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张奎武《英美概况》笔记及习题(发展中的英国)【圣才出品】

张奎武《英美概况》笔记及习题(发展中的英国)【圣才出品】
张奎武《英美概况》笔记及习题(发展中的英国)【圣才出品】

第8章发展中的英国

8.1 复习笔记

I. The Postwar Economy and Society

II. Political Reform

III. The New Poor Law and the Anti-Corn Law League

IV. The Chartist Movement

I. The Postwar Economy and Society (战后的经济和社会)

1. Although both agricultural and industrial production had greatly increased during the wars, the total national debt had nearly quadrupled.

2. In 1815, a new Corn Law was passed, designed to keep up grain prices and rents by taxing imposed grain. The industrial bourgeoisie resented the new Corn Law.

1. 尽管战争期间农业和工业产量都增加了,国债总数增加了近4倍。

2. 1815年,《新谷物法》颁布,目的在于通过征收谷物税,提高谷物价格和租金。工业资产阶级反对《新谷物法》。

II. Political Reform (政治改革)

1. The first Whig Reform Bill was introduced in 1831, a third bill was then passed

by the Commons, but again the Lords threw it out in May 1832.

2. The Reform Bill was concerned with giving the middle classes a stake in responsible government rather than with changing the basis of government.

1. 1831年,辉格党制定的第一条改革法案通过。1832年,下议院通过了第三条改革法案,但是上议院予以否定。

2. 改革法案支持中产阶级的利益,而不是改变政府的基础。

III. The New Poor Law and the Anti-Corn Law League (《新济贫法》和反谷物法联盟) 1. In 1834 a new Poor Law was passed, the only relief that the poorest people could get was given in the workhouses.

2. In 1838, the Anti-Corn Law League was formed. In 1848 the corn laws were suspended.

1. 1834年,《新济贫法》通过,最贫穷的人只能在济贫院得到救济。

2. 1838年,反谷物法联盟形成。1848年,谷物法被废除。

IV. The Chartist Movement (宪章运动)

1. The People’s Charter was drawn up in 1837 and the basic point is Universal Suffrage.

2. The Chartist Movement reached its height in 1839—1848 and declined after 1848.

3. The Chartist Movement failed but the English working- class entered a period of conducting independent political movements against the bourgeoisie.

1. 1837年提出了人民宪章,基本点是普选权。

2. 1839—1848年,宪章运动达到高潮,1848年后逐渐衰落。

3. 宪章运动虽然失败了,但是英国的工人运动进入了一个新阶段,他们开始了独立反对资产阶级的斗争。

8.2 课后习题详解

Exercise 1. Answer the following questions:

1. What do you know about the postwar economy and society in Britain?

Key: After the war against Napoleon, though agricultural and industrial production increased, the national debt quadrupled. Due to the immediate fall in the demand for manufactured goods, some factories closed, and therefore the unemployment was more serious. A new Corn Law was passed in 1815 to keep up grain prices and rents by taxing imported grain, which was rejected by the industrial bourgeoisie and working class people. Strikes and mass meetings were often held in many cities, especially from 1815 to 1819 saw constant unrest.

2. What was the political reform? What was its effect on Britain?

Key: The Reform Bill of 1832 made three important changes; (1) A number of “rotten boroughs” were abolished; (2) Additional seats were given to the most populous counties; (3) Only the men who had on certain amount of property or paid a certain amount of rent had the right to vote.

It had a strong effect on Britain. It concerned with giving the middle classes a stake in responsible government rather than with changing the basis of government. Yet the working classes and some sections of the lower middle classes still remained voteless on account of the high property qualification.

3. How did the Chartist Movement take place in Britain? What was the reason for the failure of the Movement?

Key: In 1836 the London Working Men’s Association was organized. In 1837 a petition, known as the People’s Charter was drawn up. The main point was to seek universal suffrage, which was the beginning of the Chartist Movement.

The failure of the Movement is its divided leadership and lack of a strong basis of class unity. During the movement the Chartists could be divided into two groups—moral force, which believed in reform by peaceful means; and physician force, which advocated violence.

Exercise 2. Explain the following terms:

1. the Corn Laws

Key: It refers to a series of laws for regulating trade in corn, including raising the grain prices and rents by taxing imported grain in 1815 or so, which made labor-price dearer, shrank the home market and hampered the development of foreign trade. So the middle class and the working-class people resented the laws. In 1848 they were repealed.

2. the Peterloo Massacre

Key: In August 1819 a demonstration was organized in Manchester to demand universal suffrage, vote by ballot, and annul Parliament and the repeal of the Corn Laws. It was suppressed by the government with 11 persons killed and over 400 wounded.

