2016GRE阅读机经----经典反复重现题整理(附答案)

GRE阅读高频机经原文及答案：雄性动物养孩子想必大家在备考gre考试的时候，最喜欢的就是吸取新鲜的考试真题，这样对自己的能力也是一个考验，最能检验自己目前的能力在什么水平，今天小编为大家带来的就是GRE阅读高频机经原文及答案：雄性动物养孩子!GRE阅读高频机经原文及答案：雄性动物养孩子雄性动物养孩子The main exception to primate researchers’ general pattern of ignoring interactions between males and infants has been the study of male care among monogamous primates. It has been known for over 200 years, ever since a zoologist-illustrator named George Edwards decided to watch the behavior of pet marmosets in a London garden, that among certain species of New World monkeys males contributed direct care for infants that equaled or exceeded that given by females. Mothers among marmosets and tamarins typically give birth to twins, as often as twice a year, and to ease the female in her staggering reproductive burden the male carries the infant at all times except when the mother is actually suckling it. It was assumed by Kleiman that monogamy and male confidence of paternity were essential to the evolution of such care, and at the same time, it was assumed by Symons and others that monogamy among primates must be fairly rare.Recent findings, however, make it necessary to reverse this picture. First of all, monogamy among primates turns out to be rather more frequent than previously believed (either obligate or facultive monogamy can be documented for some 17-20 percent of extant primates) and second, male care turns out to be far more extensive than previously thought and notnecessarily confined to monogamous species, according to Hrdy. Whereas previously, it was assumed that monogamy and male certainty of paternity facilitated the evolution of male care, it now seems appropriate to consider the alternative possibility, whether the extraordinary capacity of male primates to look out for the fates of infants did not in some way pre-adapt members of this order for the sort of close, long-term relationships between males and females that, under some ecological circumstances, leads to monogamy! Either scenario could be true. The point is that on the basis of present knowledge there is no reason to view male care as a restricted or specialized phenomenon. In sum, though it remains true that mothers among virtually all primates devote more time and/or energy to rearing infants than do males, males nonetheless play a more varied and critical role in infant survival than is generally realized.1. The author of the passage mentions the work of Hrdy primarily toA. present an instance of an untenable assumptionB. illustrate a consensus by citing a representative claimC. provide evidence that challenges a beliefD. highlight a corollary of a widespread viewE. offer data that help resolve a debate2. According to the passage, the evolutionary relationship between male care and monogamy isA. incontestableB. immutableC. uncommonD. immaterialE. uncertain3. The author of the passage suggests that it is “appropriateto consider the alternative possibility” because the previous viewA. results in a contradictionB. depends on problematic dataC. appears less definite given certain factsD. conflates two distinct phenomenaE. overlooks a causal relationship between correlated phenomena4. Which of the following statements, if true, would pose the grea test challenge to “the alternative possibility”?A. The number of primate species in which male care of infants is exhibited is greater than the number of primate species that practice monogamy.B. Male care of infants among primates can be seen earlier in the evolutionary record than can monogamy among primates.C. Monogamous relationships among primates can be found in species living in a variety of physical environments.D. Most primate species that practice monogamy do not show any evidence of male care of infants.E. Male care of infants can be observed in some primate species that lack male confidence of paternity.答案：CECAGRE阅读容易被你所忽视的三类词汇perspective 透视画法;观点，方法;前景，远景prospect 前景，景色;前途;勘探，寻找appreciate 理解，认识，意识到;欣赏;感激elaborate v.&adj. 精心制作，详细描述;精心制作的address v.从事，忙于;n. 演讲appropriate v. 拨给(资金)，盗用/ adj.合适的strain n. 血统，品系，菌株;紧张，张力;v.扭伤，拉紧article n. 物品，商品intrigue v.&n 激发兴趣;密谋;阴谋intriguing adj. 激发兴趣的assume v. 承担，担任;假装;假设bark n. 树皮;犬吠bill n.议案，法案;鸟嘴;账单champion vt. 支持，拥护;n.冠军aging n.老化，陈酿complex n. 综合体 adj.复杂的concern n. 公司(垄断组织“康采恩”就是它的音译)attribute v.&n 归因于;特征，属性default n.&v. 不履行;违约;拖欠;默认(值)drill vt. 钻(孔);训练，操练exploit v. 开发，利用n. 功绩fair n. 集市，交易会;adj.公平的，美丽的 adv.公平地，直接地fairly adv. 相当地，公平地game n. 猎物，野味fashion vt. 形成，塑造 n.时尚，方式inviting adj. 引人注目的，吸引人的alternate v.&adj. 交替，轮流; 交替的alternating adj.交互的，交替的alternative n.&adj. 可供选择的方案(option);选择性的(optional) GRE阅读如何把握作者写作态度有利于解题1.社会现象.作者反对将社会现象拔高到阶级、政治、意识形态或超人性的高度，反对各种左派思想、革命主张和马克思主义。

