安全工程专业英语
课程安全工程专业英语
题目安全工程专业英语作业
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1、potential accident 潜在事故
Accidents, or potential accidents, are first considered to be the result of a number of interacting causes within the system.
2、fire and explosion protection 火灾与爆炸控制
This paper analyses the mechanism of fire protection and explosion suppression and introduces its application.
3、System safety 系统安全
System safety concepts are based on the idea that an optimum degree of safety can be achieved within the constraints of system effectiveness.
4、safety system engineering 安全系统工程
Introduces the application of safety system engineering in coal mine, analyses the exiting problems, discusses the development of the engineering in coal mine.
5、system hazard 系统危害
The objectives of such programs are to recognize，evaluate，and control system hazards as early in the life cycle as possible.
6、inherently safe system 本质安全
Adequate safety input during the initial phases is the key to produce an inherently safe system.
7、safety device 安全防护装置
An emergency hammer is a safety device used in vehicles to break through window glass in an emergency.
8、hazard control 危险控制
Loss prevention is a concept that is often used in the context of hazard control in process industry.
9、hazard identification 危险辨识
Description of the hazard identification and assessment activities
10、Hazard analysis 危险分析
Hazard analysis is not an intuitive process.
11、Hazard control 危险控制
Hazard control typically is accomplished through either engineering, educational, or administrative solutions.
12、hazardous material 危险物质
Of primary importance in engineering solutions is reducing the amount of energy or hazardous material in the system.
13、domino effect 多米诺效应
There were no precedents for judging whether the biggest insurance company could be allowed to fail or whether a domino effect would follow.
14、major hazard 重大危险源
Supervision for major hazard is an essential means to promote safety production at enterprises, prevent great industrial accidents and ensure urban public safety.
15、local resistance 局部阻力
However, for pipes with local resistance loss, the friction head loss caused by the viscosity of fluid does exist, which may lead to the calculation error.
16、safety management 安全管理
The most important aim of safety management is to maintain and promote workers’ health and safety at work.
17、accident causation models 事故致因模型
All modern theories are based on accident causation models which try to explain the sequence of events that finally produce the loss.
18、machine guarding 机械保护装置
Safety practitioners concentrated on improving machine guarding, housekeeping, and inspections.
19、human errors 人因失误
Rasmussen and Jensen have presented a three-level skill-rule-knowledge model for describing the origins of the different types of human errors. 20、poor physical condition 物的不安全状态
In the beginning of the 20th century, it was believed that the poor physical conditions are the root causes of accidents.
21、Safety practitioner 安全工作者
Safety practitioners concentrated on improving machine guarding, housekeeping, and inspections.
22、poor human act 人的不安全行为
In most cases an accident is the result of two things: the poor human act, and the condition of the physical or social environment.
23、Mine ventilation 矿山通风
Mine ventilation involves the control of the atmospheric environment. 24、safety lamps 安全灯
These safety lamps soon replaced oil lamps and open flared candles as a source of working light.
25、Accident-proneness models 事故倾向模型
Accident-proneness models suggest that some people are more likely to suffer accident than others.
26、process industry 制造工业
This is also natural, since accidents in process industry can have catastrophic consequences.
27、safety shoes 安全鞋
28、safety belts 安全带
29、safety glasses 安全防护眼镜
Included here are those safety devices the worker would wear on his or her person such as special clothing, safety shoes, goggles, safety belts, gloves, respirators, safety glasses, etc
30、safety officer 安全官员
31、safety committee 安全委员会
These include ：organizational responsibility for safety, management attitudes towards safety, management activity in responding to health and safety problems, safety training and promotion，level of risk at the workplace，workers' involvement in safety，and status of the safety officer and the safety committee.
32、safety lectures 安全专题
33、safety assessment evaluation 安全评价
34、safety policy 安全方针
A status review is the basis for a safety policy and the planning of safety activities.
35、safety principles 安全规则
Som0e companies have developed so-called “safety principles’ which cover the key areas of the company’s safety policy.
36、safety efforts 安全投入
Because of accelerating technology and demands for a “first time safe” operation, a need has arisen to formally organize safety efforts throughout
a system's life cycle.
37、safety criteria 安全标准
Program activities in the concept phase include establishing safety criteria within the definition of the system task.
38、shop-floor 生产区
The studies of Wobbe reveal that shop-floor workers in the USA are, in general, less trained and less adaptable than those in Germany or Japan.
39、absenteeism rates 缺勤率
Oxenburgh has studied the total costs of absence from work, and found that local culture and legislation has a strong effect on absenteeism rates.
40、reliability engineering and risk analysis 可靠性工程与风险分析
41、system safety engineering 系统安全工程
To meet this need, the concepts of system safety and the field of system safety engineering have evolved.
42、engineering practice 工程实践
The safety realized in a system was only a byproduct of good engineering practice.
43、system effectiveness 系统有效性
System safety concepts are based on the idea that an optimum degree of safety can be achieved within the constraints of system effectiveness.
44、system design 系统设计
A gross hazard analysis is often performed for each alternative approach to system design.
45、Operation Phase 运行阶段
Periodic safety inspections, maintenance, training, and performance reviews are conducted in the operation phase to maintain or improve the safety achieved previously.
46、protective devices 报警装置
When neither design selection nor design features can effectively control a known hazard，warning devices should be used to detect the hazardous condition and generate a warning signal.
47、protective apparel 防护用品
For these hazards, the best course of action is to use protective apparel to protect the worker in the event of a mishap.
48、accident prevention 事故预防
System safety engineering is a relatively new approach to accident prevention.
49、exposure limit 暴露极限
50、ventilation system 通风系统
If the dust is not above accepted exposure limits and the smell is not
overwhelming, then the company may elect to install a new ventilation system, but not until the next year because of budgetary constraints.
51、accident investigation 事故调查
52、labor management committee 劳动管理委员会
These items include jobsite safety inspections, accident investigations, safety and health committees, and project safety inspection programs that involve supervisors and, if you have them, joint labor management committees.
