European Union White Paper On Sport
Brussels, 11.7.2007
COM(2007) 391 final
Presented by the Commission:
SEC(2007) 932, SEC(2007) 934, SEC(2007) 935, SEC(2007) 936
contents
1.Introduction
2.The societal role of sport
1.Enhancing public health through physical activity
2.Joining forces in the fight against doping
3.Enhancing the role of sport in education and training
4.Promoting volunteering and active citizenship through sport
https://www.doczj.com/doc/be14237296.html,ing the potential of sport for social inclusion, integration and equal opportunities
6.Strengthening the prevention of and fight against racism and violence
7.Sharing our values with other parts of the world
8.Supporting sustainable development
3.The economic dimension of sport
1.Moving towards evidence-based sport policies
2.Putting public support for sport on a more secure footing
4.The organisation of sport
1.The specificity of sport
2.Free movement and nationality
3.Transfers
4.Players' agents
5.Protection of minors
6.Corruption, money laundering and other forms of financial crime
7.Licensing systems for clubs
8.Media
5.Follow-up
1.Structured dialogue
2.Cooperation with Member States
6.Conclusion
1. Introduction
"Sport is part of every man and woman's heritage and its absence can never be compensated for."– Pierre de Coubertin[1]
Sport[2]is a growing social and economic phenomenon which makes an important contribution to the European Union's strategic objectives of solidarity and prosperity. The Olympic ideal of developing sport to promote peace and understanding among nations and cultures as well as the education of young people was born in Europe and has been fostered by the International Olympic Committee and the European Olympic Committees.
Sport attracts European citizens, with a majority of people taking part in sporting activities on a regular basis. It generates important values such as team spirit, solidarity, tolerance and fair play, contributing to personal development and fulfilment. It promotes the active contribution of EU citizens to society and thereby helps to foster active citizenship. The Commission acknowledges the essential role of sport in European society, in particular when it needs to bring itself closer to citizens and to tackle issues that matter directly to them.
However, sport is also confronted with new threats and challenges which have emerged in European society, such as commercial pressure, exploitation of young players, doping, racism, violence, corruption and money laundering.
This initiative marks the first time that the Commission is addressing sport-related issues in a comprehensive manner. Its overall objective is to give strategic orientation on the role of sport in Europe, to encourage debate on specific problems, to enhance the visibility of sport in EU policy-making and to raise public awareness of the needs and specificities of the sector. The initiative aims to illustrate important issues such as the application of EU law to sport. It also seeks to set out further sports-related action at EU level.
This White Paper is not starting from scratch. Sport is subject to the application of the acquis communautaire and European policies in a number of areas already have a considerable and growing impact on sport.
The important role of sport in European society and its specific nature were recognised in December 2000 in the European Council’s Declaration on the specific characteristics of sport and its social function in Europe, of which account should be taken in implementing common policies (the "Nice Declaration"). It points out that sporting organisations and Member States have a primary responsibility in the conduct of sporting affairs, with a central role for sports federations. It clarifies that sporting organisations have to exercise their task to organise and promote their particular sports "with due regard to national and Community legislation". At the same time, it recognises that, "even though not having any direct powers in this area, the Community must, in its action under the various Treaty provisions, take account of the social, educational and cultural functions inherent in sport and making it special, in order that the code of ethics and the solidarity essential to the preservation of its social role may be respected and nurtured." The European institutions have recognised the specificity of the role sport plays in European society, based on
volunteer-driven structures, in terms of health, education, social integration, and culture.
The European Parliament has followed the various challenges facing European sport with keen interest and has regularly dealt with sporting issues in recent years.
In preparing this White Paper, the Commission has held numerous consultations with sport stakeholders on issues of common interest as well as an o n-line consultation. They have demonstrated that considerable expectations exist concerning the role of sport in Europe and EU action in this area.
This White Paper focuses on the societal role of sport, its economic dimension and its organisation in Europe, and on the follow-up that will be given to this initiative. Concrete proposals for further EU action are brought together in an Action Plan named after Pierre de Coubertin which contains activities to be implemented or supported by the Commission. A Staff Working Document contains the background and context of the proposals, including annexes on Sport and EU Competition Rules, Sport and Internal Market Freedoms, and on consultations with stakeholders.
2. The societal role of sport
Sport is an area of human activity that greatly interests citizens of the European Union and has enormous potential for bringing them together, reaching out to all, regardless of age or social origin. According to a November 2004 Eurobarometer survey[3], approximately 60% of European citizens participate in sporting activities on a regular basis within or outside some 700,000 clubs, which are themselves members of a plethora of associations and federations. The vast majority of sporting activity takes place in amateur structures. Professional sport is of growing importance and contributes equally to the societal role of sport. In addition to improving the health of European citizens, sport has an educational dimension and plays a social, cultural and recreational role. The societal role of sport also has the potential to strengthen the Union's external relations.
2.1 Enhancing public health through physical activity
Lack of physical activity reinforces the occurrence of overweight, obesity and a number of chronic conditions such as cardio-vascular diseases and diabetes, which reduce the quality of life, put individuals' lives at risk and are a burden on health budgets and the economy.
The Commission's White Paper "A Strategy for Europe on Nutrition, Overweight and Obesity related health issues"[4] underlines the importance of taking pro-active steps to reverse the decline in physical activity, and actions suggested in the area of physical activity in the two White Papers will complement each other.
As a tool for health-enhancing physical activity, the sport movement has a greater influence than any other social movement. Sport is attractive to people and has a positive image. However, the recognised potential of the sport movement to foster health-enhancing physical activity often remains under-utilised and needs to be developed.
The World Health Organisation (WHO) recommends a minimum of 30 minutes of moderate physical activity (including but not limited to sport) per day for adults and 60
minutes for children. Public authorities and private organisations in Member States should all contribute to reaching this objective. Recent studies tend to show that
The Commission recommends strengthening the cooperation between the health, education and sport sectors to be promoted at ministerial level in the Member States in order to define and implement coherent strategies to reduce overweight, obesity and other health risks. In this context, the Commission encourages Member States to examine how to promote the concept of active living through the national education and training systems, including the training of teachers.
Sport organisations are encouraged to take into account their potential for
health-enhancing physical activity and to undertake activities for this purpose. The Commission will facilitate the exchange of information and good practice, in particular
2.2 Joining forces in the fight against doping
Doping poses a threat to sport worldwide, including European sports. It undermines the principle of open and fair competition. It is a demotivating factor for sport in general and puts the professional under unreasonable pressure. It seriously affects the image of sport and poses a serious threat to individual health. At European level, the fight against doping must take into account both a law-enforcement and a health
The Commission recommends that trade in illicit doping substances be treated in the same manner as trade in illicit drugs throughout the EU.
The Commission calls on all actors with a responsibility for public health to take the health-hazard aspects of doping into account. It calls on sport organisations to develop rules of good practice to ensure that young sportsmen and sportswomen are better informed and educated of doping substances, prescription medicines which may contain them, and their health implications.
The EU would benefit from a more coordinated approach in the fight against doping, in particular by defining common positions in relation to the Council of Europe, WADA and UNESCO, and through the exchange of information and good practice between Governments, national anti-doping organisations and laboratories. Proper implementation of the UNESCO Convention against Doping in Sport by the Member
2.3 Enhancing the role of sport in education and training
Through its role in formal and non-formal education, sport reinforces Europe's human capital. The values conveyed through sport help develop knowledge, motivation, skills and readiness for personal effort. Time spent in sport activities at school and at university produces health and education benefits which need to be enhanced. Based on experience gained during the 2004 European Year of Education through Sport, the Commission encourages support for sport and physical activity through various policy initiatives in the field of education and training, including the development of social and civic competences in accordance with the 2006 Recommendation on key competences for lifelong learning[5].
market at the end of their sporting careers, the Commission emphasises the importance of taking into account at an early stage the need to provide "dual career"
training for young sportsmen and sportswomen and to provide high quality local training centres to safeguard their moral, educational and professional interests.
The Commission has launched a study on the training of young sportsmen and sportswomen in Europe, the results of which could feed into the abovementioned policies and programmes.
Investment in and promotion of training of young talented sportsmen and sportswomen in proper conditions is crucial for a sustainable development of sport at all levels. The Commission stresses that training systems for talented young sportsmen and sportswomen should be open to all and must not lead to discrimination
2.4 Promoting volunteering and active citizenship through sport
Participation in a team, principles such as fair-play, compliance with the rules of the game, respect for others, solidarity and discipline as well as the organisation of amateur sport based on non-profit clubs and volunteering reinforce active citizenship. Volunteering in sport organisations provides many occasions for non-formal education which need to be recognised and enhanced. Sport also provides attractive possibilities for young people's engagement and involvement in society and may have a beneficial effect in helping people steer away from delinquency.
There are, however, new trends in the way people, particularly the young, practice sport. There is a growing tendency to practise sport individually, rather than collectively and in an organised structure, which is resulting in a declining volunteer
2.5 Using the potential of sport for social inclusion, integration and equal opportunities
Sport makes an important contribution to economic and social cohesion and more integrated societies. All residents should have access to sport. The specific needs and situation of under-represented groups therefore need to be addressed, and the special role that sport can play for young people, people with disabilities and people from less privileged backgrounds must be taken into account. Sport can also facilitate the integration into society of migrants and persons of foreign origin as well as support inter-cultural dialogue.
Sport promotes a shared sense of belonging and participation and may therefore also be an important tool for the integration of immigrants. It is in this context that making available spaces for sport and supporting sport-related activities is important for allowing immigrants and the host society to interact together in a positive way.
The Commission believes that better use can be made of the potential of sport as an instrument for social inclusion in the policies, actions and programmes of the European Union and of Member States. This includes the contribution of sport to job creation and to economic growth and revitalisation, particularly in disadvantaged areas. Non-profit sport activities contributing to social cohesion and social inclusion of vulnerable groups can be considered as social services of general interest.
