摘要
本文首先阐述了跨文化交际的定义、起源和发展，随后探讨了文化意识和文化差异，对中西方文化在旅游方面的差异进行了对比，并指出将翻译技巧与跨文化意识相结合应是译者的一种基本技能。接着，作者通过案例分析，阐述了如何将跨文化理论应用于旅游英语的翻译实践中。最后，作者对旅游英语翻译的重要性以及在翻译中应该采取的策略进行了总结。
关键词：跨文化交际；差异；旅游英语；翻译
ABSTRACT
This paper firstly briefly deals with the definition of intercultural communication, the beginning and the development of intercultural communication. Then it analyzes cultural awareness and the cultural difference, the difference between the east and west, and puts forward the idea that translation of English for Tourism should be done in an intercultural perspective, and it should be done skillfully when translating. On the basis of the above study, the practical example of the translation of tourist materials comes out. It is emphasized that intercultural awareness should run through the whole process of translating tourist materials. In the conclusion, the author restates the importance of translating tourism English and sums up some strategies adopted in translation.
Key words：Intercultural communication; difference; tourism English; translation
Contents
1．Introduction (51)
2. Intercultural Communication (53)
2.1 Definition (53)
2.2 Origin (54)
2.3Development of Intercultural Communication?s Application in Tourism
Translation (54)
3. Intercultural Communication Difference in Tourism Translation (57)
3.1 Difference in V ocabulary (57)
3.2 Difference in Syntax Structure (58)
3.3 Difference in Culture (59)
3.3.1 Difference in Psychology (60)
3.3.2 Difference in Conventions (60)
3.3.3 Difference in Historical Culture (61)
3.3.4 Difference in Thinking Modes (61)
3.3.5 Difference in Aesthetic Taste (62)
4. Intercultural Communication Awareness in Tourism Translation (63)
4.1 Translation from Intercultural Perspective (63)
4.2 Case Studies (64)
5．Conclusion (69)
Acknowledgements ............................................................................ 错误！未定义书签。References (71)
1．Introduction
Nowadays, tourism has become one of the most important and growing industries in the rapidly changing world. The authoritative World Travel and Tourism Council declared that tourism is one of the world?s largest industries. The theme of the 27th Tourism Day is “Tourism Enriches”, which emphasizes the active role the tourism plays in boosting the world economy, cultural communication and social development. The development of travel industry has, in turn, exerted a tremendous influence on the economies and cultures of the world.
Tourism creates the need to communicate with people of various cultural backgrounds. The contacts between foreign visitors and us are an intercultural communication. Given the frequent cultural exchanges in tourism industry, a further study into translation of English for tourism in an intercultural perspective is a must. That means translators have to adopt intercultural awareness when rendering source language into target language so that the version in target language is more culturally acceptable, especially when rendering Chinese publicity materials into English.
As for tourism service, translation in an intercultural perspective aims at exploring efficient ways to relate to or communicate with foreign visitors who speak a different language and live in a different culture. Translation plays a very important role in tourism service. To be more accurate, translation can be construed as intercultural translation as well as inter-language translation. The purpose of translation is to provide foreign readers useful information, including culture-loaded information. Intercultural communication (cross-cultural communication) is communicative activities done by people of different cultural backgrounds. Therefore, translation done within an intercultural communication is of great practical significance.
Concerning tourism translation, Since the 1980s major tourism translation research can be roughly classified into three categories: culture, landscape descriptions and both culture and landscape descriptions. The researchers
approaching tourism translation from the perspective of culture include Chen Gang, Hu Wenzhong, Pu Yuanming, Liu Huimei, Yang Shoukang, Yang Min and Ji Aimei. Jin Hailin argues that a good piece of tourism translation should reproduce the beauty of feeling, style and dynamic state. Like Jia Wenbo, Gao Jinling made his studies from the perspective of landscape descriptions. At broad, Newmark who has done a good research on translation leaves us great heritages. And Lefevere Andre did some researches on translation, history and culture.
Tourism translation, as a theme, covers a variety of aspects. However, this paper will put emphasis on C-E translation, and offer some suggestions from the perspective of inter-cultural communication on the basis of case studies.
2. Intercultural Communication
Since tourism translation has to be done in an intercultural communication perspective, intercultural communication factors are the primary elements to be considered. Translation is regarded as a channel of intercultural communication so the tourism translation is tightly related to intercultural communication studies.
Before discussing the tourism translation, an analysis will be conducted of one of the most important factors that influence translation. Since translation is an activity which deals with not only two different languages, but also all other factors that are related to these languages, therefore a qualified translator should not only be competent in two involved languages but also be familiar with the involved cultures, which can be expressed by Nida?s words “for truly successful translating, biculturalism is even more important than bilingualism, since words only have meaning in terms of the cultures in which they function” [1]110
2.1 Definition
Samovar said in Communication between Cultures that: communication between people whose cultural perceptions and symbol systems are distinct enough to alter the communication event. [2]48
Intercultural communication, also known as cross-cultural communication, is communication between people with different cultural perceptions and symbol systems. It centers on significant differences regarding social relations and concept of universe from different perspectives such as language, food, dress, attitude toward time, work habits, social behaviour that can cause frustration in communications and contacts. As newly-established discipline,
intercultural communication makes multi-disciplinary study of politeness across cultural in great details. It helps people to bridge the gap between both cultural and linguistic differences. [3]95
As the world is becoming a “global village”, its significance in intercultural communication in various aspects and language learning is becoming more and more self-evident. [3]97
2.2 Origin
As an object, intercultural communication originated from America, based on Edward Hall?s research. Intercultural communication aims at the language and culture.
Intercultural communication occurs whenever two or more people from different cultures or Micro-cultures come together and exchange verbal and nonverbal symbols. The world is changing, and the times are changing. All the changes have transformed the earth into the global village forecast by Marshall McLuhan. With the improvements in transportation technology, developments in communication technology, economic globalization, and changes in immigration patterns of communication and interaction, intercultural communication becomes more and more important in today?s society.
Then, intercultural communication begins to develop in all the other countries, and various kinds of researches have been found.
2.3 Development of Intercultural Communication’s Application
in Tourism Translation
The history of intercultural communication studies in China is a relatively short one compared with western world, which began in the early eighties of 20th century. Before that period China was engulfed in the Cultural Revolution which cut off any contact with the western world. The first few years of the eighties witnessed the initial opening of China to the western world when developments in sociolinguistics, pragmatics, intercultural communication and
language teaching methodology were introduced to Chinese academics through some university scholar exchange programs. Later, the teaching and research of intercultural communication started in Chinese Universities. Despite its short history, there has been widespread interest in it. Several hundred articles appeared in academic journals in the past two decades and more than a dozen books have been published. A national intercultural communication association has been founded and several international conferences held.
Professor Hu Wenzhong divides its short history into the following tree periods:
1)1978-1987 is the period marked by a heavy emphasis on foreign language teaching in his first article written on the subject of culture related to the teaching of English vocabulary and translation. He points out in his article that some Chinese and English words may seem to be equivalent while they in fact carry different culture loads. Other articles discuss culture in connection with the communicative approach in language teaching. Many point out that the teaching of language alone does not enable the learner to communicate effectively and that knowledge of the culture of the target language is essential for all learners.
2) During the period 1988-1994, intercultural communication course had been offered gradually in the English Departments of Beijing Foreign Studies University, Shanghai International Studies University, Harbin Institute of Technology and some other universities. Samovar and Porter?s anthology Intercultural Communication: a Reader was published in Chinese translation in 1988. In the same year, Shanghai Translation Publishing House published a collection of paper under the title of Intercultural Communication: What It Mean to Chinese Learners of English. The article is written by both Chinese and English proverbs to nonverbal https://www.doczj.com/doc/ba14949819.html,nguage and Culture written by Frank Tang and Liu Runqing published in 1989 deals with many aspects of cultural differences in the use of language—from euphemisms, taboos and conversation topics to the style of writing.[4]25
3)In 1995 the 5th International Conference on Cross-cultural Communication: East and West, sponsored by Harbin Institute of Technology of China and Trinity College of the United States, was held with a total of 230 Chinese and 40 overseas attending. Topics of the presented papers include
among others: “The Changing Patterns of Chinese Interpersonal Communication” “Cultural Input in Second Language Teaching” “A Cross-cultural Study of Politeness between China and the U.S.A.”During the conference, the China Association for Intercultural Communication was established. In August of 1996, Beijing University and Kent State University jointly sponsored another conference whose theme is “Communication and Culture—China and the World Entering the 21st Century”.[5]177
Nowadays, more and more people try to apply the study of intercultural communication to investigating some specific aspects of other subjects, including translation studies. There are numerous articles of this kind to show the charm of this very subject. For example, there are researches like “Intercultural Communication and International Advertising Translation”, “Intercultural Communication and Idiom Translation”, “Intercultural Communication and Animal Words Connotative Meaning Differences between English and Chinese”, “Intercultural Communication and News Text Translation”, etc.
