Course Description
Course Title: A Practical Course on EST Translation/ 《实用科技英语翻译》
Hours/week: 2 sessions per week
Students: Second-year students (A–level, Grade 2008)
Instructor:Prof. Wei CHEN, Institute for Translation & Intercultural Studies (ITIS), School of Foreign Languages, WHUT
Reference books:
1) Wuqiu FAN. Selections on Practical EST Translation. Foreign Language
Publishing House. 2001./范武邱。《实用科技英语翻译讲评》。外文出版社。2001年。
2) Zhijie FENG. Essentials for EST Translation. China Translation Publishing House. 2000./冯志杰。《汉英科技翻译指要》。中国对外翻译出版公司。2000年。
3) Xianfa HUA. A New Practical Textbook of English-Chinese Translation. Hubei Education Press. 2001./华先发。新适用英译汉教程。湖北教育出版社。2001年。
4) Chengzhang LIN. An Introduction to English Lexicology. Wuhan University Press.1996./林承璋。英语词汇学引论。武汉大学出版社。1996年。
Objectives:
This course aims at training students to develop some elementary translation skills as capable EST translators or CIOs (Chief Information Officers) equipped with some knowledge of lexical and discourse features of EST genres, criteria of EST translation, and aware of the common grammatical mistakes or errors in EST translation, rhetoric devices and logics through translation theories study and translating practice.
《实用科技英语翻译》是以科技英语文体的词汇语篇特征、科技英语翻译的标准、科技英语翻译的常见语法错误、修辞问题和逻辑问题为主要内容，以科技英语翻译理论为指导，在科技英语翻译实践的基础上，集多种教学模式和教学手段为一体的教学体系。本课程的教学目标是培养学生的科技英语的翻译能力，使他们在今后学习和工作中能轻松地胜任科技英语情报收集和翻译工作。
We wish to:
1）Offer optional but special classes for the students to develop their interests towards EST translation. As science and engineering majors, the students will have chances to learn and appreciate EST materials;
2）Help the students enlarge their EST vocabulary so as to build a robust foundation for ESP (English for Special Purposes)(在拓展学生科技英语翻译能力的同时，有效地实现大学英语与专业英语的有效衔接。);
3）Help the students improve their reading ability through studying and appreciating texts of different styles in EST translation;
4）Help the students enhance their language accuracy and fluency in EST translation;
5）Help the students improve their critical-thinking ability in EST translation;
6）Familiarize the students with relevant translation theories in order to grasp some techniques used for EST translation;
7）Offer the students workshops to do EST translation.
Teaching Methods: lectures; questions and answers; in-class discussion; presentations by students (giving students more space to air their own opinions) Contents:
Lecture 1 : Introduction
Lecture 2 : Lexical features of EST genres
Lecture 3 : Discourse features of EST genres
Lecture 4 : Common Prefixes, Suffixes and Affixes in Technical Terms Translation
Lecture 5 : Body Nouns Used in Technical Terms Translation
Lecture 6 : Some Common Techniques in Technical Terms Translation
Lecture 7 : Theme-Rheme Represented in EST Translation
Lecture 8 : Aesthetic Orientation in EST Translation
Lecture 9 : Shifts between Generalization and Specification in EST Translation Lecture 10 : S entence Length and Focus in EST Translation
Lecture 11 : L ogic Analysis in EST Translation
Lecture 12 : E ST Translation Practice
Lecture 13: S ome Common Grammatical Mistakes in EST Translation
Lecture 14: Some Common Rhetorical Mistakes in EST Translation
Lecture 15: Some Common Logical Mistakes in EST Translation
Lecture 16: Exam
Focuses:
1.Lexical and discourse features of EST genres;
2.Criteria of EST translation
3.Translation expertise in EST translation
Difficulty: Translation techniques in EST translation
课程的重点是科技英语文体的词汇和语篇特征和翻译的标准。难点是科技英语的翻译技巧。Requirements of Students
a)Attend every class unless it is impossible for good reason. (Points are awarded for
class participation. If you do not attend, you cannot participate.)If you cannot make it to class, please let me know ahead of time. ONE absence without note for sick leave will lead to the loss of one point; THREE absences with note for sick leave will lead to the loss of one point
b)Be punctual.
c)Keep cell phones turned off during class time.
d)Work positively and contribute to the best of your ability in class.
e)Complete all assignments on time. Makeup tests and late assignments will only be
considered in case of emergency.
f)Take full advantage of necessary resources to practice your skills. Assignments:
a)background knowledge search for each lecture;
b)preview work for each lecture;
c)exercises after each lecture;
d)one quiz for every 4 lectures.
Assessment:
a)attendance (10%)
b)in-class participation (10%)
c)monthly quiz (10%)
d)final exam (70%)
本课程分为五大部分。第一部分介绍科技英语文体的词汇特征，如科技术语的翻译总原则、合成科技术语的语义分析、类比构词及其翻译和科技术语翻译中的矛盾处理等；第二部分介绍科技英语文体的语篇特征，如：当代语言学理论在科技英语翻译中的作用、科技翻译中的美学取向、科技英语翻译中的虚实互化现象、主位述位在科技翻译中的表现、科技翻译中句长和语句重心的处理等。第三部分阐述科技英语的一般特征及其翻译的标准。第四部分说明科技英语翻译的常见语法错误、修辞问题和逻辑问题。第五部分为科技英语翻译实践。
Lecture 1 Introduction
1.The Definition of EST (English for Science & Technology)
EST (English for Science & Technology or Technical English or Scientific English) is a special language variety widely used in the fields of science and technology. It’s believed that it first came to being in the 1950s along with the rapid development of science and technology, and it many researchers and scholars began to conduct investigation of this common features of this special genre including reading comprehension, writing and even translation.
Example 1
Since the joint gap between a piston and a cylinder has great influence on the service life of an engine, and the primary factor influencing the joint gap is the deformation of a piston under working condition, it is important to show up the actual deformation of piston and for this purpose the finite element has been widely applied to analyze it numerically in China.
活塞与气缸的配合间隙，对于发动机的使用寿命影响很大，影响配合间隙的主要因素是活塞在状态下的变形。真实反映活塞变形情况，国内已广泛采用有限元法进行数值分析。
Example 2
The action of air on an airplane in flight at low altitude is greater than that at high altitude.
空气对于低空飞行飞机的作用力大于高空飞行的飞机。
Example 3
Pictures can be stored in the camera’s internal memory (about 14 MB) or on the Secure Digital (SD) memory card. If no memory card has been inserted in the camera, pictures will be stored in the memory, and if the camera contains a memory card, then pictures will automatically be stored on the card.
