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语言学概论中文版

语言学概论中文版
语言学概论中文版

英语语言学概论复习

《英语语言学概论》复习纲要 1.复习的基本原则:第一,理解和吃透各章的重点内容。第二,以 各章的题目为统领,理解各章节下的具体内容。第三,动手书写和记忆重要内容,部分语言学理论会应用到实际中。 2.各章节复习要点如下 Chapter 1 Invitations to Linguistics Definitions of the following terms: language, linguistics, arbitrariness, duality, creativity, displacement, descriptive VS prescriptive, synchronic VS diachronic, langue VS parole, competence VS performance Study of the origin of language What are the functions of language Which subjects are included in macrolinguistics Chapter 2 Speech Sounds Definitions of the following terms: articulatory phonetics, acoustic phonetics, auditory phonetics, phonetics, phonology, consonants, vowels, allophones, broad transcription VS narrow transcription Analyze the complementary distribution, free variation with examples The classification of English consonants and English vowels and the features involved in the classification Understand some processes of phonology: nasalization, dentalization, velarization

英语语言学概论大纲(DOC)

一、课程性质及其设置目的与要求 (一)课程性质和特点 《英语语言学概论》课程是我省高等教育自学考试英语专业(本科段)的一门重要的专业理论课程,其任务是培养应考者系统地学习英语语言学的基本知识,掌握语言系统内部语言学各分支之间的关系和各分支的重要概念和基本理论,了解语言学在其它学科领域的应用,熟悉现代语言学重要的流派及其代表人物;通过该课程的学习,考生可以从不同的角度了解语言(的性质),了解语言学习和语言教学,为日后进一步学习语言学、从事语言教学实践和语言学研究打下扎实基础。本课程的特点是:专业术语多,概念多,内容抽象,所以,考生最好在学习本课程之前先学习提高语言读写能力的课程,如高级英语、泛读(三)、写作等,这样可以减少语言障碍,有利于学好语言学的理论知识。 (二)本课程的基本要求 本课程共分为本书共分四编,计十三章。第一编(一至二章)介绍了语言和语言学;第二编(三至八章)介绍了语言学的主要分支—语音学、音位学、形态学、句法学、语义学和语用学;第三编(九至十二章)为跨学科领域与应用—话语分析、社会语言学、心理语言学,以及语言学理论与外语教学;第四编(十三章)介绍了现代语言学流派。通过对本书的学习,要求应考者对英语语言学有一个全面和正确的了解。具体应达到以下要求: 1、掌握语言的性质、功能,以及语言学的研究范围、语言学的分支和重要的语言学概念; 2、掌握语言系统内部语言学各分支之间的关系和各分支的重要概念和基本理论; 3、了解语言学在其它学科领域的应用; 4、熟悉现代语言学重要的流派及其代表人物。 (三)本课程与相关课程的联系 英语语言学概论是一门基础理论课程,其含盖范围很广,既涉及语言系统内部的语音学、音位学、形态学、句法学、语义学和语用学,又涉及许多交叉学科,如话语分析、社会语言学、心理语言学、应用语用学(包括语言学理论与外语教学),以及本教程未涉及的神经认知语言学、计算机语言学、人工智能与机器翻译等。语言学的进一步研究甚至会涉及到哲学、逻辑学等领域。 在自考课程中,词汇学与语言学关系最为密切,词汇学的许多概念、理论和研究方法都来源于语言学。高级英语、泛读(三)、写作、翻译等课程则是学好语言学的基础。文学与语言学并非对立的关系,这两个领域的研究方法可以互相补充、互相借鉴,日后无论从事语言学还是文学研究,这两个领域都必须同时涉猎。 二、课程内容与考核目标

