中国地质大学长城学院
本科毕业设计外文资料翻译
系别：工程技术系
专业：机械设计制造及其自动化
姓名：宋亚伟
学号： 05211621
2015年 2 月 15 日
汽车结构造型产品方案
产品发展的主要目标是在一个短的时间的设计过程中，获得低价格的产品和最终产品的最佳表现。根据这些目标，产品设计必须使用一些先进的CAD - CAM，CAE软件模块和互联网的在线三维部分目录（或多或少标准目录）。通过使用不同的CAD - CAM，CAE软件的一些模块得到的好处是可以用低价格（这是没有必要所有的软件，只有一些特定的模块，这些软件（具体到工程领域）获得最好表现的模块。三维互联网上的在线目录提供的优势是很容易找到有关机械元件的有用信息（如价格，技术特点，三维模型等），对于相关产品的研发起到很大的推动作用，例如，液压系统，旋转楼梯等。
关键词：CAD/CAM技术，液压系统，齿轮传动。
绪论
现在，业内的高度竞争促使产生新的，更好，更便宜的产品。汽车制造商已经处理了客户日益增长的需求。他们必须不断提高产品的构思方法，以现代化的组织结构，以创造一个流畅的链接，而没有研究，设计，制备，制造，商业化和工作产品的生命之间的限制。
要成为一个更加具有国际竞争力公司，他须有产品的多样性与不断变化，该公司必须现代化，提高生产系统的灵活性。
该公司发现，一种产品的交互设计是最有效的工具，用于分析评价结束。因此，互联网数据基础和的CAD - CAM - CAE软件的使用也带来视觉的几何数据基础和工业设计。工艺和产品开发使用计算机和网络环境可以获得大量成本和时间的节约。
在市场上有许多的CAD - CAM，CAE软件为工程设计人员提供设计一个三维虚拟空间的很多具体的工具。
二，运用多种CAD - CAM的CAE技术软件包
这些类型的软件都代表一个非常有用的工具在产品开发设计过程中的作用。人们通过使用它可以创建一个三维虚拟产品，从模拟的角度分解成许多点，以改善其特性（非技术性的或技术性的）。
这些软件更好的应用于航空，汽车，机械等行业。今天单一的CAD - CAM，CAE软件在工程领域的表现有些不能涵盖整个工业的高场演出。这些软件的另一个主要缺点是一个完整版本的价格非常高。通常的价格是起价几千欧元。
对于大多数的CAD - CAM，CAE软件有三个优势：1 - 软件的是结构化模块，即使在同一地区（例如：在CATIA机械设计中：部分设计;优势钣金设计，模具设计，管道设计和曲面设计等）;
2 –我们可以只买一些具体的一揽子关于电脑辅助设计，计算机辅助制造，计算机辅助工程的部分;
3 - 所有这些软件均容许以节省许多公共文件格式例如（date：二维的drawings，三维固体一步的dxf ，IGES等）。这些类型的文件可以打开几乎所有在某些特定条件下的CAD - CAM，CAE软件
对于一个复杂的产品（例如：在汽车行业），其中需要许多复杂曲面造型。单一的CAD - CAM，CAE软件是不够的。在这种情况下，解决方法是使用不同的CAD - CAM，CAE软件中一些表现突出的具体模块。
3。在产品开发中利用网络设施。
如今互联网的发展提供了通过电子邮件传播最新的浪潮，文件传输，远程登录访问，交易应用，等等，等等。
互联网的最流行的部分原是万维网，原因是在那里任何人都可以访问同一个按钮单击超
文本网页。互联网的普及，推出了众多的社会和伦理问题。最近，互联网已经被批评为未经审查的信息，但其教育价值一直被人们所公认的称赞。
在工程领域的互联网被用来传播信息和公司的广告。今天，所有的大公司都在互联网上提供了许多他们产品的信息。在机械工程领域的大多数公司也提供有关产品（许多有技术特点的免费文件，免费二维图纸和三维模型免费目录），价格，演算技术软件（例如：轴承斯凯孚等）。
在互联网上存在着许多拥有专用产品开发水平的网站。从图6（螺丝，轴承，滑轮小学部分标准目录开始，皮带，齿轮等）和完成复杂的产品（如工业机器人- 图7）互联网是一个在设计过程中所有的同类产品的有用工具。
互联网的缺点是不断增加的信息的多样性和传播途径。最大的问题是如何找到这个虚拟空间有用信息。
3.1在互联网上查找有用的三维目录
今天互联网上的信息的结构分为网页。几乎所有的公司都在世界上的网页，以提供更多有关其产品的信息。
有三种方式搜索：1 - 寻找到一些具体的工程领域的公司。如果公司的名称，通常被称www.（company）.com！（例如：SKF有https://www.doczj.com/doc/bc12528182.html,）。如果不是，一个简单的方法是使用搜索网站如谷歌（https://www.doczj.com/doc/bc12528182.html,搜索网站）和关键字的公司名称; 2 - 找一些具有相似产品的公司他们会有相关公司的连接，还能使用关键字搜索网站谷歌和类似产品公司技术言语形容的产品。例如找到轴承公司可以使用：如“轴承”关键字，“球轴承”等; 3 - 寻找某些特定产品（标准或不）为特定的工程领域，建议使用专用的门户网站。门户网站是其中包含的信息，并为特定领域网站的链接。（例如https://www.doczj.com/doc/bc12528182.html,/suppliers/bearings.html）。
对在工程领域的互联网公司在介绍他们的产品目录结构。有两种类型的网站目录。
一个是在著名的格式PDF（便携式文档格式）。为了找到这是推荐使用的搜索类型目录，经过特定的关键字，首字母缩写“PDF格式”。它的优点是使用的PDF目录，所有有关的产品所需的资料，为单文件，它可以打印提交。
另一种是交互式的在线目录有一些类似的优势：1 - 查找所有的产品（包括PDF格式的信息），2 - 在线演算软件，3，产品可直接到CAD - CAM的实施- CAE软件。为了找到这种类型的目录，建议用“三维目录关键词在网上与关键字相结合的技术”。例如在网上找到一个齿轮目录三维它可用于搜索下一个字符串使用：“齿轮三维目录上线”
3.2使用三维零件目录
在图9给出了一个三维齿轮目录搜索结果的屏幕捕获。用红色箭头标记为可能的三维互联网地址目录。在红色矩形标志着交互式目录地址图10介绍。在图10给出了它提供免费的3D和2D技术产品目录门户。由于它是提出了一个例子目录威尔在齿轮设计中使用的数字5所列。选择在这个目录有一个威尔
指定所有必要的参数：1.直径; 2.齿数; 3.Material; 4.齿形
风格; 5质量等级6.压力角度; 7.孔尺寸; 8.齿宽; 9.齿间距;
10.轮毂直径。（N/A=无轮毂）。