阅读 本次考试阅读部分笔者并没遇到原题。

但直观感受，阅读难度相对填空略简单⼀点，⽂章好理解，题⽬也不会让⼈纠结。

逻辑单题： 1. ⼈们在A⼭林和B⼭林放⽕清除树⽊来获得耕地。

⽆⼈机拍到⼲旱时期A的⽕情⽐B更严重。

但是数据显⽰A的树⽊减少并不⽐B多。

问题：以下哪个可以解释数据的原因 参考答案：农民在A放⽕的区域树⽊并不多 2. 某地区的陶艺兴起可能是因为当地的农业变差。

他们做了很好⼯艺的陶器，数量也远超出正常⽣活所需。

但是研究发现他们附近地区的农业⼟壤条件⽐他们还差，这就给陶艺兴起的原因打了个问号。

问题：以下哪个可以加强农业差这个原因 参考答案：附近地区⼟壤条件是后来才变差的，以前那个时期很好。

短阅读： 对某作家的⽂学评论不能简单归类，因为她不仅受了surrealistic影响，还因为移民去了墨西哥，受到那⾥⼀些信仰的影响。

要评论她需要从地理的⾓度去进⾏。

题⽬：为什么要⽤地理⾓度的⽅法去评论她 参考答案：因为对原有⽅法不满意;这是了解她⼼路历程的⽅法 2016年12⽉4⽇GRE真题回忆阅读部分(友版) 短阅读1： Although vastly popular during its time, much nineteenth-century women’s fiction in the United States went unread by the twentieth-century educated elite, who were taught to ignore it as didactic. However, American literature has a tradition of didacticism going back to its Puritan roots, shifting over time from sermons and poetic transcripts into novels, which proved to be perfect vehicles for conveying social values. In the nineteenth century, critics reviled Poe for neglecting to conclude his stories with pithy moral tags, while Longfellow was canonized for his didactic verse.Although rhetorical changes favoring the anti-didactic can be detected as nineteenth-century American transformed itself into a secular society, it was twentieth-century criticism, which placed aesthetic value above everything else, that had no place in its doctrine for the didacticism of others. 短阅读2： In the early twentieth century, small magazines and the innovative graphics used on them created the face of the avant-guard. It was a look that signaled progressive ideas and unconventionality because it dispensed with the cardinal rule of graphic design: to take an idea and make it visually clear, concise, and instantly understood. Instead, graphics produced by avant-guard artists exclusively for the avant-guard (as opposed to their advertising work) were usually difficult to decipher, ambiguous, or nonsensical. This overturning of convention, this assailing of standard graphic and typographic formats, was part of a search for intellectual freedom. The impulse toward liberation enabled avant-guardists to see with fresh eyes untried possibilities for arranging and relating words and images on paper. 短阅读3： An alarming number of Mediterranean monk seals, an endangered species, have recently died. Postmortem analysis showed the presence of an as yet unidentified virus, as well as evidence of a known bacterial toxin. Seawater samples from the area where the seals died did contain unusually high concentrations of the toxic bacterium. Therefore, although both viruses and bacterial toxins can kill seals, it is more likely that these deaths were the result of the bacterial toxin. Which of the following, if true, provides additional evidence to support the conclusion? A：Viruses are much more difficult to identify in postmortem analysis than bacteria are. B：Mediterranean monk seals are the only species of seal in the area where the bacterium was found. C：The bacterium is almost always present in the water in at least small concentrations. D：Nearly all the recent deaths were among adult seals, but young seals are far more susceptible to viruses than are adult seals. E：Several years ago, a large number of monk seals died in the same area as a result of exposure to a different bacterial toxin. 长阅读1： Massive projectiles striking much larger bodies create various kinds of craters, including “multi-ring basins”—the largest geologic features observed on planets and moons. In such collisions, the impactor is completely destroyed and its material is incorporated into the larger body. Collisions between bodies of comparable size, on the other hand, have very different consequences: one or both bodies might be entirely smashed, with mass from one or both the bodies redistributed among new objects formed from the fragments. Such a titanic collision between Earth and a Mars-size impactor may have given rise to Earth’s Moon. The Earth-moon system has always been perplexing. Earth is the only one of the inner planets with a large satellite, the orbit of which is neither in the equatorial plane of Earth nor in the plane in which the other planets lie. The Moon’s mean density is much lower than that of Earth but is about the same as that of Earth’s mantle. This similarity in density has long prompted speculation that the Moon split away from a rapidly rotating Earth, but this idea founders on two observations. In order to spin off the Moon, Earth would have had to rotate so fast that a day would have lasted less than three hours. Science offers no plausible explanation of how it could have slowed to its current rotational rate from that speed. Moreover, the Moon’s composition, though similar to that of Earth’s mantle, is not a precise match. Theorizing a titanic collision eliminatespostulating a too-rapidly spinning Earth and accounts for the Moon’s peculiar composition. In a titanic collision model, the bulk of the Moon would have formed from a combination of material from the impactor and Earth’s mantle. Most of the earthly component would have been in the form of melted or vaporized matter. The difficulty inrecondensing this vapor in Earth’s orbit, and its subsequent loss to the vacuum of outer space, might account for the observed absence in lunar rocks of certain readily vaporized compounds and elements. Unusual features of some other planets might also be explained by such impacts. Mercury is known to have a high density in comparison with other rocky planets. A titanic impact could have stripped away a portion of its rocky mantle, leaving behind a metallic core whose density is out of proportion with the original ratio of rock to metal. A massive, glancing blow to Venus might have given it its anomalously slow spin and reversed direction of rotation. Such conjectures are tempting, but, since no early planet was immune to titanic impacts, they could be used indiscriminately to explain away in a cavalier fashion every unusual planetary characteristic. Still, we may now be beginning to discern the true role of titanic impacts in planetary history. 长阅读2：下⾯这篇⽂章为⾼频阅读，⼏乎每天都考到!! Jane Austen’s relationship to Romanticism has long been a vexed one. Although her dates (1775-1817) place her squarely within the period, she traditionally has been studied apart from the male poets whose work defined British Romanticism for most of the twentieth century. In the past her novels were thought to follow an Augustan mode at odds with the Romantic ethos. Even with the advent of historicist and feminist criticism, which challenged many previous characterizations of Austen as detached from the major social, political, and aesthetic currents of her time, she continued to be distinguished from her male contemporaries. Jerome McCann, for example, insists that Austen does not espouse the Romantic ideology. Anne Mellor declares that Austen, along with other “leading women intellectual and writers of the day”“did not,” participate in the Romantic “spirit of the age” but instead embraced an alternative ideology that Mellor labels “feminine Romanticism”. To be sure, some critics throughout the years have argued for Austen’s affinities with one or more of the male Romantic poets. A special issue of the Wordsworth Circle (Autumn 1976) was devoted to exploring connections between Austen and her male contemporaries. Clifford Siskin in his historicist study of Romanticism argued that Austen does participate in the same major innovation, the naturalization of belief in a developing self, as characterizes Wordsworth’s poetry and other key works from the period. Recently, three books have appeared (by Clara Tuite, William Galperin, and William Deresiewicz) that in various ways treat Austen as a Romantic writer and together signal a shift in the tendency to segregate the major novelist of the age from the major poets. The present essay seeks to contribute to this goal of firmly integrating Austen within the Romantic movement and canon. It does so by pointing out affinities between Austen and a writer with whom she has not commonly been associated, John Keats. Most comparisons of Austen and the Romantic poets have focused on Wordsworth and Byron, whose works we know she read. Although Austen could not have read Keats’s poems, which only began to appear in print during the last years of her life, and there is no evidence that Keats knew Austen’s novels, a number of important similarities can be noted in these writers’ works that provide further evidence to link Austen with the Romantic movement, especially the period of second-generation Romanticism when all of her novels were published.。