3. Intercultural Communication Difference in Tourism Translation
As people from different cultural backgrounds enhance their exchanges in recent days, communication and culture become gradually interrelated to each other. To live in societies and to maintain their distinctive cultures people have to communicate. Communication is “the process by which people exchange information or express their thoughts and feeling.” According to the studies of Samovar, Porter and Stefani, there are several characteristics for communication, of which the most important one is “communication is a dynamic process of encoding and decoding, during which message source, encoding, message, channel, receiver, decoding, response and feedback are the eight major communicative elements; successful communication only happens when the material is filled with culture-specific elements.[2]23-27Therefore, they argued that cultural differences are the main obstacles in intercultural communication. Besides, they emphasized that in the course of intercultural communication, a participant should not only be familiar with his/her own language and culture, but the language and culture of his/her counterpart, especially the differences between the two involved cultures. Only when the participant or the translator keeps these cultural factors in mind can he or she avoid a failure of communication.
3.1 Difference in Vocabulary
Some words carry the meaning of cultural traits which is particular to a certain communities and therefore they have no corresponding equivalents words in other communities. That?s to say, not all words in other language can find their counterparts in another language. Some words or phrases are unique and unshared. For example, “衙门”, “叩头”, “皇粮”, “庙会”, “重阳节”, “冰糖葫芦”, in Chinese can not be replaced with the equivalent words in English, because they have never appeared in the West. So far as the language which
deals with natural phenomena and related concepts is concerned, many or Chinese “节气”do not have equivalents in English. “雨水”,for example, is translated as Rain Water(2nd Solar Terms).Even the phrase “solar terms” is not understood by most Westerners. Such names mean little or nothing without some sort of additional explanation. When an expression in the materials manifests a unique element in that particular culture, and such an element does not exist in the other country, a problem of vacant correspondence arises. For example , “阴”and “阳” have no equivalent words in English and are explained as “two forces through whose essences, according to Taoist cosmology, the universe was produced and cosmic harmony is maintained. Yin is dark, female and negative, and yang is light, male and positive”.[6]11Yin and yang were seen as the underlying principle by traditional Chinese medical doctors who find it difficult for them to explain to Westerners. They have to describe the symptoms to them. Such examples are far too many to be mentioned here. As for tourist publicity materials, foreign tourists can?t understand these culture-specific expressions without any explanations.
3.2 Difference in Syntax Structure
Cultural differences in the semantic associations evoked by seemingly common concepts, it is generally accepted nowadays. [7]103
For instance: Chinese usually transmits with distinctive stylistic features. Its …ambiguity?, together with its wide use of “four-character Expressions”, even the relative flowery (superfluous) modification method manifest Chinese people?s thought patterns and aesthetic values (culture). It has been claimed that the Chinese thought pattern is spiral and the topic is usually developed in an inductive way, falling into the high-context category; while English thought pattern is straightforward and the topic is usually developed in a deductive method, thus falling into the low-context category.[8]28 A Chinese learner or user of English, unaware of these cultural differences related to language between Chinese and English, may produce a description in English that sounds unnatural or absurd to native speakers. But salient features associated with idealism in tourism Chinese are not all readily accessible. More often than not, its connotation can be transmitted by doing certain adjustments in reading.
Taking the couplet depicting the highlight of a park along the west lake as the example:
山山水水处处明明秀秀，晴晴雨雨时时好好奇奇
With waters and hills, each place looks bright and beautiful;
Rain or shine, every moment appears pleasant and wonderful. [9]104 Although the clear and plain-styled English version has certain cultural aspects of the original one lost, the English version with analogical stylistic flavour communicates a picturesque context impressively. Since certain connotative meaning in one language is embedded in the mind of the language-users and not easy to be expressed in other language, it seems to be inevitable to lose certain cultural factors in translation. Because once language itself becomes associated with perception, it becomes associated with particular meaning and values. Once this association is made, language itself “filters”perception in some way.[10]15For Chinese, semantic meaning is salient, for which cohesion can be sacrificed to some extent. For English, logic is more significant, for only with it can the sentence make sense. So it is evident from this illustration, if it is valid, that language plays a major role in representing the totality of culture. Language is important in that language functions as both a reflection of unique experience and the culture within. When this is applied to tourism intercultural communication, which is responsible for spreading the distinctive Chinese culture to the other parts of the world, language conversion should take the aspect of culture and thought into consideration and maximally reduce the loss of Chinese cultural element.
3.3 Difference in Culture
For a better understanding of tourism translation, it is imperative that a translator adopt an intercultural perspective to investigate the differences between the original and target cultures. The intercultural perspective is fundamental for the translator in the translation which is not only inter-lingual but intercultural. The intercultural perspective in tourism translation does not refer to translating culture itself but the cultural significance embedded in translation. As Samovar puts it in Communication between Culture, in the process of translating, the intercultural perspective can serve as a guide for a
translator, who builds bridges not only between languages but also between the differences of two cultures. To incorporate this perspective into translation, the translator should make some cultural comparison. In translating, the translator should make some cultural comparisons between China and Western countries.
[2]131
3.3.1 Difference in Psychology
The different motivations for the tourists at home and abroad to travel reflect the different cultural psychological demands. As most Chinese are familiar with the cultural backgrounds of the destinations, their aim to travel is to enjoy the natural scenery and relax themselves. But for foreign tourists, one of the important motivations is connected with their curiosity about exotic cultures, which can be seen from the desire to know about other places or countries and to have all kinds of experiences in traveling. This motivation will largely determine the destinations to be chosen and the activities to participate in. They come to China not just for the natural scenery, but for the mysterious oriental culture. They are curious about the Chinese culture, for example, the customs, the life styles, history of the area etc. We should be aware of the psychological differences. That is to say, we should have different emphasis or focus on translation to satisfy the need of different tourists. The translator, therefore, should keep those differences in his mind when translating the materials and employ effective methods to satisfy the demands of tourists from different cultural backgrounds.
3.3.2 Difference in Conventions
Conventional customs and habits are generally accepted among members of a certain social group. They are established by one social group and passed on from generation to generation. Most tourists are curious about Chinese-specific objects often confusing them. For example, in China, foods are given particular meaning, so that a type of food can only be eaten by some specific individuals on certain occasion, or must be eaten on specific occasion. Fish plays a large role in festive celebrations. The Chinese word for fish “yu”
sounds like the homophobic words both for wish and abundance. As a result, on Spring Festival Eve it is customary to serve a fish for dinner, symbolizing the wish for accumulations of prosperity in wealth in the coming year. But it is unlikely for Westerners to have the same association as Chinese people when they eat fish.
Chinese festivals with special connotations are also hard for Westerners to understand. Taking Qingming Festival as an example, it is one of the 24 solar terms in China, falling on April 4-6 each year.[11]192The Qingming Festival is not only a solar term to guide farming; it is more a festival of commemoration. Both the Han and minority ethnic groups offer sacrifices to their ancestors and sweep the tombs. In order to help foreigners better understand the cultural connotation behind these customs and conventions, explanations should be added.
3.3.3 Difference in Historical Culture
Every country owns its special historical culture in the process of development. China, a country with a history of more than five thousand years, accumulates many cultural treasures which attract foreigners. For example, the Mausoleum of the First Emperor Qin and Terracotta Warriors and Horses, Forbidden City, etc, are valuable historic heritages. But the introductions to them in tourist publicity materials without any explanation obstruct readers?understanding of them.
3.3.4 Difference in Thinking Modes
The barrier to the translation for tourism also lies in the fact that there are many differences between Chinese and Western thinking modes.
The Chinese culture lays emphasis on the harmony and the unity between man and nature. That is why, in their description of the outside world, Chinese like using graceful, gorgeous, and implicit words to express their inner thoughts and emotions. In other words, when the outside world arouses their interest and stimulates their imagination, they choose words on the basis of their subjective emotions. The romantic charm and artistic conception achieved through fuzzy thinking shed light on the veiled descriptions of beautiful things. Scholars
classify this thinking mode to be intuitive. “Integration of Human with Heaven”can also find its voice in the inductive thinking mode. Chinese discourse structure is also an example of this thinking mode, which shows a circular line of development for a Chinese paragraph to follow.