在图11的技术特点中提出了选择齿轮的所有特征在此目录（可通过https：/ /sdp - https://www.doczj.com/doc/bc12528182.html,）;价格；进入相关的CAD - CAM - CAE系统可直接执行的文件格式。
它的三维模型被选中了step格式（用于固体组件的格式）。建成后的CAD软件实现几个小的修改，是基于坚实的威尔与齿轮按设计要求。它建了一个关键的键槽和一个圆形孔（基于方便建模的原因）。对于减速器，只有部分相关与箱体和主轴设计。在图14 A的标记目录（齿
轮，螺丝，轴承，键与）b图是在CA TIA V5的设计的基本要素。
本文中标准建模和分级建模概念被确定为RMTs建模方法的主要特点。RMTs的模块化结构使这种建模方法很有益处，因为这些模型包含了所有可重构的重要特征[17]：
1．模块化：（子）组件建模模块化
2．可集成：该模块可以通过其连接端口与其他模块集成
3．定制：详细程度包括了模型模块都可为单个组件进行定制
4．可重构性：模型可以很容易地从一个配置转换到另一个
5．诊断性：可方便地进行模块的模型验证
本文介绍的方法可以将建模任务分为两个步骤：（1）开发组件模型；（2）装配配置模型。虽然第一步仍然需要大量的建模知识，第二步更系统，甚至将来要实现自动化。此外，两个步骤各有侧重：第一步的重点是组件内动态，而第二个步骤重点是组件之间的动态。
相对于伺服轴建模现有的方法，各个不同的RMTs配置都是一个潜在的新建模问题，本文提出的方法允许配置模式更快的发展。配置可以使用库中的模型模块快速组装，假若如此，使用在给定配置的所有组件在模库中都有对应的模块。因此，一个完善的模型库对这一方法的有效性是必不可少的。
对机床的机械部件三维多体建模方法推动了机械领域的模块化。因此，机床滑动模型可用于任何配置，例如在一个滑台移动有更多约束的环境下而不需要特别的滑台模型。以多体的方法，开发通用组件模型可以没有组件接口的先验知识。然而三维多体方法的一个缺点是通用模型可能比某一实际配置的需求更复杂。例如，在给定的配置中一个组件可能只是被限制在一个平面运动中，在这种情况下，三维模型就过复杂了。该模型应该简化，否则模型中不必要的复杂性降低了模型的计算效率。拟议的模块化建模方法将从集成模型降阶算法中受益。这将是今后工作的重点。由于铣削加工切削用量及切削得力很大，同时又是多刃断续切削，加工时很容易产生振动，因此设计铣床夹具时应注意：夹紧力的大小必须调整合适，夹紧力设置过小，工件可能在加工过程中移动而破坏夹具定位，不仅严重影响质量，还可能造成事故；夹紧力过大，不但会使工件和夹具本身产生变形，其加工质量也不高；夹具的安装要准确可靠，即安装及加工时要正确使用定向键、对刀装置；夹具要有足够的刚度和稳定性，设计结构要合理。车床夹具一般都是在悬臂状态下工作，为保证加工过程的稳定性；夹具结构应力求简单紧凑，轻便且安全，悬伸长度尽量小，使重心设计靠近主轴前支承。为保证安全, 夹具体应制成圆形，加具体上的各元件不允许伸出夹具体直径之外；夹具的结构还应便于工件的安装、测量和切屑的顺利排出和清理。
目前，该机构被认为是刚性，这并不总是很接近。为了能够研究结构动力学的影响，柔性的机构模式也应开发并添加到模库内。
最后，值得注意的是商业可用软件包如ADAMS,、DADS、EASY5、Dymola 等也可用于RMTs建模的目的。
然而，采取统一强大的键合图提供的功能
基础方法，并简化未来的模式使其更易于实施，那么键合图就被选为建模语言。
结论
通过使用不同的CAD - CAM - CAE技术性能为基础的软件系统，不同的模块，优化工艺设计，可从技术角度来选择，无需额外费用。无需为了一个单一的CAD - CAM，CAE系统模块买一些没有更好模块的软件花费更高的费用。
通过使用在线互动目录的设计过程会更加简单。通过对相关的所有技术和非技术的数据元素使用，设计人员可以很容易做出产品成本推估（从各个要素的角度的）。
利用的CAD - CAM，CAE软件和互联网设施的产品开发的主要优势是耗费时间很短，
可以致力于设计过程。这种方法提高约70-80％。
参考：
[1]康斯坦丁伊斯帕斯，米龙，克里斯蒂娜莫霍拉，多雷尔安尼亚，研究有关的机械系统的综合概念，第一届国际计算机及解决方案在制造工程会议科姆（04），布拉索夫，2004 [2]吉奥内亚第一部分，安尼亚第四部分- “计算机的管理使用计算机辅助设计的虚拟原型”，关于制造系统ICMaS国际会议论文集，作者爱氪迪曼罗曼，2002年的布加勒斯特
Products of automobile structure scheme
The main goals to the product development are to obtain a short time of design process, a low price and best performances of the final product. According to these goals, the product design must use some modules of advanced CAD-CAM-CAE software and the internet on-line 3D catalogs for some parts (more or less standard). The advantage obtained by using some modules from different CAD-CAM-CAE software is to use the most performant parts of these software (specific to the engineering fields) at a low price (it isn’t necessary all the software, only some specific modules). The internet 3D on-line catalogs offer the advantage to find very easy useful information about mechanical elements (prices, technical characteristics, 3D models, etc,).
Key words: CAD-CAM swivel table sighter tower machine