1. 短阅读(精讲精炼Mock 4 section2) Biologist know that some marine algae can create clouds by producing the gas dimethylsulphide (DMS), which reacts with oxygen in air above the sea to form solid particles. These particles provide a surface on which water vapor can condense to form clouds. Lovelock contends that this process is part of global climatic-control system. According to Lovelock, Earth acts like a super organism, with all its biological and physical systems cooperating to keep it healthy. He hypothesized that warmer conditions increase algal activity and DMS output, seeding more clouds, which cool the planet by blocking out the Sun. Then, as the climate cools, algal activity and DMS level decrease and the cycle continues. In response to biologists who question how organisms presumably working for their own selfish ends could have evolved to behave in a way that benefits not only the planet but the organisms as well, cooling benefits the algae, which remain at the ocean surface, because it allows the cooled upper layers of the ocean to sink, and then the circulating water carries nutrients upward from the depths below. Algae may also benefit from nitrogen raining down from clouds they have helped to form. 9. According to the passage, which of the following occurs as a result of cooling in the upper layers of the ocean? A. The concentration of oxygen in the air above the ocean’s surface decreases. B. The concentration of DMS in the air above the ocean’s surface increases. C. The nutrient supply at the surface of the ocean is replenished. D. Cloud formation increases over the ocean. E. Marine algae make more efficient use of nutrients. 10. Which of the following is most similar to the role played by marine algae in the global climate control system proposed by Lovelock? A. A fan that continually replaces stale air in a room with fresh air from outside. B. A thermostat that automatically controls an air-conditioning system. C. An insulating blanket that retains heat. D. A filter used to purify water. E. A dehumidifier that constantly removes moisture from the air in a room. 11. The passage mentions the possible benefit to algae of nitrogen falling down in the rain most likely in order to A. provide support for Lovelock’s response to an objection mentioned in the passage B. suggest that the climatic effects of DMS production have been underestimated C. acknowledge that Lovelock’s hypothesis is based in part on speculation D. demonstrate that DMS production alters the planet in more than one way E. assert that algae are the sole beneficiaries of DMS production 2. 长阅读(直通车Part IV: Long passages passage 4) “Blues is for singing,” writes folk musicologist Paul Oliver, and “is not a form of folk song that stands up particularly well when written down.” A poet who wants to write blues can attempt to avoid this problem by poeticizing the form—but literary blues tend to read like bad poetry rather than like refined folk song. For Oliver, the true spirit of the blues inevitably eludes the self-conscious imitator. However, Langston Hughes, the first writer to grapple with these difficulties of blue poetry, in fact succeeded in producing poems that capture the quality of genuine, performed blues while remaining effective as poems. In inventing blues poetry, Hughes solved two problems: first, how to write blues lyrics in such a way that they work on the printed page, and second, how to exploit the blues form poetically without losing all sense of authenticity. There are many styles of blues, but the distinction of importance to Hughes is between the genres referred to as “folk blues” and “classic blues.” Folk blues and classic blues are distinguished from one another by differences in performers (local talents versus touring professionals), patronage (local community versus mass audience), creation (improvised versus composed), and transmission (oralversus written). It has been a commonplace among critics that Hughes adopted the classic blues as the primary model for his blues poetry, and that he writes his best blues poetry when he tries least to imitate the folk blues. In this view, Hughes’ attempts to imitate the folk blues are too self-conscious, too determined to romanticize the African American experience, too intent on reproducing what he takes to be the quaint humor and naïve simplicity of the folk blues to be successful. But a more realistic view is that by conveying his perceptions as a folk artist ought to—through an accumulation of details over the span of his blues oeuvre, rather than by overloading each poem with quaintness and naivety–Hughes made his most important contributions to the genre. His blues poems are in fact closer stylistically to the folk blues on which he modeled them than to the cultivated classic blues. Arnold Rampersad has observed that virtually all of the poems in the 1927 collection in which Hughes essentially originated blues poetry fall deliberatively within the “range of utterance” of common folk. This surely applies to “Young Gal’s Blues,” in which Hughes avoids the conventionally “poetic” language and images that the subjects of death and love sometimes elicit in his ordinary lyric poetry. To see what Hughes’ blues poetry might have been like if he had truly adopted the classic blues as his model, one need only look to “Golden Brown Blues,” a song lyric Hughes wrote for composer W.C. Handy. Its images, allusions, and diction are conspicuously remote from the common“range of utterance.” 1. The primary purpose of the passage is to A. describe the influence of folk and classic blues on blues poetry B. analyze the effect of African American culture on blues poetry C. demonstrate that the language used in Hughes’ blues poetry is colloquial D. defend Hughes’ blues poetry against criticism that it is derivative E. refute an accepted view of Hughes’ blues poetry style 2. The author of the passage uses the highlighted quotation primarily to A. indicate how blues poetry should be performed B. highlight the difficulties faced by writers of blues poetry C. support the idea that blues poetry is a genre doomed to fail D. illustrate the obstacles that blues poetry is unable to overcome E. suggest that written forms of blues are less authentic than sung blues 3. It can be inferred from the passage that, as compared with the language of “Golden Brown Blues,” the language of “Young Gal’s Blues” is A. more colloquial B. more melodious C. marked by more allusions D. characterized by more conventional imagery E. more typical of classic blues song lyrics 4. According to the passage, Hughes’ blues poetry and classic blues are similar in which of the following ways? A. Both are improvised B. Both are written down C. Both are intended for the same audience D. Neither uses colloquial language E. Neither is professionally performed 3. 逻辑单题(直通车) Benovians set their clocks back an hour for the winter. The result is that, during winter’s short days, it is light when most commuters drive to work, but dark when they drive back home. Darkness contributes to accidents. Changing the clocks, however, does not actually increase the amount of driving done in the dark, so it is unlikely to have any effect on Benovia’s automobile accident rate. 11. Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument relies? A. The average number of hours that Benovians drive when it is dark is greater for days during the winter than for days during other times of the year. B. In Benovia, hazards to safe driving that are made worse by darkness are as likely to occur in the morning as in the evening. C. The majority of cars on Benovia’s roads during a given day are those of people commuting to or from work. D. The majority of automobile accidents in Benovia take place when it is dark. E. Driving conditions are no worse in Benovia in the winter than during the rest of the year.。

