国际贸易实务Chapter 8笔记版

易 实
务 （1）产地或工厂检验； （2）装船前或装船时检 验：离岸品质或重量
否定买方的复验权，对买方不利
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国 (二) 在进口国检验：
际 贸
（1）目的港（地）卸货后检验；
易 （2）目的港（地）买方营业处所或最终用户
实 务
所在地检验
(三)在出口国检验，在进口国复验
（1） 复验：是指买方收到货物后有复验权。复 验期限的长短，应视商品的性质和港口情况而定。
•3．1低于2，按2办理
•4．无1、2，按生产国标准，若无， 按国际标准或国家商检部门指定标 准。
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国 （三）我国商检的检验程序
际 贸 易 • 1、出口商品检验程序（四个环节） 实 务
报验
抽样
签证或放行
检验
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国
际
贸 2、进口商品的检验程序：
易
实
登记与报验
务
检验和出证
返回本章目录
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国
第二节 装船前检验
际
贸
易
实
又叫“进口货物全面监管计划”(CISS)，是一些发展中国家的政府为了防止外汇流失， 确保国家关税收入，以其政府首脑颁布法令的形式，指定国际公证检验机构对进口货
务
物在装运前实施进行强制性检验、价格比较以及海关税则分类的进口综合监督制度。
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国 际 贸
易 • 一、内容
实 • 商品检验、价格比较、合法性审查、海关资料的核查 务
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国 际 贸 易
实 第一节 商品检验
务
第二节 装船前检验
2021/8/27
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国
际 贸
第一节 商品检验
易
实
一、商品检验的意义

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8.2 Basic requirement for documentation
correctness completeness conciseness cleanness promptness
SEIB OF GDUFS
Байду номын сангаас
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8.3 Basis for documentation
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8.4 Export documents
Documents required during negotiation or goods preparation: Export License (Specimen 8.1)
the first document a seller has to prepare when he intends to export commodities that are under export control of his country.
Chapter Eight
Export Documentation
Learning objectives
After reading this chapter you should be able to
understand the importance of documentation in export transaction be aware of the basic requirements and information source of export documentation describe the different types of export documents outline the functions and contents of the major export documents

export documents
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8.1 Significance of documentation
symbolic delivery: delivery of goods by the handover of title documents, instead of physical goods
correctness completeness conciseness cleanness promptness
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8.3 Basis for document any payment related documents
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Documents required during negotiation:
Pro Forma Invoice (Specimen 8.2)
issued by the seller as a response to an inquiry from the potential buyer
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Documents involved in goods preparation
Packing List (Specimen 8.4)
a document made out by the seller stating the detailed content of each individual shipment a supplementary document to the commercial invoice required for mandatory inspection required for export and import customs formalities Usu. required for negotiation of payment. to facilitate the general checking of goods to facilitate insurance claims and claims settlements

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Documents required during negotiation:
Pro Forma Invoice (Specimen 8.2)
issued by the seller as a response to an inquiry from the potential buyer
been concluded
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Documents involved in goods preparation
Commercial Invoice (Specimen 8.3)
the exporting firm’s invoice addressed to the foreign importer describing key transaction details, esp. total value and
Chapter Eight
Export Documentation
Learning objectives
After reading this chapter you should be able to
understand the importance of documentation in export transaction
correctness completeness conciseness cleanness promptness
SEIB OF GDUFS
4
8.3 Basis for documentation
sales contract any payment related documents
similar to a commercial invoice contains the same information as those in the

The following factors that should be considered when pricing:
1 Consider the quality of the goods
2 Consider the quantity of the goods
3 Consider the distance of the transportation
A very important way to achieve a large share of the market for a new product is to set a relatively low price initially to stimulate demand and attract more buyers. If the market appears to be highly price sensitive, setting a low price will bring additional buyers into the market. It is helpful to unlock markets that may not have even been anticipated.
(10) Terminal cost（终点费用）
(11) Cost of documents（单证费用）
(12) Other charges（其他费用） (13) Ocean freight（海上运输费用） (14) Freight forward’s fee（发运代理费） (15) Export credit insurance（出口信贷保险） (16) Marine insurance（海运保险） (17) Financial charges（财务费用）