However, the aesthetic taste of Western nations is quite different. Westerners lay more emphasis on analysis and logic, striving to imitate and reproduce the objective world. They try to describe the nature as it is, and this, in writing, is manifested in form, reality and reason. The sentences in writing are usually neat, clear and well structured, the ideas are meticulously expressed and the expressions used are always concise, natural, descriptive and direct,[12]230-241which is regarded by some scholars as typical of rational thinking mode, in which fuzzy and meaningless words are rejected. This thinking mode is deductive. Therefore, English paragraph normally follows a straight line of development, beginning with the statement of the central idea expressed by a topic sentence, followed by some supporting ideas. These supporting ideas help develop the central idea and pave the way for the coming-up paragraphs.[13]52The unique thought pattern of the Chinese “beating around the bush” gives rise to the difference in Chinese paragraph from that of English. English styles are usually clear and distinct while Chinese styles are ambiguous and less distinctive. Very often there is a continuous flow of formal words into informal styles and of informal words into formal styles. [14]63
3.3.5 Difference in Aesthetic Taste
The factors of natural environment, social context, politics, economy, and religion will influence the aesthetic values of a person greatly. [15]3What is greatly appealing to Chinese may not be so appealing to Westerners. For example, the famous ancient town, a manager of a scenic spot just wants to attract more Westerners. For the Chinese, what he has described is quite desirable, quiet and beautiful. However, for the Westerners they have different response. In their eyes, it is a quite noisy place. They do not like it at all. Only when we are aware of the aesthetic difference between the different readers can we make the English version more attractive and effective.
4. Intercultural Communication Awareness in
Tourism Translation
Among the problems in translation of English for Tourism practice, linguistic incompetence is relatively easier to get rid of as long as men has a correct and resolute attitude toward improving. Linguistic competence can be acquired or accumulated by following some set linguistic rules that are available everywhere. It is actually a matter of time and patience to improve it. Given the fact that linguistic competence is the most fundamental skill a qualified translator must bear, without which all other discussions on translation are impossible and meaningless, the discussion on linguistic incompetence is not deemed as a primary concern and shall be left out in this thesis.
4.1 Translation from Intercultural Perspective
As we have discussed above, translation is by no means a mere technical work of converting language but a demanding work that requires the cooperation of language and cultures. A comparison of two different cultures should be made for a better version in target language which is more culturally acceptable; besides, the successful intercultural understanding is based on recognizing the ways in which the two cultures resemble one another as well as the ways in which they differ. Of course, a combination of translation with intercultural knowledge is a tough job, because the cultural differences between source language and target language are so subtle and even intangible.
Therefore, a study into translation from intercultural perspective is of great practical significance. It can help a translator acquire cultural information and learn more about the history and civilization in both communities, thus improving the translator?s cultural insight. Being a cultural carrier, translation plays a key role in intercultural communication, deeply rooted in language; translation makes intercultural communication more colorful. [16]53Today, living in multicultural societies of a global village with a large number of international tourists, we all face intercommunication every day and now realize the importance of issues of intercultural understanding.
For a better command of translation, it is imperative that a translator adopt intercultural awareness. The intercultural awareness is one of the basic requirements for a translator when he participates in translation which is both inter-lingual communication and intercultural communication. Intercultural awareness is a particular way of thinking, a criterion for judgment or an acute sensitivity to cultural elements consciously or unconsciously cultivated by the translator. The way of thinking and the judgment criterion embodied in the intercultural awareness are often considered to be the yardsticks to evaluate a translator?s work. To gain this awareness and to put it into full use in translation will bring a great success to the translator because intercultural awareness stresses cultural interaction and cultural comparison. The emphasis on cultural interaction and cultural comparison does not mean that translation from intercultural perspective neglects knowledge about specific culture. On the contrary, it is considered a prerequisite for the translator to have expert knowledge of at least his own culture which is an often-neglected skill.
An acute sensitivity to cultural differences will help the translator to overcome the restraints of cultural elements. If the translator masters cultures as well as source language and target language, he will learn to see the words as native speakers see it, and he will also learn the ways in which their language reflects the idea, customs, and behaviour of their society, As a result, he can convey the cultural information and the cultural connotation at the same time, That?s how intercultural awareness is acquired. For the foreign tourists who know little Chinese culture, a good version translated from intercultural perspective can immeasurably contribute to mutual understanding and cultural exchanges.
4.2 Case Studies
Tourism translation is, generally speaking, an intercultural activity with cross-lingual, cross-society, cross-temporal-spatial, cross-cultural and psychological features. Translators have to tackle many difficulties. [7]59 Case 1:
Interculturalism looks for commonalities among different cultures. It aims to mix and harmonize the differences by an eclectic way. Take the following as
the example:
海拔256.9的南高峰由石灰岩形成，位于西湖西南，从烟霞洞里一条小路可达南高峰山顶。聘望亭卓立山顶，人立亭中，山、谷、湖、江、城、乡的景色尽收眼底。下山途中，有古老的烟霞洞、有趣的水乐洞、宽敞的石屋洞，庞大的千人洞可供寻幽探胜。
The 256.9-meter Southern Peak, formed of limestone, is located southwest of the West Lake. A foot path leads to its top from the Haze at Sunset Cave. The Cheng Wang Pavilion stands at the top of the hill, from which you may entertain your eyes on the hills and vales, lakes and rivers, the city and the country. On your way downhill, you can find enjoyment in exploring such caves as the ancient Haze at Sunset Cave, the delightful Water Music Cave, the spacious Stone-house Cave, and the enormous 1000-man Cave.[9]26
The Chinese version is gorgeous and elegant in style, but the beauty of the original text is not easy to be adequately expressed in English. Assuming that it is hard for target readers to perceive the refined style of source text, the translator creates a new style in English: translating the Chinese text orally instead of in written form; using the second person “you”as accustomed by foreigners to replace the third person. In addition, the translator treats the Chinese four-character collocations adaptively and converts phrases like “尽收眼底” and“寻幽探胜”to “entertain your eyes” and “find enjoyment” which are easier to be understood by foreign tourists but somewhat different from the foci of the original one. Comparatively speaking, “find enjoyment” for “寻幽探胜”is more suitable for the source text. The text is translated orally instead of in written form and the Chinese four-character collocations are rendered freely. Besides, the English version is not logically connected for it still conforms to the source language in sentence structure. Obviously, it is not effective in plot development in hypotactic English. To improve it, we may adopt interculturalism.
The 256.9-meter Southern Peak is formed of limestone. It is located southwest of the West Lake and can be accessible by a foot path connected to the Haze at Sunset Cave. The Cheng Wang Pavilion stands high there, from which you may have panoramic view of the hills and vales, lakes and rivers, the city and the country. On your way downhill, you can either retreat in serenity or find enjoyment in exploring such caves as the ancient Haze at Sunset Cave, the
delightful Water Music Cave, the spacious Stone-house Cave, and the enormous 1000-man Cave.[9]27
Firstly, in retranslating the passage, the similarity of thinking modes underlying in human minds is pursued. The thematic progression included in the Chinese text is thus transferred into the English text, producing a sound pattern above. As for the first sentence, it gives salience to the subject in question by adjusting the sentence structure. As to the second, it brings out the emphasis of the original by replacing “standing at the top of the hill”with “stand high”. Second, phrases like “尽收眼底”and “寻幽探胜”are rendered in an eclectic way, compromising on the commonalities between Chinese and Western cultures. In this case, the translator (especially the former phrase) will frustrate foreigners for they share quite different cultural background from ours, whereas free translation can not transmit the authentic scenery into highlights. So interculturalism is applied into the second text for we should stand at the foreigners?point to consider the questions. Interculturalism is a feasible alternative to make the beauty and fun hidden in the original text. It makes communication more smoothly and efficiently.
Case 2:
位于杭州湾北岸海盐县境内的南北湖风景区，总面积30平方公里，由湖塘、颖超顶、谭仙岭、滨海四个景区组成，融山、海、湖自然景观于一体，兼有丰富的人文景观，是浙江省省级风景名胜区。
Located in Haiyan Country, north of the Hangzhou Bay, the Nanbei Lake is one of the scenic resorts in Zhejiang Province characterized by its diverse scenic, cultural and historical highlights. With an area of 30 square kilometers, the resort comprises four sections: The Lake Area, Yingchaoding (eagle-nest top), Tanxian Hill and the Seashore. [17]37
The structure of the English version has been arranged mainly due to different thinking modes of Chinese and English. Chinese thinking pattern is spiral and the information center appears at the end of the paragraph, while English thinking pattern is in a linear order and the topic is usually developed in a deductive way. So the translator divides the whole sentence into two sentences and put the information center at the beginning of the paragraph so as to cater to the reading habits of the foreign readers.