2016GRE阅读真题解析2016GRE阅读真题解析之PP2-4 Passage2PP2-4Passage 2The dusky salamander lives only in slow-moving streams where organic debris settles and accumulates. In almost all places in New York State where ducky salamanders used to live, suburban development has cleared uplands and put down asphalt. As a result, rainwater now runs directly into streams, causing increased flow that slows the accumulation of organic sediments. Therefore, it is probably the increased flow caused by suburban development that is responsible for the dusky salamander’s virtual disappearanc e from New York State.1. Which of the following, if true, most strongly supports the argument?A. Since 1980 the suburban population of New York State has grown ten times faster than its urban population.B. Dusky salamanders have disappeared in the past ten years from some suburban areas of New York State that were originally developed more than a century ago and that have not experienced significant development for decades.C. The two-line salamander, a species that lives in both slow- and swift-moving waters, continues to thrive in streams in New York State from which dusky salamanders have disappeared.D. Suburban development in New York State contributes significantly to pollution of local streams with lawn fertilizers that are poisonous to most small aquatic animals.E. Much of the suburban development in New York State has been occurring in areas that never provided prime habitat fordusky salamanders.2016GRE阅读真题解析之PP2-4 Passage1PP2-4Passage 1Music critics have consistently defined James P. Johnson as a great early jazz pianist, originator of the 1920s Harlem “stride” style, and an important blues and jazz composer. In addition, however, Johnson was an innovator in classical music, composing symphonic music that incorporated American, and especially African American, traditions.Such a blend of musical elements was not entirely new: by 1924 both Milhaud and Gershwin had composed classical works that incorporated elements of jazz. Johnson, a serious musician more experienced than most classical composers with jazz, blues, spirituals, and popular music, was particularly suited to expand Milhaud’s and Gershwin’s experiments. In 1927 he completed his first large-scale work, the blues- and jazz-inspired Yamekraw, which included borrowings from spirituals and Johnson’s own popular songs. Yamekraw, premiered successfully in Carnegie Hall, was major achievement for Johnson, becoming his most frequently performed extended work. It demonstrated vividly the possibility of assimilating contemporary popular music into the symphonic tradition.1. Which of the following best describes the organization of the passage?A. A historical overview is presented, and a particular phenomenon is noted and analyzed.B. A popular belief is challenged, and a rival interpretation is presented and supported.C. A common viewpoint is presented and modified, and themodification is supported.D. An observation is made and rejected, and evidence for that rejection is presented.E. A common claim is investigated, and an alternative outlook is analyzed and criticized.For the following question, consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply.2. The author suggests which of the following about most classical composers of the early 1920s?A. They were strongly influenced by the musical experiments of the Milhaud and Gershwin.B. They had little working familiarity with such forms of American music as jazz, blues, and popular songs.C. They made few attempts to introduce innovations into the classical symphonic tradition.3. The passage states that Johnson composed all of the following EXCEPT:A. jazz worksB. popular songsC. symphonic musicD. spiritualsE. blues pieces2016GRE阅读真题解析之PP2-3 Passage3PP2-3Passage 3Electric washing machines, first introduced in the United States in 1925, significantly reduced the amount of time spent washing a given amount of clothes, yet the average amount of time households spent washing clothes increased after 1925. This increase is partially accounted for by the fact that many urbanhouseholds had previously sent their clothes to professional laundries. But the average amount of time spent washing clothes also increased for rural households with no access to professional laundries.1. Which of the following, if true, most helps to explain why the time spent washing clothes increased in rural areas?A. People with access to an electric washing machine typically wore their clothes many fewer times before washing them than did people without access to electric washing machines.B. Households that had sent their clothes to professional laundries before 1925 were more likely than other households to purchase an electric washing machine when they became available.C. People living in urban households that had previously sent their clothes to professional laundries typically owned more clothes than did people living in rural households.D. The earliest electric washing machines required the user to spend much more time beside the machine than do modern electric washing machines.E. In the 1920s and 1930s the proportion of rural households with electricity was smaller than the proportion of urban households with electricity.2016GRE阅读真题解析之PP2-3 Passage2PP2-3Passage 2In 1996, scientists caused an experimental flood of the Colorado River by releasing water from Glen Canyon Dam above the Grand Canyon. Because an unintentional flood in 1983 had reduced the river’s introduced population of nonnative trout,biologists were concerned that the experimental flood would wash many fish, native and nonnative, downstream. T o find out, biologists placed nets in the river. The nets captured a few more trout than they would have without the flood but did not show substantial flushing of native fish, whose ancestors had, after all, survived many larger natural floods. The biologists surmised that the native species (and most of the trout) must have quickly retreated to protected areas along the riverbank.1. Which of the following, if true, would make the information presented in the passage compatible with the experimental flood’s in fact having caused substantial flushing of native fish?A. Many of the native fish are too small to have been captured by the nets.B. There had been and increase from normal levels in the native fish population prior to the flood.C. The native fish in the Colorado are much stronger swimmers than taxonomically similar fish in other rivers in the region.D. The unintentional flood of 1983 had not affected the river’s trout population as much as was originally thought.E. The experimental flood raised the water level much less than a typical natural flood would have.2. According to the passage, which of the flowing is true of the Colorado River flood of 1983?A. The flood had a negative effect on the river’s trout population.B. There was substantial flushing of the river’s native fish population during the flood.C. Unlike the 1996 flood, it was not deliberately caused forscientific research purposes.2016GRE阅读真题解析之PP2-3 Passage1PP2-3Passage 1Some universities have created environmental studies programs that can be marketed to prospective students but that suffer from too little administrative support, limited faculty resources, and a lack of careful deliberation over the hard choices. In the short term, this institutional strategy can pay rich dividends: at minimal expense a university can lay claim to an environmental studies program and attract new students or accommodate the interest of existing ones, perhaps with the full intention of bringing additional resources to bear in later years. As the number of students in these skeleton programs grows, however, the flimsy administrative and curricular scaffolding begins to buckle, leading to an anything-goes strategy that degenerates into curricular incoherence.1. The passage implies which of the following about the relationship between students and environmental studies programs?A. Students new to a university are more likely to be aware of environmental studies programs than existing students are.B. Students prefer curricular incoherence in environmental studies programs to rigid administrative decision making.C. The curricular flexibility of an environmental studies program is an attraction for new students.D. If a university offers an environmental studies program, then students will enroll in it.E. New students will guarantee the success of an environmental studies program.2. The passage suggests which of the following about “skeleton programs” in en vironmental studies?A. They may fail to attract prospective students.B. At some point they are likely to collapse into curricular confusion.C. They may par rich dividends in short term.。