1.INTRODUCTION
Now, in the industry exists a high competition to produce new, better and cheaper products. The manufactures have to deal with the increasing demands of the customers. They have to improve continuously the conception methods of the products, to modernize the organization structure in order to create a fluent link, without limits, between studies, design, preparation, manufacturing, commercialization and working life of the products.
To become more competitive into a world with diversity of products, with continuous changes, the companies must modernize and increase the flexibility of the production systems.
The companies find out that the interactive design of a product is the most efficiently tool for analysis end evaluation. So the use of internet data base and CAD-CAM-CAE software creates visual data base and industrial geometry design. Process and product development using computers and internet environment allow a substantially costs and time economy.
On the market there is a lot of CAD-CAM-CAE software which offer specific tools for engineering design into a tri dimensional virtual space.
https://www.doczj.com/doc/bc12528182.html,ING MULTIPLE CAD-CAM-CAE SOFTWARE PACKAGES
These kinds of software are representing a very useful tool in products development design process. By using them it can be created a 3D virtual product, simulate from many point of view [1], in order to improve its characteristics (technical or non technical).
Some of these software’s have better performances for some engineering fields as aeronautics, automotives, mechanical etc. Today single CAD-CAM-CAE software cannot cover the entire industrial field for high performances. Another major disadvantage of that software’s is very high prices for a full version. Usual the prices are starting from several thousands of EUR.
There are 3 advantages for the most CAD-CAM-CAE software’s: 1 - the software’s are structured in modules, even in the same area (for example: in CATIA in mechanical design are: part design; sheet metal design, mold design, wierframe and surfaces design etc);
2 - it can be bought only some specific package regarding computer aided design, computer aided
manufacturing or computer aided engineering; 3 - all these software allow to save date in some commune file format (for example: dxf for 2D drawings, step for 3D solids; iges for
3D surfaces etc). These types of files can be opened by almost all CAD-CAM-CAE software in some specific condition
For a complex product (ex. in automotive industry) which need complex surfaces for modeling a single CAD-CAM-CAE software isn’t sufficient. In this case the solution is to use some high performant specific modules from different CAD-CAM-CAE software.