Case 3:
West Lake
西湖风景旅游区拥有60平方公里的地域，而西湖占有5.6平方公里，南北纵长3.3千米，东西横长2.8千米。周长15千米。三面环山，一面城镇商业中心。白堤和苏堤把西湖分成五大块。三潭印月，半山湖亭，西湖十大景观，而西湖十景更给西湖增添美景。
The West Lake Scenic Area covers an area of 60 square kilometers, out of which the West Lake occupies 5.6 square kilometers with 3.3 kilometers from north to south and 2.8 kilometers from west to east. The lake has a circumference of 15 kilometers. It is surrounded by hills on three sides and faces the downtown area on one side. The charming lake is a pearl that lay by the city. There are two brocade-ribbon-like causeways inside the lake, namely Bai Causeway and Su Causeway, and they divide the lake into five parts. Three man-made islands named Three Pools mirroring the moon, Mid-lake Pavilion stand elegantly in the outer lake. The “Ten West Lake views” and the “Ten new West Lake View” add much more beauty to the West Lake. [18]
The above introductions are informative and well-organized. And they give the potential tourists a basic stock of knowledge about the scenic resorts. The language, together with the photograph in the paragraph is neat and expressive, introducing the lake clearly. It is coming from an official websites. Official websites are another medium which provides high quality English version of tourism culture. Taking the culture into account, we aim at locating an effective and feasible orientation in translation, thus will hopefully enhance Hangzhou?s international popularity in the long run.
Case 4:
早在唐代，这里就以建有望湖亭而闻名。南宋和元代，望湖亭被道教庙宇和佛教寺院取代，后又改成龙王堂。到清康熙三十八年（1699），拆龙王堂改建成御书楼。
Early in the Tang Dynasty, there stood a building known as the Lake View Pavilion, which was replaced by a Taoist temple and Buddhist monastery during the Southern Song and Yuan Dynasties, and later turned into the Dragon King’s Temple. In the 38th year of the reign of Kangxi of the Qing Dynasty (1699) the temple was remodeled into the Imperial Book Pavilion. [9]16
Reading the short passage, foreigners may be lost in the maze of cultural terms. Besides the Qing Dynasty which was annotated with the Christian era,
旅游英语的正确翻译-旅游管理 旅游英语的正确翻译 孙阳王永 随着全球化速度加快，人类的经济文化交流日益热络，国际旅游业呈现了蓬勃发展的态势。英语作为国际化语言成为交际成败的重要因素。如何正确的翻译旅游英语已成为翻译界面对的一大课题，笔者首先分析旅游英语的语言特点和文化背景，继而提出正确翻译英语的技巧和策略。以期为正确翻译旅游英语和提升跨文化交际水平提供可行性建议，以促进旅游业的繁荣发展。 一、引言 国际旅游业的繁荣与否，很大程度上取决于语言交际的成败。当前，国内从业者的英语表达和跨文化交际水平较低，成为制约国际旅游业进一步发展的瓶颈。加之旅游英语的特殊性、中西方文化差异(潘洞庭2007)导致英汉两种语言表达上的不同加剧了旅游英语翻译的困难。笔者以翻译的视角通过分析作为旅游英语的特点，深入探讨语言背后的文化差异，分析出其中的原因；继而总结出有利于旅游英语翻译的方法和策略，为从业者英语水平提高和规范表达提供参考。 二、旅游英语的特点 旅游英语在礼仪、用词、风格和文化上均有较大的特点。我们必须意识到这一点，笔者从以下几方面进行分析： （一）在礼节上多用敬辞和情态动词以使语境氛围热情大方，如“please”、“dear”“May I help you ?”等口语中就是最常见的表达。 （二）行业俗语大量出现，这些俗语和习惯用语的出现构成旅游英语翻译的最大特色。如，“a brochure of scenic spot”“景区观光手册”。
（三）旅游英语具备清析易懂，亲切自然的风格。由于游客面对的是陌生的环境，情感交流成为融入当地文化必要途径，因此从业者语言成为感情交流的载体，力求避免出现僵硬的文学教条表达，使语言亲切、自然、大方。如，“您不到长城就是没到北京。” 译：“The Great Wall is a must for you to BeiJing.”貌似简单的交流，但其中热情好客的感情自然流露。 三、旅游英语的中的文化差异 由于英汉两种语言的背后反映了思维方式的差异；加之，我国丰富的文化资源具有深厚的历史，加剧了中西文化思维的差异。 （一）语句结构和表达习惯上的差异；汉语往往为了突显旅游资源的优美，大量使用华丽优雅的词句，而英语恰恰注重平实性。 （二）中外习俗上的差异，导致语言认知上的差异。比如，玉林狗肉节，就导致旅游英语在进行翻译与狗相关的文化时困难较多。 （三）文化上的差异，导致理解上的障碍。（屠玉荣2014）例如，苏州的寒山寺，英译“Cold Mountain Temple”，寒山寺的“文气”尽失，就会缺乏文化底蕴。 四、旅游英语翻译的方法和策略 旅游作为一种跨文化交流行为, 蕴涵着丰富的文化因子(王君2008)。因此，我们要想正确地翻译旅游英语就必须将旅游英语的特点和语言文化、行业特点相结合。 （一）我们应该尊重双方文化的差异，中英文化存在多样性、具有各自的文化理解、行为方式和价值认同，因此我们在翻译时不能强求根据历史的认知去翻译和理解，而应尊重文化的差异，以跨文化的视角在尊重文化本质的基础上寻求
分析旅游英语的特点及翻译的路径选择 我国和世界各国的交往日益频繁。近些年我国旅游业不断发展，在对外发展过程中，人们日益重视旅游英语的对外交往职能。本文对旅游英语的特点进行分析，明确旅游英语的翻译路径，从而促进旅游英语更加快速的发展。 英语是世界通用的语言，我国在将自身外交能力拓展的过程中，非常注重培养学生的英语能力。在旅游业蓬勃发展的今天，我国不仅需要全面的推行旅游业的发展，还要规范旅游英语的使用方法和翻译技巧，这样才可以将英语使用者的自身能力素质进行提高，我国的旅游业才可以真正的蓬勃发展。 一、旅游英语的特点 1.风格特点。人们通过旅游，可以获得愉悦的情感需求，这是一个动态的需求，人们在旅游的过程中，就是希望在游玩山水时获得情感上的愉悦。服务人员在接待游客的过程中，需要利用生动的肢体语言和情感神态，活化自身的语言。在实际旅游过程中，可以生动的翻译游客看到的事物，使游客处于良好的情感氛围当中。游客在实际旅游过程中，尤其在旅游册当中有繁琐的宣传资料，这让外籍游客总有一种不
知所云的感觉。合理利用旅游英语，可以通过简单的范式传达本民族的优秀资源。 2.语言特点。利用旅游英语，可以使人和人之间进行良好的交流，促进人们更好的进行情感表达，因为旅游英语中信息量较丰富，具有很强的直接性。来到一个景点，游客通常对这个景点不太了解，对其特点也不明确，为了使游客可以全面的了解景点，导游需要将自身的特点进行充分的发挥，利用旅游英语向游客详细的介绍和景点有关的内容。 3.修辞特点。旅游英语属于一种比较优美的语言形式，其中涉及到各种修辞方法。旅游活动属于一种文化活动，在实际进行的过程中，要想将这种文化活动的消费变得更加?畅，那么可以充分利用语言的美感，吸引更多的游客，可以利用优美的语言形式，将各种生动的修辞形式进行合理的应用，从而使游客可以产生深刻的游客体验。 4.文化特点。利用旅游英语可以宣传当地的传统文化和民族特征，但是在将当地文化进行传播的过程中，需要有效的提炼其中蕴含的美学元素，可以将一些丰富的文化内涵充分的表达出来，使游客产生深刻的印象。我国的旅游资源蕴含丰富的美食文化和风土人情等各个方面，因此很多的旅游产品都具有自身的独特个性，这也是一种个性化的美感。 二、分析旅游英语的路径选择