Many theories have been formulated to explain the role of grazers such as zooplankton in controlling the amount of planktonic algae (phytoplankton)in lakes. The first theories of such grazer control were merely based on observations of negative correlations between algal and zooplankton numbers. A low number of algal cells in the presence of a high number of grazers suggested, but did not prove, that the grazers had removed most of the algae. The converse observation, of the absence of grazers in areas of high phytoplankton concentration, led Hardy to propose his principle of animal exclusion, which hypothesized that phytoplankton produced a repellent that excluded grazers from regions of high phytoplankton concentration. This was the first suggestion of algal defenses against grazing. Perhaps the fact that many of these first studies considered only algae of a size that could be collected in a net (net phytoplankton), a practice that overlooked the smaller phytoplankton (nannoplankton)that we now know grazers are most likely to feed on, led to a de-emphasis of the role of grazers in subsequent research. Increasingly, as in the individual studies of Lund, Round, and Reynolds, researchers began to stress the importance of environmental factors such as temperature, light, and water movements in controlling algal numbers. These environmental factors were amenable to field monitoring and to simulation in the laboratory. Grazing was believed to have some effect on algal numbers, especially after phytoplankton growth rates declined at the end of bloom periods, but grazing was considered a minor component of models that predicted algal population dynamics. The potential magnitude of grazing pressure on freshwater phytoplankton has only recently been determined empirically. Studies by Hargrave and Geen estimated natural community grazing rates by measuring feeding rates of individual zooplankton species in the laboratory and then computing community grazing rates for field conditions using the known population density of grazers. The high estimates of grazing pressure postulated by these researchers were not fully accepted, however, until the grazing rates of zooplankton were determined directly in the field, by means of new experimental techniques. Using a specially prepared feeding chamber, Haney was able to record zooplankton grazing rates in natural field conditions. In the periods of peak zooplankton abundance, that is, in the late spring and in the summer, Haney recorded maximum daily community grazing rates, for nutrient-poor lakes and bog lakes, respectively, of 6.6 percent and 114 percent of daily phytoplankton production. Cladocerans had higher grazing rates than copepods, usually accounting for 80 percent of the community grazing rate. These rates varied seasonally, reaching the lowest point in the winter and early spring. Haney’s thorough research provides convincing field evidence that grazers can exert significant pressure on phytoplankton population. 20. The author most likely mentions Hardy’s principle of animal exclusion in order to (A)give an example of one theory about the interaction of grazers and phytoplankton (B)defend the first theory of algal defenses against grazing (C)support the contention that phytoplankton numbers are controlled primarily by environmental factors (D)demonstrate the superiority of laboratory studies of zooplankton feeding rates to other kinds of studies of such rates (E)refute researchers who believed that low numbers of phytoplankton indicated the grazing effect of low numbers of zooplankton 21. It can be inferred from the passage that the “first theories” of grazer control mentioned in line 4 would have been more convincing if researchers had been able to (A)observe high phytoplankton numbers under natural lake conditions (B)discover negative correlations between algae and zooplankton numbers from their field research (C)understand the central importance of environmental factors in controlling the growth rates of phytoplankton (D)make verifiable correlations of cause and effect between zooplankton and phytoplankton numbers (E)invent laboratory techniques that would have allowed them to bypass their field research concerning grazer control 22. Which of the following, if true, would call into question Hardy’s principle of animal exclusion? (A)Zooplankton are not the only organisms that are affected by phytoplankton repellents. (B)Zooplankton exclusion is unrelated to phytoplankton population density. (C)Zooplankton population density is higher during some parts of the year than during others. (D)Net phytoplankton are more likely to exclude zooplankton than are nannoplankton. (E)Phytoplankton numbers can be strongly affected by environmental factors. 23. The author would be likely to aGREe with which of the following statements regarding the pressure of grazers on phytoplankton numbers? I. Grazing pressure can vary according to the individual type of zooplankton. II. Grazing pressure can be lower in nutrient-poor lakes than in bog lakes. III. Grazing tends to exert about the same pressure as does temperature. (A)I only (B)III only (C)I and II only (D)II and III only (E)I, II, and III 24. The passage supplies information to indicate that Hargrave and Geen’s conclusion regarding the grazing pressure exerted by zooplankton on phytoplankton numbers was most similar to the conclusion regarding grazing pressure reached by which of the following researchers? (A)Hardy (B)Lund (C)Round (D)Reynolds (E)Haney 25. It can be inferred from the passage that one way in which many of the early researchers on grazer control could have improved their data would have been to (A)emphasize the effects of temperature, rather than of light, on phytoplankton (B)disregard nannoplankton in their analysis of phytoplankton numbers (C)collect phytoplankton of all sizes before analyzing the extent of phytoplankton concentration (D)recognize that phytoplankton other than net phytoplankton could be collected in a net (E)understand the crucial significance of net phytoplankton in the diet of zooplankton 26. According to the passage, Hargrave and Geen did which of the following in their experiments? (A)They compared the grazing rates of individual zooplankton species in the laboratory with the natural grazing rates of these species. (B)The hypothesized about the population density of grazers in natural habitats by using data concerning the population density of grazers in the laboratory. (C)They estimated the community grazing rates of zooplankton in the laboratory by using data concerning the natural community grazing rates of zooplankton. (D)They estimated the natural community grazing rates of zooplankton by using data concerning the known population density of phytoplankton. (E)They estimated the natural community grazing rates of zooplankton by using laboratory data concerning the grazing rates of individual zooplankton species. 27. Which of the following is a true statement about the zooplankton numbers and zooplankton grazing rates observed in Haney’s experiments? (A)While zooplankton numbers began to decline in August, zooplankton grazing rates began to increase. (B)Although zooplankton numbers were high in May, grazing rates did not become high until January. (C)Both zooplankton numbers and grazing rates were higher in December than in November. (D)Both zooplankton numbers and grazing rates were lower in March than in June. (E)Both zooplankton numbers and grazing rates were highest in February. 答案 A D B C E C E D。