3. the Reform Bill

Key: It was put forward by the new Whig-led government in 1832. It made three important changes for the election system: (1) A number of “rotten boroughs” were abolished; (2) Additional seats were given to the most populous counties. (3) The total electorate was increased by 217000. But the working class and some sections of the lower middle classes still remained voteless.

4. Lord Viscount Melbourne

Key: The English statesman William Lamb, the 2nd Viscount Melbourne, served as prime minister in 1834 and from 1835 to 1841. He was the stern suppressor of early trade unionism and the political mentor of the young Queen Victoria.

5. the Anti-Corn Law League

Key: It was an organization formed in 1838 under Bright and Cobden in Manchester, which was against the Corn Laws. It was rooted in many earlier working-class and

radical movements for the improvement of social conditions.

6. the Chartist Movement

Key: It was a movement of the working class for re alizing the People’s Charter of 1837 which was about universal suffrage. The chartists could be divided into two groups “moral force”, “physical force”. The Chartist Movement reached its height in 1839—1848. Three petitions were presented to Parliament, but all the three were rejected. The Movement declined after 1848. Although the Chartist Movement failed, it had a great influence. It was after the Movement that the English working class entered a period of conducting independent political movements against the bourgeoisie.

大三_英国文学史(绝对标准中文版)

英国文学源远流长,经历了长期、复杂的发展演变过程。在这个过程中,文学本体以外的各种现实的、历史的、政治的、文化的力量对文学发生着影响,文学内部遵循自身规律,历经盎格鲁-撒克逊、文艺复兴、新古典主义、浪漫主义、现实主义、现代主义等不同历史阶段。下面对英国文学的发展过程作一概述。 一、中世纪文学(约5世纪-1485) 英国最初的文学同其他国家最初的文学一样,不是书面的,而是口头的。故事与传说口头流传,并在讲述中不断得到加工、扩展,最后才有写本。公元5世纪中叶,盎格鲁、撒克逊、朱特三个日耳曼部落开始从丹麦以及现在的荷兰一带地区迁入不列颠。盎格鲁-撒克逊时代给我们留下的古英语文学作品中,最重要的一部是《贝奥武甫》(Beowulf),它被认为是英国的民族史诗。《贝奥武甫》讲述主人公贝尔武甫斩妖除魔、与火龙搏斗的故事,具有神话传奇色彩。这部作品取材于日耳曼民间传说,随盎格鲁-撒克逊人入侵传入今天的英国,现在我们所看到的诗是8世纪初由英格兰诗人写定的,当时,不列颠正处于从中世纪异教社会向以基督教文化为主导的新型社会过渡的时期。因此,《贝奥武甫》也反映了7、8世纪不列颠的生活风貌,呈现出新旧生活方式的混合,兼有氏族时期的英雄主义和封建时期的理想,体现了非基督教日耳曼文化和基督教文化两种不同的传统。 公元1066年,居住在法国北部的诺曼底人在威廉公爵率领下越过英吉利海峡,征服英格兰。诺曼底人占领英格兰后,封建等级制度得以加强和完备,法国文化占据主导地位,法语成为宫廷和上层贵族社会的语言。这一时期风行一时的文学形式是浪漫传奇,流传最广的是关于亚瑟王和圆桌骑士的故事。《高文爵士和绿衣骑士》(Sir Gawain and the Green Knight,1375-1400)以亚瑟王和他的骑士为题材,歌颂勇敢、忠贞、美德,是中古英语传奇最精美的作品之一。传奇文学专门描写高贵的骑士所经历的冒险生活和浪漫爱情,是英国封建社会发展到成熟阶段一种社会理想的体现。 14世纪以后,英国资本主义工商业发展较快,市民阶级兴起,英语逐渐恢复了它的声誉,社会各阶层普遍使用英语,为优秀英语文学作品的产生提供了条件。杰弗利·乔叟(Geoffrey Chaucer, 1343-1400)的出现标志着以本土文学为主流的英国书面文学历史的开始。《坎特伯雷故事》(The Canterbury Tales)以一群香客从伦敦出发去坎特伯雷朝圣为线索,通过对香客的生动描绘和他们沿途讲述的故事,勾勒出一幅中世纪英国社会千姿百态生活风貌的图画。乔叟首创英雄诗行,即五步抑扬格双韵体,对英诗韵律作出了很大贡献,被誉为"英国诗歌之父".乔叟的文笔精练优美,流畅自然,他的创作实践将英语提升到一个较高的文学水平,推动了英语作为英国统一的民族语言的进程。 二、文艺复兴时期文学(15世纪后期-17世纪初) 相对于欧洲其他国家来说,英国的文艺复兴起始较晚,通常认为是在15世纪末。文艺复兴时期形成的思想体系被称为人文主义,它主张以人为本,反对中世纪以神为中心的世界观,提倡积极进取、享受现世欢乐的生活理想。托马斯·莫尔(Thomas More, 1478-1535)是英国最主要的早期人文主义者,他的《乌托邦》(Utopia)批评了当时的英国和欧洲社会,设计了一个社会平等、财产公有、人们和谐相处的理想国。Utopia现已成为空想主义的代名词,但乌托邦是作者对当时社会状况进行严肃思考的结果。《乌托邦》开创了英国哲理幻想小说传统的先河,这一传统从培根的《新大西岛》(The New Atlantis)、斯威夫特的《格列佛游记》(Gulliver's Travels)、勃特勒的《埃瑞璜》(Erewhon)一直延续到20世纪