3. USING INTERNET FACILITIES IN PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT.
The growth of the Internet today offers the newest wave of communication through electronic mail, file transfer, telnet access, transaction applications, and much, much more.
The most popular part of the Internet is the World Wide Web, where anyone can access hypertext pages with the click of a button. The popularity of the Internet has launched many social and ethical issues. Recently, the Internet has been criticized for its uncensored information, but has been praised for its educational value.
In engineering field the internet is used for information dissemination and company advertising. Today all the big company offers many information about their products directly on the internet. In the mechanical engineering fields the most companies offer free catalogs about products (free documentation about technical characteristics, free 2D drawings and 3D models), prices, calculus technical software (ex: bearings SKF) etc.
On the internet exists dedicated sites for all level of product development. Starting from standard catalogs for elementary parts fig.6 (screws, bearings, pulleys, belts, gears etc) and finished with complex products (like industrial robots – fig.7) the internet is a useful tool in design process for all kind of products.
The disadvantage of the internet is the increasing diversity of information and the way of dissemination. The big problem is how to find utile information in this virtual space on internet.
3.1 Finding useful 3D catalogs on internet
Today on internet the information is structured into web pages. Almost all the companies in the world have web pages in order to offer more information about their products.
There are 3 ways to search: 1 - to find a company into some specific engineering fields. If the name of company is known usually the site is www。（names）.com (ex: SKF has https://www.doczj.com/doc/bc12528182.html,). If is not, an easy way is to use a searching site as google (https://www.doczj.com/doc/bc12528182.html, ) and as keywords the company name; 2 - to find some companies witch have similar products it is recommended to use searching site as google and keywords technical words witch describe the product. For example to find bearing companies it can be use: keywords like “bearings”; “ball bearings” etc.; 3 - to find some specific products (standard or not) for a specific engineering field it is recommended to use dedicated portals. A portal is a site which contains information and links to specific sites for a domain. (ex. https://www.doczj.com/doc/bc12528182.html,/suppliers/bearings.html).
On internet in the engineering fields the companies presents their products structured in catalogs. There are two types of catalogs on web.
One is in well-known format PDF (portable document format). To find catalog of this type it is recommended for searching to use, after specific keywords, the ac ronym “PDF”. The advantage using a pdf catalogs is that all the needed information about a product is presented into single file, which can be printed. Figure 3 shows the schematic representation of a generic rigid body with N connection ports, which is one of the main model modules in the library. The ports correspond to points of interest on the rigid body, where the physical interactions with the environment occur. Bonds (lines with half arrows) are used to indicate that a port is a power port, i.e. the body can exchange energy with its environment through those ports, whereas active bonds (lines with full arrows) indicate signal ports, i.e. only information is transferred through these ports. The model library also contains three-dimensional joint models that can be used to describe the relative motions between the component models. These joint models are also developed in a modular way with ports, where they can be connected to other model modules. The library offers two ways to express the constraints: (1) stiff springs and dampers can be used to implement more realistic constraints or to approximate ideal constraints;(2) Lagrange multipliers can be introduced to express the constraints ideally. For a discussion of joint models the reader is also referred to [16].Once the model library is populated with some basic modular rigid body and joint models, the modeling procedure can be carried out as follows: The RMT components are broken down into subcomponents and each subcomponent is associated with a model in the library. If none of the model modules in the library can describe the subcomponent adequately, a new model has to be developed for that subcomponent and added to the library. Then, the models are assembled by following the topology of the components and using the necessary joint models. Once a component model is obtained, it can be stored in the library for reuse. Finally, the component models are assembled by following the topology of a given configuration to obtain the model of that configuration. The process is illustrated in Figure 4 as a flowchart and demonstrated in the following section through examples.
The other is interactive on-line catalogs which have some advantages like: 1- to find all information for a product (including in pdf format), 2- on-line calculus software, 3 -the product can be directly implemented into CAD-CAM-CAE software. To find such types of catalogs it is recommended to use keywords as “3D catalogs on-line” in combination with technical keyword. For example to find a gears catalog 3D on line it can be use for searching the next string: “gears 3D catalogs on-line”
3.2 Using 3D component catalogs
In figure 9 is presented a screen capture for the results of 3D gears catalog search. With red arrow is marked possible internet address for 3D catalogs. In red rectangle is marked the address for interactive catalog presented in figure 10. In figure 10 is presented a portal for technical products which offers free 3D and 2D catalogs. As example it is presented a catalog wheal used in design of gear presented in figure 5. For selecting a wheal in this catalog it has
to specify all the necessary parameter: 1.Diametral Pitch; 2.No. Of Teeth; 3.Material; 4.Hub Style; 5.Quality Class; 6.Pressure Angle Degree; 7.Bore Size; 8.Face Width; 9.Pitch Dia;
In figure 11 is presented all the characteristics available in this catalog (https://sdp- https://www.doczj.com/doc/bc12528182.html,) for selected wheal as technical characteristics; prices; available file formats for direct implementation
into CAD-CAM-CAE systems.