53、industrial accident 工业事故
To prevent industrial accidents, the people, machines, and other factors which can cause accidents, including the energies associated with them, must be controlled.
54、Accident Types 事故类型
55、Struck-against 撞击
56、Struck-by 打击
57、walk-round inspection 巡视
Look at the first four basic accident types--- Struck-against, Struck-by, contact-with and contacted-by---in more detail, with the job step walk-round inspection in mind.
58、worker-oriented 以人为本
Hazard identification, as envisioned in this section, is a worker-oriented process.
59、accident investigation 事故调查
Although accident investigation is an after-the-fact approach to hazard identification ，it is still an important part of this process.
60、accident prevention 事故预防
The recurrence of accidents of a particular type or those with common causes shows areas needing special accident prevention emphasis.
61、OHSMS 职业健康安全管理体系What is an occupational health and safety management system (OHSMS)?
62、industrial hygiene 工业卫生
Industrial hygiene has been defined as that science and art devoted to the anticipation, recognition, evaluation and control of those environmental factors or stress, arising in or from the workplace, which may cause sickness, impaired health and wellbeing, or significant discomfort and inefficiency among workers or among the citizens of the community.
63、Physical hazards 物理危害、物质危害
64、Non ionizing and ionizing radiation 非电离辐射与电离辐射Physical hazards include excessive levels of Non ionizing and ionizing radiation, noise, vibration, and extremes of temperature and pressure. 65、biological hazards 生物危害
Biological hazards include vermin, insects, fungi, viruses, and bacterial contaminants.
66、Chemical hazards 化学危害
Chemical hazards arise from excessive airborne concentrations of mists , vapors, gases ,or solids that are in the form of dusts or fumes.
67、safety electricity 安全用电
68、Electrical equipment 电力设备
Be careful when using machinery or electrical equipment.
69、explosion venting 爆炸泄压
Provide an explosion venting surface or vents, taking care to vent a pressure wave to areas where people or other equipment will not become involved.
70、fire suppressant 灭火剂
The net also contains a tube for dispensing fire suppressant agent.
71、secondary explosion 二次爆炸
The dominant mechanisms of the occurrence of the secondary explosion during the venting processes were elucidated according to the numerical and relevant experimental results.
72、fire ground 火场
A system to detect and warn the dangerous gas in the fire ground is researched and developed.
73、fire protection 消防
Other than providing such emergency services as police and fire protection, U.S. policy generally favors competition in an open market rather than a nationalized equivalent.
74、physical explosion 物理爆炸
The latter is a kind of physical explosion with a serious destructive force. To study the generation mechanism of BLEVE a small-scale experimental device has been set up to conduct simulation tests.
75、chemical explosion 化学爆炸
With the development of chemical industry, accidents of poisonous gas leakage, chemical explosion and fire increase and occur more frequently in China.
76、nature gas explosion 天然气爆炸
The chemical reaction and explosive ingredients present in a smoke explosion or nature gas explosion are the same as in any ordinary combustion explosion.
77、peak pressure 峰值压力
In this paper some problems, which exist in the peak pressure measurements under impulsive loading of explosion by the gun copper ingot, are discussed and an improved method is presented.
78、lifting and mechanical safety 起重与机械安全
79、boiler and pressure vessel safety technology 锅炉压力容器
80、fire suppression system 灭火系统
In recent years, many new varieties of automatic sprinkler have been developed in order to improve the performance of fire suppression system.
81、coolant system 冷却系统
But the tsunami wiped out power to the plant, which took down the main coolant system, and a wave destroyed the diesel-based backup system. 82、electric system 电气系统
It would vastly improve the reliability, availability and efficiency of the electric system.
83、rated capacity 额定容量
Rated capacity of the battery cell rated capacity refers to discharge certain conditions, the battery voltage discharge to the deadline for the release of electricity.
84、operating voltage 工作电压
Increasing the operating voltage will boost the energy density of the composite significantly.
85、work cycle 工作周期
The paper introduced the technical parameters, basic structure and work cycle of each subsystem of air compressor with the aim to improve the operation level of workers.
86、domino effect 多米诺效应
There were no precedents for judging whether the biggest insurance company could be allowed to fail or whether a domino effect would follow.
87、safety device 安装防护装置
An emergency hammer is a safety device used in vehicles to break through window glass in an emergency.
88、environmental protection 环境保护
The pollutants studied in the report do not include ozone, the chemical for which the Environmental Protection Agency proposed new regulations last week.
89、dumper truck 翻斗车
CCTV footage released yesterday showed pandemonium at the hotel gates after a dumper truck rammed into the retractable metal barrier there.
90、artificial respiration 人工呼吸
She brought her to life by artificial respiration.
91、contingency plan 应急预案
Now that we have a plan in place for our current situation and a contingency plan for our risk, we can relax a little.
92、pressure vessel 压力容器
The powerful system has the capacity to propel thousands of gallons of water a minute throughout a reactor pressure vessel and storage pool.
93、safety checklist 安全检查表
94、preliminary hazard analysis 预先危险分析
The method and steps of preliminary hazard analysis (PHA) is introduced. To analyze the possible hazards in engineering by PHA may help to bring forward related prevention measures.
95、event tree analysis 事件数分析
Both event tree analysis (ETA) and deterministic analysis methods are applied to constructing the dynamic analysis model for the steam generator tube ruptures (SGTR).
96、fault tree analysis 事故树分析
From the perspective of systems engineering, Fault Tree Analysis method which is widely used in system security study is used for analysis of urban rail transit accident.
97、occupational disease 职业病
The occupational disease certificate should be jointly signed by all participating physicians and stamped by the responsible healthcare agency.
98、lower explosive limit 爆炸下限
The conflicting problem of flash point and lower explosive limit as a criterion of hazard is studied in this paper.
99、reactive mode 事后模式
The information at this point, while critical, is used in a reactive mode. 100、top event 顶事件
And then expatiate the qualitative analysis and quantitative analysis of fault tree analysis, establishes a fault tree with "actuator immovable" as the top event.
101、human factor engineering 人因工程
The human factor engineering design has long been an important part of that of main control room in a nuclear power plant.