2.Stylistic Features of EST
Completely different from other genres such as everyday English, literature English, EST has its own stylistic features due to the specialty in content, field and discourse functions, and partly due to the unique habits of EST writers, which are mostly represented in lexical level and syntactical level.
2.1Lexical level
1)Numerous Technical Terms
Technical terms refer to those lexicons specialized in a certain subject or area, with which laymen are unfamiliar, e.g. cryogeneics（低温学）, noepinephine（新肾上腺素）
Characteristics:
A.Lengthy: mostly containing roots or affixes originating from Latin, Greek and French, etc.
e.g. nucleonics（核子学）, semisomnus（半昏迷）, autoradiography（自动射线照相术）
B.Numerous compounds coined（新造）to signify the new things coming out in the science and
technology
e.g. radiophotography（无线电传真）, anti-armored-fighting-vehicle-missile（反装甲导弹）
C.numerous abbreviations
e.g. FM (frequency modulation 调频), telesat (telecommunications satellite通讯卫星)
2)Numerous pseudo-technical terms
Everyday English EST different senses
e.g. frame 框架1）机架（machinery）；2）帧（telecommunications）
transmission 1)发射（radio engineering）；2）传动、变速（machinery）；3）透射（physics）；4）遗传（medical science）
2.2Syntactical Level
1)Nominalization（名词化结构）
For conciseness: abstract nouns denoting action or state + v-ing form or nominal phrases,
e.g. the transmission and reception of images of moving objects by radio waves（通过无线电波来发射和接受活动物体的图像）;
illumination intensity determination（照明强度测定）；
the generation of heat by friction（摩擦生热）；
2)Lengthy sentences and logic connectors
For explicitation（将事理充分说明）, we often employ some lengthy sentences containing expressions and clauses（短语和分句）and logic connectors such as hence, consequently, accordingly, however, on the contrary, as a result, in short, etc.
3)The Present Tense and The Perfect Tense
The stated findings and results in the essays or books can be verified and repeated.
4)The Passive Voice
Objective, less subjective, scientific, impersonal,
5)The Antecedent（先行词）‘it’Construction
For balance of sentence structure
e.g. It is quite useful to think of the earth and its atmosphere as being rather like an onion – that is a ball made up of layers, although unlike an onion, each layer is made of different material.
6)Double or triple propositions（介词词组连用）
Relationship of different things such as spatial and temporal relationship（时空关系）, subordination（所属关系）and cause-effect relationship（因果关系）etc.
e.g. The action of air on an airplane in flight at low altitude is greater than that at high altitude.
空气对于低空飞行飞机的作用力大于高空飞行的飞机。
Lecture 2 Prerequisites for EST Translation
1.Basics of Specialty
EST involves many fields in natural sciences, therefore it’s quite essential to get familiar with the knowledge of the relevant subjects along with a rich vocabulary necessary for EST translation.
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德马格起重机械（上海）有限公司: 技术翻译& 高级经理教授助理
Technical Translation & Assistant Wanted
Target and Mission
1. Technical translation
2. Provide professional assistant to the Division Manager of Company Development.
Requirements:
1. University education, major in English of Science and technology, Engineering, professional translator qualification
2. Excellent in English
3. At least 3 years experience on technical translation with known translation service provider.
4. Good computer software skills (i.e. Windows, Excel, Power Point, MS Project and etc.)
5. Experience with Translation Memory Management software, e.g. Transit or Trados is preferred.
6. Basic knowledge of mechanical & electrical technology
7. Ability to work independently in area of own responsibility.
8. Proficiency in Microsoft office & operation of office machinery.
Responsibilities:
1. Translate technical documents and standards
2. Assist Division Manager in administration affairs and technical reports
3. Assist Division Manager for market survey.
4. Assist Division Manager to manage all technical standards (ISO, EU, GB, JB, Demag standards, etc)
5. Assist Division Manager to manager ISO 9001 quality system and related procedure documents;
6. Others activities request from top management team
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2. Accurate comprehension of semantic meaning
Popular words + learned words (technical terms): Specialized meanings in EST
consult the dictionary
the rapid development of science and technology: newly coined words @@ we cannot find them in the dictionary expertise
3. Analyzing the Lengthy Sentences
Lengthy sentences: segmentation + main clause + logic + translation
科技英语中有大量长句，长句中含有若干分句和许多短语及其他修饰限定成分，这给理解带
来了一定困难。 翻译时首先必须对长句进行深入细致的分析，先理解主干，再层层明确各
成分之间的语法关系和语义逻辑关系， 然后根据情况，选择采用顺译、逆译或综合译法。
表达时一定要将意义的准确性和清晰度放在首位，该断句就断句，该增益就增益，不可死扣
原文形式。
Prof. Guangzhong YU （余光中）:的的不休
4. Wording
EST: formal in style
3 levels: academic （学术性） + technical （专业性） + popular （通俗性）
experts
well-educated versatile people laymen
the most formal the most informal
e.g.
1)Experts: AIDS获得性免疫缺乏综合征，poliomyelitis脊髓灰质炎，diarrhea腹泻
2)Laymen: pink eye红眼病，the runs拉肚，AIDS艾滋病/“爱之病”，poliomyelitis小儿麻
痹症
5.Familiarizing the word-formation
Newly coined words: neologisms
Prefix +Root + suffix
https://www.doczj.com/doc/b413817164.html,pounds
e.g. heartman（换心人）, photobotany（光植物学）, hot-press（热压）
B.Affixation
e.g. antibody（抗体）, semisynthetic（半合成的）, futurology（未来学）
C.Clipping
e.g. influenza – flu, parachute – chute（降落伞）, university –varsity, three-dimensional film --3-D （立体电影）
D.Blending
e.g. teleprinter +exchange – telex（电传）, biological + rhythm – biorhythm（生理节奏）
E.Acronyms
e.g. AC (alternating current交流电), DC(direct current直流电),CCTV(closed circuit television闭路电视)
** Multiple meanings:
e.g. AC
1) absorption coefficient（吸收系数）, 2)adapter cable（适配电缆）, 3)air condenser（空气冷凝器）, 4)air conditioner（空调）, 5)alternating current, 6)automatic control（自动控制）, 7) accumulator（蓄电池）, 8) analog computer（模拟计算机）
6.Assignments: Summarize the commonly used prefixes and suffixes.