For 3D model it was selected a step format (used for solid component). After implementation into CAD software a few minor modifications were made on the solid wheal according with the gears design requirements. It was made a key pocket and a circular pocket (for constructive reason). For a speed reducer only a few parts were designed as shells and spindles. In figure 14 with A are marked catalogs elements (wheals, screws, bearings, keys) With B are marked elements designed in Catia V5.
CONCLUSION
By using different modules from different CAD-CAM-CAE systems, based on software performances, the process design can be optimized from technical point of view without extra costs. Into a single CAD-CAM-CAE system some modules are better others no and the software price is high.
By using online interactive catalogs the design process will be much simple. For all the elements used there are all the information technical and non-technical, so it can be easy made an estimative product cost (from point of view of elements).
The major advantage of product development using CAD-CAM-CAE software and Internet facilities is the short time dedicated to design process. This is improved with approximately70-80%.
REFERENCES:
[1] Constantin Ispas, Miron Zapciu, Cristina Mohora, Dorel Anania, Researches regarding the integrated conception of the mechanical systems, The 1st International Conference on Computing and Solutions in Manufacturing Engineering CoSME ’04, Brasov, 2004
[2] Ghionea, I., Anania, D. –?The management of the computer aided design using virtual prototype”, Proceedings of the International Conference on Manufacturing Systems ICMaS, , Editura Academiei Romane, Bucharest 2002
毕业设计（论文）外文参考文献及译文 英文题目Component-based Safety Computer of Railway Signal Interlocking System 中文题目模块化安全铁路信号计算机联锁系统 学院自动化与电气工程学院 专业自动控制 姓名葛彦宁 学号 200808746 指导教师贺清 2012年5月30日
Component-based Safety Computer of Railway Signal Interlocking System 1 Introduction Signal Interlocking System is the critical equipment which can guarantee traffic safety and enhance operational efficiency in railway transportation. For a long time, the core control computer adopts in interlocking system is the special customized high-grade safety computer, for example, the SIMIS of Siemens, the EI32 of Nippon Signal, and so on. Along with the rapid development of electronic technology, the customized safety computer is facing severe challenges, for instance, the high development costs, poor usability, weak expansibility and slow technology update. To overcome the flaws of the high-grade special customized computer, the U.S. Department of Defense has put forward the concept：we should adopt commercial standards to replace military norms and standards for meeting consumers’demand [1]. In the meantime, there are several explorations and practices about adopting open system architecture in avionics. The United Stated and Europe have do much research about utilizing cost-effective fault-tolerant computer to replace the dedicated computer in aerospace and other safety-critical fields. In recent years, it is gradually becoming a new trend that the utilization of standardized components in aerospace, industry, transportation and other safety-critical fields. 2 Railways signal interlocking system 2.1 Functions of signal interlocking system The basic function of signal interlocking system is to protect train safety by controlling signal equipments, such as switch points, signals and track units in a station, and it handles routes via a certain interlocking regulation. Since the birth of the railway transportation, signal interlocking system has gone through manual signal, mechanical signal, relay-based interlocking, and the modern computer-based Interlocking System. 2.2 Architecture of signal interlocking system Generally, the Interlocking System has a hierarchical structure. According to the function of equipments, the system can be divided to the function of equipments; the system
https://www.doczj.com/doc/bc12528182.html,/finance/company/consumer.html Consumer finance company The consumer finance division of the SG group of France has become highly active within India. They plan to offer finance for vehicles and two-wheelers to consumers, aiming to provide close to Rs. 400 billion in India in the next few years of its operations. The SG group is also dealing in stock broking, asset management, investment banking, private banking, information technology and business processing. SG group has ventured into the rapidly growing consumer credit market in India, and have plans to construct a headquarters at Kolkata. The AIG Group has been approved by the RBI to set up a non-banking finance company (NBFC). AIG seeks to introduce its consumer finance and asset management businesses in India. AIG Capital India plans to emphasize credit cards, mortgage financing, consumer durable financing and personal loans. Leading Indian and international concerns like the HSBC, Deutsche Bank, Goldman