语言学概论复习资料

语言学概论复习资料 1. 为什么语言和种族没有必然联系 答:语言能力和生理因素、心理因素有关,但语言不是一种生理现象,也不是一种心理现象,不是遗传的,而是一种社会现象。语言完全是在一种语言环境中后天获得的,所以语言和种族没有必然联系。 2. 简答语言符号的特点。 答:(1)符号和语言,“能指”和“所指”。能指是能够指称某种意义的成分,所指是给符号所指的意义内容创制了一个专门术语。(2)语言符号的“任意性”。符号的物质实体和表示的意义之间没有必然的理据关系,语言符号的物质实体和表示的意义之间也没有必然的理据关系,完全是任意的,约定俗成的。(3)语言符号的强制性和可变性。在同一社会、同一时代,对使用同一种语言的每一个社会成员来说是强制性的,而语言又是发展变化着的。(4)语言符号的离散特性和线性特性。话只能一个字一个字,一句话一句话地说,因此语言符号是离散的,而且在时间这根轴上是成线性排列的。 3. 组合关系和聚合关系的关系。 答:组合关系体现在一个语言单位和前一个语言单位或后一个语言单位,或和前后两个语言单位之间的关系,是横向关系。聚合关系是在组合的某一个位置上能够相互替换,有共同的特点,故能聚合归类。组合是横向的结构关系,聚合是归类规则,有了组合、聚合关系,便展现出了整个语言平面,聚合关系是组合关系中体现出来的,或者说是从组合关系中分析出来的,而组合关系又表现为聚合类的线性序列。所以组合关系和聚合关系是有机地统一,不可分割。 4. 解释“符号” 答:符号指根据社会的约定俗成使用某种特定的物质实体来表示某种特定的意义而形成的实体和意义的结合体。 5. 解释“语言” 答:语言是言语活动中同一社会群体共同掌握的,有规律可循而又成系统的那一部分,语言是均质的,是言语活动中的社会部分。语言作为一种社会现象具有鲜明的地区性、民族性和历史性。 6. 口语和书面语的关系。 答:语言的客观存在形式首先是口语,第二种客观存在形式,是书面语。书面语是在口语的基础上产生的,口语是第一性的,书面语是第二性的。书面语是经过加工、提炼和发展了的口语的书面形式。口语和书面语中基本的语言成分也就是基本的语汇和语法结构在大多数情况下是基本一致的。 7. 语言与言语的区别。 答:语言是言语活动中同一社会群体共同掌握的、有规律可循而又成系统的那一部分;而含有个人要素或个人杂质的说话行为和说出来的话只能属于言语。8. 解释“普通语言学”。 答:语言学界把研究人类社会的语言这种社会现象的一般理论称为普通语言学。它以一般语言学为研究对象,探索各种语言所共有的特性、共同的规律、结构上的共同特点和一般原理。 9. 解释“应用语言学”。 答:把语言学的理论和具体成果用来为社会实际生活中的某个领域服务,这是广义的应用语言学;狭义的应用语言学指专门研究语言教学中的理论和方法。10. 解释“传统语言学”。

英语语言学导论

Is language a system? Yes. Is there intrinsic connection between form and meaning? No. It’s arbitrary . Language is a system whose parts can and must be considered in their synchronic solidarity. (de Saussure, 1916) [Language is] a set (finite or infinite) of sentences, each finite in length and constructed out of a finite set of elements. (Chomsky, 1957) Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. A system ----elements in it are arranged according to certain rules. They cannot be arranged at will. e.g. He the table cleaned. bkli Arbitrary ----there is no intrinsic (logic) connection between a linguistic form and its meaning. Vocal --------the primary medium for all languages is sound, no matter how well developed their writing systems are. Writing systems came into being much later than the spoken forms. People with little or no literacy can also be competent language users. Symbols ----words are just the symbols associated with objects, actions, and ideas by convention. Human ----language is human-specific. Human beings have different kinds of brains and vocal capacity. “Language Acquisition Device” (LAD) 语言习得机制 Origin of language 1.The divine theory 神论说--- God created language for human beings. 2.The bow-wow theory 拟声说--- Language developed from the imitation of the calls of animals. 3.The pooh-pooh theory 感叹说--- Language developed from instinctive sounds of pain, anger and joy of human beings. 4.The “yo-he-ho” theory 韵律说--- Language developed from rhythmic grunts of people when they worked together. Properties of Language -Design features Arbitrariness [‘a:bi,tr?rinis] 任意性 ?The arbitrary property of language means that there is no logical connection between sounds and meanings (form and meaning). Arbitrariness ◆Arbitrary relationship between the sound of a morpheme and its meaning ◆Arbitrariness at the syntactic level The sentence is less arbitrary than words.