The Open Method of Coordination on social protection and social inclusion will continue to include sport as a tool and indicator. Studies, seminars, conferences, policy proposals and action plans will include access to sport and/or belonging to
The Commission furthermore encourages Member States and sport organisations to adapt sport infrastructure to take into account the needs of people with disabilities. Member States and local authorities should ensure that sport venues and accommodations are accessible for people with disabilities. Specific criteria should be adopted for ensuring equal access to sport for all pupils, and specifically for children with disabilities. Training of monitors, volunteers and host staff of clubs and organisations for the purpose of welcoming people with disabilities will be promoted. In its consultations with sport stakeholders, the Commission takes special care to
2.6 Strengthening the prevention of and fight against racism and violence Violence at sport events, especially at football grounds, remains a disturbing problem and can take different forms. It has been shifting from inside stadiums to outside, including urban areas. The Commission is committed to contributing to the prevention of incidents by promoting and facilitating dialogue with Member States, international organisations (e.g. Council of Europe), sport organisations, law enforcement services and other stakeholders (e.g. supporters' organisations and local authorities). Law enforcement authorities cannot deal with the underlying causes of sport violence in isolation.
The Commission also encourages the exchange of best practice and of operational information on risk-supporters among police services and/or sport authorities. Particular importance will be given to police training on crowd management and hooliganism.
Sport involves all citizens regardless of gender, race, age, disability, religion and belief, sexual orientation and social or economic background. The Commission has repeatedly condemned all manifestations of racism and xenophobia, which are
The Commission recommends sport federations to have procedures for dealing with racist abuse during matches, based on existing initiatives. It also recommends strengthening provisions regarding discrimination in licensing systems for clubs (see
2.7 Sharing our values with other parts of the world
Sport can play a role regarding different aspects of the EU's external relations: as an element of external assistance programmes, as an element of dialogue with partner countries and as part of the EU's public diplomacy.
Through concrete actions, sport has a considerable potential as a tool to promote
When addressing sport in its development policies, the EU will make its best effort to create synergies with existing programmes of the United Nations, Member States, local authorities and private bodies. It will implement actions that are complementary or innovative with respect to existing programmes and actions. The memorandum of understanding signed between the Commission and FIFA in 2006 to make football a force for development in African, Caribbean and Pacific countries is an example in this
Rapid visa and immigration procedures for, in particular, elite sportspersons from non-EU countries are an important element to enhance the EU's international attractiveness. In addition to the on-going process of concluding visa facilitation agreements with third countries and the consolidation of the visa regime applicable to members of the Olympic family during Olympic Games, the EU needs to develop
2.8 Supporting sustainable development
The practice of sport, sport facilities and sport events all have a significant impact on the environment. It is important to promote environmentally sound management, fit to address inter alia green procurement, greenhouse gas emissions, energy efficiency, waste disposal and the treatment of soil and water. European sport organisations and sport event organisers should adopt environmental objectives in order to make their activities environmentally sustainable. By improving their credibility on environmental matters, responsible organisations could expect specific benefits while bidding to host sport events as well as economic benefits related to a more rationalised use of natural
3. The economic dimension of sport
Sport is a dynamic and fast-growing sector with an underestimated macro-economic impact, and can contribute to the Lisbon objectives of growth and job creation. It can serve as a tool for local and regional development, urban regeneration or rural development. Sport has synergies with tourism and can stimulate the upgrading of infrastructure and the emergence of new partnerships for financing sport and leisure facilities.
Although sound and comparable data on the economic weight of sport are generally lacking, its importance is confirmed by studies and analyses of national accounts, the economics of large-scale sporting events, and physical inactivity costs, including for the ageing population. A study presented during the Austrian Presidency in 2006 suggested that sport in a broader sense generated value-added of 407 billion euros in 2004, accounting for 3.7% of EU GDP, and employment for 15 million people or 5.4% of the labour force[6]. This contribution of sport should be made more visible and promoted in EU policies.
A growing part of the economic value of sports is linked to intellectual property rights. These rights relate to copyright, commercial communications, trademarks, and image and media rights. In an increasingly globalised and dynamic sector, the effective enforcement of intellectual property rights around the world is becoming an essential part of the health of the sport economy. It is also important that recipients are guaranteed the possibility to have distance access to sport events at cross-border level within the EU.
On the other hand, notwithstanding the overall economic importance of sport, the vast majority of sporting activities takes place in non-profit structures, many of which depend on public support to provide access to sporting activities to all citizens.
3.1 Moving towards evidence-based sport policies
The launch of policy actions and enhanced cooperation on sport at EU level needs to be underpinned by a sound knowledge base. The quality and comparability of data need to be improved to allow for better strategic planning and policy-making in the area of sport.
Governmental and non-governmental stakeholders have repeatedly called upon the Commission to develop a European statistical definition of sport and to coordinate
3.2 Putting public support for sport on a more secure footing
Sport organisations have many sources of income, including club fees and ticket sales, advertising and sponsorship, media rights, re-distribution of income within the sport federations, merchandising, public support etc. However, some sport organisations have considerably better access to resources from business operators than others, even if in some cases a well-functioning system of redistribution is in place. In grassroots sport, equal opportunities and open access to sporting activities can only be guaranteed through strong public involvement. The Commission understands the importance of public support for grassroots sport and sport for all, and is in favour of such support provided it is granted in accordance with Community law.
In many Member States sport is partly financed through a tax or levy on state-run or state-licensed gambling or lottery services. The Commission invites Member States to reflect upon how best to maintain and develop a sustainable financing model for
In the field of indirect taxation, the EU's VAT legislation is laid down in Council Directive 2006/112/EC, which aims at ensuring that the application of Member State legislation on VAT does not distort competition or hinder the free movement of goods and services. The Directive provides for both the possibility for Member States to exempt certain sport-related services and, where exemption does not apply, the
4. The organisation of sport
The political debate on sport in Europe often attributes considerable importance to the so-called "European Sport Model". The Commission considers that certain values and traditions of European sport should be promoted. In view of the diversity and complexities of European sport structures it considers, however, that it is unrealistic to try to define a unified model of organisation of sport in Europe. Moreover, economic and social developments that are common to the majority of the Member States (increasing commercialisation, challenges to public spending, increasing numbers of participants and stagnation in the number of voluntary workers) have resulted in new challenges for the organisation of sport in Europe. The emergence of new stakeholders (participants outside the organised disciplines, professional sports clubs, etc.) is posing new questions as regards governance, democracy and representation of interests within the sport movement.
The Commission can play a role in encouraging the sharing of best practice in sport governance. It can also help to develop a common set of principles for good governance in sport, such as transparency, democracy, accountability and representation of stakeholders (associations, federations, players, clubs, leagues, supporters, etc.). While doing so the Commission will draw on previous work[7]. Attention should also be paid to the representation of women in management and leadership positions.
The Commission acknowledges the autonomy of sporting organisations and representative structures (such as leagues). Furthermore, it recognises that governance is mainly the responsibility of sports governing bodies and, to some extent, the Member States and social partners. Nonetheless, dialogue with sports organisations has brought a number of areas to the Commission’s attention, which are addressed below. The Commission considers that most challenges can be addressed through self-regulation respectful of good governance principles, provided that EU law is respected, and is ready to play a facilitating role or take action if necessary.
4.1 The specificity of sport
Sport activity is subject to the application of EU law. This is described in detail in the Staff Working Document and its annexes. Competition law and Internal Market provisions apply to sport in so far as it constitutes an economic activity. Sport is also subject to other important aspects of EU law, such as the prohibition of discrimination on grounds of nationality, provisions regarding citizenship of the Union and equality between men and women in employment.
At the same time, sport has certain specific characteristics, which are often referred to as the "specificity of sport". The specificity of European sport can be approached through two prisms:
?The specificity of sporting activities and of sporting rules, such as separate
competitions for men and women, limitations on the number of participants in
competitions, or the need to ensure uncertainty concerning outcomes and to
preserve a competitive balance between clubs taking part in the same
competitions;
?The specificity of the sport structure, including notably the autonomy and
diversity of sport organisations, a pyramid structure of competitions from
grassroots to elite level and organised solidarity mechanisms between the
different levels and operators, the organisation of sport on a national basis, and the principle of a single federation per sport;
The case law of the European courts and decisions of the European Commission show that the specificity of sport has been recognised and taken into account. They also provide guidance on how EU law applies to sport. In line with established case law, the specificity of sport will continue to be recognised, but it cannot be construed so as to justify a general exemption from the application of EU law.
As is explained in detail in the Staff Working Document and its annexes, there are organisational sporting rules that – based on their legitimate objectives – are likely not to breach the anti-trust provisions of the EC Treaty, provided that their
anti-competitive effects, if any, are inherent and proportionate to the objectives pursued. Examples of such rules would be "rules of the game" (e.g. rules fixing the length of matches or the number of players on the field), rules concerning selection criteria for sport competitions, "at home and away from home" rules, rules preventing multiple ownership in club competitions, rules concerning the composition of national teams, anti-doping rules and rules concerning transfer periods.
However, in respect of the regulatory aspects of sport, the assessment whether a certain sporting rule is compatible with EU competition law can only be made on a case-by-case basis, as recently confirmed by the European Court of Justice in its Meca-Medina ruling[8]. The Court provided a clarification regarding the impact of EU law on sporting rules. It dismissed the notion of "purely sporting rules" as irrelevant for the question of the applicability of EU competition rules to the sport sector.
The Court recognised that the specificity of sport has to be taken into consideration in the sense that restrictive effects on competition that are inherent in the organisation and proper conduct of competitive sport are not in breach of EU competition rules, provided that these effects are proportionate to the legitimate genuine sporting interest pursued. The necessity of a proportionality test implies the need to take into account the individual features of each case. It does not allow for the formulation of general guidelines on the application of competition law to the sport sector.