102、HRA（human reliability analysis）人的可靠性分析
103、PRA（probability risk analysis）概率风险分析
The lack of data and availability is a major problem that embarrasses human reliability analysis (HRA) for a long time.
104、fatal accident frequency rate 死亡事故频率
105、welding flash 弧光灼伤
Welding flash damages, moving back space and resetting distance can be adjusted freely.
106、terrestrial radiation 地面辐射
Mineral dust affects the radiation and energy budget of the earth mainly by absorbing and scattering solar and terrestrial radiation, and thus affects the climate change.
107、sound level meter 噪声计
The study was undertaken using a sound level meter operated by a passenger in each car tested.
108、management review 管理评估
The software project manager with the help of the management review team updates the software development plan as needed.
109、unsafe act 不安全行为
Any unsafe act or condition should be reported promptly to your immediate supervisor.
110、hazard assessment 危险评价
This paper presents a model of campus network user behavior hazard assessment based on the LEC method, and introduces its practical application on network management system.
112、safety culture 安全文化
Clearly there are many reactors and they're all built of the same type and the same technology but some are run better than others and safety culture is clearly the difference.
113、accident reports system 事故报告体系
114、safety slogans 安全标语
The safety note boards, slogans, and varied operation regulation boards will de installed on the constructing field, forming a good atmosphere of product safety.
115、emergency response 应急响应
So this platform is completely revolutionizing the way that emergency response takes place, first of all, and with rebuilding efforts.
116、status review 状态评审
It shall lead to action to support the determination of key customer- related trends and correlation for status review, decision-making and longer term planning.
117、quality and environmental management syste质量与环境管理体系The Company's products quality system and environmental management system have received the international certificates.
118、safety ergonomics 安全人机工程
Base on statistical analysis of the active ammunition packages, this paper emphasizes the important senses of application of safety ergonomics to ammunition packaging design.
119、safety principles 安全学原理
You can keep yourself safe by complying with some basic safety principles and donning a properly fitted helmet
120、industrial ventilation 工业通风
Wall exhaust fan manufacturers, industrial ventilation and the wall exhaust fan industrial ventilation suppliers guide find a wall.
121、chemical industrial safety 化工安全
Coal gasification technology possess very important role for coal industry industrial structure adjustment, coal chemical industrial development and nation energy safety in China.
122、electrical safety 电气安全
The Dielectric Withstand Test is the third test required by the electrical safety testing standards.
123、safety monitoring and control technology 安全监测与监控技术And taking Qidong coal mine as an example, it analyzes the application of video technology based on network in the safety monitoring and control system of coal mine.
124、explosion suppression 爆炸抑制
Model for analyzing the explosion suppression mechanism of void design reticulated polyurethane foam for fuel tank was set up.
125、construction safety 建筑安全Construction safety management and construction the safe technique is
two basic factors to realize safety produce target manage.
126、confined spaces 密闭空间
In the heat of the chase sparrow hawks have collided with windows, struck cars and become trapped in confined spaces ranging from garden sheds to lobster pots.
127、electrical circuits 电路
The work also indicates that thermal equivalents of electrical circuits are possible.
128、electromagnetic radiation 电磁辐射
This makes them ideal for long-distance travel, as neutrinos are undisturbed by gas, dust and other matter that can block radio waves and other types of electromagnetic radiation.
129、high frequency noise 高频噪声
The small eddies created near the exhaust duct cause high frequency noise but downstream of the exhaust jet the larger eddies create low frequency noise.
130、Counter-measure 干预措施
England's manager Walter Winter bottom, acknowledging the problem, held a team meeting to try to come up with a counter-measure for the full international that was scheduled for a few days later.
131、neutral conductor 中性导体
The independent PE grounding system and N neutral conductor in switchgear vessel should be connected to the ground securely
132、branch-circuit 分支电路
This system also has a 4-branch parallel fully-controlled rectification circuit.
133、ball valves 球形阀
Ball Valves screwed to NPT or an alternative as per Contractor's recommendation, subject to approval by Client
134、color coded 色标
Inside the doc uments you’ll find a plethora of links and cross references, nicely color coded and branded as to what sort of information they lead to.
135、interlocked guard 连锁保护装置136、elevating work platform 升降台Elevating work platform truck will be used for cleaning part of external windows.
138、dense concrete 密实混凝土Dense concrete is one of upper flow regime, which is widely used in various fields.
139、Respiratory tract 呼吸道
One feature seen in many patients is the development of lower respiratory tract early in the illness.
140、Digestive tract 消化道
Go with your gut: Japanese scientists recently identified umami receptors not only on the tongue but throughout the digestive tract.
141、Safety manager 安全经理
The research can be referenced during the safety management and psychoanalysis process of safety manager in enterprise.
142、Process engineer 生产工程师
The project manager now understands the value of these work products, and he or she can quickly negotiate with the process engineer as to which ones are required for a particular project.
143、welding arc 焊弧
In this paper the temperature of underwater welding arc is investigated systematically by means of spectral diagnostics of plasma.
144、Plant manager 工厂经理
As she answers some of the questions the plant manager is likely to pose,
Carol will likely need to set some emergent identity goals.
145、carbon monoxide 一氧化碳
That produces hydrogen and carbon monoxide, which can be converted to a liquid fuel.
146、Responsible official 负责人
At the same time, funding the development and construction of the main users CBD Liuweiguo responsible official of the company has only received 600 million authorized capital statement
145、Industrial hygiene 职业卫生Osram said it used the latest technology employing solid mercury to maintain high standards of industrial hygiene equivalent to those in Germany.
146、Mine industry 矿业
The housing is not the main body of the mine industry. It is only to serve the employees of the mine.
147、Nuclear power plant 核电厂
This problem was highlighted by the earthquake centered near the KashiwazakiKariwa nuclear power plant in 2007.
148、Material safety data sheet 安全清单
This product is not expected to cause health concerns when used for the intended application and according to the recommendations in the Material Safety Data Sheet .