（3）班轮运费及其计收方法
班轮运费：指班轮承运人根据运输契约完成货物运输后， 按照班轮运价表的规定计算出价格，然后从托运人那里取 得的报酬。 班轮运价表：货物分级表、各航线费率表、附加费率表、 冷藏货和活牲畜费率表等。 班轮运费的构成：基本运费（指在正常条件下，普通货物 从装运港到卸货港所收的运费。）和附加费（是在基本运 费的基础上另加收的费用，如对一些需特殊处理的货物所 加收的费用，或由于突发事件、客观情况变化等原因所加 收的费用。）
（一）航空货物运输的方式
1．班机运输 班机运输是指在固定航线上，按固定时
间，固定始发站、目的站和途经站进行货 物运输的方式，一般为客货混载，因而舱 位有限。
2．包机运输
包机运输是指租机人租用整架飞机或若干租机人 合租一架飞机运送货物的方式。分为整架包机和 部分包机两种形式。整架包机适用于大宗货物的 运送，如能争取来回程都有货载，则可降低费用， 否则，单程载货运费很贵；部分包机适用于一吨 以上不足整机的多个客户货物的运输。运费相对 班机较低。
（2）定期租船
又称“期租船”或“期租”，是指由船舶所 有人将特定的船舶，按照租船合同的约定，在约 定的期限内租给承租人使用的一种租船方式。这 种租船方式以约定的 使用期限为船舶租期，而不 以完成航次数多少来计算。租赁期限由船舶所有 人和承租人根据实际需要约定，短则几个月，长 则几年、十几年，甚至到船舶报废为止。在租期 内，承租人利用租赁的船舶既可以进行不定期船 货物运输，也可以投入班轮运输，还可以在租期 内将船舶转租，以取得运费收入或谋取租金差额。
2．承运货物收据（CARGO RECEIPT）这是铁 路部门承运货物的收据，构成收货人或外运公司 与铁路部门的运输契约，是发货人办理对外结汇 的凭证。此收据用于国内铁路运输。

▪ The relative price of textiles in autarky is greater in the U.S. than in Mexico.
▪ That is, the U.S.’s autarky price line is steeper than Mexico’s.
▪ In symbols, (PT/PC)U.S. > (PT/PC)Mex. ▪ This means that Mexico has the
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E
Y1
Y4
Y2
E'
Y6
e c'
X3X1
X2 Textiles
X5 X4 X6
Textiles 8-17
The Result
▪ The relatively capital abundant country (U.S.) exports the relatively capital intensive good (cars).
▪ What makes labor relatively cheap? • If it is relatively abundant.
▪ So: If (K/L)A is a relatively big number (that is, capital is relatively abundant), w/r will be a relatively big number, reflecting the relative scarcity of L and abundance of K.
markets. ▪ Each country’s endowment of
factors is fixed. ▪ Factors are mobile internally, but

inspection certificate
Certificate is a general name and it can be issued to include different items of inspection such as weight ,quality ,packaging ,etc. Certificates
Advantadges to Buyers
Make make certain that the goods delivered to them are exactly the goods described by the contract they havesigned with the sellers. certain that the goods delivered to them are exactly the goods described by the contract they havesignde with the sellers.In simple words he wants to get his money'worth according to the contract.
Inspection agency and certificate
• agency State inspection agencies
are primarily regulators but are also responsible for the inspection of certain very important goods.
Methods and Standards of Inspection Inspection methods such as sampling

2. Main contents of business negotiation
（1）Main terms of trade
It includes quality, quantity, packaging, price, delivering and terms of payment, etc.
（2）General Terms and Coion 4: Formation and main contents of contact
Section 1: Form and content of business negotiation
1. The form of business negotiation
Two forms: Oral form and written form
3. The offer shall indicate the intention of the offeror to be bound in case of acceptance
This intention may be indicated by terms as “firm” offer, “offer with engagement”, etc.
1. The offer shall be made to one or more specific persons
The offer shall be the definite representation in which the offeror expresses that he shall conclude transaction on the terms and conditions stipulated therein.
If the offer has a restrictive condition, i.e.,” subject to our final confirmation”, then it's a non-firm offer regarded as an invitation for offer.

Breach of Contract by the Seller Breach of Contract by the Buyer Contract without Specific Clauses
Claim Clause in Contract
Dispute and Claim clause Penalty Clause
General Introduction
Definition Buyers Inspection Right
Import and Export Inspection in China
Law of the Peoples Republic of China on Import and E and rule of state and the international usual practice are prior to the contract clauses;
› for some international standards such as ISO9000 or the standard of International Wool Secretariat, it is decided by both seller and buyer to adopt them or not.
Inspection Clauses in the
Contract
The inspection clauses in a sales contract are usually as follows:
› It is mutually agreed that the Inspection Certificate of quality and quantity weight issued by the China Import and Export Commodity Inspection Bureau at the port of shipment shall be part of the documents to be presented for negotiation under the relevant L/C. The buyers shall have the right to re-inspect the quality and quantity weight of the cargo. The re-inspection fee shall be borne by the buyers. Should the quality and /or quantity weight be found not in conformity with that of the contract, the buyers are entitled to lodge with the sellers a claim, which should be supported by survey reports, issued by a recognized surveyor approved by the sellers. The claim, if any, shall be lodged within days after arrival of the cargo at the port of destination.