Outline 1. Introduction 2. The Linguistic Characteristics of Tourism English 2.1 Conciseness and Vividness 2.2 Hospitality and Infectiousness 2.3 Comprehensiveness and Exposition 3. The Theory and Skills of Translation in Tourism English 3.1 Theory of translation 3.2 Translation skills 3.2.1 Addition and Explanation 3.2.2 Deletion 3.2.3 Paraphrase 3.2.4 Rewriting 4. Conclusion 旅游英语的特点及其翻译技巧 Tourism English's Characteristics and Its Translation Skills 1. Introduction Tourism English, as it is so called, is the English language used for tourism and is a particular variety of English in terms of linguistics. It appears with the development of tourism industry, especially international tourism. When people make a visit to some place, they will be provided with all kinds of services needed during the tour. 2. The Linguistics Characteristics of Tourism English
摘要：21世纪国的旅游业得到了迅猛发展，在我成为了个旅游资源大国，这里起着至关重要的作用。英语和翻译的旅游特色的地位，并总结了一些旅游英语翻译方法。 现在，在世界各地使用英语的人口不断增加，英语成为全球化交流的语言，同时旅游业是巩固英语的重要作用，作为一个全球性的语言，旅游英语各年龄段的人越来越多。一个国家希望旅游业的全面发展，必须要有良好的品质，英语导游，以便它可以使旅游英语语言知识和旅游专业知识紧密联系起来，在更广泛的社会效益。 一、旅游英语的特点 1.1、旅游英语，包括一个丰富的语言和文化的内涵 文化是其中最重要的因素，如旅游业，通过当地文化旅游的人可以来的情绪。每一个游客，旅游业不仅是享受当地的景观和观光，更多的是当地的风土人情，独特的地域文化，以吸引和影响情绪。因此，除了在旅游英语的技术术语，也包括物质文化的语言，旅游英语，具有深厚的文化底蕴和文化浅。浅的英语词汇，发音和语法的一些基本要素的方式铺平道路，为文化内容和材料，文化底蕴深厚的文化，是一个旅游材料，旅游用品和欣赏的文化产品分析过程的理解。 1.2、旅游英语立体美，语言特点 在旅游过程中，旅游者在旅游活动的消费，其中大部分是旅游和文化消费。因此，为了促进旅游和文化消费和审美享受，是一个至关重要的因素，促进当地文化，旅游英语的基础上，提炼的审美元素，能够表达独特的文化内涵。勤劳勇敢的中国人民在祖国美丽富饶的地球在同一时间的发展和建设，我们也留下了许多文化古迹，独特的自己独特的风俗，工艺品和美食，此山水之美和历史文化通过一个独特的旅游文化的巧妙结合。旅游英语可作为以弘扬中国文化，吸引游客观光的重要媒介，使我国的文化传统发扬光大。 二、旅游英语翻译的 非常丰富的旅游资源，在中国，但在国际舞台上的旅游资源的知名度是非常小的，很多外国人只知道一些知名的城市，如北京，上海和中国其他旅游目的地，还不是很了解。因此，外商在中国旅游业的了解甚少，他们只是一些媒体的数据，文字或互联网访问适当的信息。过去两年，许多旅游城市和著名的旅游景点都发表在中文和英文的旅游信息和指导书，内容更详细介绍。然而，在英语翻译或缺乏相应的专业人员，太多的时间编制的随意性，大量的旅游信息，从学生的手或翻译公司。此外，许多我们的旅游景点，导游的英语水平还需要到可以改善这是1指南翻译中的大差异的口头翻译的时间编写的原始严重的原因，和甚至错误，特别是在饭店，酒店和街道的翻译更是漏洞百出。全面提高旅游英语翻译的水平，今天的旅游业发展的主要目标，然而，做到这一点，我们必须抓住旅游英语翻译。 旅游英语翻译 3.1增加的词汇和注释的法律的正确使用 文化差异在语言和信息传输必须是有一些障碍，特别是外国旅游者的数量，不熟悉的历史，文化和故事。因此，文化传播时，应尽量减少读者理解的翻译，文化上的障碍，从而能够实现的文化交流更理想的目标。要求读者和原来的读者是在不同文化背景的东西，原来的读者在翻译时表示，可能是相当陌生的读者。因此，在这个时候，原来的读者在翻译的过程中，多使用一些词汇，复杂的句子或条款进行补充和票据，从而有效地缩短了原来的读者和读者之间的文化差距。放大和注释的方法是为目的，以方便外国游客了解，更有利于他们对中国文化的理解。推出的“饺子”，例如，一定会与屈原的内容，如果译者在翻译过程中，而不是屈原任何介绍，只是简单地只会使游客无法了解雾水。因此，如果翻译告诉此时的游客，屈原是1：在著名的中国学者，政治家，谁三百年livedsome之前出生Christd在这个时候如此，游客将“饺子”离开了中国龙更深的印象端午节将了解更多。 3.2注重翻译的名字
旅游英语的特点及翻译策略_外语翻译旅游英语的特点及翻译策略_外语翻译外语翻译 随着我国涉外旅游业的发展,旅游英语变得越来越重要,它是不同文化背景下与游客之间的一种纽带和交流桥梁,通过这种纽带和桥梁,让游客能真正了解一个有着丰富文化和历史内涵的中国,所以它的语言是独特的。本文阐述了旅游英语的语言特点,并在此基础上,分析了旅游英语翻译的翻译策略及方法,对旅游英语的研究及旅游管理的进一步完善提供参考。 目前,我国已经开始从旅游大国发展到了旅游强国,具备了各层次的旅游管理、教学性人才,旅游英语方面的培养也受到了很大的重视。很多高等院校已开设旅游英语、旅游管理专业,旨在培养更多的旅游综合性人才。 旅游英语的发展是我国旅游业日益发展的重要因素。本文研究旅游英语的语言特点及翻译策略,旨在更多地诠释旅游英语,并为旅游管理中英语方面的问题提供参考意见,使旅游性管理人员了解旅游英语翻译的应对策略,进而使我国旅游业能更好地发展。 一、旅游英语的特点 (一)旅游英语的风格特点 1.形象生动:旅游是一个过程,是满足人们旅游需要的一个过程。在涉外旅游接待的过程中,旅游服务人员要用形象生动的语言对旅游者在旅游过程中的所见所闻进行翻译。而旅游服务人员的这些生动的、活泼的翻译,能够给旅游者带来听觉上的享受,给旅游者的旅游活动留下完美的旅游经历。 2. 简明扼要:在很多的旅游宣传资料中,很多的旅游介绍却并不能把旅游信息准确地介绍出去,让游客看的不清不楚。而旅游英语翻译的目的,在于把本民族的语言完整准确地介绍出去,让人能准确地了解。
(二)旅游英语的语言特点 语言都是为不同目的服务的,在不同场合使用不同的语言。旅游英语具有语言包含信息量大、语言的直接性、能唤起情感欲望的特点。当旅游者开始某一新地方的旅游时,需要这一地点的各种信息。 (三)旅游英语的修辞特点 旅游英语是经过润色的优美语言。它具有旅游者在旅游活动中的消费,很大程度是进行一种文化产品的消费。要促成这种文化的消费,语言的沟通与美感是关键。美的语言形式往往能使人们记忆深刻、所了解的文化或事物产生良好反应与记忆。形象生动的语言往往与修辞紧密相连。修辞的使用能够提供形象生动、具有吸引力的描写。旅游英语通过使用修辞方法为人们提供了更有趣、更具吸引力的旅游材料。 (四)旅游英语的文化特点 文化是旅游的灵魂,旅游是文化的感悟。旅游英语是不同文化背景下与游客之间的一种纽带和交流桥梁,通过旅游英语这个跨文化交际的媒介,让游客能真正了解一个有着丰富文化和历史内涵的中国。中国有诸多的文化古迹、独特的风土人情和精湛的手工艺品。自然的上水景观和历史人文景观相结合形成了中国独特的旅游文化特点。我们要利用旅游英语弘扬民族精神,发扬中国文化。 二、旅游英语的翻译策略 (一)避免出现书写、拼写、语法、标点等方面的错误 在我国各地的旅游宣传资料或景点手册上,此类错误的翻译频繁可见。例如,在深圳某景区的英文宣传资料上,把本来是“Eletrni aterials”却写成了“Eletrn ateria ls”。此外,在上海的有关宣传中,把上海的英文翻译写成Shang Hai,其实由于上海是地名,应该写成Shanghai。虽然这都是一些小的错误,但是却能体现我们的英语翻译水平。所以对于此类问题,一定要注意。