149、explosion isolation 爆炸隔绝150、safety laws and regulations 安全法律法规Article 22 Motor vehicle drivers shall abide by road traffic safety laws and regulations, and drive the vehicle safely and courteously according to the operation rules.
Abstract
The purpose of this article is to introduce safety management system from three aspects of accident causation models, organizational activity and safety policy and planning. All modern theories are based on accident causation models. Accident theories aim to clarify the accident phenomena, and to explain the mechanisms that lead to accidents. The development and importance of accident causation models will be introduced clearly in this paper. Safety management as an organizational activity is very important for enterprise.That a company’s organizational culture determines the maximum level of safety the company can reach. Good organizational culture and safety culture are conducive to establish a Reasonable safety management system. This paper treats an important problem in the factors affecting the development of Enterprise safety culture. Organizations activity and safety culture behave differently in the different parts of the world. Reasons for the differences are discussed in this paper. Safety policy and planning is an important guarantee for the development of enterprises in safety state. In this paper, it is made by some standards form BS8800. Through this article, the development of Safety Management System can be fully understand, and it describes a exceeding effective method about how to build a complete Safety Management System.
Key words: safety management system accident causation models BS8800 Organizational activity safety culture safety policy
Academic Report about Fire Extinguishing System of Chaoliutequ Underground Emporium Chaoliutequ, underground emporium is a public gathering places. There are about more than one hundred and seventy stores. Most of them sell clothing , shoes, caps and cosmetics.And most of the goods belong to flammable materials. The features of underground emporium is too many customers, goods and electrical equipments. The possibility of a fire disaster is very large in there. In case of fire, it can cause heavy casualties and property losses. And it is very important to carry out fire risk assessment on underground emporium to prevent and control fire efficiently.
This article is through the relevant information to understand underground mall, and familiar with the layout of the building. Firstly, we have analyzed the fire characteristics of Chaoliutequ underground emporium. Basement of high-rise building fire resistance rating should be level, and its fire protection district should not exceed 1000. The total area of Chaoliutequ underground emporium is about 4000 cubic meters, so we divided it into five fire protection district. To study evacuation in fire plays an important role in underground emporium’s fire safety. The width of safety exit is determined by the calculation of Safety evacuation width index. After calculated, the safety exit’s total width of underground emporium is 18.2 meter. Chaoliutequ, underground emporium is given
priority to with solid fire. The fire extinguisher is calculated and adopted the salt dry powder extinguisher of portable ammonium phosphate. The radius of protection of fire hydrant is 21 meter, and the distance between each other not more than 30 meters. Sprinkler systems must be installed in the underground emporium, and to choose the vertical enclosed sprinkler.Under the ceiling installation shower water distribution pipe, top and bottom side should not be more than eight only. 332 nozzles are arranged in the Sprinkler systems. In case of fire, the sprinkler systems or fire alarms may turn on.Finally, we have completed the fire safety design of the Chaoliutequ underground emporium.
Unit 1 safety management system Accident causation models 事故致因理论 Safety management 安全管理Physical conditions 物质条件 Machine guarding 机械保护装置 House-keeping 工作场所管理 Top management 高层管理人员 Human errors 人因失误Accident-proneness models 事故倾向模型 Munitions factory 军工厂Causal factors 起因Risking taking 冒险行为Corporate culture 企业文化Loss prevention 损失预防Process industry 制造工业Hazard control 危险控制Intensive study 广泛研究Organizational performance 企业绩效 Mutual trust 相互信任Safety officer 安全官员 Safety committee 安全委员会Shop-floor 生产区Unionized company 集团公司Seniority 资历、工龄Local culture 当地文化 Absenteeism rate 缺勤率Power relations 权力关系Status review 状态审查 Lower-level management 低层管理者 Business performance 组织绩