4.2 Free movement and nationality
The organisation of sport and of competitions on a national basis is part of the historical and cultural background of the European approach to sport, and corresponds to the wishes of European citizens. In particular, national teams play an essential role not only in terms of identity but also to secure solidarity with grassroots sport, and therefore deserve to be supported.
Discrimination on grounds of nationality is prohibited in the Treaties, which establish the right for any citizen of the Union to move and reside freely in the territory of the Member States. The Treaties also aim to abolish any discrimination based on nationality between workers of the Member States as regards employment, remuneration and other conditions of work and employment. The same prohibitions apply to discrimination based on nationality in the provision of services. Moreover, membership of sports clubs and participation in competitions are relevant factors to promote the integration of residents into the society of the host country.
Equal treatment also concerns citizens of States which have signed agreements with the EU that contain non-discrimination clauses, and who are legally employed in the
The Commission reaffirms its acceptance of limited and proportionate restrictions (in line with EU Treaty provisions on free movement and European Court of Justice rulings) to the principle of free movement in particular as regards:
?The right to select national athletes for national team competitions;
?The need to limit the number of participants in a competition;
4.3 Transfers
In the absence of transfer rules, the integrity of sport competitions could be challenged by clubs recruiting players during a given season to prevail upon their competitors. At the same time, any rule on the transfer of players must respect EU law (competition provisions and rules on the free movement of workers).
In 2001, in the context of the pursuit of a case concerning alleged infringements of EC competition law and after discussions with the Commission, football authorities undertook to revise FIFA Regulations on international football transfers, based on compensation for training costs incurred by sports clubs, the creation of transfer periods, the protection of school education of underage players, and guaranteed access to national courts.
The Commission considers such a system to constitute an example of good practice that ensures a competitive equilibrium between sport clubs while taking into account the requirements of EU law.
The transfer of players also gives rise to concerns about the legality of the financial flows involved. To increase transparency in money flows related to transfers, an information and verification system for transfers could be an effective solution. The Commission considers that such a system should only have a control function; financial transactions should be conducted directly between the parties involved. Depending on the sport, the system could be run by the relevant European sport organisation, or by national information and verification systems in the Member States.
4.4 Players' agents
The development of a truly European market for players and the rise in the level of players’ salaries in some sports has resulted in an increase in the activities of players’ agents. In an increasingly complex legal environment, many players (but also sport clubs) ask for the services of agents to negotiate and sign contracts.
There are reports of bad practices in the activities of some agents which have resulted in instances of corruption, money laundering and exploitation of underage players. These practices are damaging for sport in general and raise serious go vernance questions. The health and security of players, particularly minors, has to be protected and criminal activities fought against.
Moreover, agents are subject to differing regulations in different Member States. Some Member States have introduced specific legislation on players' agents while in others the applicable law is the general law regarding employment agencies, but with references to players' agents. Moreover, some international federations (FIFA, FIBA) have introduced their own regulations.
For these reasons, repeated calls have been made on the EU to regulate the activity
4.5 Protection of minors
The exploitation of young players is continuing. The most serious problem concerns children who are not selected for competitions and abandoned in a foreign country, often falling in this way in an irregular position which fosters their further exploitation. Although in most cases this phenomenon does not fall into the legal definition of trafficking in human beings, it is unacceptable given the fundamental values recognised by the EU and its Member States. It is also contrary to the values of sport. Protective measures for unaccompanied minors in Member State immigration laws need to be applied rigorously. Sexual abuse and harassment of minors in sport must
4.6 Corruption, money laundering and other forms of financial crime Corruption, money laundering and other forms of financial crime are affecting sport at local, national and international levels. Given the sector's high degree of internationalisation, corruption in the sport sector often has cross-border aspects. Corruption problems with a European dimension need to be tackled at European level. EU anti-money laundering mechanisms should apply effectively also in the sport
4.7 Licensing systems for clubs
The Commission acknowledges the usefulness of robust licensing systems for professional clubs at European and national levels as a tool for promoting good governance in sport. Licensing systems generally aim to ensure that all clubs respect the same basic rules on financial management and transparency, but could also include provisions regarding discrimination, violence, protection of minors and training. Such systems must be compatible with competition and Internal Market provisions and may not go beyond what is necessary for the pursuit of a legitimate objective relating to the proper organisation and conduct of sport.
Efforts need to concentrate on the implementation and gradual reinforcement of licensing systems. In the case of football, where a licensing system will soon be compulsory for clubs entering European competitions, action needs to concentrate on
4.8 Media
Issues concerning the relationship between the sport sector and sport media (television in particular) have become crucial as television rights are the primary source of income for professional sport in Europe. Conversely, sport media rights are a decisive source of content for many media operators.
Sport has been a driving force behind the emergence of new media and interactive television services. The Commission will continue to support the right to information
and wide access for citizens to broadcasts of sport events, which are seen as being of high interest or major importance for society.
The application of the competition provisions of the EC Treaty to the selling of media rights of sport events takes into account a number of specific characteristics in this area. Sport media rights are sometimes sold collectively by a sport association on behalf of individual clubs (as opposed to clubs marketing the rights individually). While joint selling of media rights raises competition concerns, the Commission has accepted it under certain conditions. Collective selling can be important for the redistribution of income and can thus be a tool for achieving greater solidarity within sports.
The Commission recognises the importance of an equitable redistribution of income between clubs, including the smallest ones, and between professional and amateur
5. Follow-up
The Commission will follow up on the initiatives presented in this White Paper through the implementation of a structured dialogue with sport stakeholders, cooperation with the Member States, and the promotion of social dialogue in the sport sector.
5.1 Structured dialogue
European sport is characterised by a multitude of complex and diverse structures which enjoy different types of legal status and levels of autonomy in Member States. Unlike other sectors and due to the very nature of organised sport, European sport structures are, as a rule, less well developed than sport structures at national and international levels. Moreover, European sport is generally organised according to continental structures, and not at EU level.
Stakeholders agree that the Commission has an important role to play in contributing to the European debate on sport by providing a platform for dialogue with sport stakeholders. Wide consultation with “interested parties” is one of the Commission’s duties according to the Treaties.
In view of the complex and diverse sports culture in Europe, the Commission intends to involve notably the following actors in its structured dialogue:
?European Sport Federations;
?European umbrella organisations for sport, notably the European Olympic
Committees (EOC), the European Paralympic Committee (EPC) and European non-governmental sport organisations;
?National umbrella organisations for sport and national Olympic and
Paralympic Committees;
?Other actors in the field of sport represented at European level, including
social partners;
?Other European and international organisations, in particular the Council of
5.2 Cooperation with Member States
Cooperation among Member States on sport at EU level takes place in informal ministerial meetings, as well as at the administrative level by Sport Directors. A Rolling Agenda for sport was adopted by EU Sport Ministers in 2004 to define priority
mechanism of the Rolling Agenda, for example:
?To jointly define priorities for sport policy cooperation;
?To report regularly to EU Sport Ministers on progress.
Closer cooperation will require the regular organisation of Sport Ministers and Sport Directors meetings under each Presidency, which should be taken into account by
5.3 Social dialogue
In the light of a growing number of challenges to sport governance, social dialogue at European level can contribute to addressing common concerns of employers and athletes, including agreements on employment relations and working conditions in the sector in accordance with EC Treaty provisions.
The Commission has been supporting projects for the consolidation of social dialogue in the sport sector in general as well as in the football sector. These projects have created a basis for social dialogue at European level and the consolidation of European-level organisations. A Sectoral Social Dialogue Committee can be established by the Commission on the basis of a joint request by social partners. The Commission considers that a European social dialogue in the sport sector or in its sub-sectors (e.g. football) is an instrument which would allow social partners to contribute to the shaping of employment relations and working conditions in an active and participative way. In this area, such a social dialogue could also lead to the
establishment of commonly agreed codes of conduct or charters, which could address
The support that the Member States should make available for capacity building and joint actions of social partners through the European Social Fund in the convergence regions should also be used for capacity building of the social partners in the sport sector.
6. CONCLUSION
The White Paper contains a number of actions to be implemented or supported by the Commission. Together, these actions form the "Pierre de Coubertin" Action Plan which will guide the Commission in its sport-related activities during the coming years. The White Paper has taken full advantage of the possibilities offered by the current Treaties. A mandate has been given by the European Council of June 2007 for the Intergovernmental Conference, which foresees a Treaty provision on sport. If necessary, the Commission may return to this issue and indicate further steps in the context of a new Treaty provision.
The Commission will organise a conference to present the White Paper to sport stakeholders in the autumn of 2007. Its findings will be presented to EU Sport Ministers by the end of 2007. The White Paper will also be presented to the European Parliament, the Committee of the Regions and the Economic and Social Committee.
1.Pierre de Coubertin (1863-1937), French pedagogue and historian, founder of the modern Olympic Games.
2.For the sake of clarity and simplicity, this White Paper will use the definition of "sport" established by the Council of Europe: "all forms of physical activity which, through casual or organised participation, aim at expressing or impro ving physical fitness and mental well-being, forming social relationships or obtaining results in competition at all levels."
3.Special Eurobarometer (2004): The Citizens of the European Union and Sport.
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5.2007
5.Recommendation of the European Parliament and of the Council, of 18 December 2006, on key competences for lifelong learning (Official Journal L 394 of 30.12.2006).
6.D. Dimitrov / C. Helmenstein / A. Kleissner / B. Moser / J. Schindler: Die
makro?konomischen Effekte des Sports in Europa, Studie im Auftrag des Bundeskanzleramts, Sektion Sport, Wien, 2006
7.E.g. the "Rules of the Game" conference organised in 2001 by FIA and the EOC and the Independent European Sport Review carried out in 2006.