Sachs, Barclays and HDFC Bank are also waiting to be approved by the Reserve Bank of India to initiate similar operations. AIG is presently involved in insurance and financial services in more than one hundred countries. The affiliates of the AIG Group also provide retirement and asset management services all over the world. Many international companies have been looking at NBFC business because of the growing consumer finance market. Unlike foreign banks, there are no strictures on branch openings for the NBFCs. GE Consumer Finance is a section of General Electric. It is responsible for looking after the retail finance operations. GE Consumer Finance also governs the GE Capital Asia. Outside the United States, GE Consumer Finance performs its operations under the GE Money brand. GE Consumer Finance currently offers financial services in more than fifty countries. The company deals in credit cards, personal finance, mortgages and automobile solutions. It has a client base of more than 118 million customers throughout the world
The Competitive Dynamics in the Automotive Aftermarket: Branded Products and Private Label Products THE BUSINESS CASE Throughout the automotive aftermarket industry,senior executives are facing the reality of private brands. Similar dynamics exist outside of the automotive aftermarket and are intensifying in other sectors, such as traditional consumer goods. Also known as ―private label‖ and referred to across many consumer-oriented industries as ―store brands,‖ ―control brands‖ or ―own brands,‖ their risin g prominence has led top executives to ask: ? What issues and risks do U.S.-branded manufacturers face with respect to private brands? ? How are market forces different today than in years past? How will this landscape evolve? ? How can I better understand my operational blind spots in an increasingly competitive landscape? ? What can my management team focus on to protect and grow my brands? Where do we start? ?What are the similarities and differences between the private brand trends in the automotive aftermarket and the consumer products sector? ? What can be learned by automotive aftermarket executives from the private brand experiences in other sectors? Although answers to these questions are not simple and some market dynamics are not yet fully clear, the availability of private brands and other competitive trends are growing in the automotive aftermarket community, just as they are in many consumer product segments. One out of every three consumer products sold by one of the nation’s largest retailers is now private brand – up from one out of every five just a few years ago. With U.S. private brand sales in the grocery market surpassing well over $80 billion, for example, private brands can no longer be ignored by consumer product manufacturers. The U.S. market share of private brands in food, drug and mass merchant channels is more than 20 percent, according to industry data research firms. More than 80 percent of consumers shopping in big box, warehouse clubs and superstores frequently buy store brands and, depending on the specific product category, multiple store brands at a time. Retailers are focusing more resources on private branding to enhance margins, increase shelf velocity and expand store
On the vehicle sideslip angle estimation through neural networks: Numerical and experimental results. S. Melzi,E. Sabbioni Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing 25 (2011)：14~28 电脑估计车辆侧滑角的数值和实验结果 S.梅尔兹,E.赛博毕宁 机械系统和信号处理2011年第25期：14~28
摘要 将稳定控制系统应用于差动制动内/外轮胎是现在对客车车辆的标准（电子稳定系统ESP、直接偏航力矩控制DYC）。这些系统假设将两个偏航率(通常是衡量板)和侧滑角作为控制变量。不幸的是后者的具体数值只有通过非常昂贵却不适合用于普通车辆的设备才可以实现直接被测量,因此只能估计其数值。几个州的观察家最终将适应参数的参考车辆模型作为开发的目的。然而侧滑角的估计还是一个悬而未决的问题。为了避免有关参考模型参数识别/适应的问题,本文提出了分层神经网络方法估算侧滑角。横向加速度、偏航角速率、速度和引导角,都可以作为普通传感器的输入值。人脑中的神经网络的设计和定义的策略构成训练集通过数值模拟与七分布式光纤传感器的车辆模型都已经获得了。在各种路面上神经网络性能和稳定已经通过处理实验数据获得和相应的车辆和提到几个处理演习(一步引导、电源、双车道变化等)得以证实。结果通常显示估计和测量的侧滑角之间有良好的一致性。 1 介绍 稳定控制系统可以防止车辆的旋转和漂移。实际上，在轮胎和道路之间的物理极限的附着力下驾驶汽车是一个极其困难的任务。通常大部分司机不能处理这种情况和失去控制的车辆。最近,为了提高车辆安全，稳定控制系统(ESP[1,2]; DYC[3,4])介绍了通过将差动制动/驱动扭矩应用到内/外轮胎来试图控制偏航力矩的方法。 横摆力矩控制系统（DYC）是基于偏航角速率反馈进行控制的。在这种情况下,控制系统使车辆处于由司机转向输入和车辆速度控制的期望的偏航率[3,4]。然而为了确保稳定，防止特别是在低摩擦路面上的车辆侧滑角变得太大是必要的[1,2]。事实上由于非线性回旋力和轮胎滑移角之间的关系，转向角的变化几乎不改变偏航力矩。因此两个偏航率和侧滑角的实现需要一个有效的稳定控制系统[1,2]。不幸的是,能直接测量的侧滑角只能用特殊设备(光学传感器或GPS惯性传感器的组合)，现在这种设备非常昂贵,不适合在普通汽车上实现。因此, 必须在实时测量的基础上进行侧滑角估计，具体是测量横向/纵向加速度、角速度、引导角度和车轮角速度来估计车辆速度。 在主要是基于状态观测器/卡尔曼滤波器(5、6)的文学资料里, 提出了几个侧滑角估计策略。因为国家观察员都基于一个参考车辆模型,他们只有准确已知模型参数的情况下，才可以提供一个令人满意的估计。根据这种观点,轮胎特性尤其关键取决于附着条件、温度、磨损等特点。 轮胎转弯刚度的提出就是为了克服这些困难,适应观察员能够提供一个同步估计的侧滑角和附着条件[7,8]。这种方法的弊端是一个更复杂的布局的估计量导致需要很高的计算工作量。 另一种方法可由代表神经网络由于其承受能力模型非线性系统，这样不需要一个参