Lecture 3 Technical Terms in EST Translation
https://www.doczj.com/doc/b413817164.html,pound Words: the most common way to enlarge the EST vocabulary
1)Compound nouns
A.N. + N. e.g. diesel locomotive, force pump
B.ADJ. +ADJ. e.g. incandescent lamp, distant signal
C.V-ing + N. e.g. loading platform, rectifying stone
D.N. + V-ing e.g. side-loading, rail reconditioning
E.N. + V-ing + N. e.g. rail reclaiming plant, rail fastening broom
F.N. + V-ed + N./N phrase e.g.dip-forged disc wheel, dip-forged solid disc wheel
G.V. + partical（小品词）e.g. flyover, turnout
H.Particle + V. e.g. uprise, input
I.ADJ. + N. + head N.（中心名词）e.g. narrow-gauge railway, axial piston pump
J.ADJ. + ADJ. + N. + head N. e.g. basic direct access method, double acting stop block
K.ADV. + ADJ. + N./ N phrase e.g. locally alternative sequence functionally distributed computer system
L.N. + N. + N. e.g. gauge side control gear change lever
M.Capital Letter + N. (1) shape, feature and nature: e.g. U-steel, I-beam; (2) abbreviation: e.g. P-waves (P = primary), Q-factor (Q=quality)
N.Greek letter + N. e.g. gamma decay, alpha angel
2)Compound adjectives
e.g. anti-armored-fighting-vehicle-missile（反装甲导弹）
3)Grammar compound:
e.g. double-curved arcbridge, circular one-shaft vibrator, automate route control of train
2.Rules for Technical Term Translation
1)Syntactic Structure of Some Common Technical Terms:
A.S + V（主谓式）
B.V + O（动宾式）
C.ADJ + N（偏正式）
Suggestions of EST Technical Term Translation:
Based on the characteristics of Chinese syntactic technical terms, we should employ some translation techniques such as literal translation, free translation, combination of literal translation and free translation, translation according to its image, etc.
在翻译合成科技术语时，我们应连心汉语词法上的特点，结合传统的音译、意译、音意结合、形译、象译等翻译方法，适当地讲科技术语译成主谓式或偏正式等结构。
e.g.
pile driving打桩（V + O）
in-track grinding现场打磨（ADJ + N）
up-and-down hump yards双向驼峰编组场（ADJ + N）
ballast regulating & compacting plate道渣整形夯实板（ADJ + N）
fire retardant paint防火漆（ADJ + N）
cut and cover明挖法（ADJ + N）
flyover立体交叉（ADJ + N）
U-steel槽钢（ADJ + N）
P-waves地震纵波（ADJ + N）
power supply供应电力（S + V）
rail reconditioning钢轨整修（S + V）
2)General feature of Compound Technical Terms:
A.accuracy（确切性）:accurately reflect the nature of the concept
B.monosemy（单义性）: one sense for one word
C.systematization（系统性）:the individual technical terms in a given field should be in
a specific level so as to constitute a common system
D.linguistically correct（语言的正确性）:in accordance with the word-formation in the
same language
E.conciseness（简明性）:concise and easy to remember
F.motivation（理据性）: just as the name implies, one can know the meaning of the
word.
G.stability（稳定性）: stable and unlikely to change
H.productivity（能产性）: once established, it is easy to produce more neologisms
based the original one by means of word-formation
3)Common Rules for Technical Term Translation
As such, we should deal with the relationship of the following aspects:
A.monosemy vs. conciseness
e.g. 数控in Chinese can refer to either 数值控制(numerical control) or 数字控制(digital control)
monosemy is the priority
B.motivation vs. accuracy
As science knowledge is rather abstract, motivation in translation is preferred. e.g. machine tool机床
C.stability vs. productivity
synchronous even pressure tamping system同步稳压捣固系统
non-synchronous even pressure tamping system异步稳压捣固系统
D.systematization vs. linguistically correct
Before translation of compound technical terms, we should be aware of the nature and tradition of Chinese word-formation.
E.g. 铁路、铁道 railway
铁道部、铁道兵、铁道学院==？？？regularity 搭配规律
铁路局、铁路医院、铁路交通
E.Chinese language trait vs. conciseness
As for the numbers of characters, we prefer to use pair characters （偶数词语）or even 4-character expressions（四字结构）.
e.g. bi-stable circuit双稳压电路双稳电路
**dog clutch爪形离合器（motivation）
rubber-metal spring橡胶-金属弹簧橡胶-金属夹心弹簧
translation standard: Yan Fu’s “tri-ness”: truthfulness, expressiveness and elegance
3.Semantic Analysis of Compound Technical Term
The first step of accurate grasp of the meanings of the compound technical terms is to analyze their structures. Non-verb compounds（无动词基本合成词） can be classified into 9 kinds according to the relationship between the determiners（限定词）and their head nouns（核心词）.
1)N1 produces/makes N2
e.g. steel band rubber band
Purposes: a) show the material related to something（表明与某种物体有联系的材料）;
b)prescribe the head nouns without any relationship between them and the given material or substance（规定与这种材料或物质没有必然联系的核心词）
e.g. cane sugar 蔗糖coal gas煤气oil film油膜saw dust锯木屑
2)N2 produces/makes N1
e.g. steel mill（轧钢厂）, copper mill（轧铜厂）, paper mill（造纸厂）
computer factory oil well（油井） rubber tree（橡胶树） tear gas（催泪瓦斯）
3)N1 drives（驱动）N2
Head noun: object; determiner: agent, the source to drive head nouns such as equipment, instruments, tools, etc.
governor弹簧调速器
e.g. air drill风钻 battery car电池汽车 oil control油压控制器 spring
4)N1 contains N2
Determiner: whole; head noun: part
e.g. bed post床架 motor drive电机驱动装置 oscillator plate 振荡片 table leg桌子脚
5)N1 is N2
The determiner and the head noun have something in common.
element电阻元件
e.g. blinker light闪光灯pine tree 松树 resistant
6)N1 uses N2
N1 determines the usage of N2.
e.g. block switch闭路开关oil way油路safety valve安全阀
7)N1 is turned into N2
e.g. snowflake雪花: a flake of snow
dust-hump垃圾堆raindrop雨滴rainstorm暴风雨
8)ADJ. + N. = N.