8.Case C-519/04P, Meca Medina v. Commission, ECR 2006, I-6991. For more details, see the Staff Working Document.
月日 体能项目名称走的协调性系列练习（一）班级中一班 本班幼儿体能分析1、幼儿能够一个接着一个大胆随意走 2、个别幼儿走姿需调整，踏步缺少力度和协调性。 活动初步规划 活动目标1、练习有力地原地踏步和整齐的齐步走 2、以快乐的心情参与活动，并能保护自己 场地图 活动材料口哨 借助器械暂无 人员配合需要1位老师配合 活动过程 一、热身运动（唤醒经验） 情境导入：新的一年开始了，看过升旗的孩子们，解放军 叔叔是什么样子的？ 集中腿部、膝盖、脚踝的准备运动 二、重点动作练习(梳理经验） 1、教师示范（摆臂、屈膝、落地） 2、幼儿练习 3、幼儿示 范及总结4、幼儿练习及指导 三、原地踏步（运用经验） 每隔一行站一队幼儿，根据哨声，连续有力的原地踏步， 分辨哨音响起时，左脚落地 四、放松整理运动 备注 隔一行，列一队
月日 体能项目名称走的协调性系列练习（二）班级中一班 本班幼儿体能分析1、幼儿能够在指挥下整齐地踏步 2、个别幼儿走姿需调整，踏步缺少力度和协调性。 活动初步规划 活动目标1、练习整齐的齐步走，并能够四列一起转弯 2、以快乐的心情参与活动，并能保护自己 场地图 活动材料口哨 借助器械暂无 人员配合需要1位老师配合 活动过程 一、热身运动（唤醒经验） 情境导入：新的一年开始了，看过升旗的孩子们，解放军 叔叔是什么样子的？ 集中腿部、膝盖、脚踝的准备运动 二、重点动作练习(梳理经验） 1、教师示范（摆臂、左脚迈步、左右交替） 2、幼儿练习 3、 幼儿示范及总结4、幼儿练习及指导 三、齐步走（运用经验） 1、每隔一行站一队幼儿，根据哨声，连续有力的齐步走， 分辨哨音响起时，左脚落地2、两路纵队一起转弯时，里侧 队伍需踏步等待，四路纵队转弯时，外侧队伍需大步向前。 四、放松整理运动 备注 隔一行，列一队
欧盟化学品分类、标签及包装法案 欧盟通过一项关于化学物质和混合剂分类、标签及包装的法规议案。新法规修订第67／548／EEC号指令、第1999／45／EEC号指令及第1907/2006号法规。新法规对化学物质的分类及标签的准则或责任做出规定，填补了REACH法规具体化学物质分类及标签内容的缺失，并与其相辅相成，共同构筑欧盟抵御危险化学品的绿色壁垒。20l0年12月1日依照本法规对物质进行分类；于2015年6月1日对混合物进行分类，现行的相关法规、法案、指令拟从相应的过渡期结束后予以废止。 新法规重点对化学品分类的方法、要求及时间限定等进行了解读。标签方面，须提供供应商的名称、地址和电话，可以识别物质或混合剂的资料、危害标志、危害声明、提防声明，以及有关危害的补充资料。 该提案与联合国全球化学品统一分类和标签制度(GHS制度)和我国现有化学品 分类和标签体系存在较大差异，将对我国化学品行业造成影响。该法规与GHS 及我国于2008年1月1日正式实施的以联合国GHS制度为基础的《化学品分类、警示标签和警示性说明安全规范》系列标准(GB 20576－2006～GB 20602－2006)具有明显差异。由于分类体系的不同，该法规的实施将会涉及REACH相关要求的修订，增加REACH的实施难度，势必进一步对我国化学品贸易产生巨大冲击。 10.1 CLP法规与欧盟现有化学品分类和标签制度的区别 欧盟是当前世界上对化学品控制和管理体系最为完善的区域，欧盟通过立法体系、管理体制、主要制度等对化学品实施了有效的监管。 欧盟现行的化学品分类和标签制度 第67／548／EEC号指令：危险物质分类、标签和包装要求； 第1999／45／EC号指令：危险配制品分类、标签和包装要求； 第91／l55／EEC号指令：安全数据表要求，该指令则确保了物质和配制品的供应商向职业消费者提供化学品的危险信息及安全使用指南。 欧盟REACH法规第11篇规定了化学品分类和标记目录的有关要求，将上述三项指令纳入其中，要求注册者以上述三项指令为依据，按要求向化学品管理局通报相关信息，并根据化学品的危险类别对其采取不同的管理措施。 新法规与现有法规相比，最大的差异主要表现为：危害类别、判定阈值及标签要素不同；涉及的物质条目大幅增加，与原法规相比新增条目896种；增加了更多混合物分类的要求。 10.2CLP法规与GHS制度之间的差异
体育部门工作计划怎么写 体育部门工作计划怎么写(一) 新的学期开始了，学生会的工作也将一步步步入正轨，体育部的 工作也将有新的面貌。这个首先我们部门将从以下几个方面展开工作： 一、常规工作 1、学期初做好招新工作，完成体育部的新生力量的补充，构建体 育部工作基本框架，为下阶段的工作做好准备。 2、学期初召开体育部全体干事工作会议，进一步明确此学期体育 部的工作职责，工作安排，工作目标和工作重点，确定每两周一次例会，即时传达团委精神及指示，从而更好地展开工作，使大家积极地 投入到体育部的工作中来。 3、进一步增强对体育部干事综合素质的培养，使他们能够很好的 独立工作，拥有更好的组织水平来应对多变的比赛场合，提升体育部 的综合素质。 4、积极举办学院的各项体育比赛，选出院秀的队员，队伍参赛， 力争在学校比赛时夺取成绩。 5、积极配合系他部门的工作。建立友好的交流平台，能够在学习 他人之长的同时补己之短，并能够在以后的工作中获得协助。 二、具体的工作 1、院队招新（院篮球队，足球队）（9月中旬） 9月份我们体育部将尽一切力量，提早做好报名，选拔，组建，训练等备战工作。 建议改进：
新生男子篮球球队训练时间过晚，造成队员间默契不足，沟通缺乏，比赛中队员交流过少。在新生中选拔优秀队员，直接参加新生篮球比赛，促动队员交流沟通。日常训练强度与效果不太理想，重点抓日常训练，战术指导，以及攻防演练。提升球队整体素质。 以下是必办活动： 2、举办院新生篮球赛。（10月） 此次比赛奖励除了奖状还包括奖杯。 3、参加校新生篮球、足球赛。（11月） 4、参加校广播操比赛及第四届体育大会。（11月） 5、参加中国矿业大学校院学生会间篮球交流赛。（11月） 6、参加校网球团体赛。（11月） 7、参加校定向越野赛。（12月） 8、举办院五子棋、象棋班级团体赛。（12月） 9、参加校棋类团体赛。（12月） 10、举办院乒乓球个人赛。（12月） 次比赛奖励不再是单一的奖状，到时会奖励一些实质性而且有用的物质奖励。 另时间充裕将添加的一些活动： 军训拔河比赛：在新生军训时，若取得辅导员及教官批准将举行新生拔河比赛；该比赛采用分系比赛；即数学与物理对抗，两边同时30人（其中女生依情况而定），同时教官与辅导员也能够参与其中。比赛为3局2胜制。
高考体育足球专项考试技能及评分表(2010-01-10 02:38:30) 时间:2010-01-11 01:32来源:作者:点击:0次 （1）脚背正面颠球 ①考试场合：在场内齐截平方米的区域。也可利用球门区的界线，沿球门柱内侧向场内齐截垂线至球门区线，即为颠球测试场合。 ②考试办法： A、考生在划定区域作好筹办，经考评员表示后方可起头。 B、考生需用左、右脚正脚背部位瓜代颠球，其他有用部位得触球可作为调解，但不谋略有用次数。当球触及大地时测试及为完成。 C、每个考生限做两次，取最高问题。 D、起头颠球得体式格局不限。颠球次数达到满分问题（60次）可自行中止。（2）20米运球过杆射门 ①从罚球区线的中点始，向场内齐截长20米得垂线，以2米为间距沿此线插8根标志杆，起点线与第一杆间隔为4米。 ②考试办法： A、将球在起点线上放稳，待考评员表示后方可起头。 B、每个考生限做一次。 C、考生运球过杆得体式格局和射门脚法不限。 D、运球时漏绕或少绕标杆均按失败记录。 2、评分准则 （1）脚背正面颠球（10分） ①、颠球测试起评问题为10次。满分问题为60次。不够10次不计问题。 ②、在测试区外得颠球以及其他部位得颠球均不计问题。 （2）20米运球过杆射门（15分） ①、分为运球过杆（10分）和射门（5分）两段式计分。运球过杆满分问题男生为9秒，女生秒，射中球门计5分。 ②、运球过杆得时候男生超过秒、女生超过14秒时，纵然射中球门也按失败记录。 （3）问题换算表 颠球（男、女）20米运球过杆射门 次数分值次数分值次数分值问题分值问题分值 10 28 46 12〃5 10〃7 11 29 47 12〃4 10〃6 12 30 48 12〃3 10〃5 13 31 49 12〃2 10〃4 14 32 50 12〃1 10〃3 15 33 51 12〃0 10〃2