外文翻译 The influence of corporate governance on the relation between capital structure and value Material Source:Corporate Governance Author:Maurizio La Rocca Researches in Business Economics, and in particular, in Business economics and Finance have always analyzed the processes of economic value creation as their main field of studies. Starting from the provocative work of Modigliani and Miller (1958), capital structure became one of the main elements that following studies have shown as being essential in determining value. Half a century of research on capital structure attempted to verify the presence of an optimal capital structure that could amplify the company’s ability to create value. There is again quite a bit of interest in the topic of firm capital structure, on whether or not it is necessary to consider the important contribution offered by corporate governance as a variable that can explain the connection between capital structure and value, controlling opportunistic behavior in the economic relations between shareholders, debt holders and managers. In this sense, capital structure can influence firm value. Therefore, this paper examines the theoretical relationship between capital structure, corporate governance and value, formulating an interesting proposal for future research. The second paragraph describes the theoretical and empirical approach on capital structure and value, identifying the main threads of study. After having explained the concept of corporate governance and its connection with firm value, the relationship between capital structure, corporate governance and value, as well as the causes behind them, will be investigated. Capital structure: relation with corporate value and main research streams When looking at the most important theoretical contributions on the relation between capital structure and value, it becomes immediately evident that there is a substantial difference between the early theories and the more recent ones. Influence of corporate governance on the relation between capital structure and value Capital structure can be analyzed by looking at the rights and attributes that characterize the firm’s assets and that influence, with different levels of intensity,
中等分辨率制备分离的 快速色谱技术 W. Clark Still,* Michael K a h n , and Abhijit Mitra Departm(7nt o/ Chemistry, Columbia Uniuersity,1Veu York, Neu; York 10027 ReceiLied January 26, 1978 我们希望找到一种简单的吸附色谱技术用于有机化合物的常规净化。这种技术是适于传统的有机物大规模制备分离，该技术需使用长柱色谱法。尽管这种技术得到的效果非常好，但是其需要消耗大量的时间，并且由于频带拖尾经常出现低复原率。当分离的样本剂量大于1或者2g时，这些问题显得更加突出。近年来，几种制备系统已经进行了改进，能将分离时间减少到1-3h，并允许各成分的分辨率ΔR f≥（使用薄层色谱分析进行分析）。在这些方法中，在我们的实验室中，媒介压力色谱法1和短柱色谱法2是最成功的。最近，我们发现一种可以将分离速度大幅度提升的技术，可用于反应产物的常规提纯，我们将这种技术称为急骤色谱法。虽然这种技术的分辨率只是中等（ΔR f≥），而且构建这个系统花费非常低，并且能在10-15min内分离重量在的样本。4 急骤色谱法是以空气压力驱动的混合介质压力以及短柱色谱法为基础，专门针对快速分离，介质压力以及短柱色谱已经进行了优化。优化实验是在一组标准条件5下进行的，优化实验使用苯甲醇作为样本，放在一个20mm*5in.的硅胶柱60内，使用Tracor 970紫外检测器监测圆柱的输出。分辨率通过持续时间（r）和峰宽（w,w/2）的比率进行测定的（Figure 1），结果如图2-4所示，图2-4分别放映分辨率随着硅胶颗粒大小、洗脱液流速和样本大小的变化。
The development of automobile As the world energy crisis and the war and the energy consumption of oil -- and are full of energy in one day someday it will disappear without a trace. Oil is not inresources. So in oil consumption must be clean before finding a replacement. With the development of science and technology the progress of the society people invented the electric car. Electric cars will become the most ideal of transportation. In the development of world each aspect is fruitful especially with the automobile electronic technology and computer and rapid development of the information age. The electronic control technology in the car on a wide range of applications the application of the electronic device cars and electronic technology not only to improve and enhance the quality and the traditional automobile electrical performance but also improve the automobile fuel economy performance reliability and emission spurification. Widely used in automobile electronic products not only reduces the cost and reduce the complexity of the maintenance. From the fuel injection engine ignition devices air control and emission control and fault diagnosis to the body auxiliary devices are generally used in electronic control technology auto development mainly electromechanical integration. Widely used in automotive electronic control ignition system mainly electronic control fuel injection system electronic control ignition system electronic control automatic transmission electronic control ABS/ASR control system electronic control suspension system electronic control power steering system vehicle dynamic control system the airbag systems active belt system electronic control system and the automatic air-conditioning and GPS navigation system etc. With the system response the use function of quick car high reliability guarantees of engine power and reduce fuel consumption and emission regulations meet standards. The car is essential to modern traffic tools. And electric cars bring us infinite joy will give us the physical and mental relaxation. Take for example automatic transmission in road can not on the clutch can achieve automatic shift and engine flameout not so effective improve the driving convenience lighten the fatigue strength. Automatic transmission consists mainly of hydraulic torque converter gear transmission