1-12；答案见后短阅读1.长江水稻，原文Since the 1970s, archaeological sites in China's Y angtze River region have yielded evidence of sophisticated rice-farming societies that predate signs of rice cultivation elsewhere in East Asia by a thousand years. Before this evidence was discovered, it had generally been assumed that rice farming began farther to the south. This scenario was based both on the geographic range of wild or free-living rice, which was not thought to extend as far north as the Y angtze, and on archaeological records of very early domestic rice from Southeast Asia and India (now known to be not so old as first reported). Proponents of the southern-origin theory point out that early rice-farming societies along the Y angtze were already highly developed and that evidence for the first stage of rice cultivation is missing. They argue that the first hunter-gatherers to develop rice agriculture must have done so in this southern zone, within the apparent present-day geographic range of wild rice.Y et while most stands of wild rice reported in a 1984 survey were concentrated to the south of the Y angtze drainage, two northern outlier populations were also discovered in provinces along the middle and lower Y angtze, evidence that the Y angtze wetlands may fall within both the present-day and the historical geographic ranges of rice's wild ancestor.1. Which of the following, if true, would most clearlyundermine the conclusion that the author makes based on the 1984 survey?Areas south of the Y angtze basin currently have lesswild-rice habitat than they once did.Surveys since 1984 have shown wild rice populations along the upper Y angtze as well as along the middle andlower Y angtze.The populations of wild rice along the Y angtze represent strains of wild rice that migrated to the north relativelyrecently.Early rice-farming societies along the Yangtze were not as highly developed as archaeologists once thought.In East Asia, the historical geographic range of wild rice was more extensive than the present-day geographicrange is.2. Based on the passage, skeptics of the idea that rice cultivationbegan in the Y angtze River region can point to which of the following for support?Lack of evidence supporting the existence of rice-farming societies along the Y angtze at an early dateLack of evidence regarding the initial stages of ricecultivation in the Y angtze regionRecent discoveries pertaining to the historical geographic range of rice's wild ancestorNew information regarding the dates of very earlydomestic rice from Southeast AsiaNew theories pertaining to how hunter-gatherers first developed rice agriculture in East Asia3. Which of the following can be inferred from the passageabout the ―southern-origin theory‖?The theory is based on an unconventional understanding of how hunter-gatherers first developed rice agriculture.The theory fails to take into account the apparent fact that evidence for the first stage of rice cultivation in the northis missing.The theory was developed primarily in response to a 1984 survey of wild rice's geographic range.Reassessment of the dates of some archaeologicalevidence has undermined support for the theory.Evidence of sophisticated rice-farming societies in the Y angtze region provides support for the theory.2. honey bee的fungee（原文）Ingestion of food containing spores of the pathogen Ascosphaera apis causes a fatal fungal disease known as chalk brood in honeybee larvae. However, larvae must be chilled to about 30°C(normal brood-comb temperature is 33-36°C)for the disease to develop. Accordingly, chalk brood is most common in spring and in small colonies. A recent study revealed that honeybees responsible for hive-temperature maintenance purposely raised the hives‘ temperature when colonies were inoculated with A.apis this ―fever,‖ orup-regulation of temperature, occurred before any larvae died, suggesting that the response is preventative and that either honeybee workers detect the infection before symptoms are visible or larvae communicate the ingestion of the pathogen. Temperature returned to normal by the end of the study, suggesting that increased temperature is not optimal when broods are not infected, as well as that the fever does not result merely from normal colony growth (i.e., an increase in the number of workers available for temperature maintenance).V1考了一个honey bee 的一个fungee 病毒的honeybee 的larvae 容易的这个fungee 而且还是small coloney 的会的but it requires to lower the temperature of larvae to 30 degree for fungee infection (whereas the temperature of the hive is 33-35) 这个句子问到过结果scientist discovered that worker bees purposefully keep the temperature of hive high before the manifestation of the fungee infection so this must be a PREVENTA TIVE mechanism developed from the honeybees to protect larvae from infection. in addition the temperature of the hive will be lowered after the infection so the 33-35 is not OPTIMAL for the hive.之后有个选项问如果temperature is not lowed after the infection what conclusion can u draw from the passage. 答案是33-35 degree is an ideal temperature for the hive.V2关于蜜蜂的巢穴的larva 温度和疾病的那题。

Although qualitative variance among nerve energies was never rigidly disproved，the doctrine was generally abandoned in favor of the opposing view，namely，that nerve impulses are essentially homogeneous in quality and are transmitted as "common currency" throughout the nervous system. (4) 尽管在神经能量上存在着质的不同，这⼀点从来都没有在严格的意义上被反对过，但是以上教条通常被抛弃掉，⽽转向相反的观点，即：神经冲动从根本上本质相同，⽽且被当作“⼀种普通流”在整个神经系统中传播。

难句类型：复杂修饰、双重否定 解释：前半个分句中有⼀个双重否定，was never rigidly disproved,这种表⽰法⽤中⽂说出来还是⽐较好懂的，原因是我们熟悉中⽂的这种表⽰法，但在英⽂中出现，因为在以前的学习中见得少，所以感觉上很别扭。

因此，同学们的任务，就是通过反复阅读此类句⼦来熟悉这样的英语。

其实在英⽂表达中，很多双重否定与中⽂表达是⼀样的，表⽰肯定;如not unlimited就等于limited。

但是值得读者注意的是在GRE和GMAT这两种对考⽣的逻辑有苛刻要求的考试中，如果这种双重否定中所涉及的概念不是dichotomous(即⼆分法的词汇，⽐如上⾯例⼦中的limited和unlimited)，则双重否定不⼀定表⽰肯定;⽐如本例中的not disprove, 不能理解为agree，不反对者中，的确有⼈会同意，但通常⼼存疑虑，随⼤流者居多。