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发达国家食品安全立法的经验和启示 作者：徐成德 作者单位：中国农垦经济发展中心,北京,100125 刊名： 中国食物与营养 英文刊名：FOOD AND NUTRITION IN CHINA 年，卷(期)：2009，(4) 被引用次数：0次 参考文献(5条) 1.陈锡文中国食品安全战略研究 2004 2.郭红卫营养与食品安全 2005 3.冒乃和.刘波中国和德国的食品安全法律体系比较研究[期刊论文]-农业经济问题 2003(10) 4.薜庆根美国食品安全体系及对我国的启示[期刊论文]-经济纵横 2006(02) 5.李怀发达国家食品安全监管体制及其对我国的启示[期刊论文]-东北财经大学学报 2005(01) 相似文献(10条) 1.期刊论文张悦我国与发达国家食品安全的差距对比-广西质量监督导报2010(9) 本文从体制机制、法律法规、标准体系、科研检测等四个方面,对我国食品安全领域的现状与西方发达国家进行了比较,指出了差距所在,对提高我国食品安全工作有一定的启发. 2.期刊论文李爱君.LI Aijun发达国家食品安全的政府监管及其启示-南京工业大学学报（社会科学版） 2009,8(1) 食品安全的政府监管成为各国政府的重要职责,发达国家监管体制涉及多行业、多领域、多环节,并且分工合理、制度严明、管理协调、发展配套;其法律法规体系亦涵盖食品产业各个环节、数量繁多且完备.由此,完善我国食品安全监管应从构建科学统一的管理体系、整合法律法规体系、健全安全标准体系与食品安全信用体系、正确处理政府与市场的关系等方面着手. 3.期刊论文兰萍.Lan Ping发达国家和地区的食品安全政策及启示-科技创业月刊2008(12) 对发达国家和地区的食品安全体系及政策进行了分析和探讨.发达国家和地区的食品安全政策对于我国食品安全监管有借鉴和启发意义. 4.学位论文王欣发达国家食品技术贸易壁垒及对策研究2005 食品作为基本必需品，是人类生存和发展的基础，在各国经济发展中占有十分重要的地位。随着人类对食品安全、卫生意识的增强，发达国家凭借自身的技术优势通过技术法规、标准、合格评定程序和风险评估等合理的和不合理的食品技术壁垒严重限制了发展中国家的食品出口，我国在加入WTO后出口食品和农产品也面临了更加严峻的挑战。本文首先分析了发达国家在食品贸易领域设置甚至是滥用技术壁垒的背景和原因，主要包括（1）农业保护主义传统；（2）贸易自由化趋势使贸易壁垒由传统的关税壁垒向技术壁垒倾斜；（3）世界范围内频频发生的重大食品安全事件使各国对食品的安全卫生质量非常重视。本文接着从介绍WTO协议框架下与食品贸易密切相关的两个协议——“实施卫生和动植物检疫措施协议”（SPS协议）和“技术性贸易壁垒协议”（TBT协议）的目的、原则和内容及二者间的关系入手，用大量案例对发达国家在食品贸易中经常采用的技术壁垒方式和特点进行了分析；对我国出口食品现状和遭到发达国家食品技术壁垒限制的情况进行了描述；并对我国在应对发达国家食品技术壁垒过程中主要存在的问题进行了反思，针对这些问题从政府、企业、行业组织和其他中介组织三个层面提出了相应对策。 5.期刊论文唐云华发达国家对食品安全管理机构和职能的整合-中国工商管理研究2004(5) 我国对食品安全的管理涉及了诸多部门,一定程度存在着部门职能交叉、法规重复和矛盾的现象.笔者介绍了欧盟、美国、加拿大、日本等发达国家探索食品安全管理的新模式,对我国食品安全管理有所启示. 6.学位论文岳宁基于食品贸易发展的中国进出口食品安全科技支撑体系研究2010 我国是食品消费和贸易大国。近年来，发达国家越来越多地以安全、卫生、健康和防止疫病疫情传入为由，打着保护人类与动植物生命健康、维护工农业生产安全的旗号，设置技术性贸易壁垒，制定的检验检疫要求数量越来越多，我国出口食品产品遭拒时常发生。进口食品安全面临的形势同样严峻。各地检验检疫机构频频报告进口食品中检出农药、兽药、致病微生物和重金属等危害物质。鉴于消费者对于食品的安全日益关注，与食品安全有关的WTO/SPS通报量逐年增加，在食品安全性的提高是以科技发展为基础的共识下，基于风险和科学的贸易要求的重要性日益凸显。国际间尤其是发达国家集团纷纷通过加强食品安全科技支撑体系和发展战略的研究，以期科学指导其食品安全科技支撑体系建设，并进而在国际食品贸易中取得主动地位。
本研究首先对我国近年来进出口食品的安全性问题展开了较为系统、深入地分析，主要以日本的《肯定列表制度》和欧盟食品安全的新法规为主要案例，分析研究了国际进出口食品安全的新要求，并以我国茶叶贸易作为研究对象，利用引力模型，实证分析了欧盟茶叶标准的变化对中国茶叶贸易的影响。揭示了我国积极而有效地发展食品国际贸易的根本路径就在于依靠科技进步。在此基础上，对我国进出口食品安全性的未来趋势展开了研究，认为未来我国对进口食品需求量的扩大将进一步诱发安全性问题，而由于我国环境污染严重影响食品质的安全问题，以及重大食品安全技术的关键问题始终没有得到根本性解决，未来我国出口食品的安全性面临巨大考验。
其次，从进出口食品安全科技支撑体系的技术构成入手，研究了食品安全管理体系与科技支撑体系的关系，探讨了主要食品贸易国进出口食品安全相关技术发展态势，强调了科学的风险评估技术、检测监测技术、溯源预警技术以及食品全程控制技术在食品安全中的重要支撑作用。
接着，总结了发达国家进出口食品安全科技支撑体系建设的经验，在此基础上论述了部分发达国家的进出口食品安全体系的未来的发展趋势。在分析全球食品安全管理模式发展演化的基础上，对我国的进出口食品安全科技支撑体系的构成、特点进行了阐述，并以残留检测技术为例，论述了我国食品安全技术需求与国际食品安全新要求之间的匹配性问题。对我国进出口食品安全科技支撑体系进行了评价。认为我国必须积极追踪国际先进的食品安全科技发展动态；针对影响我国食品安全的主要因素确定关键技术领域，优先发展食源性危害危险性评估技术；进一步发展更加可靠、快速、便携、精确的食品安全检测技术；加快发展食品中主要污染物残留控制技术，发展食品生产、加工、储藏、包装与运输过程中安全性控制技术；这是形成适应全面建设小康社会需要的进出口食品安全科技体系的基础。
之后，本研究在我国食品安全技术、食品安全技术标准与发达国家的差距，进出口食品安全隐患的机制，检验检疫设备与实际需求间反差等四个层次上展开了分析，为完善我国进出口食品安全科技支撑体系建设的政策框架提供支撑。
欧盟 欧盟的食品安全体系是全球最完备的食品安全体系之一，其食品安全相关制度一直是世界各国所垂范的标准。 简而言之，欧盟的食品安全体系是由“一份白皮书、官方主管机构、统一的技术标准、统一的法规法令、重要的食品安全制度”5个部分构成，其中：“一份白皮书”是指2000年1月12日欧盟委员会（EC）发布的《欧洲食品安全白皮书》（white paper on food safety），这是欧洲现行食品安全体系构建的路线图式章程，该白皮书的主要内容例如建立统一的安全机构，动物福利，风险评估与预警系统等都是后续欧盟食品安全体系的重要组成部分。 “官方机构”即欧洲主管食物安全的相应机构，这里包含欧盟健康与消费者保护总署(DG SANCO)及其下属但相对独立的食品与兽医办公室(FVO)以及食品安全局（EFSA），EFSA依据欧洲法令178/2002(Ec)建立，独立于欧盟委员会，是欧盟官方的食品安全机构。FVO为欧盟委员会的下属机构，率属于欧盟健康与消费者保护总署(DG SANCO)，主要职责为负责监督各成员国执行欧盟相关法规情况及第三国输欧食品安全情况。 “统一的技术标准”是指欧盟遵循统一的欧盟食品安全相关标准，其中，欧盟标准已经和CAC的食品标准基本统一化。这些标准是欧盟食品安全体系运行的技术基础。 “统一的法规法令”是指欧盟基于食品安全主题所发布的一系列法规、指令、建议，诸如： “欧洲议会和理事会178/2002(Ec)号法规、欧洲议会及理事会第852/2004/EC号关于食品卫生的法规、欧洲议会和理事会第853/2004/Ec号关于
动物源性食品具体卫生规定的法规、欧洲议会和理事会第854/2004/EC号关于供人类消费的动物源性食品官方控制组织细则的法规、欧洲议会及理事会第882/2004/EC号关于确保符合食品饲料法、动物健康及动物福利规定实行官方控制的法规。” “重要的食品安全制度”，是指欧盟在应对食品安全问题采取的制度化措施，包括“从农田到餐桌”的全程监控制度“、“危害分析与关键控制点制度(HACCP)”、“食品与饲料快速预警系统(RASFF) ”、“可追溯制度”、“食品或饲料从业者承担责任制度”，以“食品与饲料快速预警系统(RASFF)”为例： 该制度欧盟食品安全局的一项职责，即对欧盟食品环境出现的未被相关技术标准、法规所规定的潜在风险进行评估，以确定其安全性。后者即为（RASSF）。该预警系统的建立为欧盟成员国提供了交流的有效途径。任何一个成员国发现任何与食品及饲料安全有关的信息都可上报欧委会，欧委会在进行相关调查后，有权采取紧急措施，包括暂停该类食品进口。 以下将对以上述几个方面对欧盟食品安全体系做相关阐述。 【欧盟食品安全白皮书】 2000年1月12日，欧盟委员会发布《欧盟食品安全白皮书》（White Paper On Food Safety）标志着欧洲国家的食品安全进入新的时期---朝着统一化的方向构建欧洲大陆的食品安全体系。 《欧盟食品安全白皮书》是欧盟食品安全体系的核心，现行的欧盟食品安全体系依照该白皮书所设定的路线图实施运行。 从上世纪90年代后期不断发生的食品安全事件，如1999年的二恶英事件，表明了食品安全问题需要有基本的法律保障和独立的监管机构。因此，欧盟在《食