The ADJ. determiner represents the attributes of the head noun such as color, shape, size, taste. etc.
point定点
e.g. blank bill空白票据 square
coil矩形线圈fixed
pigment黑颜料dark room暗室
point浮点 black
floating
9)N2 is like N1
限定词N1可以把核心词N2与其他物体比拟。如果两个合成成分的相似不十分明显，可以在两者中间插入“type”。
e.g. butterfly nut蝶形螺母butterfly valve 蝶形阀catfish猫头鱼
H-cable H型电缆U-steel槽钢V-belt三角皮带
Lecture 4 Common Prefixes, Suffixes and Affixes in Technical Terms Translation 1.Roots
roots meanings examples
acu- sharp acute angle锐角
do
act- to
active volcano活火山
anim- life
animate being有机体
aud- hear audible
aut-/auto- self automation
bene- well,
good beneficial有利的
bio- life biology
hundred percentage cent- one
clud-/clus-/clos- close conclude cre- grow increase
speak predict dict- say,
lead introduce duc-/duct- to
even equalize equ- equal,
bend flexible flex-/flect to
mit- to
send emit
emission
radioactive miss- let
go
mov-/mot- move remove
pose- put Water is composed of H and O.
port- carry transport scrib-script- write inscribe
2.Prefixes
a- 非、不 asymmetry非对称性astray偏离
aero- 空气、飞机 aerodynamics空气动力学, aero-craft carrier航空母舰
all- 全 all-weather全天候的, all-round champion全能冠军
anti- 反、防、抗 antifreeze防冻的, antidote解毒药
astro- 天文、宇宙 Astronavigation天文导航, astrovehicle宇宙飞行器auto- 自动 autocoder自动编码器, autochart自动流程图bi- 双、重 bipolar
relay双极继电器, bicarbonate重碳酸盐bio- 生物 bionics仿生学, biocatalyst生物催化剂
cine- 电影 cinefilm电影胶片
co- 共、同 coaxial
cable同轴电缆
contro- 反、逆 controflow逆流
counter- 反、逆 counteractant中和剂
de- 除、脱 defroster除霜剂,derailment脱轨
deci- 十分之一、分 decimal十进制
di- 双、偶、两 diode二极管 dibit两位
du- 二、双 duplicate复制
equi- 同等、均 equilibrium均等
ferro- 铁、钢 ferroalloy
铁合金
gyro- 陀螺、旋转 gyroscope陀螺仪
hecto- 百 hectare公顷 hectoliter百升
hemi- 半 hemisphere半球
hepta- 七 heptagon七角形
hexa- 六 hexagon六角形
homo- 同、相似 homochromic同色的 homoclimate相同气候hydro- 水、氢化 hydroelectric
locomotive液力传动内燃机车hyper- 高、超、重 hypertension高血压 hypervelocity超高速infra- 下、亚、次infrared
rays红外线 infrastructure地基inter- 相互、际间 intercity
train城际列车
iso- 等、同 isotherm等温线 isotope同位素
macro- 宏观、常量 macrocontrol宏观调控 macroanalysis常量分析mal- 不、失 malnutrition营养不良 malfunction失灵mega- 兆、百万 megaton百万吨级
micro- 微观 microelectronics微电子学
mono- 单、一monoblock prestressed concrete sleeper整体预应力混凝
土轨枕
multi- 多 Multi-frequency
locomotive多频电力机车ortho- 正、直 orthocentre垂心 orthograph正投影图
over- 过、超 overexposure曝光过渡
photo- 光电、光敏 photosynthesis光合作用 photoreceptor感光器poly- 多、聚 polymer聚合物 polysulphide聚硫化物
post- 后 postmeridian午后
pseudo- 伪、假 pseudo-program伪程序
quadr- 四、两次 quadraphonics四声道立体声
quasi- 准、拟quasi-high-speed准高速 quasi-ordering拟序semi- 半 semi-trailer半挂车
stereo- 立体的 stereophone立体声耳机
sub- 子、亚 subsoil亚土层
super- 超 super-streamlined
高级流线型列车
train tele- 远 telemetry遥测术
thermo- 热 thermostat恒温器 thermoscreen隔热屏
trans- 超越、变换 Transparency透明度
tri/ter- 三 Tertiary第三产业
ultra- 超过 ultrasonic
detector超音速钢轨探测仪
rail
3.Suffixes
suffixes meanings examples
-er/or 器、机 air-oil
booster气-液增压器 air compressor空气压缩机-ite 石、矿物 granite花岗岩 sulphite亚硫酸盐
-meter 表、计 speedmeter速度计 ohmmeter 电阻表
-ity 性、度 absolute
绝对粘度track elasticity 轨道弹性
viscosity
-scope 仪、镜 spectroscope
光谱仪 telescope 望远镜-graph 仪 spectrograph
摄谱仪
Lecture 5 Body Nouns Used in Technical Terms Translation
There are various kinds or ways of word-formation in technical terms, one of them is that some nouns presenting parts of the human body is used to coin some neologisms which denote some things new. They are more likely to be understood and memorized.
现在科技术语的构词方法和构词途径很多，作为万物之灵长的人不但在构词方法方面蝉精竭虑，就连人体的许多器官名称也用来做构词的“部件”，这大大丰富了人们的构词手段，而且由这种方构成的词使用起来让人倍感亲切，易懂易记。head：
band head光谱带头，brake head闸瓦托，cable head电缆线盒，cross head十字头，distillation head蒸馏设备，fuel head油面高度，head banding磁头条带效应，head effect对地电容效应，headway车间距离，overhead间接费用，管理费
face：
cutting face切削面，face cam端面凸轮，face hammer平锤 face shield面罩，face shovel正铲挖土机，face tooth端面铣刀，interface界面
eye：
camera eye摄像机取景孔，eye bolt有眼螺栓，eye diameter入口孔径，eye fidelity 映像保真性，eye shade遮光眼罩
nose：
aeroplane nose飞机头部，nose wheel前轮，spindle nose轴端部，轴头，nose dive 垂直俯冲，nose pipe放气管，nose piece喷嘴
ear：
acute ear急性中耳炎，ear emergence抽穗期，ear microphone耳塞式传声器，ear receiver耳塞听筒，ear defender护耳器
jaw：
centering jaw定心凸轮，gripper jaw夹爪，jaw brake爪闸 jaw clutch爪式离合器，jaw plate鄂板，jaw vice钳子，虎钳
cheek：
cheek board边模板，crank cheek曲柄颊板，cheek teeth臼齿
mouth：
mouth annealing浇口退火，mouth organ口琴，mouth piece接口，suction mouth 吸入口
lip：
lip reed号类乐器，lip screen分级筛，overflow lip溢口，stationary lip 固定颚板，lip microphone唇式碳粒传声器
tongue：
joint tongue榫舌，switch tongue闸刀开关铜片，tongue scraper舌板式铲运机，整平机
tooth：
2009-2010学年第2学期 《实用科技英语翻译》期末考试题型和复习题 I Answer the following questions related to EST Translation (30’)（2个题） 1. What’s the definition of EST (English of Science & Technology)? EST (English for Science & Technology or Technical English or Scientific English) is a special language variety widely used in the fields of science and technology. It’s believed that it first came to being in the 1950s along with the rapid development of science and technology, and it many researchers and scholars began to conduct investigation of this common feature of this special genre including reading comprehension, writing and even translation. 2. What are stylistic features of EST? Completely different from other genres such as everyday English, literature English, EST has its own stylistic features due to the specialty in content, field and discourse functions, and partly due to the unique habits of EST writers, which are mostly represented in lexical level and syntactical level. 3. What are the general features of Compound Technical Terms? A. accuracy（确切性）: accurately reflect the nature of the concept B. monosemy（单义性）: one sense for one word C .systematization（系统性）:the individual technical terms in a given field should be in a specific level so as to constitute a common system D. linguistically correct（语言的正确性）: in accordance with the word-formation in the same language E. conciseness（简明性）: concise and easy to remember F. motivation（理据性）: just as the name implies, one can know the meaning of the word.