效 Most senior executive 高级主管 Supervisory level 监督层Safety principle 安全规则Wall-board 公告栏Implement plan 执行计划Hazard identification 危险辨识 Safety performance 安全性能 One comprehensive definition for an organizational culture has been presented by Schein who has said the organizational culture is “a pattern of basic assumptions – invented, discovered, or developed by a given group as it learns to cope with its problems of external adaptation and internal integration –that has worked well enough to be considered valid and, therefore, to be taught to new members as the correct way to perceive, think, and feel in relation to those problems” 译文：Schein给出了组织文化的广泛定义，他认为组织文化是由若干基本假设组成的一种模式，这些假设是由某个特定团体在处理外部适应问题与内部整合问题的过程中发明、发现或完善的。由于以这种模式工作的有效性得到了认可，因此将它作为一种正确的方法传授给新成员，让他们以此来认识、思考和解决问题[指适应外部与整合内部的过程中的问题]。 The safety culture of an organization is the product of individual and group values, attitudes, perceptions, competencies, and patterns of behavior that determine the commitment to, and the style and proficiency of , an organization’s health and safety management. 译文：组织的安全文化由以下几项内容组成：个人和群体的价值观、态度、观念、能力和行为方式。这种行为方式决定了个人或团体对组织健康安全管理的责任，以及组织健康安全管理的形式和熟练程度。 Unit 2 System Safety Engineering System safety engineering 系统安全工程By-product 附带产生的结果
第一课 土木工程学土木工程学作为最老的工程技术学科，是指规划，设计，施工及对建筑环境的管理。此处的环境包括建筑符合科学规范的所有结构，从灌溉和排水系统到火箭发射设施。 土木工程师建造道路，桥梁，管道，大坝，海港，发电厂，给排水系统，医院，学校，公共交通和其他现代社会和大量人口集中地区的基础公共设施。他们也建造私有设施，比如飞机场，铁路，管线，摩天大楼，以及其他设计用作工业，商业和住宅途径的大型结构。此外，土木工程师还规划设计及建造完整的城市和乡镇，并且最近一直在规划设计容纳设施齐全的社区的空间平台。 土木一词来源于拉丁文词“公民”。在1782年，英国人John Smeaton为了把他的非军事工程工作区别于当时占优势地位的军事工程师的工作而采用的名词。自从那时起，土木工程学被用于提及从事公共设施建设的工程师，尽管其包含的领域更为广阔。 领域。因为包含范围太广，土木工程学又被细分为大量的技术专业。不同类型的工程需要多种不同土木工程专业技术。一个项目开始的时候，土木工程师要对场地进行测绘，定位有用的布置，如地下水水位，下水道，和电力线。岩土工程专家则进行土力学试验以确定土壤能否承受工程荷载。环境工程专家研究工程对当地的影响，包括对空气和地下水的可能污染，对当地动植物生活的影响，以及如何让工程设计满足政府针对环境保护的需要。交通工程专家确定必需的不同种类设施以减轻由整个工程造成的对当地公路和其他交通网络的负担。同时，结构工程专家利用初步数据对工程作详细规划，设计和说明。从项目开始到结束，对这些土木工程专家的工作进行监督和调配的则是施工管理专家。根据其他专家所提供的信息，施工管理专家计算材料和人工的数量和花费，所有工作的进度表，订购工作所需要的材料和设备，雇佣承包商和分包商，还要做些额外的监督工作以确保工程能按时按质完成。 贯穿任何给定项目，土木工程师都需要大量使用计算机。计算机用于设计工程中使用的多数元件（即计算机辅助设计，或者CAD）并对其进行管理。计算机成为了现代土木工程师的必备品，因为它使得工程师能有效地掌控所需的大量数据从而确定建造一项工程的最佳方法。 结构工程学。在这一专业领域，土木工程师规划设计各种类型的结构，包括桥梁，大坝，发电厂，设备支撑，海面上的特殊结构，美国太空计划，发射塔，庞大的天文和无线电望远镜，以及许多其他种类的项目。结构工程师应用计算机确定一个结构必须承受的力：自重，风荷载和飓风荷载，建筑材料温度变化引起的胀缩，以及地震荷载。他们也需确定不同种材料如钢筋，混凝土，塑料，石头，沥青，砖，铝或其他建筑材料等的复合作用。 水利工程学。土木工程师在这一领域主要处理水的物理控制方面的种种问题。他们的项目用于帮助预防洪水灾害，提供城市用水和灌溉用水，管理控制河流和水流物，维护河滩及其他滨水设施。此外，他们设计和维护海港，运河与水闸，建造大型水利大坝与小型坝，以及各种类型的围堰，帮助设计海上结构并且确定结构的位置对航行影响。 岩土工程学。专业于这个领域的土木工程师对支撑结构并影响结构行为的土壤和岩石的特性进行分析。他们计算建筑和其他结构由于自重压力可能引起的沉降，并采取措施使之减少到最小。他们也需计算并确定如何加强斜坡和填充物的稳定性以及如何保护结构免受地震和地下水的影响。 环境工程学。在这一工程学分支中，土木工程师设计，建造并监视系统以提供安全的饮用水，同时预防和控制地表和地下水资源供给的污染。他们也设计，建造并监视工程以控制甚至消除对土地和空气的污染。他们建造供水和废水处理厂，设计空气净化器和其他设备以最小化甚至消除由工业加工、焚化及其他产烟生产活动引起的空气污染。他们也采用建造特殊倾倒地点或使用有毒有害物中和剂的措施来控制有毒有害废弃物。此外，工程师还对垃圾掩埋进行设计和管理以预防其对周围环境造成污染。
安全工程专业英语 Unit1 1. Because of the very rapid changes in these jobs and professions, it is hard for students to learn about future job opportunities. It is even more difficult to know about the type of preparation that is needed for a particular profession-or the qualities and traits that might help individuals succeed in it. 由于这些工作和职业的飞速变更，其变化之快使得学生们很难了解未来有什么样的工作机会，更不知道为未来的具体职业生涯做出怎样的准备，也就是说学生们很难知道掌握何种知识、具备何种能力才能成功适应未来的社会。 2. The purpose of this article is to provide in depth information about the safety profession that should help students considering a career in this challenging and rewarding field. 这篇文章将提供较为深入的安全专业方面的具体信息，它应该能够为安全专业的学生们在这个充满挑战也蕴含着发展机遇的职业中获得良好的发展而提供帮助。 3. While these efforts became more sophisticated and widespread during the twentieth century, real progress on a wide front did not occur in the U.S. until after Word War Ⅱ. 尽管这些专业手段在20世纪已经发展的较为成熟，也具有一定的广泛适应性，但在美国，这些都是第二次世界大战以后才取得的突破性进展。 4. This legislation was important because it stressed the control of workplace hazards. This, in turn, defined a clear area of practice for the previously loosely organized safety profession. Other legislation passed during the next twenty years has increased the scope of safety practice into areas of environmental protection, product safety, hazardous materials management and designing safety into vehicles, highways, process plants and buildings. 这部法律很重要，因为它强调工作场所的危险控制，同时这部法律也为以前不成体系的安全业务划定了工作范围。此后20年中通过的一