第八章 旅游文本中典故、诗词、俗语、楹联等的翻译 第一模块：热身练习 翻译下列文本，看旅游文本中一些文化现象在翻译中该如何处理： 1.whicheven part of Scotland takes you fancy,history is never far away.You feel it in the brooding presence of Glencoe,evocative of that treacherous night in 1692 when Campbell soldiers slaughtered MacDonads as they slept. You touch it when you hike tyrough the hills and stumble across the ruins of a deserted shieling. You see it in the weatherworm stones of turreted castales. You hear in in rousing Border ballads and haunting Hebridean melodies. 1.苏格兰令人心仪的地方都连着一段历史。置身格伦科山谷，会感到历史之森然。1692年那个背信弃义的冬夜，坎贝尔上尉率兵趁麦克唐纳族人熟睡时将他们杀害。穿越绵绵山丘，偶见荒屋废墟时，能触摸到历史的脉搏。在古堡塔楼那些风雨侵蚀的石块上，会看见历史的印记。在动人的边区歌谣和难忘的赫布里底音乐中，会听见历史的回音。 2.Englishman Lesline Stephen wass one of the true pioneers of mountaineering. In 1871, when tourism in Switzerland was still in its infancy,he publishesd a book on climbing in the Swiss Alps, aptly titled The Playground of
师大学学院课程考试 答卷纸 考试科目科研方法研究 院系外语系 级别2010级 学年2012-2013学年 学期第一学期 姓名章驰 学号 3 2012年12 月05日
备注：成绩评定以百分制或等级制评分，每份试卷均应标明课程类别（①必修课②选修课③同等学力补修课）与考核方式（①闭卷笔试②口试③开卷笔试④课程论文）。课程论文应给出评语。
目录 一．前言 (1) 二．基本概念 (2) 1.旅游语篇 (3) 2.衔接手段 (3) 三．汉英衔接手段的异同 (3) 四．旅游语篇汉英衔接手段的转换 (4) 1.指称 (4) 2.省略与替代 (5) 3.连接 (5) 4.词汇衔接 (6) 五．结语 (6) 六.参考文献 (6)
从衔接角度看中文旅游语篇的英文翻译 摘要： 据世界旅游组织预测，到2020年，中国将成为世界第一大旅游目的地国和第四大客源输出国。由于有着不同的文化背景、价值观念和思维方式，汉语与英语在文体特色和风格上有所不同。本文将以中文旅游语篇为研究对象，探讨其在汉英翻译过程中语篇衔接手段的运用，以期能对中文旅游语篇翻译水平的提高有所帮助。 关键字：旅游语篇、语言学理论、指称 一、引言 语篇是指任何不完全受句子语法约束的，在一定语境下表示完整语义的自然语言。它是协调词汇学、句法学、音系学和语义学（包括语用学）的语言学分支，目的是通过语言这个媒介实现具体的交际任务或完成一定行为（胡壮麟，1994）。自20世纪60年代中期以来，语篇研究发展迅速，语篇研究领域中，语篇的衔接和连贯较为突出。语篇的衔接与连贯是语篇研究的核心，也是语篇分析的重要议题。英国第一个语言学教授Firth的一贯思想是，一个句子的语义，其主要部分只有被放在一定语境下发生的语篇才能说得清，因而我们必须从语段开始分析。但他没能提出更具体、更全面的理论。这个任务由Firth的学生Halliday完成，他在衔接理论上取得了极大的突破。Halliday 认为从词义上所有的结构都应该是衔接的，但并不是在语法层面上才有衔接力。他和Hason对语篇中的衔接进行了专门的研究，他们的Cohesion in English（《英语中的衔接》）一书被认为是衔接理论创立的标志。(兼职网 www.gzsdjz.) 当然，不同于其他语言学理论，语篇分析不局限于语言学本身，而是扩大到语境以及语言的交际功能上来。美芳（1999）曾经指出：“在实际翻译中，译者既是原文的接受者，又是译文的生产者。他在接受原文的过程中要进行语篇分析，在生产译文时同样要进行语篇分析，而且要将两次分析的结果进行比较，才能较好地完成翻译任务。”衔接是语篇特征的重要容，是一个语义概念体现在语篇的表层结构上。近年来，衔接和连贯理论得到了翻译界众多专家学者的重视。Hatim 和Mason认为，Halliday和Hason提出的英语衔接手段对于其它很多语言都是适用的：它可能更多地使用其中某些衔接手段或者它们的组合。世开对英汉人称代词进行了比较分析；胡壮麟、朱永生等人则对英汉两种语言的衔接手段进行了详细的对比。以包括散文、诗歌、新闻报道以及科技文等不同文体的大量语料为例，
浅论旅游英语翻译及其策略 摘要：在旅游英语的翻译中，我们不仅要掌握其特征还要充分考虑不同文化的 交际规则，避免不必要的文化冲突。本文从旅游英语的语言特点，存在的问题及 策略这三个方面进行阐述。 关键词：旅游英语；翻译；策略 随着信息、交通的长足发展，国家间交流的日益密切，各国的旅游业都有着 极大的发展。英语作为普遍使用的全球语言，其对旅游业的影响举足轻重，旅游 英语的应用更是承载着东西文化交流的使命。 一、旅游英语的语言特点 （一）行业术语。 旅游英语会使用大量的有关旅游行业方面的英语单词或者习惯用语，可以称 为旅游英语术语。例如，乘坐飞机时携带的物品称为hand or carry-on luggage. （二）礼节特征。 在旅游英语中，通常使用祈使动词“请”来向倾听者表现说话者的尊重和礼貌，或者使用情态动词，如“能”、“可以”、“将”等，也经常使用疑问句。例如：Waitress： May I take you order? Tourist： Yes， please. （三）文化特征。 文化需要通过语言传播[1]。旅游英语的文化特点在介绍中国旅游景点的材料 中体现得特别明显。当前，很多国外游客到我国旅游的目的就是为了体验中国文化。我国旅游机构抽样调查显示， 26%的外国游客来中国旅游的目的是欣赏历史 古迹， 56%的游客是为了体验异域文化中的生活方式和风土人情。 二、旅游英语翻译常见问题及相应解决 （一）对原文及其所在语言文化背景理解不够。 导游知识涉及整个文化层面，其中又以物质、行为、制度及精神四大层面形 式的中国传统文化为主，包含中国古代思想、宗教、建筑、饮食等具体方面，因 此中国文化有着悠久而博大的丰硕内涵，相应地正确的旅游翻译的难度也是较高的。如佛教当中的“弥勒佛”，在翻译时往往会误译，更有甚者将弥勒直接音译为“Mile”，结果使得外国人是云里雾里，不知其所云，而事实上弥勒在英文当中有 直接相对应的词“Matriya”，该词又出自梵文“Maitreya”，是故译者在翻译过程中 倘若对原文理解不够[2]。 （二）翻译与目标语言习惯格格不入。 在饮食方面，如菜肴名称“霸王别姬”在最初的翻译过程当中材料的过程当中，译者直接套用电影《霸王别姬》的英文译名“Farewell My Concubine”，外国人对于该种翻译是很难理解的，而在中国人的观念当中，“霸王别姬”的故事是家喻户晓，指西楚霸王项羽在英雄末路时与宠妾虞姬之间的别离，相信译者对此应该是非常 了解的，但是外国人一般都不了解项羽和虞姬为何许人物，如果翻译成英文用“Farewell My Concubine”，殊不知该译法的意思是“别了，我的小老婆”，对此可用“莫名奇妙”一词来形容读者感受，即使读者明白项羽和虞姬为何许人物，但是确 又不明白项羽和虞姬与该菜肴当中的原料“鳖”与“鸡”之间的联系，是故现在普遍 能接受的菜肴“霸王别姬”翻译为“Steamed Turtle and Chicken”，该翻译是遵循菜肴 翻译原则当中的“烹调方法＋主料＋with＋辅料”直译方法，虽然该翻译忠实于原文，但是菜肴原本名称的魅力却大打折扣[3]。
旅游英语翻译范文 很多老外来中国旅游，除了惊叹于中国的经济发展速度，现代化的城市建筑和日益发达的交通之外，经常吐槽中国的一件事情就是大街上的英文翻译，因为中国各个地方的标语翻译都是千奇百怪，令人啼笑皆非，很多老外来中国都看不懂这些英语，闹出了不少笑话。 首先，提到中国大街上英文标语翻译上的错误，最基本的就是把英文单词拼错，比如说：把警察POLICE拼成PLOICE，听起来打击效率好像没有那么高 还有这个，新华书店把BOOK STORE写成BOOK STORY！ 但是大家看看这张照片，我说哥们儿，你怎么连自己国家的名字都能拼错！ 其实在公共场所还有一个标语，也是非常重要的，对，就是厕所！大家可能想说，厕所这么简单、这么常见的一个单词，出错的机率应该非常低吧！不过好像也不能这么说！ 比如这个小便间的标示，把空间的“间”翻译成了BETWEEN，之间的间，当然在你和尿之间只有厕所啦！
另外提醒大家上厕所的时候，也要特别看清楚再进去，比如这个厕所把女厕写成了男厕！ 或者拼成奇奇怪怪的单词！ 不过我觉得最霸气的还是这个女厕的标示，WOMAN KINGDOM，女人王国！ 不讲厕所了，其实不管是哪种语言，因为文化还有一些其它因素的关系，菜单的翻译经常也很容易闹笑话！ 牛油多士翻译成牛油很多士兵，拿破仑炒意粉翻译成拿破仑炒点子面粉！ 其实这些我都觉得还好，至少不至于影响食欲，但是有一些菜本来是很好吃的，但是如果先看英文菜名，老外们可能会立刻夺门而出，像是这个宫保鸡丁，被翻译成PUBLIC EXPLOSION CHICKEDN,公开爆炸的鸡，这可能需要叫一下PLOICE来看看了。 还有这个炒拔烂子，翻译成炒拔出来的烂掉的孩子，实在是太吓人了。