1.Here great disturbances at the heart of the earth caused mountains and volcanoes to rise above the water. 这里，由于地心的剧烈活动，使山脉和火山升出水面。 2.After the Australian Taxation Office made its taxation forms simpler, it actually received praise from taxpayers who could finally understand it. 澳大利亚税务局将其表格文字简化后，受到了纳税人的广泛称赞，因为他们终于能看懂这些表格了 3.Although people are born to win, they are also born helpless and totally dependent on their environment. Winners successfully make the transition from total helplessness to independence, and then to interdependence. Losers do not. 虽然人们生来要成功，然而，他们同样生来就是无助的，完全依靠环境。成功者成功地从完全不能自立过渡到了独立，然后过渡到相互依靠。失败者则不然。 4.Darwin was convinced that the loss of the tastes in music and drawing was not only a loss of happiness, but might possibly be injurious to the intellect, and more probably to the moral character. 达尔文认为，失去对音乐和绘画方面的兴趣，不仅失去了幸福，而且还可能损伤智力，甚至可能会伤害道德。 5.No eating tools on the Chinese dinner table are more magical and distinctive than the chopsticks. 中餐桌上最神奇,最有特色的用餐工具莫过于筷子. 6.It is not on the shores of continents, nor in the coastal islands, however, that the soul of the great Pacific is found. It lies far out where the fabled South Sea Islands are scattered over the huge ocean like stars in the sky. 然而，浩瀚的太平洋最精美之处不在其大陆海岸，也不在沿海诸岛，而是在远离陆地的海域。在那里，富有神奇色彩的南太平洋诸岛像天上的繁星一样散布在广阔的海面上。 7.Circumstances and people are constantly changing. Some friendship last “forever”; others do not. 环境与人都在不断地改变。有些友谊地久天长，有些则如昙花一现。
Materials Science and Engineering arc welding 电弧焊 calcinations 煅烧 casting 熔铸 ceramic 陶瓷 chemical properties 化学性能 cold brittleness 低温脆性 colour liquid crystals 彩色液晶 congruent compound 合熔化合物 constant-deformation tests 定变形试验 Creep Strength 潜变强度 crystal pattern 晶体结构 data quartz fiber 数据石英光纤 die casting 拉模铸造 drawing & stamping 延轧 Dynamics of Forging System 锻压系统动力学 Edge Finish 边缘处理 Engineering Materials 工程材料 nano-material 纳米材料 ceramic 陶瓷 polymer 集合物 composite material 复合材料 biomaterial 生物材料semiconductor 半导体 conductor 导体 insulator 绝缘体 synthetic fabrics 合成纤维microstructures 显微结构 periodic table 周期表 Equipment for Heating Processing 热处理设备 Fatigue Test 疲劳测试 Features of Metal 金属的特性 Ferrous & Non Ferrous Metal 铁及非铁金属 forging 锻造 foundry 铸造 High Polymer Material & Processing 高分子材料及加工Impact Test 冲击测试 Intermetallic compound 金属间化物 Ionic Solids 离子晶体 Magnetic Transformation 磁性变态 Mechanic Testing of Engineering Materials 工程材料力学性能的测定Mechanical Property of Metal 金属机械性能 Metal Cutting Machine Tool 金属切削工具 Metal Erosion & Protection 金属腐蚀及防护 Metal Material Science 金属材料学 Metallic Solids 金属晶体Metallographic Techniques 金相技术Metallography 金属学 Metallography & Heat Treatment 金属学与热处理
《科技英语翻译》课程练习十六 一、将以下指示与说明文体译成汉语 1. Important safety instructions 1) AC extension cords are not recommended for use with this product. If an extension cord must be used, be sure it is an approved type and has sufficient current-carrying capacity to power this product. 2) NEVER operate this product with any covers removed. 3) NEVER wet the inside of this product with any liquid. 4) NEVER pour or spill liquids directly into this unit. 5) NEVER block air flow through ventilation slots or heat sinks. 6) NEVER bypass any fuse. 7) NEVER replace any fuse with a value or type other than those specified. 8) NEVER attempt to repair this product. If a problem occurs, contact your local retailer. 9) NEVER expose this product to extremely high or low temperatures. 10) NEVER operate this product in an explosive atmosphere. 11) ALWAYS keep electrical equipment out of the reach of children. 二、将以下某款前置放大器使用说明译成汉语 1) DISPLAY INTENSITY BUTTON Cycles among four levels of brightness (including “off”）for the display, allowing adjustment for various ambient lighting conditions. When “off”, the display will turn on for a few seconds whenever a setting is changed. When used in conjunction with certain compatible ABC components, this button will control the display intensity of all lin ked components. (For more information, see “Linked Functions.”) 2) MODE INDICATORS Three LEDs give visual confirmation of the Operational Mode the preamplifier is in at any moment. 3) MODE BUTTON Cycles among the three primary Operational Modes of the preamplifier: Monitor (the source being listened to); Record Select (the source being provided to the Record Outputs); and Balance (the relative volumes of the Left and Right channels). Confirmation of these operating modes is given by the Mode Indicators below the