第一课土木工程学 土木工程学作为最老的工程技术学科，是指规划，设计，施工及对建筑环境的管理。此处的环境包括建筑符合科学规范的所有结构，从灌溉和排水系统到火箭发射设施。 土木工程师建造道路，桥梁，管道，大坝，海港，发电厂，给排水系统，医院，学校，公共交通和其他现代社会和大量人口集中地区的基础公共设施。他们也建造私有设施，比如飞机场，铁路，管线，摩天大楼，以及其他设计用作工业，商业和住宅途径的大型结构。此外，土木工程师还规划设计及建造完整的城市和乡镇，并且最近一直在规划设计容纳设施齐全的社区的空间平台。 土木一词来源于拉丁文词“公民”。在1782年，英国人John Smeaton为了把他的非军事工程工作区别于当时占优势地位的军事工程师的工作而采用的名词。自从那时起，土木工程学被用于提及从事公共设施建设的工程师，尽管其包含的领域更为广阔。 领域。因为包含范围太广，土木工程学又被细分为大量的技术专业。不同类型的工程需要多种不同土木工程专业技术。一个项目开始的时候，土木工程师要对场地进行测绘，定位有用的布置，如地下水水位，下水道，和电力线。岩土工程专家则进行土力学试验以确定土壤能否承受工程荷载。环境工程专家研究工程对当地的影响，包括对空气和地下水的可能污染，对当地动植物生活的影响，以及如何让工程设计满足政府针对环境保护的需要。交通工程专家确定必需的不同种类设施以减轻由整个工程造成的对当地公路和其他交通网络的负担。同时，结构工程专家利用初步数据对工程作详细规划，设计和说明。从项目开始到结束，对这些土木工程专家的工作进行监督和调配的则是施工管理专家。根据其他专家所提供的信息，施工管理专家计算材料和人工的数量和花费，所有工作的进度表，订购工作所需要的材料和设备，雇佣承包商和分包商，还要做些额外的监督工作以确保工程能按时按质完成。 贯穿任何给定项目，土木工程师都需要大量使用计算机。计算机用于设计工程中使用的多数元件（即计算机辅助设计，或者CAD）并对其进行管理。计算机成为了现代土木工程师的必备品，因为它使得工程师能有效地掌控所需的大量数据从而确定建造一项工程的最佳方法。 结构工程学。在这一专业领域，土木工程师规划设计各种类型的结构，包括桥梁，大坝，发电厂，设备支撑，海面上的特殊结构，美国太空计划，发射塔，庞大的天文和无线电望远镜，以及许多其他种类的项目。结构工程师应用计算机确定一个结构必须承受的力：自重，风荷载和飓风荷载，建筑材料温度变化引起的胀缩，以及地震荷载。他们也需确定不同种材料如钢筋，混凝土，塑料，石头，沥青，砖，铝或其他建筑材料等的复合作用。 水利工程学。土木工程师在这一领域主要处理水的物理控制方面的种种问题。他们的项目用于帮助预防洪水灾害，提供城市用水和灌溉用水，管理控制河流和水流物，维护河滩及其他滨水设施。此外，他们设计和维护海港，运河与水闸，建造大型水利大坝与小型坝，以及各种类型的围堰，帮助设计海上结构并且确定结构的位置对航行影响。 岩土工程学。专业于这个领域的土木工程师对支撑结构并影响结构行为的土壤和岩石的特性进行分析。他们计算建筑和其他结构由于自重压力可能引起的沉降，并采取措施使之减少到最小。他们也需计算并确定如何加强斜坡和填充物的稳定性以及如何保护结构免受地震和地下水的影响。 环境工程学。在这一工程学分支中，土木工程师设计，建造并监视系统以提供安全的饮用水，同时预防和控制地表和地下水资源供给的污染。他们也设计，建造并监视工程以控制甚至消除对土地和空气的污染。
Unit 1 Safety Management Systems 安全管理体系 1.Accident Causation Models 1.事故致因理论 The most important aim of safety management is to maintain and promote workers' health and safety at work. Understanding why and how accidents and other unwanted events develop is important when preventive activities are planned. Accident theories aim to clarify the accident phenomena，and to explain the mechanisms that lead to accidents. All modem theories are based on accident causation models which try to explain the sequence of events that finally produce the loss. In ancient times, accidents were seen as an act of God and very little could be done to prevent them. In the beginning of the 20th century，it was believed that the poor physical conditions are the root causes of accidents. Safety practitioners concentrated on improving machine guarding, housekeeping and inspections. In most cases an accident is the result of two things ：The human act, and the condition of the physical or social environment. 安全管理系统最重要的目的是维护和促进工人们在工作时的健康和安全。在制定预防性计划时，了解为什么、怎样做和其他意外事故的发展是十分重要的。事故致因理论旨在阐明事故现象，和解释事故的机理。所有现代理论都是基于试图解释事件发生、发展过程和最终引起损失的事故致因理论。在古老的时期，事故被看做是上帝的行为并且几乎没有预防的方法去阻止他们。在20世纪开始的时候，人们开始相信差的物理条件是事故发生的根源。安全从业人员集中注意力在提高机器监护、维护和清理上。在大多数情况下，一件事故的发生主要有两个原因：人类的行为和物理或者社会环境。 Petersen extended the causation theory from the individual acts and local conditions to the management system. He concluded that unsafe acts, unsafe conditions，and accidents are all symptoms of something wrong in the organizational management system. Furthermore, he stated that it is the top management who is responsible for building up such a system that can effectively control the hazards associated to the organization’s operation. The errors done by a single person can be intentional or unintentional. Rasmussen and Jensen have presented a three-level skill-rule-knowledge model for describing the origins of the different types of human errors. Nowadays，this model is one of the standard methods in the examination of human errors at work. 彼得森根据管理体系中个人的行为结合当地的环境扩充了事故致因理论。他的结论是像不安全行为、不安全情况是一些错误的组织管理系统导致事故的征兆。另外，他指出，高层管理人员负责建立一个能够有效控制危险源有关组织。一个人出现的错误可能是有意的或者是无意的。拉斯姆森和杰森已经提出了三个层次的技能规则知识模型来描述不同种类的人错误的起源。如今，这种模式已经成为在工作中检验人的错误的标准之一。 Accident-proneness models suggest that some people are more likely to suffer anaccident than others. The first model was created in 1919，based on statistical examinations in a mumilions factory. This model dominated the safety thinking and research for almost 50 years, and it is still used in some organizations. As a result of this thinking, accident was blamed solely
土木工程专业英语课文原 文及对照翻译 Newly compiled on November 23, 2020
Civil Engineering Civil engineering, the oldest of the engineering specialties, is the planning, design, construction, and management of the built environment. This environment includes all structures built according to scientific principles, from irrigation and drainage systems to rocket-launching facilities. 土木工程学作为最老的工程技术学科，是指规划，设计，施工及对建筑环境的管理。此处的环境包括建筑符合科学规范的所有结构，从灌溉和排水系统到火箭发射设施。 Civil engineers build roads, bridges, tunnels, dams, harbors, power plants, water and sewage systems, hospitals, schools, mass transit, and other public facilities essential to modern society and large population concentrations. They also build privately owned facilities such as airports, railroads, pipelines, skyscrapers, and other large structures designed for industrial, commercial, or residential use. In addition, civil engineers plan, design, and build complete cities and towns, and more recently have been planning and designing space platforms to house self-contained communities. 