27037 本科自考英语语言学概论精心整理 Chapter 4 Phonology

Chapter 4 Phonology(音位学) 4.1 phonetics and phonology:语音学与音位学的区分 Both phonetics and phonology are concerned with speech.语音学和音位学都士对语音的研究。 定义区别 -Phonetics is a study of the production, perception and physical properties of speech sounds. 语音学是研究语音的生产、感知和物理性质的。 -Phonology studies how speech sounds are combined,organized,and convey meanings in particular languages.研究语音如何在在特定的语言中结合、组织和表达含义。 ---Phonology is language-specific.it is the study of how sounds are organized and used in natural languages.音位学是特定于语言的。它的研究对象是自然语言中的声音是如何组织和使用的。 ---Phonetics is a study of speech sounds while phonology is a study of the sound syst em of a language.语音学是一个研究语音的然后音位学是研究一种语言的声音系统的学科。 4.2 Phonemes,phones and allophones 音位、音子、音位变体 Different languages have different phonological systems.不同的语言有不同的语音系统。 定义: ①Phones are the smallest identifiable phonetic unit or segment found in a stream of speech. 音子就是在连续的发音中可辨认的最小语音单位或片段。 ②Allophones are the phones which represent a phoneme in a language and cannot change word meaning by substituting any of the set for another.音位变体是指代表语言中音位的音子,即使以一个取代另一个也不改变词义。 ③Phonemes are the minimal distinctive units in the sound system of a language.音位是语言系统中最小的独特的单位。 Allophones are the realization of a particular phoneme while phones are the realizatio n of phonemes in general.音位变体是一个特定音素的认知而音子则是一般的音素。 4.3Minimal pairs 最小对立体 The phonologist is concerned with what difference are significant or technically speaki ng, distinctive. Minimal pair---a pair of words which differ from each other by one sound. Three conditions(情况): 1)the two froms are different in meaning意义不同 2)the two forms are different in one sound segment声音片段不同 3)the different sounds occur in the same position of the two words.不同声音发生在两个单词的相同位置 Minimal set: a group of words can satisfy(满足)the three conditions . Minimal pairs help determine phonemes. 最小对立体用来定义音位。 4.4 identifying phonemes 识别音素 4.4.1 contrastive distribution,complementary distribution and free variation 对比分布,互补分布和自由变异 The distribution of a sound refers to the collective environments in which the sound concerned may appear.一个声音的分布是指其有关的声音可能出现的集体环境。 1)contrastive distribution对比分布 If two or more sounds can occur in the same environment and the substitution of on

英语语言学概论精选试题学生版

《英语语言学概论》精选试题1 1. Which of the following statements about language is NOT true A. Language is a system B. Language is symbolic C. Animals also have language D. Language is arbitrary 2. Which of the following features is NOT one of the design features of language A. Symbolic B. Duality C. Productive D. Arbitrary 3. What is the most important function of language A. Interpersonal B. Phatic C. Informative D. Metalingual 4. Who put forward the distinction between Langue and Parole A. Saussure B. Chomsky C. Halliday D. Anonymous 5. According to Chomsky, which is the ideal user's internalized knowledge of his language A. competence B. parole C. performance D. langue 6. The function of the sentence "A nice day, isn't it" is . A. informative B. phatic C. directive D. performative 7. Articulatory phonetics mainly studies . A. the physical properties of the sounds produced in speech B. the perception of sounds C. the combination of sounds D. the production of sounds 8. The distinction between vowels and consonants lies in . A. the place of articulation B. the obstruction of airstream C. the position of the tongue D. the shape of the lips 9. Which is the branch of linguistics which studies the characteristics of speech sounds and provides methods for their description, classification and transcription A. Phonetics B. Phonology C. Semantics D. Pragmatics 10. Which studies the sound systems in a certain language A. Phonetics B. Phonology C. Semantics D. Pragmatics 11. Minimal pairs are used to . A. find the distinctive features of a language B.find the phonemes of a language C. compare two words D. find the allophones of language 12. Usually, suprasegmental features include ___ ,length and pitch. A. phoneme B. speech sounds C. syllables D. stress 13. Which is an indispensable part of a syllable A. Coda B. Onset C. Stem D. Peak 三、判断