小议科技英语翻译技巧 科技文体崇尚严谨周密，概念准确，逻辑性强，行文简练，重点突出，句式严整，少有变化，常用前置性陈述，即在句中将主要信息尽量前置，通过主语传递主要信息。科技文章文体的特点是：清晰、准确、精练、严密。那末，科技文章的语言结构特色在翻译过程中如何处理，这是进行英汉科技翻译时需要探讨的问题。现分述如下： 一、大量使用名词化结构 大量使用名词化结构（Nominalization）是科技英语的特点之一。因为科技文体要求行文简洁、表达客观、内容确切、信息量大、强调存在的事实。而非某一行为。 Archimedes first discovered the principle of displacement of water by solid bodies. 阿基米德最先发展固体排水的原理。 句中of displacement of water by solid bodies 系名词化结构，一方面简化了同位语从句，另一方强调displacement 这一事实。 The rotation of the earth on its own axis causes the change from day to night. 地球绕轴自转，引起昼夜的变化。 名词化结构the rotation of the earth on its own axis 使复合句简化成简单句，而且使表达的概念更加确切严密。 If you use firebricks round the walls of the boiler, the heat loss, can be considerably reduced. 炉壁采用耐火砖可大大降低热耗。 科技英语所表述的是客观规律，因之要尽量避免使用第一、二人称；此外，要使主要的信息置于句首。 Television is the transmission and reception of images of moving objects by radio waves. 电视通过无线电波发射和接受活动物体的图象。 名词化结构the transmission and reception of images of moving objects by radio waves 强调客观事实，而"谓语动词则着重其发射和接受的能力。 二、广泛使用被动语句 根据英国利兹大学John Swales 的统计，科技英语中的谓语至少三分之一是被动态。这是因为科技文章侧重叙事推理，强调客观准确。第一、二人称使用过多，会造成主观臆断的印象。因此尽量使用第三人称叙述，采用被动语态，例如：Attention must be paid to the working temperature of the machine.应当注意机器的工作温度。而很少说：You must pay attention to the working temperature of the machine .你们必须注意机器的工作温度。此外，如前所述，科技文章将主要信息前置，放在主语部份。这也是广泛使用被动态的主要原因。试观察并比较下列两段短文的主语。 We can store electrical energy in two metal plates separated by an insulating medium. We call such a device a capacitor, or a condenser, and its ability to store electrical energy capacitance .It is measured in farads. 电能可储存在由一绝缘介质隔开的两块金属极板内。这样的装置称之为电容器，
科技英语中专业术语的 翻译 集团文件版本号：（M928-T898-M248-WU2669-I2896-DQ586-M1988）
科技英语中专业术语的翻译 1.意译：根据科技术语的含义，将其翻译成汉语里和它完全对等的名词就叫意译。对单个词语来说，意译也就是直译。意译法是最常用的翻译方法，它能使读者直接了解术语的含义。例子如下： ①firewall ．．．．．．．． ：防火墙 ②data mining ．．．．．．．．．． ：数据挖掘 ③automatic program control ．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．． ：自动程序控制 2.形译：英语中有些科技术语的前半部分是表示该术语形象的字母或单词，翻译成汉语时可把这一部分翻译成表示具体形象的词，或保留原来的字母，这就叫形译。例子如下： I ．-．bar ．．． 工字钢、工字条；O ．-．ring ．．．． 环形圈；twist ．．．．．-．drill ．．．．．麻花钻；X ．-．Ray ．．．X 光；α．-．brass ．．．．． α黄铜[1] 3.音译：根据英语发音翻译成汉语里相应的词。科技英语中某些有专业名词构成的术语、单位名称、新型材料的名称等，在翻译时都可采用音译法。例子如下： gene ．．．． 基因；quark ．．．．． 夸克；Pentium ．．．．．．． 奔腾 celluloid ．．．．．．．．． 赛璐璐；nylon ．．．．． 尼龙 Hertz ．．．．．（Hz ）赫兹（频率单位）；lumen ．．．．．流明（光通量单位） 4.缩写词：英语首字母缩写词在科技新词中占很大比重，这类词如果译成汉语，就显得拖沓冗长，因此很多情况下干脆不翻译。例子如下： CPU ．．．：．C ．entral Processing Unit ．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．(中央处理器) ASCII ．．．．．：．American S ．．．．．．．．．tandard ．．．．．．． C ．ode ．．． for ．．． I ．nformation ．．．．．．．．．． I ．nterchange ．．．．．．．．．． (美国信息交换标准码) ATM ．．．：．A ．synchronous ．．．．．．．．．．． T ．ransfer ．．．．．．． M ．ode ．．． (异步传输方式) 一些国际组织的缩写也常采用这种办法。例子如下： WTO ．．．(国际贸易组织)；UNESCO ．．．．．．(联合国教科文组织)；WHO ．．．(世界卫生组织)；IOC ．．． (国际奥委会)
翻译是把一种语言里已经表达出来的事物用另一种语言准确流畅地进行重新表达的过程。与其他题材的文章相比,科技专业文章在内容、表达形式和风格上有很大的差别,具有科技性强、专业性强、逻辑严密、表达要求简练的特点,在翻译上力求准确全面、严谨明确和通顺简练。 1科技英语翻译遵循的基本原则 从科技文章的特点来看,大多具有以下几个特征:述说事理、逻辑性强、结构严密、术语繁多,语言严谨、数据精确。这就要求译文必须概念清楚、条理分明、逻辑正确、数据无误,尤其对定义、定律、公式、图表、结论等更应特别注意。科技英语作为特殊英语的一个分支,在词汇构成、遣词造句等方面都有其自身的特点,其语法结构不十分严密、语言习惯和汉语也有不少差别、词汇量大、词语繁多,因此科技英语翻译起来比较困难。另外,科技文章比较重视叙事逻辑上的连贯及表达上的明晰与畅达; 避免行文晦涩,避免表露个人感情,避免论证上的主观随意性。因此,科技英语翻译力求少用或不用描述性形容词以及具有抒情作用的副词、感叹词及疑问词,而是大量使用科技词汇、专业技术用语,译者应尊重客观事实,不能随意改动数据、回避不易翻译的文字,更不能加进自己的主观想象,进行自由翻译。 我国著名翻译家严复提出的“信、达、雅”三准则一直为不少翻译工作者所接受。 “信”指的是译文要忠实于原文,“达”是指译文的通顺达意,“雅”指的是译文的用词修辞。三准则体现了译文和原文信息等值这一基本要领。 “信、达、雅”的翻译准则对各种英语文体的翻译实践都具有指导意义,是衡量一篇译文好坏的标准,也同样适用于科技文献的翻译。由于科技文章特有的文体特征,与其他类文章相比,其“达”和“雅”的内涵不同,它要求在准确传达信息的基础上,使译文更加简洁明快,流畅通顺。2科技英语翻译的基本方法
2018<科技英汉互译教程>上篇期末考试范围 P.23例2 This type of spring is extensively used in electrical instruments, and deserves special consideration. 这种弹簧广泛应用于电工仪表中，因此值得专门考虑一下。 P.24 例3 If the reaction took hours, and not seconds, the fuel costs would be prohibitive. 如果这一反应要花费数小时，而不是几秒钟，燃料费就太高了。 例7 Keep the batteries in dry places, and electricity may not be made to leak away. （如果）把蓄电池放在干燥的地方，就不会漏电。 这种句式中，祈使句表示条件，and后面的句子表示结果，可译为“如果……，就……”，或者“……就”。 P.25例12 In other words mineral substances which are found on earth must be extracted by digging, boring holes, artificial explosions, or similar operations which make them available to us. 换言之，矿物就是存在于地球上，但须经过挖握、钻孔、人工爆破或类似作业才能获得的物质。 例14 The solar wind grossly distorts the earth's magnetic field, dragging it out to a long tail. 太阳风使地球磁场的形状发生很大的变化，将它向外拉牵，扯出一条长尾。 译文中将分词短语译成了动词并列式分句（或后续分句），即在一个主语下使用两个或两个以上的并列动词，用逗号隔开。 P.26 例17 The substitution of some rolling friction for sliding friction results in a very considerable reduction in friction. 用滚动摩擦代替滑动摩擦，会大幅度减少摩擦力。 例20 An understanding of the essential character of scientific investigation is best acquired from the study of a representative particular science. 要了解科学研究最本质的特点，最好是对特定的典型学科进行研究。 P.27 例23 The moon is a world that is completely and utterly dead, a sterile mountainous waste on which during the heat of the day the sun blazed down with relentless fury, but where during the long night the cold is so intense that it far surpasses anything ever experienced on the earth. 月球完全是一个毫无生气的世界，是一片多山的不毛之地。在酷热的白昼，太阳向它倾泻着无情的烈焰，而浸长的严寒却远远不是我们在地球上所能体验到的。 原句中含有4个分句：由关系代词that引导的定语从句，修饰a world；介词on+关系代词which引导的定语从句，修饰a world的同位语a sterile mountainous waste；关系副词where 引导的定语从句，也修饰a sterile mountainous waste；so…that引导的结果状语从句。 例24 Computing machines are essentially machines for recording numbers, operating with numbers, and giving the result in numerical form. 计算机本质上是一种记录数字、运算数字并给出数字结果的机器。