旅游资料英译应做到文字自然流畅、表达清晰易懂、文体简洁直观、有感染力；并在把握基本原则上探讨了旅游资料的翻译技巧，即采取多种翻译方法的有机结合，对译文进行适当调整的方法，才能取得更好的效果。 一、旅游资料的功能及英译标准 谈论旅游资料的翻译必须把旅游资料的功能与翻译有机结合。旅游资料有不同的种类，但目的都是为了吸引游客。其主要功能在于信息功能、美感功能和诱导功能。旅游资料首先必须提供足够的信息，通过对风景名胜的介绍、宣传，激发人们旅游、参观的兴趣，增加游客对中国历史文化的了解。为了增强吸引力，旅游资料必须能给读者带来美的感受，使之产生一睹为快的欲望。具备了信息功能和美感功能，也就具备了诱导功能。因此，旅游资料的翻译要通过传达原文的信息，全面反映原文的功能，才能达到原文的交际目的。 旅游资料的翻译不能等同于单纯的中译英文字翻译，旅游资料翻译的成功与否，首先取决于效果。美国当代著名翻译理论家尤金.奈达指出：“所谓翻译，是指从语义到语体用最切近而又最自然的对等语再现原文的信息。”这里的“对等”指的是译文对目的语读者所产生的效果大致相等。译文读者与原文读者具有不同的文化背景，如果一字不动地译成另一种语言就不一定能达到原来的效果。奈达在他的“对等反应”理论中认为，翻译的重点不应当是语言的表现形式，而应当是读者对译文的反应，还应把这种反应和原作读者对原文所产生的反应作对比。译文应该具有原文同等的表现力和吸引力。如果译文不为读者所接受，效果不佳或甚至适得其反，那就等于失去了翻译的意义。要想让译文在译文读者心目中引起的反应效果与原文读者的反应效果相似，译者必须把重点放在译文的译文读者上，充分考虑到译文的可读性和读者接受能力，从读者的实际情况出发，采取适当措施，在不影响原文意思表达的前提下，对译文读者可能不易理解的信息作适当的调整和变通，才能使读者理解并接受信息，达到旅游资料翻译的最终目的。 不同民族思维方式和文化传统上的差异赋予了各个民族语言不同的文化内涵，并制约着各自使用语言的独特方式。翻译是一种文化交流活动。翻译是不仅要注意语言文字的表面形式，更应注意语言的文化因素，充分考虑不同民族所固有的文化背景、心理因素和欣赏习惯。旅游资料的翻译更是这样。旅游资料含有丰富的文化内涵和民族特色，涉及大量的文化信息。因此，把握好旅游资料中的文化因素，是旅游资料翻译的关键。只求语言形式上的对等而忽视汉英在文化深层次上的差异，是无法实现旅游资料的功能的。 二、当前旅游资料英译所在的问题 旅游资料翻译作为一种对外工作，需要译者具有高度的责任感和严谨的态度。旅游资料涉及面广，包含历史文化、风土人情、民俗习惯等诸多方面的知识，旅游资料的翻译不仅需要译者具有扎实的双语基本功和娴熟的翻译技巧，还需要有广博的文化知识。综观当前旅游资料汉译英翻译现状，可以发现旅游资料英译的欠缺较多， 常见的旅游资料英译过程中出现问题有以下几方面： 一是译文语言欠考虑，汉化英语严重； 二是译文过分忠于原文的字句，不分对象，不顾及中外读者的差别，逐字照翻对，对于外国游客不熟悉的汉语文化背景知识缺乏必要的处理，令外国游客难以理解； 三是译文多以汉语的思维方式行事，不符合外国游客的审美方式和欣赏习惯；四是译文枯燥乏味，缺乏感染力，难以引起外国游客的兴趣。 三、英汉旅游介绍的差异 1．在汉语表达中，一般习惯地将重要的信息放在最后，而在有达中，则习惯于将重要的信息放在最前，这与两种不同的文化背景有关。中国人说话、写文章有时喜欢“卖关子”，
广西壮族自治区Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 亚热带海边风光subtropical seaside scenery 少数民族风俗ethnic customs 少数民族Ethnic Minority Groups 北部湾Beibu Bay 德天瀑布Detian Waterfall 靖西通灵大峡谷Jingxi Tongling Grand Canyon 百色乐业天坑群Baise Group of Dolines in Leye County 南宁 朝阳广场ChaoYang Square 兴宁步行街Xingning Walking Street 民族广场Minzu Square 南宁国际会展中心Nanning International Convention&Exhibition Center 青秀山风景区Qingxiu Tourist Resort 广西博物馆Guangxi Museum 广西民族文物苑Guangxi Cultural Heritage Center 伊岭岩Yiling Cave 广西药用植物园Guangxi Medicinal Garden 花鸟市场Flowers&Birds Mart 扬美古镇Yangmei Ancient Town 良凤江国家森林公园Liangfengjiang National Forest Park 南湖名树博览园Famous-tree Exposition Garden in Nanhu Lake 桂林 桂林漓江Lijiang River of Guilin 桂林桃花江peach Blossom River of Guilin 桂林山水甲天下 Guilin`s scenery makes the rest of the world less attractive. Guilin`s Scenery is the first in the world. Guilin`s scenery bests all others in the world. 喀斯特地貌Karst scenery 芦笛岩Reed Flute Cave 七星公园Seven Stars Park 伏波山Fu Bo Hill 漓江Li River 象鼻山Elephant Trunk Hill 叠彩山Decai Hill 阳朔Yangshuo 西街West Street 独秀峰Solitary Beauty Peak 北海 北海银滩Silver Beach at Beihai 涠洲岛Weizhou Island 星岛湖Star Islands Lake
浅析旅游英语的翻译策略 【摘要】中国改革开放三十几年，尤其是加入WTO以来，吸引了越来越多的外国游客，旅游英语的重要性也随之凸显出来。本文通过分析旅游英语的特点，力求探寻到旅游英语的恰当翻译策略，促进旅游英语的发展，进而促进中国旅游业的发展。 【关键词】旅游英语；语言特点；翻译 旅游业的迅猛发展对世界各国的经济和文化带来了前所未有的发展机遇，促进了各国家各地区之间的经济和文化交流。我国随着改革开放的不断深入，特别是加入WTO后的十几年，旅游业作为重要的第三产业在我国得到蓬勃发展，越来越多的城市和地区通过旅游带动了经济的发展，推动了文化的推广。随着我国国力的不断增强，越来越多的国外游客来到中国，旅游英语的重要性随之凸显出来，如何通过旅游英语翻译将中国文化和民风民俗传递和展示出去，使国外游客更好的了解我国的传统文化，陶醉于我国的自然风光之中，从而促进对外旅游业的发展，也促进中国文化的对外传播和推广。 1.文化差异影响旅游英语 文化是一个国家一个民族经过长久以来积淀的精神财富，具有一定的封闭性和排他性。中国文化具有五千年的悠久历史，这种悠久的文化传统根植于语言之中，形成独特的语言风格。中西的文化差异是明显的，这种文化的差异使两种语言中互译是极其困难的，如何准确、简洁、恰当的翻译成为亟待解决的问题，正确的处理旅游英语的翻译策略，准确进行旅游英语翻译对于中国旅游业的发展具有现实意义。 2.旅游英语的语言特点 2.1行业术语 旅游英语会使用大量的与旅游行业相关的英语单词或习惯用语，一般称为旅游英语术语。例如，旅游英语中的通知就体现了旅游语言独有的特征。一般通知内容简捷明了，在正文前一般标有NOTICE或ANNOUNCEMENT等字体，使游客一目了然。正文包括事由、地点、时间、通知发布者等，同时通知的对象一般使用泛指的形式来表达。如：把Dear Travellers（亲爱的游客）Dear Guests（亲爱的旅客）等称呼写在正文前或者直接将称呼写在正文里，如“Tourists are requested to note that the zoo is open as from May 23，2013”游客们请注意，动物园从2013年5月23日起开放）。 2.2礼节特征 语言翻译是信号的语际转换过程，译者必须了解原语言和译语言的文化。文
翻译技巧课程论文写作要求 一、题名（TM） 题名应简明、具体、确切，概括文章的要旨，符合编制题录、索引和检索的有关原则并有助于选择关键词和分类号。中文题名一般不超过20个汉字，必要时可加副题名。应避免使用非公知公用的缩略语、字符、代号以及结构式和公式。 二、作者（ZZ） 文章均应有作者署名。作者姓名置于篇名下方，中国作者姓名的汉语拼音采用如下写法：姓前名后，中间为空格。姓氏的全部字母均大写，复姓连写。名字的首字母大写，双字名中间不用连字符。姓名均不缩写。如： ZHANG Ying（张颖），WANG Xilian（王锡联），ZHUGE Hua（诸葛华）。 外国作者的姓名写法从其惯例。 对作者应标明其工作单位全称、所在省、城市名及邮政编码，加圆括号置于作者署名下方。 江滨 （牡丹江师范学院商务英语系，黑龙江牡丹江 157012）多位作者的署名之间用逗号隔开；不同工作单位的作者，应在姓名右上角加注不同的阿拉伯数字序号，并在其工作单位名称之前加注与作者姓名序号相同的数字；各工作单位之间连排时以分号隔开，如： 江滨1，李晓述2 (1.武汉大学法学院，湖北武汉430072；2.中南大学法学院，湖南长沙410083) 英文作者姓名下同样注明相应的英文项目，如： JIANG Bin （School of Law，Wuhan University，Wuhan 430072，Hubei，China） 三、作者简介（ZJ）及工作单位（DW） 姓名（出生年－）、性别、民族（汉族可省略）、籍贯、职称、学位、简历以及研究方向。在简介前加“[作者简介]”作为标识。例如： [作者简介]江滨（1979－），女，湖北仙桃人，武汉大学法学院2001级硕士研究生，主要学习和研究国际经济法学。 同一篇文章的其他作者简介可以在同一“[作者简介]”标识后相继列出，中间以分号隔开，最后以“。”结束。 英文作者简介用“Biography:”（单一作者）或“Biographies:”（多作者）作为标识。 四、内容摘要（ZY） 文章均应附中文和英文摘要，100－250字以内。摘要应具有独立性和自含性，不应出现图表、冗长的数学公式和非公知公用的符号、缩略语，并应尽量避免“本文认为”之类的空洞内容。最后以“。”结束。英文摘要应与中文摘要相对应。 中文摘要前加“[内容摘要]”作为标识，英文摘要前加“Abstract:”作为标识。 五、关键词（JC） 关键词是反映文章最主要内容的术语，对文献检索有重要作用，按学科级别从上至下选取3～8个，不得少于3个，并以分号隔开。中、英文关键词应一一对应。中文关键词前冠以“[关键词]”