第2期政法论丛 N o .2 2010年4月 Z h e n g F a L u n C o n g A p r .10,2010 【文章编号】1002—6274(2010)02—094—07 欧盟食品安全法律体系评析 廉恩臣 (对外经济贸易大学法学院,北京100029) 【内容摘要】欧盟经过近50年的改革和发展,逐步建立起完善而严谨的食品安全法律体系,《食品安全白皮书》以及第178/2002(E C )号法规即《食品基本法》是欧盟关于食品安全的基本法律,同时欧盟还制定有大量具体的食品安全法规及指令以及完整而详细的技术标准体系。欧盟对食品链实行从“农场到餐桌”的全程监管,欧洲食品安全管理局在食品安全监管中发挥着重要的作用。中国最近颁布实施了《食品安全法》及其实施条例,对于食品安全监管制度进行了改革,欧盟关于食品安全的法律体系、法律制度以及监管模式对于中国具有重要的借鉴意义。【关键词】欧盟 食品安全 法律体系 借鉴【中图分类号】D F 41 【文献标识码】A 作者简介:廉恩臣(1970-),男,山东汶上人,对外经济贸易大学法学院博士研究生,研究方向为国际经济法学。 欧盟的农业和食品产业在欧盟经济中占有重要地位,欧盟成立后不久,便开始了关于食品安全的立法活动,之后随着科学技术的发展和进步,欧盟针对现实生活中不断出现的食品安全事件,开始增加和完善关于食品安全的立法,并逐步形成了十分完善而且比较严谨的食品安全法律体系,切实保障了食品的安全与质量。 一、欧盟食品安全法律的形成与发展 法、德、意、荷、卢、比六国于1957年签订《罗马条约》,欧盟的前身即欧洲经济共同体正式成立。当时处于战后经济恢复期,农业生产的主要目标是尽可能提供充足的粮食和食品,而对食品安全问题则极少关注。但由于口蹄疫、禽流感等流行性疾病的出现,从20世纪60年代起,欧盟开始制定一些法规确保动物的健康以避免感染疾病,并且要求动物产品必须符合安全标准。1964年,欧盟颁布了第一部食品卫生法规,但仅仅针对鲜肉做了规定,随后针对其他食品如鸡蛋、乳制品、禽肉、鱼类产品和野味等也制定和实施了卫生法规 [1]P 1-2 。 进入20世纪70年代,欧盟的农业生产取得了长足的进步,食品供应短缺现象得到了很好的解决,食品数量安全已完全不再是问题。但在农业高速增长 的背后存在许多不安全的因素,为提高产量,化肥和杀虫剂被广泛使用,食品生产过程中也越来越多地使用化学添加剂,人类的食品安全受到很大威胁,消费者开始更多地对食品的质量和安全提出了更高要求。针对这种情形,欧盟开始加强关于食品安全的立法,1972年的巴黎欧洲会议初步提出了消费者保护政策;1976年欧盟制定了关于杀虫剂的第一部法规,规定了水果和蔬菜中农药的最大残留限量 [1]P 7 ;1987年 《单一欧洲法令》的颁布改变了以往片面强调农业产量的做法,把“环境保护必须成为欧共体其他政策的一个组成部分”写入了《罗马条约》,要求欧盟委员会在做出有关健康、安全、环境和消费者保护的提案时应当设立一条高标准的保护基线 [2]P 113 。这一时期欧 盟虽然已经开始重视食品安全问题,但还没有形成统一的食品安全政策,各成员国各自执行本国的食品安全政策和法律法规。 20世纪90年代,欧洲发生的一系列食品危机事件(如疯牛病、二恶英污染等)给欧盟各国带来巨大损失,公众开始质疑和谴责欧盟的食品安全政策。为恢复消费者对欧盟食品的信心,当时的桑特委员会承诺调整内部组织结构,建立新的共同体食品调控机制,并且首次提出创建独立的欧洲食品机构 [3]P 11 。欧 洲委员会于1997发布了关于欧盟食品法律基本原理
体育部部门规划 导读：本文是关于体育部部门规划，希望能帮助到您！ 体育部部门规划 从我加入学生会到现在，不知不觉已经走过了一年。在大一这一年里，我经历了很多，也学会了很多，成长了很多。 通过一年的工作，我对体育部的各项部门工作已经非常熟悉。如果一个民族没有创新，那这个民族就没有发展；同样，如果一个部门没有创新，那么就没有发张的空间。通过大一一年的经验积累后，对于本部门的工作，我有如下规划： 首先，体育部作为一个有着固定系统的部门，每一项活动都相对比较稳定和常规，所以体育部非常需要一个部门制度，来规范各系体育部的工作，也能使本部门的工作更好地开展。部门制度包括：各系上交相关文件的时间，方式；各系借用器材的管理；各系审批器材和场地的管理；各系活动的跟进等等 其次，体育部的系列活动都比较稳定，但稳定不代表就可以一成不变。作为体育部的活动，应该在以前师兄师姐的经验下，在根据自己的经验和想法，尽量在稳定的活动中寻求发展，最求以最好的方法去把活动办好。在办好活动的基础上，寻求在稳定的活动中加入新的元素，使活动成为同学们喜闻乐见的活动，充分提高全员学生参加体育活动的激情。 体育部拥有一个庞大的体育部系统，体育部的工作离不开各系体育部的支持，所以体育部在以后的工作中要注意与各系体育
部的联系与沟通，尽量举行体育部系统的联谊活动，在联谊中提高各系之间，各系与校体之间的认识与了解，以便以后的合作。 最后，要加强体育部与学生会其他部门的联系与合作。其他部门因举行活动需要人手时，我们部门将尽全力予以协助，充分与其他部门的合作，在合作中让本部门大一的新生能充分与其他部分的新生沟通与了解，方便本部门以后的工作。 对外方面，我们将按照阳光体育行系列活动计划在下学期举办"巾帼杯"女子足球赛、"飞扬杯"羽毛球赛、"共青杯"乒乓球赛及"活力杯"健美操比赛，在后学期举办"希望杯"篮球赛、"振兴杯"足球赛、"萌芽杯"排球赛及校运会。并组织各系体育部在下学期开展全民健身月系列活动，在后学期开展冬季长跑系列活动。协助省大学篮球联赛及省大学生足球联赛的工作。 帮助指导组建"学生裁判团"，并于下学期展开面向全校学生的招新活动并邀请老师进行培训，通过学生裁判团为我们学校以后各类体育赛事提供相对更加公平的竞赛环境，减少裁判在比赛中错判误判造成的比赛中断，让各项比赛更为流畅地进行。 更新部门现有体育器材，规范器材及场地出借流程，方便各系各组织向本部门借用体育器材及申请场地。
全国体育高考篮球专项技术评分标准 一、测验项目 1、助跑摸高 9 分 （1）测验方法 助跑单脚跳起摸高，以摸高的最高高度计分，每人做两次，计其中一次最佳成绩。 （2）评分标准满分 9 分，其达标成绩详见评分表。 2、往返运球投篮 11分 （1）测验方法 由球场右侧边线中点开始，面向篮球以右手运球上篮。同时开始计时； 点；然后折转换左手运球上篮；投中篮后，还以左手运球回到原起点； 原起点时停表 要求：连续运球，不得远推运球上篮；必须投中篮后，才能继续运球， 手（左手或右手投）不加限制。 （2）评分标准 达标：按其计时成绩评分，满分为 9 分，详见评分表。 技 评：满分为 2 分，按四级评分，各级分值详见评分表。 优秀：动作正确，协调，熟练，能运用左、右手投篮，投篮一次投中 良好：动作较正确，熟 练，投篮一次投中 及格：动作基本正确，熟练，身体不够协调 不及格：动作不正确，不熟练，不协调 3、投篮 12 分 （1）测验方法 以篮圈投影下圆心，以该点至罚球线的距离为半径，划一圆弧。开始时考生在弧线外作跳投， 并开始计时；投 篮后自己抢篮板球，再运至弧线外再跳投，连续投一分钟（女生投篮可作定位投，也可作跳投。 ）（见图） 要求；必须向上起跳投篮，否则不算跳起投篮；投篮时不得踏线或过线，不得带球跑，违者投中无效。对女 生做跳投者，技评分可提高一个分数段。 （2）评分标准； 达标：按其 1分钟内投中次数计分，满分为 10 分，详见评分表。 技评：满分为 2 分，按 4 级评分，各级分值详见评分表。 优秀：动作连贯，协调，起跳迅速，手法正确。 良好：动作较连贯，协调，起跳较迅速，手法正确。 及格：动作基本连贯，协调，起跳较缓慢，手法基本正确。 不及格；动作不连贯，不协调，起跳缓慢，手法不正确。 4、全场（或半场）比赛 8 分 （1）测验方法 根据考生人数或当地具体情况，进行全场或半场的编队比赛，采用半场人盯人 防守，测验其技术和战术的运用 能力。对成绩较好的考生，可再进行一轮比赛，每场比赛时间，要以能够全部观察，了解每个考生的情况而定， 评定的内容有； ① ② ③ （2） 满分 优秀：较好地做到以上三项 良好：较好地做到前两项。 及格：三项中有一项稍好者。 不及格：三项皆差者 三、 1 分 钟投篮评分标准： 20 分 球投中篮后，还以右手运至左侧边线中 同样再重复上述运球投篮一次，再回到 投不中要继续再投，直到投中；投篮的 个人攻击能力；观察进攻技术运用的合理性和熟练程度。重点看投篮、突破和传接球。 防守能力；观察个人防守和协同防守和防守能力 战术意识；观察全场比赛中攻守转换速度，快攻意识和个人战术行动能力。 评分标准 8 分，按 4 级评分，各级分值详见评分表