英语语言学导论

Course Name: Introduction to Linguistics Sept. 2012, for Grade 2010 Classes 1-6 English Undergraduate Program Department of English School of Foreign Language Studies Nanchang University (NCU) Course Instructor: Prof./Dr. JIANG Syllabus Course Description: This course aims at providing undergraduate juniors of English major with a fundamental and systematic account of the basic knowledge of the studies of linguistics at the modern time with explanations, illustrations, and necessary examples from the course book and also from present English and Chinese language uses, to help develop the students’ interest in this study, to facilitate their understanding of the linguistic terms and theories, and to build a systematic knowledge of the said study. Major Books Used for this Course: 1)Hu, Zhuanglin 2006.Linguistics. A Course Book (Third Edition). Beijing University Press, used as students’ course book. 2) Robins, R. H. 1967/1997. A Short History of Linguistics (4th edn). London, New York: Longman. 4) Yule, George. 2000. The Study of Language. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press. 5) Keith Brown et al. (eds.) 2006. Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics (2nd edn), Oxford: Elsevier. 6) Collinge, N. E. (ed.) 2005. An Encyclopaedia of Language. London, New York: Routledge. 7) Strazny, Philipp (ed.) 2005. An Encyclopedia of Linguistics.New York, Oxon: Fitzroy Dearborn. 8) Wikipedia. 9) Encyclopaedia Britannica. 2007. the electronic edition can be accessible on the internet. Course Requirements: 1)Attentive listening, active participation, quick note-taking and understanding,

英语语言学—中文版

单元练习......76页 英语语言学概论 —自学指导 主编: 支永碧王永祥

英语语言学概论 —自学指导 主编: 支永碧王永祥 副主编:李葆春丁后银王秀凤

前言 本书主要为参加英语专业(本科段)自学考试和全国研究生入学考试的考生而编写,是《英语语言学概论》(王永祥、支永碧,2007)的配套辅导用书。 自2007年起,《英语语言学概论》(王永祥、支永碧,2007)被确定为英语专业(本科段)自学考试的指定教材。在此期间,许多参加自学考试的考生希望能再出一本配套的辅导教材。他们中的不少人不仅希望自学考试轻松过关,还希望和全国其他学生一样将来能参加全国统一的研究生入学考试继续升造求学。而现有的教材内容和相关练习似乎还不能充分满足他们的需求。其一,配套练习尚不够全面,缺少问答题的参考答案;其二,和研究生入学考试真题相比,配套练习的类型也不够全面;其三,参加自学考试的学生往往很难得到老师的亲自授课和指导,而英语语言学理论和概念往往抽象难懂,再加上其它各种原因,不少考生不能轻易地掌握各章的所有重点、难点,因此,他们迫切需要有一本简单实用的自学考试指南和辅导练习帮助他们解决问题;此外,在英语专业研究生入学考试中,英语语言学是一门必考科目。入学以后,英语语言学也是英语专业研究生的一门必修课。鉴于此,他们希望了解更全面的英语语言学基本理论,多做一些更实用的英语语言学练习和真题,以备将来需要。为了满足广大自考学生和准备参加英语专业研究生入学考试的考生的需要,我们在广泛征求了各方面的意见之后,精心编写了本书。本书的编写除了主要参照王永祥、支永碧主编的《英语语言学概论》以外,我们还参考了胡壮麟主编的《语言学教程》(修订版)和戴炜栋、何兆熊主编的《新编简明英语语言学教程》和其它一些高校使用的语言学教程。 本书第一部分为英语语言学核心理论和概念,主要包括:本章主要考点,课文理解与重点内容分析;第二部分为英语语言学概论的十三章单元配套练习,和原教材中的练习稍有不同的是,在本部分,我们选编了部分自学考试真题和各个高校历年考研真题,以便考生更好地了解本章重点。这样,学生可以更有针对性地进行各章节的学习和复习。虽然该部分略有难度,但对考研和自考的学生都很有帮助;第三部分为英语语言学综合模拟试卷, 内容紧扣《英语语言学概论》,针对性很强,适用于英语专业各类考生;第四部分为江苏省自学考试英语语言学概论部分考试样题及参考答案。本书的习题主要包括以下七种类型:问答题、选择题、填空题、名词解释、是非判断题、汉英术语互译题、操作题。另外,为便于学习者了解考试重点,本书附加了江苏省英语专业(本科段)《英语语言学概论》自学考试新大纲2007版;另外,为便于自学者查询深涩难懂的语言学词汇,我们按照汉语字母顺序编写了常见的英语语言学术语汉英对照表,以补充原教材的些许缺失。 本书力求充分满足广大考生学习和考试的需要,帮助他们了解各章的主要考点和复习要点。祝参加英语专业自学考试的考生轻松克服《英语语言学概论》的学习难题,祝参加英语专业研究生入学考试的考生在本书的帮助下能轻松通过英语语言学这个难关,实现自己的梦想。 支永碧 2009年2月于南京师范大学随园