pump hydraulic control system electronic control system and oil cooling system etc. The electronic control of suspension is mainly used to cushion the impact of the body and the road to reduce vibration that car getting smooth-going and stability. When the vehicle in the car when the road uneven road can according to automatically adjust the height. When the car ratio of height low set to gas or oil cylinder filling or oil. If is opposite gas or diarrhea. To ensure and improve the level of driving cars driving stability. Variable force power steering system can significantly change the driver for the work efficiency and the state so widely used in electric cars. VDC to vehicle performance has important function it can according to the need of active braking to change the wheels of the car car motions of state and optimum control performance and increased automobile adhesion controlling and stability. Besides these appear beyond 4WS 4WD electric cars can greatly improve the performance of the value and ascending simultaneously. ABS braking distance is reduced and can keep turning skills effectively improve the stability of the directions simultaneously reduce tyre wear. The airbag appear in large programs protected the driver and passengers safety and greatly reduce automobile in collision of drivers and passengers in the buffer to protect the safety of life. Intelligent electronic technology in the bus to promote safe driving and that the other functions. The realization of automatic driving through various sensors. Except some smart cars equipped with multiple outside sensors can fully perception of information and traffic facilities
附录 Modern car’s design always stresses people-oriented, so safety, comfort, Environmental protection and energy saving have been the design theme And target in car design. Ergonomics layout design is not only relate to the effective use of internal space and improve car’s comfort and safety Performance, but it will also impact internal and external modeling results, and further affects the vehicle's overall performance and marketability.Soergonomics’application and research during car design and development process occupy an important position.After more than 50 years of construction and development, China’s Automobile industry has become the leading power of automobile production and consumption in the world. In particular, with the rise and rapid de velopment of independent brand’s vehicles, we pay more attention To the development processes and the technical requirements of hard Points’ layout. Through the three typical processes such as modern vehicle developing Process, body development process and using ergonomic to progress Inner auto-body layout, describe ergonomic layoationship between design, Aunt design in which stage of the process of vehicle development, the red The importance of working steps. The automobile body total arrangement is the automobile design most initial is also the most essential step, is other design stage premise and the foundation, to a great extent is deciding the body design success or failure. Picks generally in the actual design process With by forward and reverse two design method (1) to design (from inside to outside law) to design method namely "humanist", is coming based on the human body arrangement tool to define the pilot and the crew member gradually rides the space and the vehicle comes to pay tribute each article the arrangement, take satisfies the human body to ride with the driving comfortableness as the premise, said simply is determined first satisfies the human body to ride under the comfortable premise, carries on the indoor arrangement first, then carries on the complete bikes external styling design again. The concrete method and the step are as follows: ①Determine 5% and 95% manikin H position and the chair by the SAE recommendation's enjoyable line or the region law adjustment traveling schedule, seat
外文翻译--公司的股权结构、公司治理和资本结构决策— —来自加纳的实证研究 本科毕业论文(设计) 文翻译外 原文: Ownership structure, corporate governance and capital structure decisions of firms Empirical evidence from Ghana 1. Introduction The relevance of capital structure to firm value remains fairly established following the seminal article by Modigliani and Miller, 1958 (Grabowski and Mueller, 1972; McCabe, 1979; Anderson and Reeb, 2003). Several theories including the pecking order theory, the free cash flow, the capital signaling, the trade-off, and market timing theories (windows of opportunities) and the fact that capital structure is voluntarily chosen by managers (Zwiebel, 1996) have been propounded to explain the choice of capital structure. Also, considerable research attention has been paid to the impact of agency costs on corporate financing since Jensen and Meckling (1976) published their paper. Crutchley and Hansen (1989) maintain that managers’ choice of stock ownership in the firm, the firm’s mixture of outside debt and equity financing, and dividends are