欧盟REACH（《关于化学品注册、评估、许可和限制制度》）简介 什么是REACH “Registration，Evaluation，Authorization and Restriction of Chemicals，化学品注册、评估、许可和限制”，是欧盟对进入其市场的所有化学品进行预防性管理的法规。将于2007年6月1日正式实施。 REACH的目的 保护人类健康和环境；保持和提高欧盟化学工业的竞争力；增加化学品信息的透明度；减少脊椎动物试验；与欧盟在WTO框架下的国际义务相一致。 从实质意义上讲，REACH法规将促进化学工业的革新，使其生产更安全的产品，刺激竞争和增长。与现行复杂的法规体系不同，REACH将在欧盟范围内创建一个统一的化学品管理体系，使企业能够遵循同一原则生产新的化学品及其产品。 REACH的主要内容 注册（Registration）年产量或进口量超过1吨的所有化学物质需要注册，年产量或进口量10吨以上的化学物质还应提交化学安全报告。 评估（Evaluation）包括档案评估和物质评估。档案评估是核查企业提交注册卷宗的完整性和一致性。物质评估是指确认化学物质危害人体健康与环境的风险性。 许可（Authorization）对具有一定危险特性并引起人们高度重视的化学物质的生产和进口进行授权，包括CMR，PBT ，vPvB等。
限制（Restriction）如果认为某种物质或其配置品、制品的制造、投放市场或使用导致对人类健康和环境的风险不能被充分控制，将限制其在欧盟境内生产或进口。 注：PBT 持久性、生物富积和毒性化学物质 vPvB 高持久性、高度生物富积化学物质 CMR 致癌性、诱变性和生物毒性物质 REACH制度影响对中国出口贸易的影响 一、影响产业范围广：除了对化工企业有直接影响外，REACH将对包括纺织、机电、玩具、家具等所有的生产化工下游产品的企业产生影响，所涉及的产品有100多万种。 二、企业出口成本大大增加：据欧盟估算，每一种化学物质的基本检测费用约需8.5万欧元，每一种新物质的检测费用约需57万欧元。 三、要求的数据量大：REACH要求提供化学品安全数据表、安全评估报告、风险评估等一系列的注册档案技术文件，涉及的数据量复杂庞大。 REACH注册流程图 注册Registration 要求年产量超过1吨的所有现有化学品和新化学品及应用于各种产品中的化学物质注册其基本信息。只有通过注册的物质才能在欧盟内生产或进口。 每一个物质的生产商和进口商须向化学管理署提交该物质的注册档案，并缴纳相应的费用。但是要求联合提交同一个物质的注册信息，即遵循“一个物质，一次注册”原则。作为联合注册的成员，可以与其他成员共同分摊注册的费用。 为了易于管理、接受大量注册档案的提交，提交给化学署的注册档案需电子化处理。化学管理署会给每一个收到的注册档案一个注册编号和注册日期，并立刻把这些信息传递给注册人。
近年来，随着食品安全事件的不断出现，食品安全已成为全球性的焦点，各国都在下大力气加强食品安全监管工作。目前在欧美等发达国家和地区，食品安全监管体制逐步趋向于统一管理、协调、高效运作的架构，强调从“农田到餐桌”的全过程食品安全监控，形成政府、企业、科研机构、消费者共同参与的监管模式；在管理手段上，逐步采用“风险分析”作为食品安全监管的基本模式。欧美食品安全监管集中体现出以下几项基本原则。 一、统一管理原则 职能整合、统一管理是欧美等发达国家食品安全监管的一个显着特征。不少国家纷纷将食品安全的监管集中到一个或几个部门，并加大部门间的协调力度，以提高食品安全监管的效率。 鉴于疯牛病、口蹄疫等动物性疾病在欧盟各成员国的蔓延，为统一监控食品安全，恢复消费者对欧洲食品的信心，欧盟委员会于2002年初正式成立了欧盟食品安全管理局(FSA)，对从农田到餐桌的全过程进行监控。欧盟食品安全管理局由管理委员会、咨询论坛、八个专门科学小组和科学委员会等部门组成，该局对欧盟内部所有与食品安全相关的事务进行统一管理，负责与消费者就食品安全问题进行直接对话，建立成员国食品卫生和科研机构的合作网络，向欧盟委员会提出决策性意见等。欧盟食品安全管理局不具备制定规章制度的权限，只负责监督整个食物链，根据科学家的研究成果做出风险评估，为制定法规、标准以及其他的管理政策提供信息依据。 在FSA督导下，一些欧盟成员国也对原有的监管体制进行了调整，将食品安全监管职能集中到一个部门。德国于2001年将原食品、农业和林业部改组为消费者保护、食品和农业部，接管了卫生部的消费者保护和经济技术部的消费者政策制定职能，对全国的食品安全统一监管，并于2002年设立了联邦风险评估研究所和联邦消费者保护和食品安全局两个机构；丹麦通过持续改革，将原来担负食品安全管理职能的农业部、渔业部、食品部合并为食品和农业渔业部，形成了全国范围内食品安全的统一管理机构；法国设立了食品安全评价中心，荷兰成立了国家食品局。 1998年，美国政府成立了“总统食品安全管理委员会”来协调美国的食品安全工作。该委员会的成员由农业部、商业部、卫生部、管理与预算办公室、环境保护局、科学与技术政策办公室等有关职能部门的负责人组成。委员会主席由农业部部长、卫生部部长、科学与技术政策办公室主任共同担任，形成监督食品安全的三驾马车。美国政府食品安全的管理特点是职能互不交叉，一个部门负责一个或数个产品的全部安全工作，在总统食品安全管理委员会的统一协调下，实现对食品安全工作的一体化管理。
学生会体育部学期计划 时光荏苒，年华似水。转眼间我系又将步入一段新的征程——第九届学生会。我很有幸的成为该届学生会的一员，作为体育部的主要干部，我们认真总结了上一学年的经验与不足，并结合目前新的情况，做了以下学期计划： 一、体育部组建 由于我系是从这个学期开始将文体部拆开成文艺女生部和体育部，所以在部门下学期招新时要格外注重对本部门内部人才的培养，例如在招新时不仅要考虑篮、足球技术的水平，还要考虑到关于比赛规则方面的了解情况。 二、系队的组建 由于我系每年都举办飞扬杯篮球赛，根据上学期的形式来看，我系在举办飞扬杯时，由于人员的组织与调配不当，导致比赛时缺少裁判。总结上学期的不足，在今年，体育部构想在下学期新招的委员中培养一些裁判，在系队里训练培养，以便为这届飞扬杯做准备。同篮球队一样，系足球队在组织与规划上也有待完善，初步构想今年能使系足球队形成一个正规的编制。在组建系篮、足球队的时候，还要注意与各班体育委员积极沟通，以便招到优秀的人才。 三、体育素质方面的培养 作为体育部的一员，应该对体育方面的知识有一定的了解。为此，
可以构想举办一个关于体育知识的竞答活动，或者举办一些趣味运动。这样既增进了对体育素质方面的培养，也有助于大家互相了解。
四、积极配合系里的每一次活动 希望在今年的运动会中依然能继续保持我系的一贯风采，争取四连冠。同时在元旦晚会上我们部门会协助其他部门做好会场秩序和会场布置。在我系一年一度的大型校园活动中，如生存大挑战、校园吉尼斯及素质拓展中我部门会尽职做好该做的工作，也会尽全力协助主席团及其他部门认真的完成每一项活动。 以上是我部门对于这学期的工作计划，具体内容会根据实际情况做适当的调整和完善。真诚的希望体育部能够真正起到活跃学校体育文化的作用，为同学们创建丰富多彩的大学生活 。 学生会体育部 二〇一二年六月十一日（注：文档可能无法思考全面，请浏览后下载，供参考。）
北京市2016年普通高等学校招生体育专业考试 考生须知 凡符合《北京教育考试院关于做好北京市2016年普通高等学校招生报名工作的通知》中规定的报名条件、拟报考体育（体育教育、社会体育、休闲体育）专业的统考考生均须参加北京市体育专业考试，考生须在高考报名时选择“参加体育专业考试”。 一、招生对象 热爱体育事业，有一定的体育运动基础。男生身高不得低于1.70米，女生身高不得低于1.60米，任何一眼裸眼视力不得低于4.7，年龄不超过22周岁（一九九四年九月一日以后出生），未婚。 教练员、体育教师、优秀运动员（指市级以上优秀运动队的队员）可放宽到28周岁（一九八八年九月一日后出生），婚否不限。 二、考试 ㈠文化考试 报考体育（体育教育、社会体育、休闲体育）专业的考生须参加全国统一高考。 ㈡体育专业考试 报考体育（体育教育、社会体育、休闲体育）专业的考生还须参加体育专业考试，体育专业考试准考证于2016年4月8日前由报名单位发放至考生。 1、考试地点与时间 专业考试地点：首都体育学院 专业考试时间：4月9日 2、面试 凡报考体育专业考生均须面试。面试内容：身高、视力、仪表（五官、体形）、协调性、柔韧性；面试时间：体育专业考试当天。 3、专业考试项目：包括身体素质及专项技术两大项。 身体素质考试项目为： (1)100米跑； (2)绕杆跑； (3)立定跳远； (4)原地推铅球（男5Kg，女4Kg ） 专项技术考试分40个项目，考生可按本人专长从中任选一项进行考试。专项技术项目