不但如此，⼤双重否定中加上限定词以后，在否定的范围上也有所变化，如本句的be never rigidly disproved，没有完全被反对，不能理解为从来都被严格⽀持的，⽽应该理解成从来都可能有⼈⽀持的。

阅读 During the Pleistocene epoch, several species of elephants isolated on islands underwent rapid dwarfing. This phenomenon was not necessarily confined to the Pleistocene, but may have occurred much earlier in the Southeastern Asian islands, although evidence is fragmentary. Several explanations are possible for this dwarfing. For example, islands often have not been colonized by large predators or are too small to hold viable predator populations. Once free from predation pressure, large body size is of little advantage to herbivores. Additionally, island habitats have limited food resources, a smaller body size and a need for fewer resources would thus be favored. Interestingly, the island rule is reversed for small mammals such as rodents, for which gigantism is favored under insular conditions. 1. The primary purpose of the passage is to A. question the plausibility of one explanation sometimes offered for the dwarfing of certain species living on islands B. argue that dwarfing of certain species living on islands occurred prior to the Pleistocene C. cite evidence suggesting that dwarfing may have adverse consequences for some species living on islandsD. present some possible explanations for the dwarfing of certain species living on islandsE. contrast the effects of insular conditions on species with large body size and species with small body 2. According to the passage, which of the following statements about body size in mammals is true? A. A large body is unfavorable to mammalian species’ survival under most conditions. B. A large body tends to benefit small mammals living on islands. C. For most herbivorous mammals, a large body size is easier to sustain in the absence of large predators. D. Under most conditions, a small body is less beneficial to herbivorous mammals than to nonherbivorous mammals. E. Among nonherbivorous mammals, a small body is more beneficial on an island than on a mainland. Availability and management of water greatly influenced human settlement in the Maya Lowlands, and much of Mayan social innovation was centered on storing excess water for times of need. In northern Yucatan the permanent water table is sufficiently shallow that it can be accessed by natural wells known as cenotes. However, over much of the Maya Lowlands, the water table is too deep to have been available to the Maya. In response, they constructed artificial reservoirs to trap runoff. For example, Gallopin estimates that the reservoirs at Tikal (an ancient Mayan city) could have provided for the domestic needs of about 9,600 people for a period of 6 to 18 months. Even with elaborate water capture and management systems, the Maya were greatly dependent upon adequate rainfall over much of their empire and were thus susceptible to frequent or prolonged droughts that approached or exceeded the capacity of their reservoirs. In fact, evidence of droughts in the region based on studies of lake and shallow ocean sediments has led many researchers to suspect that climate was responsible for the Classic Maya collapse. 1. The author mentions “studies of lake and shallow ocean sediments” primarily in order to A. describe the results of a novel study B. identify the source of evidence that suggested a hypothesis C. undermine a conventional explanation D. highlight the importance of one type of evidence E. clarify the value of a particular undertaking 2. The passage suggests which of the following about the reservoirs at Tikal?0 p x ; T E X T - I N D E N T : 0 p x ; f o n t - s t r e t c h : n o r m a l ; - w e b k i t - t e x t - s t r o k e - w i d t h : 0 p x " b d s f i d = " 9 4 " > 0 0 A . T h e y m a y h a v e b e e n d e s i g n e d b y p e o p l e f r o m n o r t h e r n Y u c a t a n . / p >。