Unit 1 warm spring bath 温泉浴 tangible and intangible benefits 有型和无形收益 Secretary General of the World Tourism Organization 世界旅游组织秘书长 distribution of profit and benefits 利益的分配 upwardly mobile chinese citizens 生活水准提高的中国人 foreign exchange receipts 外汇收入 tax receipts 税收收入 Regional Representative for Aisa and the Pacific 亚太地区代表 international tourism 国际旅游 tourist industry representatives 旅游产业代表 provincial government 省政府 the world bank 世界银行 旅游市场需求tourist market demands 连续in a row 旅游费用tourist expenditures 城市居民city dwellers 交通方式mode of transportation 生态游ecotourism 少数民族村落ethnic minority villages 获取利润make a profit 元宵节the Lantern Festival 出境旅游outbound tourism 端午节the Dragon Boat Festival 中国国家旅游局the China National Tourism Administration (1) The board of directors is trying to formulate the new marketing strategies for next year. 董事会正在制定明年的营销策略。（formulate） (2) The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland comprises England,Scotland,Wales,and Northern Ireland. 大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国包括英格兰、苏格兰、威尔士和北爱尔兰。(comprise) (3) The restaurant caters to the taste of people from South China. 这家餐馆迎合南方人的口味。(cater to) (4) We intend to go Australia next year if all goes well. 如果一切顺利的话，我们打算明年去奥地利。(intend) (5) The exhibition,sponsored by the Students’Union,exhibits the handcrafts made by the students. 这个展览会是由学生会主办的，展出学生们自己制作的手工艺品。(sponsor) (6) Accident arise from carelessness.Therefore,please turn off water and electricity supply. 疏忽大意往往会引起事故的发生，所以离开实验室之前一定要关闭水电。(arise from) While it is relatively easy to agree on technical definitions of particular categories of tourism or tourist, the wider concept is ill-defined. Firstly, it is important to recognize that
温州市旅游景区英语翻译规范的调查 【摘要】本文以切斯特曼的翻译规范论为理论框架对温州市旅游景区英语翻译规范现象进行调查，分析其中存在的翻译不规范现象，进而提出建议和改进措施。 【关键词】旅游景区；翻译规范；措施 An Investigation of Translational Norms in Wenzhou Scenic Spots Wang Dan （Wenzhou Medical College,Wenzhou Zhejiang，32500０） 【Abstract】Based on Chesterman’s theory of translational norms, the paper conducted an investigation of the phenomenon of translational norms in Whenzhou scenic spots . With the analysis of the problems involved in the translation, the author tries to offer some positive suggestions and methods. 【Key words】Ｓcenic spots；Ｔranslational norms；Ｍethods ０引言 温州自然风光秀丽，融山海奇观、民俗风情、历史文化为一体，是旅游资源大市。全市拥有1个2处世界地质公园（雁荡山、楠溪江）、3个6处国家重点风景名胜区，1个国家5A级旅游景区，6家全国工业旅游示范点，5个国家级森林公园、15个国家重点文保单位，2个国家级自然保护区。旅游区面积占全市国土总面积的近四分之一。近年来，温州市委、市政府高度重视旅游发展，把旅游业作为现代服务业发展的重中之重来抓，作为新的经济增长点来培育，实施“大旅游、大产业、大提升”战略，重点做好“山上、海上、晚上”文章。旅游业发展水平逐渐提高，旅游产业规模不断扩大。2010年，全市共接待海内外旅游者2220.72万人次，其中，接待海外游客28.90万人次。为了更好地对外宣传温州悠久的历史文化和美丽的自然风光，促进温州涉外旅游业的进一步发展，就需要不断优化其涉外旅游环境，其中做好旅游景区的英语翻译工作就是重要的一个方面。 本文旨在对温州市旅游景区英语翻译规范现象进行调查，以切斯特曼的翻译规范论为理论框架，对旅游景区英语翻译不规范现象进行分析，希望能对温州市的旅游景区英语翻译规范有所启示，并提出一些政策性建议。
四六级翻译练习之旅游景观篇 “新出炉”的翻译题目着实教人耳目一新…看来为四六级翻译而头疼的学子们也不得不“使出新招”，才足以在浩瀚的知识海洋中扬帆前行~ 今天，Spiiker必克小编将带您走近旅游胜地，领略旅游文化~ Emei Mountain峨眉山 Emei Mountain is situated in Sichuan province in southwestern China, 156 kilometers from Chengdu, spending 1.5 hours through thruway. Since Jin Dynasty, it is a place where Buddhism rites are performed, and it’s one of four most famous Buddhism mountains, with more than one thousand years of culture. With many mountains in rapid sequence, age-old trees, natural falls and spring, Emei Mountain has wonderful and amusing scenery. Emei Mountain has been embodied as the “World Natural and Cultural Heritage” by UNESCO in 1996. 峨眉山坐落在中国西南部的四川省，从成都出发156千米，走高速大约1个半小时。从晋朝开始，就在那里发现了佛教的遗址，而且它是著名的四大佛山之一，有超过一千年的文化历史。峨眉山有许多山、古树、自然瀑布和泉水，是一处美妙而又有趣的景点。峨眉山已在1996年被联合国教科文组织列为世界自然与文化遗产。 Royal Tombs of the Northern Song Dynasty, Gongyi 巩义北宋皇陵 It’s the biggest royal tomb group in central China. It’s located in Gongyi City, 70kms west of Zhengzhou. From 960 AD on, 9 kings and 8 emperors of the northern Song Dynasty were buried here. There are 8 emperors’ tombs and a lot of stone figures and animals. It is also state-level historical and cultural site. 它是中国中部地区最大的皇帝陵墓群，位于郑州市西70公里的巩义市。从公元9600299年起，北宋王朝历经九帝，八个皇帝均葬于此，现有8座皇陵和大量石像石兽，是国家级重点文物保护单位。 原文来自必克英语https://www.doczj.com/doc/ba14949819.html,/topic-11675.html