土木工程师建造道路，桥梁，管道，大坝，海港，发电厂，给排水系统，医院，学校，公共交通和其他现代社会和大量人口集中地区的基础公共设施。他们也建造私有设施，比如飞机场，铁路，管线，摩天大楼，以及其他设计用作工业，商业和住宅途径的大型结构。此外，土木工程师还规划设计及建造完整的城市和乡镇，并且最近一直在规划设计容纳设施齐全的社区的空间平台。 The word civil derives from the Latin for citizen. In 1782, Englishman John Smeaton used the term to differentiate his nonmilitary engineering work from that of the military engineers who predominated at the time. Since then, the term civil engineering has often been used to refer to engineers who build public facilities, although the field is much broader 土木一词来源于拉丁文词“公民”。在1782年，英国人John Smeaton为了把他的非军事工程工作区别于当时占优势地位的军事工程师的工作而采用的名词。自从那时起，土木工程学被用于提及从事公共设施建设的工程师，尽管其包含的领域更为广阔。 Scope. Because it is so broad, civil engineering is subdivided into a number of technical specialties. Depending on the type of project, the skills of many kinds of civil engineer specialists may be needed. When a project begins, the site is surveyed and mapped by civil engineers who locate utility placement—water, sewer, and power lines. Geotechnical specialists perform soil experiments to determine if the earth can bear the weight of the project. Environmental specialists study the project’s impact on the local area: the potential for air and
Take the road of sustainable development civil engineering Abstract: Civil Engineering is the oldest in human history "technical science" as a system of industrial activity, the essence of civil engineering production process, is a technical process Civil engineering is the construction of various facilities in science and technology, collectively, both refer to the construction of the object, that is built on the ground, underground, water facilities, a variety of projects, but also refers to the application of materials, equipment and carried out survey and design , construction, maintenance, repair and other technology. As an important basis for discipline, civil engineering has its important attributes: a comprehensive, social, practical, technical and economic and artistic unity. With the progress of human society and development, civil engineering has already evolved into large-scale comprehensive subject, and has many branches, such as: construction, railroad engineering, road engineering, bridge engineering, specialty engineering structures, water supply and drainage projects, port engineering, hydraulic engineering, environmental engineering and other disciplines. There are six professional civil engineering: architecture, urban planning, civil engineering, built environment and equipment engineering, water supply and drainage works and road and bridge projects. Civil engineering is a form of human activity. Human beings pursued it to change the natural environment for their own benefit. Buildings, transportations, facilities, infrastructures are all included in civil engineering. The development of civil engineering has a long history. Our seniors had left a lot of great constructions to us. For example, Zhao Zhou Bridge is the representative of our Chinese civil engineering masterpieces. It has a history of more than 1300 years and is still service at present. Civil engineering has been so rapid development of the period. A lot of new bridges have been constructed, and many greater plans are under discussion. China is a large county. And she is still well developing. However, civil engineers will be facing more complex problems. We should pay attention to the growing population and a lot of deteriorating infrastructures. We should prepare for the possibility of natural disasters. To meet grow needs in the
Unit6 Industry hygiene工业卫生physical hazard物理危害、物质危害nonionizing radiation非电离辐射adverse effects副作用loud noise嘈杂的声音chemical bum化学烧伤live electrical circuits 带电电路confined space密闭空间hearing loss听力丧失physical or mental disturbance身体或精神障碍annoyance烦恼power tools电动工具impulse脉冲sound level meter噪声计jet engine喷气式发动机time-weighted average时间加权平均heat stress热应力、热威胁shivering 颤抖hard labor辛苦工作fatigued疲劳的living tissue活组织plastic sealer塑料密封机biological hazard生物危害potable water饮用水sewage污水physical contact身体接触allergic reaction 过敏反应severe pain剧烈疼痛manual handing手工处理airborne空中的on a daily basis每天hazard communication standard危害通识规定stipulation规定、条款trade name商标名 工业卫生被定义为：“致力于预测、识别、评估和控制环境因素或压力的科学与技术，这些压力产生或来自与工作场所，能够造成疾病、损害人们的幸福安康、或是工程或社区居民的工作效率不高，并使他们感觉到很不舒服。（P67） 当噪音导致暂时或永久的听力丧失，使身体或精神发生紊乱，对语言交流产生干扰，或对工作、休息、放松、睡觉产生干扰时，它是一种非常严重的危害。