GRE阅读高频机经原文及试题：海底火山生物GRE阅读中的阅读考生如果粗心大意或者不够重视也有可能出现意外扣分情况，想要避免此类情况保证阅读得分，那就快来看GRE阅读高频机经原文及试题：海底火山生物！GRE阅读高频机经原文及试题：海底火山生物海底火山生物The deep sea typically has a sparse fauna dominated by tiny worms and crustaceans, with an even sparser distribution of larger animals. However, near hydrothermal vents, areas of the ocean where warm water emerges from subterranean sources, live remarkable densities of huge clams, blind crabs, and fish.Most deep-sea faunas rely for food on particulate matter, ultimately derived from photosynthesis, falling from above. The food supplies necessary to sustain the large vent communities, however, must be many times the ordinary fallout. The first reports describing vent faunas proposed two possible sources of nutrition: bacterial chemosynthesis, production of food by bacteria using energy derived from chemical changes, and advection, the drifting of food materials from surrounding regions. Later, evidence in support of the idea of intense local chemosynthesis was accumulated: hydrogen sulfide was found in vent water; many vent-site bacteria were found to be capable of chemosynthesis; and extremely large concentrations of bacteria were found in samples of vent water thought to be pure. This final observation seemed decisive. If such astonishing concentrations of bacteria were typical of vent outflow, then food within the vent would dwarf any contribution from advection. Hence, the widely quoted conclusion was reached that bacterial chemosynthesis provides the foundation for hydrothermal-ventfood chains—an exciting prospect because no other communities on Earth are independent of photosynthesis.There are, however, certain difficulties with this interpretation. For example, some of the large sedentary organisms associated with vents are also found at ordinary deep-sea temperatures many meters from the nearest hydrothermal sources. This suggests that bacterial chemosynthesis is not a sufficient source of nutrition for these creatures. Another difficulty is that similarly dense populations of large deep-sea animals have been found in the proximity of “smokers”-vents where water emerges at temperatures up to 350℃. No bacteria can survive such heat, and no bacteria were found there. Unless smokers are consistently located near more hospitable warm-water vents, chemosynthesis can account for only a fraction of the vent faunas. It is conceivable, however, that these large, sedentary organism do in fact feed on bacteria that grow in warm-water vents, rise in the vent water, and then rain in peripheral areas to nourish animals living some distance from the warm-water vents.Nonetheless advection is a more likely alternative food source. Research has demonstrated that advective flow, which originates near the surface of the ocean where suspended particulate matter accumulates, transports some of that matter and water to the vents. Estimates suggest that for every cubic meter of vent discharge, 350 milligrams of particulate organic material would be advected into the vent area. Thus, for an average-sized vent, advection could provide more than 30 kilograms of potential food per day. In addition, it is likely that small live animals in the advected water might be killed or stunned by thermal and/or chemical shock, thereby contributing to the food supply of vents.32.1. the primary purpose of the passage is to(A) describe a previously unknown natural phenomenon(B) reconstruct the evolution of a natural phenomenon(C) establish unequivocally the accuracy of a hypothesis(D) survey explanations for a natural phenomenon and determine which is best supported by evidence.(E) entertain criticism of the author’s research and provide an effective response32.2. which of the following does the author cite as a weakness in the argument that bacterial chemosynthesis provides the foundation for the food chains at deep-sea vents?(A) vents are colonized by some of the same animals found in other areas of the ocean floor(B) vent water does not contain sufficient quantities of hydrogen sulfide.(C) bacteria cannot produce large quantities of food quickly enough.(D) large concentrations of minerals are found in vent water.(E) some bacteria found in the vents are incapable of chemosynthesis32.3. which of the following is information supplied in the passage that would support the statement that the food supplies necessary to sustain vent communities must be many times that of ordinary fallout?(A) large vent faunas move from vent to vent in search of food(B) vent faunas are not able to consume food produced by photosynthesis.(C) vents are more densely populated than are other deep-sea areas32.4. the author refers to “smokers” (line 26) most probably in order to(A) show how thermal shock can provide food for some vent faunas by stunning small animals(B) prove that the habitat of most deep-sea animals is limited to warm-water vents(C) explain how bacteria carry out chemosynthesis(D) demonstrate how advection compensates for the lack of food sources on the seafloor.(E) present evidence that bacterial chemosynthesis may be an inadequate source of food for some vent faunas.GRE阅读词汇精选之燃烧,烤barbecue n.烤肉架,烤肉baste v.倒脂油于(烤肉上,以防烤干)gridiron n.烤架，橄榄球场grill v.烤，· 烤问，· n.烤架parch v.烘烤，· 干热scorch v.烤焦，· 烧焦skewer n.(烤肉用的)串肉杆v.用杆串好broil n/v 烤，· 烧，· 争吵，· 怒骂torrefy v 焙，· 烤scathe n.v.损害，· 烧焦scorch v.烤焦，· 烧焦scorching adj.酷热的sear v.(以烈火)烧灼searing adj.灼热的singe v.(轻微地)烧焦，· 烫焦smolder v.无火焰地闷烧，· 压抑cauterize vt 烧灼,使麻木不· 仁scald v.烫，· 用沸水消毒n.烫伤scalding adj.滚烫的combustible adj.易燃的，· 易激动的combustion n.燃烧flammable adj.易燃的ignite v.发光，· 燃烧inflame v使燃烧，· 激怒(某人) inflammable adj.可燃的，· 易激怒的kindle v.着火、点燃rekindle v.重新点燃enkindle v.煽动,点燃(感情,怒气等) nonflammable adj.不· 易燃的stoke v.添加燃料，· 司炉，· 吞食furnace n.火炉,熔炉,磨练v. 在炉中烧flask n.烧瓶，· 细颈瓶beaker n.大酒杯，· 有倒口的烧杯GRE阅读词汇精选之颜色chromatic adj.彩色的，五彩的prismy adj 色彩缤纷的drab adj.枯黄色的，无聊的emerald n.祖母绿,翡翠adj.翠绿色的livid adj.青灰色的(撞伤)，· (脸色)苍白的magenta n.adj.紫红色(的染料)pallid adj.苍白的，· 没血色的florid adj.华丽的，· (脸)红润的rubicund adj.(脸色)红润的ruddy adj.(脸色)红润的，· 红色sable n.黑貂，· adj.黑色的sallow n.柳树，· adj.病黄色的sapphire n.青玉，· 蓝宝石，· adj.天蓝色的. azure adj. 天蓝色的n.碧空buff n 浅黄色(软皮革)，· 水牛lavender n. 薰衣草adj. 淡紫色的mulberry n. 桑树，· 深紫红色cardinal n.枢机主教,鲜红色 a. 主要的,深红色的saffron a. 番红花色的,橘黄色patina n.绿锈，· 光亮的外表turquoise n.绿松石，· adj.碧绿的verdant adj.青葱的，· 翠绿的verdigris n.铜锈，· 铜绿hue n.色彩，· 色泽pastel n.彩色粉笔画，· 柔和的色彩pigment n.天然色素，· 干粉颜料tint n.色彩,浅色v. 染色于palette n.调色板alabaster a.雪白的GRE阅读词汇精选之一群bevy n.一群(少女或鸟)drove n.畜群，人群flock n.羊群，鸟群gaggle n.鹅群herd n.兽群v.聚集，放牧horde n.群众，一大群shoal n. 程病浅水处，一群(鱼)swarm n.(蜜蜂)一群，一群(人)school n 鱼群flora n.(某地区或时代的)植物群fauna n.动物区系cluster n.串，· 束，· 群，· v.成群，· 成串congregation n.集合在一起的群众constellation n.星座，· 星群galaxy n.(银河)星群，· 显赫的人群archipelago n.群岛gregarious adj.群居的，· 爱社交的legion n.兵团，· 一大群ruck n.皱褶，· 普通群众，· 大量throng n.一大群，· v.拥挤menagerie n 兽群，· 动物园cline n 渐变群,生态群colony n [生]集群,群体crew n 全体人员,群众,全体机员group v 聚合,成群exodus v.大批离去,成群外出异教徒heresy n.异端邪说heretic n.异教徒heretical adj.异端邪说的heterodox adj.异端的，非正统的heterodoxy n.异端邪说infidel n.不信教者，异教徒pagan n.没有宗教信仰的人，异教徒paganism n.异教(信仰) heathen n 异教徒，不信教的人。

2016年11月27日GRE阅读真题及答案解析回忆
解析：文章第一句介绍了一个关于白人想要促进Indian艺术的运动，紧接着两句话分别出了不同学者对这个运动目的的分析。

第二句里的scholars认为目的是为了通过艺术证明工业化不好。

第三句里的others 认为是想要让当时的美国西南部转型。

第一题考的就是两种观点的区别，很简单，就是认为这个运动的目的不同，选最有一个e选项。

文章第四句先说让步，承认两种观点都有对的部分，insightful正向性，转折是作者的逻辑重心，指出两个观点里都忽略了两个问题。

第二题题干问的是作者会同意哪个关于解释的选项，不是问作者的主要观点，让步里的内容作者也是同意的，所以答案是第三个c选项，来自于insightful
这个部分。