语言学概论大纲

第一章语言和语言学 一、基本要求 通过本章的学习,了解语言的客观存在形式,认识口语和书面语的关系,认识语言和民族、语言和种族的关系;理解语言的性质,了解语言和言语的区别,认识语言符号的诸特征;了解语言学的性质、作用及发展梗概。 二、考核目标和考核要求 第一节语言的客观存在形式 识记: 1、口语: 2、书面语: 领会: 1、言语交际是一个编码和解码的过程; 2、书面语和口语的主要差别; 3、书面语的产生具有重大的社会历史意义; 4、语言和种族的关系; 5、语言与各个领域的社会活动都有着密切的联系,在这种情况下,语言学必须明确自己的研究对象,才能成为一门现代意义上的科学。 思考: 1、什么是语言的客观存在形式; 2、为什么说语言的客观存在形式跟语言学家研究的语言不完全是一模一样的; 3、应该如何理解口语是第一性的,书面语是第二性的; 4、为什么说语言虽然是民族的重要标志,但并不是最可靠的标志; 5、为什么不能单凭“相互理解程度”来区分语言和方言。 第二节语言的性质 识记: 1、符号; 2、能指; 3、所指; 4、聚合关系; 5、组合关系: 领会: 1、语言和言语的区别; 2、任何符号,包括语言符号都是形式和意义的统一体; 3、语言符号的强制性; 4、语言符号的可变性; 5、语言是一个系统; 6、语言系统的各个子系统的系统性是不平衡的; 7、语言是系统具有相对的封闭性和自主性; 8、语言系统的层次性; 9、组合关系的含义; 10、聚合关系的含义; 11、组合关系和聚合关系的关系。 思考:

1、区分语言和言语有什么意义; 2、应该如何理解语言符号的任意性; 3、语言符号的离散特征和线性特征对语言系统的结构特点有什么重大意义。 第三节语言学 识记: 1、语言学; 2、普通语言学; 3、理论语言学;。 4、应用语言学; 5、传统语言学; 6、结构主义语言学。 领会: 1、普通语言学的含义和主要研究领域; 2、应用语言学的性质和主要研究领域; 3、古代哲学家对语言的研究; 4、古代的语言本体研究; 5、历史比较语言学的产生 6、普通语言学的产生; 7、索绪尔的主要贡献; 8、社会语言学、功能语言学、认知语言学等语言学新学派的产生; 9、语言学和文学的关系 10、语言学在历史学和考古学中的应用 11、语言学研究在语言规划中的作用; 12、语言学研究与计算机科学。 思考: 1、为什么尽管语言是客观存在的,可是以语言为研究对象的语言学却存在着不同的理论、学说和观点; 2、语言学研究可以有哪些不同的角度。 第二章语音 一、基本要求 通过本章的学习,理解语音的各种性质,了解描写元音和辅音发音特征的方法,理解音位学的基本理论和音位分析的基本原则并能够运用,了解音位组合和韵律特征的基本形式,提高认识语音现象的能力。 二、考核目标和考核要求 识记: 1、语音; 2、声音的四要素; 3、振幅; 4、频率; 5、音高; 6、音强; 7、音长;

(完整word版)英语语言学概论--整理

Chapter 1 Language语言 1. Design feature (识别特征) refers to the defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication. 2. Productivity (能产性) refers to the ability that people have in making and comprehending indefinitely large quantities of sentences in their native language. 3. arbitrariness (任意性) Arbitrariness refers to the phenomenon that there is no motivated relationship between a linguistic form and its meaning. 4. symbol (符号) Symbol refers to something such as an object, word, or sound that represents something else by association or convention. 5. discreteness(离散性) Discreteness refers to the phenomenon that the sounds in a language are meaningfully distinct. 6. displacement (不受时空限制的特性) Displacement refers to the fact that human language can be used to talk about things that are not in the immediate situations of its users. 7. duality of structure (结构二重性) The organization of language into two levels, one of sounds, the other of meaning, is known as duality of structure. 8. culture transmission (文化传播) Culture transmission refers to the fact that language is passed on from one generation to the next through teaching and learning, rather than by inheritance. 9. interchangeability (互换性) Interchangeability means that any human being can be both a producer and a receiver of messages. 1. ★What is language? Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. This definition has captured the main features of language. First, language is a system. Second, language is arbitrary in the sense. The third feature of language is symbolic nature. 2. ★What are the design features of language? Language has seven design features as following: 1) Productivity. 2) Discreteness. 3) Displacement 4) Arbitrariness. 5) Cultural transmission 6) Duality of structure. 7) Interchangeability. 3. Why do we say language is a system? Because elements of language are combined according to rules, and every language contains a set of rules. By system, the recurring patterns or arrangements or the particular ways or designs in which a language operates. And the sounds, the words and the sentences are used in fixed patterns that speaker of a language can understand each other. 4. ★ (Function of language.) According to Halliday, what are the initial functions of children’s language? And what are the three functional components of adult language? I. H alliday uses the following terms to refer to the initial functions of children’s language: 1) Instrumental function. 工具功能 2) Regulatory function. 调节功能 3) Representational function. 表现功能 4) Interactional function. 互动功能 5) Personal function. 自指性功能 6) Heuristic function. 启发功能[osbQtq`kf`h] 7) Imaginative function. 想象功能 II. A dult language has three functional components as following: 1) Interpersonal components. 人际 2) Ideational components.概念 3) Textual components.语篇

语言学概论-(完整版)下半部分

【语言学概论备考精要-下半部分】 语素文字、表意文字是理论上的分类,至今没有发现实例。 ●已知的资源文字,如古埃及的圣书字、苏美尔文字、古汉字、玛雅文字,都 是词语文字,都是意音文字。 ●使用字符最少的文字是音位文字。