噪音是任何不被期望的声音，它通常是一种强度变化但不包括任何信息的声音。他干扰人们对正常声音的辨别，可能是有害的，能使人烦恼，并干扰人们说话。（P68） Unit9 Accident investigation事故调查after-the-fact事实背后的take an investigation进行调查fact-finding process寻找事实的过程insurance carrier保险公司/承保人plance blame推卸责任permanent total disability永久全部劳动力丧失for simplicity为简单起见accident prevention 事故预防investigation procedures调查过程fact finding寻找事实operating procedures flow diagrams操作过程流程图maintenance chart维修图表bound notebook活页笔记本physical or chemical law物理或化学定律table of contens 目录narrative叙事的counter-measure干预措施 调查人员在调查过程中从各方面收集证据，从证人、旁观者及一些相关报道中得到信息，在事故发生后尽快的找目击证人谈话，在事故现场遭到改变前进行检查，对事故场景进行拍照并绘制草图，记录与地形相关的所有数据，并将所有的报道复印保存。记录常规的操作流程图、维修图表或对困难、异常现象的报告等非常有用。在活页笔记本中完整准确地记录。记录事故发生前的环境、事故顺序及事故发生后的环境情况等。另外，记录伤者、证人、机械能量来源和危害物质的位置。（P119） Unit10 Safety electricity安全用电electrical equipment电力设备fuse puller保险丝夹break contact断开接点/触电hot side高压端load side 负荷端line side线路/火线端groundfault circuit Interrupt 漏电保护器ground fault接地故障receptacle电源插座hot bubs热水澡桶underwater lighting水底照明fountains 人工喷泉ungrounded（hot）conductor 未接地（高压）单体/火线neutral conductor中性导体fault current载荷中心panelboard 配电板branch-circuit分支电路CB一种多功能插座plug-in插入式 上锁/挂牌成套设备也是可用的。上锁/挂牌套件中包含有必须满足OSHA上锁/挂牌标准的组件。上锁/挂牌套件中包含有可重复使用的危险标签、临时悬挂标志、各种闭锁、锁、磁性标志、及与上锁/挂牌相关的信息。无论什么原因停下工作或当天不能完成工作时，在返回
第一单元 课文 土木工程前言 或许，工程师对于人类文明形成所做出的贡献多于其他专业人才群体。在各个社会中，工程师的作用就是发展技术应用以满足实际需要。例如，应用电力系统向城市供电，应用水轮驱动水碾，应用人造心脏延长生命，等。向我们提供水、燃料、电力的系统，交通网络系统，通讯系统，以及带来其他方便的系统是工程技术应用的产物。尽管真正的工程师们在以上进步和人类幸福中所起的作用，但对他们所起作用的理解仍是不完全的。 工程是将知识转化为实际有效应用的技术，工程师则是在这样的转化中起关键作用的人。工程是服务人类的职业，人类环境是需要考虑的重要事项。通常，区分工程师和科学家一直存在困难，决定科学家的工作在哪里终止，工程师的工作从哪里开始也存在困难。 科学与工程中有联系的工作的基本区别在于它们的目的不同。科学家以发明为目的，而工程师坚持有效使用发明来满足人类的需要。例如，德国物理学家亨利奇·赫兹发现了无线电波，而古里耶尔莫·马克尼则利用无线电波发展了无线电信技术，这是一项工程奇迹。在相关科学家建立了核裂变的科学原理后，制造原子武器、建造核电厂的艰难工作则由电力、化学和机械工程师来完成。 土木工程是以向人类提供安全、舒适住所为目的的工程分支。住所是人类的基本需要之一，它由土木工程师负责提供。供水和灌溉系统的有效规划能增加一个国家的粮食产量。住所除了简单的掩蔽功能外，土木工程师还能将其建造来为居住者提供安宁、舒适的生活。世界上的工程奇迹——从塔形结构到今天的薄壳结构——都是土木工程发展的结果。道路、铁路、桥梁等交通网线是土木工程师的劳动果实，没有这样的交通网线，社会将不可能得到发展。 任何工程学科都是由各种专业分支构成的巨大领域，土木工程的主要专业分支如下： 1.结构工程 结构工程是土木工程的最重要专业分支，结构的建造需要有效的规划、设计和施工方法，以实现完整的建造目的。一般地，结构工程建造包含五个步骤： ●定位，并合理排列结构构件，形成确定的形式，以实现最佳的使用功能。 ●决定作用于结构上不同力的大小、方向和性质。 ●结构分析，弄清受上述作用力的结构构件的行为特征。 ●结构设计，以保证不同载荷作用下的结构稳定性。 ●结构施工，采用精心选择的材料，由熟练工人完成。 2.岩土工程 为了实现建筑于地面结构的有效功能，必须知道土的特征。岩土工程给出土的基本知识体系，这一分支涉及以下方面： ●土——“土力学”下的材料——的性质和行为特征。 ●结构、机器等基础的不同类型及其稳定性。 岩土工程也涉及基础的分析、设计和施工。 3.流体力学、水力学和水力机械
土木工程专业英语课文原文及对照翻译Civil Engineering Civil engineering, the oldest of the engineering specialties, is the planning, design, construction, and management of the built environment. This environment includes all structures built according to scientific principles, from irrigation and drainage systems to rocket-launching facilities. 土木工程学作为最老的工程技术学科，是指规划，设计，施工及对建筑环境的管理。此处的 环境包括建筑符合科学规范的所有结构，从灌溉和排水系统到火箭发射设施。 Civil engineers build roads, bridges, tunnels, dams, harbors, power plants, water and sewage systems, hospitals, schools, mass transit, and other public facilities essential to modern society and large population concentrations. They also build privately owned facilities such as airports, railroads, pipelines, skyscrapers, and other large structures designed for industrial, commercial, or residential use. In addition, civil engineers plan, design, and build complete cities and towns, and more recently have been planning and designing space platforms to house self-contained communities. 土木工程师建造道路，桥梁，管道，大坝，海港，发电厂，给排水系统，医院，学校，公共 交通和其他现代社会和大量人口集中地区的基础公共设施。他们也建造私有设施，比如飞机
Lesson 1 Compression Members New Words 1. achieve achievement 2. eccentricity center, 中心; ec centric 偏心的；ec centricity 偏心，偏心距 3. inevitable evitable 可避免的avoidable; in evitable 不可避免的unavoidable 4. truss 桁架triangular truss, roof truss, truss bridge 5. bracing brace 支柱，支撑；bracing, 支撑，撑杆 6. slender 细长，苗条；stout; slenderness 7. buckle 压曲，屈曲；buckling load 8. stocky stout 9. convincingly convince, convincing, convincingly 10. stub 树桩，短而粗的东西；stub column 短柱 11. curvature 曲率；curve, curvature 12. detractor detract draw or take away; divert; belittle，贬低，诽谤； 13. convince 14. argument dispute, debate, quarrel, reason, 论据（理由） 15. crookedness crook 钩状物，v弯曲，crooked 弯曲的 16. provision 规定，条款 Phrases and Expressions 1. compression member 2. bending moment shear force, axial force 3. call upon (on) 要求，请求，需要 4. critical buckling load 临界屈曲荷载critical 关键的，临界的 5. cross-sectional area 6. radius of gyration 回转半径gyration 7. slenderness ratio 长细比 8. tangent modulus 切线模量 9. stub column 短柱 10. trial-and-error approach 试算法 11. empirical formula 经验公式empirical 经验的 12. residual stress 残余应力residual 13. hot-rolled shape 热轧型钢hot-rolled bar 14. lower bound 下限upper bound 上限 16. effective length 计算长度