有男子200米、女子200米、男子400米、女子400米、男子1500米、女子1500米、男子110米栏、女子100米栏、男子跳高、女子跳高、男子跳远、女子跳远、男子三级跳远、男子撑杆跳高、男子铅球、女子铅球、男子铁饼、女子铁饼、男子标枪、女子标枪、男子篮球、女子篮球、男子排球、女子排球、男子足球、男子体操、女子体操、女子艺术体操、男子武术、女子武术、男子乒乓球、女子乒乓球、男子100米自由泳、女子100米自由泳、男子100米蛙泳、女子100米蛙泳、男子100米仰泳、女子100米仰泳、男子100米蝶泳、女子100米蝶泳 4、计分办法 专业考试成绩的评定，按照国家体育总局有关规定执行。身体素质成绩占60%，专项技术成绩占40%。 5、成绩发布 体育专业考试成绩将于5月初发布。届时考生可登录北京教育考试院网站（https://www.doczj.com/doc/be14237296.html,）查询本人的体育专业考试成绩。 6、违规处理 体育专业考试中被认定违规的考生，将按照《国家教育考试违规处理办法》（教育部令第33号）及相关规定处理，违规事实记入考生高考诚信电子档案。 三、录取 高等学校体育专业参加本科提前批录取。 录取新生要坚持德、智、体、美全面考核，综合评价、择优录取的原则，在突出体育专业特点的同时，还要注重政治思想表现和文化课成绩，又要反映体育专业的特点。 体育专业录取新生的高考成绩最低控制分数线和体育专业考试成绩最低控制分数线按招生计划数1：1.3的原则，由北京市招生考试委员划定。 招生学校在控制分数线以上确定调阅考生档案比例，根据考生的文化考试成绩和体育专业考试成绩，从高分到低分择优录取，遗留问题由学校负责处理。
文件编号：GD/FS-1201 （解决方案范本系列） 国外食品安全监管的经验 分析详细版 A Specific Measure To Solve A Certain Problem, The Process Includes Determining The Problem Object And Influence Scope, Analyzing The Problem, Cost Planning, And Finally Implementing. 编辑：_________________ 单位：_________________ 日期：_________________
国外食品安全监管的经验分析详细 版 提示语：本解决方案文件适合使用于对某一问题，或行业提出的一个解决问题的具体措施，过程包含确定问题对象和影响范围，分析问题，提出解决问题的办法和建议，成本规划和可行性分析，最后执行。，文档所展示内容即为所得，可在下载完成后直接进行编辑。 近年来, 国内外食品安全问题日益突出, 已经成为一个全球性的热点问题。在世界许多国家，食品安全事件也时常发生。相比而言，发达国家已经建立起了较为完整的“从农田到餐桌”的食品安全保障体系。本文简要概述美国、欧盟、日本等发达国家食品安全管理的发展历程，介绍主要做法，并提出六个方面的共性特点。 一、发展历程 （一）美国。美国食品安全在一百多年以来得到了极大地发展，由乱而治，并且不断完善，成为世界上最为严格的食品安全监管国之一。近年来，美国多
次发生食品污染事件，奥巴马政府根据不断变化的现实对美国食品安全体系进行的一次大变革，签署了《食品安全现代化法案》。 （二）欧盟。由于口蹄疫、疯牛病、禽流感病等疫情频频爆发，暴露了欧盟原有的食品法规和官方控制存在缺陷。为了应对这一新变化，欧盟发布《欧盟食品安全白皮书》，成立欧盟食品安全局，并逐渐形成了以“食品全白皮书”为核心的各种法律、法令、指令等并存的食品安全体系新框架。 （三）日本。20xx年发生疯牛病之后，由于民众的反应强烈，日本颁布了新的《食品安全基本法》，成立了食品安全委员会，统一负责风险评估，形成了目前农林水产省、劳动厚生省和食品安全委员会三方协同制衡的食品安全监管体系，并对原有风险管理机构内部的农产品质量安全管理职能进一步独立
范文：________ 体育部门工作计划(一) 姓名：______________________ 单位：______________________ 日期：______年_____月_____日 第1 页共6 页
体育部门工作计划(一) 新的学期开始了，学生会的工作也将一步步步入正轨，体育部的工作也将有新的面貌。这个首先我们部门将从以下几个方面展开工作： 一、常规工作 1、学期初做好招新工作，完成体育部的新生力量的补充，构建体育部工作基本框架，为下阶段的工作做好准备。 2、学期初召开体育部全体干事工作会议，进一步明确此学期体育部的工作职责，工作安排，工作目标和工作重点，确定每两周一次例会，及时传达团委精神及指示，从而更好地开展工作，使大家积极地投入到体育部的工作中来。 3、进一步加强对体育部干事综合素质的培养，使他们能够很好的独立工作，拥有更好的组织能力来应对多变的比赛场合，提升体育部的综合素质。 4、积极举办学院的各项体育比赛，选出院秀的队员，队伍参赛，力争在学校比赛时夺取成绩。 5、积极配合系他部门的工作。建立友好的交流平台，可以在学习他人之长的同时补己之短，并可以在以后的工作中获得帮助。 二、具体的工作 1、院队招新（院篮球队，足球队）（9月中旬） 9月份我们体育部将尽一切力量，提早做好报名，选拔，组建，训 第 2 页共 6 页
练等备战工作。 建议改进： 新生男子篮球球队训练时间过晚，造成队员间默契不足，沟通缺乏，比赛中队员交流过少。在新生中选拔优秀队员，直接参加新生篮球比赛，促进队员交流沟通。日常训练强度与效果不太理想，重点抓日常训练，战术指导，以及攻防演练。提高球队整体素质。 以下是必办活动： 2、举办院新生篮球赛。（10月） 此次比赛奖励除了奖状还包括奖杯。 3、参加校新生篮球、足球赛。（11月） 4、参加校广播操比赛及第四届体育大会。（11月） 5、参加中国矿业大学校院学生会间篮球交流赛。（11月） 6、参加校网球团体赛。（11月） 7、参加校定向越野赛。（12月） 8、举办院五子棋、象棋班级团体赛。（12月） 9、参加校棋类团体赛。（12月） 10、举办院乒乓球个人赛。（12月） 次比赛奖励不再是单一的奖状，到时会奖励一些实质性而且有用的 第 3 页共 6 页
体育专项化为体育课注入新的内涵 “热身5分钟，锻炼半小时，活动5分钟”，这种体育教学的“老传统”“老套路”，正让学生逐渐失去对体育项目的兴趣。那么，体育课能否突破单纯只为“达标”应试的瓶颈，选择另一种上法呢？ 体育包括“Exercise”和“Sport”两重内涵 在各区县学校积极探求体育特色发展之路的过程中，仍有不少教师不理解为何以及如何将一般意义上的整体锻炼转化为一个个独立的体育项目。对此长宁区体育局竞训科科长叶立生告诉记者，长期以来，我们在理解“体育”这个词语时太过狭隘，一直将“体育”等同于“体育锻炼”，也就是传统体育课上所进行的以达标或身体素质提升为目的的各类锻炼项目。“但其实这个词语包含了两层不同的内涵，分别是…Exercise’和‘Sport’。前者泛指体育锻炼，也就是一般意义上的‘Physical Educa－tion’；后者则指的是更为广泛的具体的体育运动项目。” 在叶立生看来，传统意义上的体育课还是以体育锻炼作为主要内容的，这导致了不少教师习惯性地从锻炼、健身的角度看待体育课程，教学大纲成为课堂主线，达标测试成为教育目标。“国外的体育课程则是从竞技运动的角度出发的，在课程中更善于打造多元化、系统性的运动项目，来满足学生的兴趣选择，从小学到高中乃至大学的每一个学段，学生都能选择自己感兴趣的体育项目进行课堂内的训练和课堂外的加练，与此同时，有天赋、有能力的学生还能从市场化的俱乐部模式中受益，通过经纪人、球探等的培养和挖掘，获得投资，以及更高一层专业训练和比赛的机会。” 叶立生告诉记者，这样的体育专项化模式相比于国内的传统体育课程更强调竞技运动的系统性和科学性，以及学生之间潜能、兴趣的巨大差异。“如果说国内的体育达标测试是在各个学段为学生的身体素质划定一条共同的基准线；那么专项化的体育课程则是激发、引领学生寻找到适合自己训练的体育项目，并通过从易到难的项目训练全过程，提升不同类别的体育运动的技巧和技能。”在叶立生看来，学生从这种专项训练中，不仅能获得过硬的身体素质，更能激发持续性的情感和爱好，培养不同于他人的特长和能力。 补充师资需不断加强与市场的联系 在实施的过程中,不少学校和教师也发现了体育专项化所遭遇的各项“大挑战”，如场地萎缩、师资匮乏、课程安排时间、课程效果评估、家长积极性、安全问题等等。 叶立生尤为关注师资短缺的问题。他告诉记者，目前上海的中小学体育教师绝大多数出自师范院校，他们的教育学、心理学都学得不错，但具有专项能力发展前景的教师总量在全市也不会超过10%，作为体育教师中的主力军，青年教师在体育专项上的水平和经验尤其不足。此外，教师与教练自身的身体素质也并不太强，而从教学大环境来看，体育教师偶尔还会遭受学科歧视。 “为了改变这样的状况，这些年来我们始终尝试着加强与市场的联系，从社会上引入成熟师资。”叶立生表示，这一方面可以补强、补足体育专项化师资力量，另一方面也可以拓宽学校体育师资培训的渠道，由一所学校的特色项目对外进行不断辐射，帮助同一项目的年轻教师更好、更快地成长。在加强与市场沟通与合作的过程中，静安区也形成了一整套符合自身特色的路径，那就是“公开招标，社团参与”。据范红梅介绍，为了保证体育专项课程的教学质量，静安区教育局与体育局近年来通过分散招标的形式来推进“专项课程进校园”。“首先，我们通过实地考察，选择有资质及有教练资源的社会组织，通过政府购买课程服务，来满足各中小学多样化的课程需求；其次，由区体教结合办公室与学校、社会组织签订送课程进校园三方协议，对课程实施过程中的安全责任、质量把控、课程保障及监督评价等进行明确，界定各方在课程进校园中的职责要求；最后，区体教结合办公室还会根据社会组织实际上课次数、课程计划实施情况等进行结果评价，并在学期结束后按照财务流程支付购买费