由意音文字换用表音文字,属于文字类型改革。 文字起源于图画和契刻。 汉字字体演变经历了甲骨文、金文、小篆、隶书、楷书几个阶段。 文字发展三阶段论认为,文字经历的从低级到高级的发展阶段是:象形文字或表意文字阶段、音节文字阶段、音位文字阶段。 人类有声语言的产生大约是在旧石器时代晚期,也就是晚期智人时期。 语言发展演变的特点是:渐变性、不平衡性。 世界各语言按亲属关系可分为九个语系:汉藏语系、印欧语系、乌拉尔语系、阿尔泰语系、闪含语系、高加索语系、达罗昆荼语系、马来-玻利尼西亚语系、南亚语系。 语言的谱系分类由高到底依次为:语系、语族、语支、语群。 语言混合的形式有洋泾浜语、克里奥耳语。 语言接触的结果包括:语言成分的借用与吸收、双语现象、语言的转用、语言的混合。 语言转用的社会条件:民族融合,经济、文化水平和人口数量。 关于语言起源的说法有:神授说、人创说、摹声说、社会契约说。 语言起源必须具备的三个条件:心理条件、生理条件、社会条件。 对大脑的研究催生了神经病理语言学,包括神经语言学、病理语言学两个分支。人类学习语言的临界期是十二至十三岁的青春期。 儿童语言获得的过程分为6个阶段:非自控阶段、咿呀学语阶段、单词阶段、双词阶段、简单句阶段、复杂句阶段。 儿童语言获得的理论包括:模仿说、强化说、天赋说、认知说。 关于大脑构造与人的语言能力关系的研究成果包括:单侧化现象研究、左半球分区研究、语言遗传机制研究、语言功能的临界期研究、大脑构造的独特性研究。语言在思维认知活动中的作用:帮助完成认知过程、储存认知成果、改造认知能力。 《永乐大典》是世界上第一部综合性的百科知识辞典。 《现代汉语词典》、《新英汉词典》是典型的语言词典。 《词源》是语言词典、语文词典、历史词典。 《辞海》是百科辞典、语文词典。 最早的信息处理研究是20世纪五六十年代从机器翻译开始的。 语言学应用于信息处理领域的成果有:汉字编码和汉字处理、文本检索和数据统计、语料库和语料分析、语音试验和语音的识别与合成、文本的自动校对和摘要。语言学在信息处理领域的应用前景:机器翻译、人机对话、人工智能。 中介语的错误类型:系统前错误(不会)、系统错误(记错)、系统后错误(忘记)。外语教学的特点:基础性(从零开始)、交叉性(母语干扰)、多元性(情况复杂)。

英语语言学导论复习题

语言学导论复习 一.名词解释 1.Broad transcription(宽式音标):Broad transcription is the transcription with letter-symbols only. This is the transcription normally used in dictionaries and teaching textbooks for general purposes. https://www.doczj.com/doc/bc7250962.html,ponential[.k?mp?'nen??l]analysis(成分分析): Componential analysis is a way proposed by the structural semanticists[s?'m?nt?sist] to analyze word meaning. The approach is based on the belief that the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components, called semantic features. 3.Interlanguage(中介语;过渡语):Proposed by S. Pit Corder and Larry Selinker, the concept of interlanguage was established as learners’ independent system of the second language which is of neither the native language nor the second language, but a continuum [k?n'tinju?m]or approximation [?.pr?ksi'mei??n] n. 接近,近似from his native language to the target language. https://www.doczj.com/doc/bc7250962.html,petence & performance(语言能力和语言行为):Chomsky defines competence as the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language, and performance the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication. 5. Context(语境): The notion of context is essential to the pragmatic study of language. It is generally considered as constituted by the knowledge shared by the speaker and the hearer, such as cultural background, situation, the relationship between the speaker and the hearer, etc. https://www.doczj.com/doc/bc7250962.html,nguage Acquisition(语言习得):Language acquisition refers to the child’s acquisition of his mother tongue, i.e. how the child comes to understand and speak the language of his community. 7.Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis [hai'p?θisis](萨丕尔-沃尔夫假说):Sapir and Whorf, proclaimed that the structure of the language people habitually use influences the ways they think and behave. Sapir and Whorf believe that language filters过滤people’s perception感官,观念and the way they categorize分类experiences. This interdependence互相依赖of language and thought is now known as Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis. https://www.doczj.com/doc/bc7250962.html,nguage Acquisition Device(语言习得机制):The linguist Noam Chomsky claims that human beings are biologically [bai?'l?d?ikli] 生物学地programmed for language and that the language develops in the

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