科技英语翻译 1.1 翻译的标准 第1节翻译练习1 The power plant is the heart of a ship. The power unit for driving the machines is a 50-hp induction motor. 动力装置是船舶的心脏。 驱动这些机器的动力装置是一台50马力的感应电动机。 第1节翻译练习2 Semiconductor devices, called transistors, are replacing tubes in many applications. Cramped conditions means that passengers’ legs cannot move around freely. All bodies are known to possess weight and occupy space. 半导体装置也称为晶体管，在许多场合替代电子管。 我们知道，所有的物体都有重量并占据空间。 空间狭窄，旅客的两腿就不能自由活动。 第1节翻译练习3 The removal of minerals from water is called softening. A typical foliage leaf of a plant belonging to the dicotyledons is composed of two principal parts: blade and petiole. 去除水中的矿物质叫做软化。 双子叶植物典型的营养叶由两个主要部分组成：叶片和叶柄。 1.2 对译者的要求 第4节翻译练习1 Einstein’s relativity theory is the only one which can explain such phenomena. All four (outer planets) probably have cores of metals, silicates, and water. 爱因斯坦的相对论是能解释这种现象的唯一理论。（直译） 这四颗外层行星的内核可能都由金属、硅酸盐和水构成。（意译） The designer must have access to stock lists of the materials he employs. Part adjustment and repair must be performed on regular basis if an acceptable printed product is to be the end product. 设计师必须备有所使用材料的储备表。（意译） 要使印刷品的质量达到要求，部件调试及修理就必须定期进行。（意译） 第4节翻译练习2 The most important of the factors affecting plant growth is that it requires the supply of water. The doctor analyzed the blood sample for anemia. The apparent change in size of the sun is caused by dust in the air near the horizon.植物生长的各因素中最重要的是水的供应。（合译） 太阳的大小看起来有变化，这是由于靠近地平线的空气中有尘粒而引起的。（分译） 医生对血样作了分析，看是不是贫血症。（分译） These fragments of rock and iron range from thousand kilometers in diameter to less than one. Manufacturing processes may be classified as unit production with small quantities being made and mass production with large numbers of identical parts being produced.这些石块和铁块的碎片大小不等，大的直径有1000公里，小的不到1公里。（分译） 制造过程可以分为单件生产和大量生产。前者指的是生产少量的零件，后者则是指生产大量相同的零件。（分译） 第4节翻译练习3 Cartography is the science of making maps. Many elements in nature are found to be mixtures of different isotopes. 制图学是研究绘制地图的科学。（增译） 人们发现，自然界里许多元素，都是各种不同的同位素的混合物。（增译） The two units used most frequently in electricity are ampere and volt: this is the unit of voltage and that of current. That like charges repel but opposite charges attract is one of the fundamental laws of electricity. 电学上最常用的两个单位是安培和伏特：后者是电压的单位，前者是电流的单位。（增译） 同性电荷相斥，异性电荷相吸是电学的一个基本规律。（省译） 第4节翻译练习4 Almost any insulated body processes to some extent the ability to retain for a time an electric charge. The angular contact bearing provides a greater thrust capacity. The properties of the weld can be altered by varying the grain orientation. 几乎任何一种绝缘体都多少具有保留电荷一段时间的能力。 向心推力轴承有较大的轴向承载能力。 通过改变晶粒的方向可以改变焊缝的性能。 2.1 词义的选择 第1节翻译练习1 The spindle rotates simultaneously round two axes at right angles to each other. The earth isn’t completely round; it is slightly flattene d at the poles. In each round of operation the particle picks up energy from the oscillating electric field. 锭子同时绕两个互相垂直的轴旋转。（介词） 粒子每运转一周都从振荡电场获取新的能量。（名词） 地球并非完全是圆的，它的两极略扁平。（形容词） An electron is an extremely small corpuscle with negative charge which rounds about the nucleus of an atom. Her waist measures forty inches round. 电子是绕原子核转动且带有负电荷的极其微小的粒子。（动词） 她腰围40英寸。（副词） 第1节翻译练习2 Rate of penetration was found to be proportional to the net pressure applied by the tool. Scientists are constantly striving to find fast and convenient way of obtaining quantitative data. To find the area of a square or oblong, you merely multiply its length by its width. Certain isotopes are not found in nature. 人们发现钻孔速度与工具所受的净压力成正比。 求一正方形或长方形的面积，你只需将其长度乘以宽度。 科学家们总是力求找到快速而简便的方法获得定量数据。 有些同位素在自然界中并不存在。 New fibers find expanding applications in engineering and industry. Kangaroos are found in Australia. This plant is found in the sea near the mouth of rivers. Microcomputers have found their application in the production of genius sensors. Plastics find wide application in our daily life. 大袋鼠产于澳大利亚。 