对答案:错5.Speaking from a manuscript allows for greater spontaneity and directnessthan does speaking extemporaneously. （）A:错 B:对答案:错第十二章测试1.Research has shown that an average speaker who uses visual aids will comeacross as more credible and better prepared than a speaker who does notuse visual aids. （）A:对 B:错答案:对2.One of the reasons to use visual aids in a speech is that you can break eyecontact with the audience while discussing the aids. （）A:对 B:错答案:错3.One of the advantages of using visual aids in a speech is that their meaning isinstantly clear to the audience. （）A:错 B:对答案:错4.Research has shown that visual aids can increase both the clarity and thepersuasiveness of a speaker’s message. （）A:错 B:对答案:对5.Research has shown that using visual aids can increase the audience’sretention of a speaker’s message. （）A:错 B:对答案:对第十三章测试1.Your textbook discusses four kinds of informative speeches—speeches aboutobjects, speeches about concepts, speeches about processes, and speechesabout events. （）A:错 B:对答案:对2. A lawyer urging a jury to acquit her client is an example of informativespeaking. （）A:错 B:对答案:错3.When giving an informative speech that explains a process, you will mostlikely arrange your main points in chronological order. （）A:错 B:对答案:对rmative speeches about processes are usually arranged in chronologicalorder. （）A:对 B:错答案:对rmative speeches are seldom organized in topical order. （）A:对 B:错答案:错第十四章测试1.Questions of fact usually include the word “should.” （）A:错 B:对答案:错2.Questions of policy inevitably incorporate questions of fact. （）A:错 B:对答案:对3.When trying to persuade listeners to take action, you should usually bespecific about the action you want them to take. （）A:对 B:错答案:对petence and character are the most important factors affecting aspeaker’s credibility. （）A:对 B:错答案:对5.One of the reasons to use evidence when speaking to persuade is that it canmake your listeners more resistant to counterpersuasion. （）A:错 B:对答案:对6.Studies have shown that speakers with low initial credibility need to usemore evidence than speakers with high initial credibility.（）A:对 B:错答案:对7.The either-or fallacy forces listeners to choose between two alternativeswhen more than two alternatives exist. （）A:对 B:错答案:对8.The red herring fallacy refers to statements that introduce an irrelevant issueto divert attention from the subject under discussion. （）A:错 B:对答案:对9.The slippery slope fallacy assumes that because something is popular, it istherefore good, correct, or desirable. （）A:对 B:错答案:错10.The bandwagon fallacy assumes that because something is popular, it istherefore good, correct, or desirable. （）A:错 B:对答案:对第十五章测试1.When giving a speech of presentation, you should usually （）.A:adapt your presentation to the main speaker. B:tell why the recipient isreceiving her or his award. C:avoid mentioning the losers of the awardcompetition. D:present the main speaker briefly and accurately. E:give a brief biography of the main speaker.答案:tell why the recipient is receiving her or his award.2.When we begin to prepare the speech, we should take into consideration twoaspects: 1) preparation and presentation; 2) Creativity. （）A:对 B:错答案:对3.There’re two kinds of speech creativity: Micro-creativity and Macro-creativity. （）A:对 B:错答案:对4.As in the West, debate tournaments in China are usually team events that areheld separately from public speaking competitions. （）A:错 B:对答案:对5.Reasoning is the crucial weapon in debate. （）A:对 B:错答案:对6.The four methods of reasoning used most often in public speaking arereasoning from specific instances, reasoning from principle, causal reasoning, and analogical reasoning. （）A:错 B:对答案:对。

McGraw-Hill
© 2007 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved.
13 C H A P T E R
Speaking to Inform by Ada Pan
McGraw-Hill
Stephen E. Lucas
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004
•
to persuade my audience to do..
McGraw-Hill
© 2007 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved.
Slide 14
SPEAKING TO INFORM
• 3 Criteria for Effective Informative Speaking:
Slide 18
•Speeche s About Objects
SPEAKING TO INFORM
–Describe something
• Visible
• Tangible
• In Stable Form
–Need to be Focused
McLGCrCaCw-EHNilGl 111
• Limited to one aspect of the object
Slide 17
SPEAKING TO
INFORM
•Speeches About:
–Objects –Processes –Events –Concepts
McLGCrCaCw-EHNilGl 111
KimAlyse Popkave, M.Ed., CMI, CPPC
Instructor © 2007 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reser1v7ed.