这种植物生长在近河口的海中。 新发明的纤维在工程和工业领域得到越来越广泛的应用。 微型计算机已经应用于智能传感器的生产中。 塑料在我们的日常生活中得到广泛应用。 第2节翻译练习1 The cause of rolling resistance is the deformation of mating surfaces of the rolling element and the raceway on which it rolls. Traditionally, NC programming has been performed offline with the machine commands The occurrence of large mats of floating algae may result in the death of many fish from lack of oxygen. 滚动阻力的起因在于滚动体的配合面和它滚动的滚道的变形。（技术性引申） 通常，数控机床的编程是脱机完成的，指令载于穿孔带上。（技术性引申） 大片大片漂浮的藻类的出现导致很多鱼因缺氧而死亡。（修辞引申） The splitting of the uranium or plutonium nucleus is accompanied by the release of very considerable amount of energy. The major contributors in component technology have been in the semiconductor. The distance between the two plates is small compared with their linear dimensions. Just as different solids and liquids vary in density, so do gases and vapors. 元件技术中起主要作用的是半导体元件。（具体化引申） 两板之间的距离相对于其宽度和长度而言比较小。（具体化引申） 随着铀核和钚核的裂变，会有极其巨大的能量释放处理。（修辞性引申） 正像不同的固体和液体的密度不同一样，不同的气体和蒸汽的密度也不同。（具体化引申） The Curies believed that there was something in nature that gave out radiation. Obviously, there is much room for the improvement in the structure. At present coal is the most common food of a steam plant. The facts have been set down in black and white. 显然，其结构还有较大的改进余地。（抽象化引申） 目前，煤是火电厂最常用的能源。（抽象化引申） 居里夫妇坚信，自然界中有一种物质能放出辐射能。（具体化引申） 这些事实已经清清楚楚地记录下来了。（抽象化引申） 2.3 词类的转换 第3节翻译练习1 Each time a sample was drawn for color determination. What is certain is that the oil spill has delivered a devastating blow to the ecology of the Persian Gulf. We should get familiar with different systems of units. 每次取一个标本测定颜色。 可以肯定，这场石油泄漏事件对波斯湾的生态是个惨重的打击。 我们应该熟悉各种（计量）单位制。 These decision-making processes are applicable to the entire field of engineering design--- not just to mechanical engineering design. Hydrogen instead of air is frequently used for cooling large turbogenerators. When the war was over, it was discovered that the Germans were nowhere near success in developing nuclear weapons. 常以氢气代替空气来冷却大型汽轮发电机。 第二次世界大战结束后，人们发现德国人在研制核武器方面离成功还很远。 这些判定过程可以应用于工程设计的整个领域，而不仅仅限于机械工程设计。 Various precautions have been taken against leakage. Once inside the oven, panels are subjected to a temperature of 365°F. Value is defined as a numerical ratio, the ratio of the function, or performance, to the cost. This new model should appeal to potential buyers. 一旦进入烘干炉，板材就处于365华氏度的温度条件下。 价值的定义是功能或性能与成本的数值比。 已采取了各种措施防止渗漏。 这种新式样对潜在的买主肯定有吸引力。 Galileo’s experiments are not difficul t, nor is there any evidence that he performed them with exceptional skill. Sometimes a scientist observes an object and its features, for example a star or a bird; sometimes he observes an event, which is something that happens at a particular time. Earthquakes are generally more destructive of life than volcanic eruptions. 有时科学家观察一物体及其特征，例如一颗星或一只鸟；有时科学家观察某一事件，即在一特定时间所发生的事。 地震对于生命的破坏通常大于火山爆发。 伽利略的实验并不难，也没有证据表明他是以非凡的技能来做实验的。 Heat should be applied slowly to avoid localized overheating. How rapidly a fuel burns depends on how thoroughly it is mixed with oxygen or air. This is why a coil is often referred to as an inductor. 一种燃料燃烧的速度有多快，取决于它与氧气或空气混合的均匀程度。 这就是线圈常被叫做电感器的原因。 应当慢慢加热，以避免发生局部过热现象。 第3节翻译练习2 Practically all of the useful properties of materials are strongly dependent on their internal structure. The metal casts well. A wire for conducting electric current is covered with plastic; the plastic is insulation round the wire. 几乎材料的一切有用特性都与其内部的结构有密切的关系。 这种金属有良好的铸造性能。 传导电流的导线包有塑料，该塑料便是导线周围的绝缘材料。 There are many ways of determining the distribution of the magnetism about a magnet. Good lubrication keeps the bearings from being damaged. Safety in a power plant is of great importance. Most modern transmitters employ solid state circuits. 安全在电厂是非常重要的。 现代发报机大多采用固体电路。 有许多方法来确定磁场周围的磁力分布状况。 润滑良好可保护轴承不受损伤。 E-Chemmerce now offers two main levels of online business intelligence on chemical, plastic and energy e-commerce. These images tend to exaggerate the robot’s similarity to human anatomy and behavior. Aluminum remained an expensive rarity till the discovery of the electrolytic process for reducing aluminum in 1886. 这些概念常常夸大了机器人与人类在形体和行为方面的相似之处。 《电子化工商务》目前主要提供两个层次的有关化学、塑料和能源电子商务的在线商务信息服务。 直到1886年人们发现电解法还原铝之前，铝一直是一种昂贵的珍品。 Since some materials are not damaged easily as others, the possibility exists of developing radiation-resistant parts. 由于有些材料不像另一些那样容易被损坏，所以有可能研制出防辐射的零件。 2.4 词的增译 第4节翻译练习2 第4节翻译练习1 This action externally appears like the discharge of a capacitor. Once out of the earth’s gravity, an astronaut is affec ted by still another problem--- weightlessness.