英国文学 整理

Term Definition: Alliteration(押头韵): Alliteration is the repetition of a speech sound in a sequence of nearby words. The term is usually applied only to consonants, and only when the recurrent sound begins a word or a stressed syllable within a word. Arthurian legend(亚瑟王传奇): It is a group of tales (in several languages) that developed in the Middle Ages concerning Arthur L, semi-historical king of the Britons and his knights. The legend is a complex weaving of ancient Celtic mythology with later traditions around a core of possible historical authenticity. Sonnet(十四行诗): A lyric poem consisting of a single stanza of fourteen iambic pentameter lines linked by an intricate rhyme scheme. There are two major patterns of rhyme in sonnets written in the English language: ( 1) The Italian or Petrarchan sonnet (named after the fourteenth century Italian poet Petrarch) falls into two main parts: an octave(eight lines) rhyming abbaabba followed by a sestet (six lines) rhyming cdecde or some variant, such as cdccdc . (2) the English sonnet, or else the Shakespearean sonnet. This sonnet falls into three quatrains and a concluding couplet: abab cdcd efef gg. There was one notable variant, the Spenserian sonnet, in which Edmund Spenser linked each quatrain to the next by a continuing rhyme: abab bcbc cdcd ee. Conceit(夸张): From the Italian concetto (meaning idea or concept), it refers to an unusually far-fetched or elaborate metaphor or simile presenting a surprisingly apt parallel between two apparently dissimilar things or feelings. Poetic conceits are prominent in Elizabethan love sonnets and metaphysical poetry. Conceits often employ the devices of hyperbole, paradox and oxymoron. Neoclassicism(新古典主义): A style of Western literature that flourished from the mid-seventeenth century until the end of the eighteenth century and the rise of Romanticism. The neoclassicists looked to the great classical writers for inspiration and guidance. They believed that literature should both instruct and delight, and the proper subject of art was humanity. Neoclassicism stressed rules, reason, harmony, balance, restraint, decorum, order, serenity, realism, and form—above all, an appeal to the intellect rather than emotion. The Restoration in 1660 marked the beginning of the Neoclassical Period in England, whose writers included John Dryden, Alexander Pope, Samuel Johnson, etc. Romance(传奇小说): It is a literary genre popular in the Middle Ages (5th century to 15th century), dealing, in verse or prose, with legendary, supernatural, or amorous subjects and characters. Popular subjects for romances included the Macedonian King Alexander the Great, King Arthur of Britain and the Knights of the Round Table, and the Frankish Emperor Charlemagne. Renaissance(文艺复兴): Renaissance ("rebirth") is the name commonly applied to the period of European history following the Middle Ages. The development came late to England in the

外国文学史笔记整理

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西方经济学原理笔记整理

西方经济学原理期末复习 (一)微观经济学总结 一、框架 二、基本概念 需求函数、供给函数、市场均衡、需求价格弹性、需求收入弹性、需求交叉弹性、供给价格弹性、效用、无差异曲线、边际替代率、预算线、消费者均衡、替代效应、收入效应、生产函数、等产量曲线、等成本线、生产者均衡、机会成本 三、几种市场类型 市场类型厂商产品差异对价格控制进入市场接近的商品 数量程度程度难易程度市场 完全竞争很多无差别没有很容易农产品 完全垄断很多有差别较小比较容易轻工业、零售业寡头市场几家有差别较大比较困难民航、通讯、汽车 或无差别制造、石油开采完全垄断一家不可替代很大不可能公用事业 四、七种均衡

1.市场均衡 2.消费者均衡 3.生产者均衡 4.完全竞争情况下厂商短期均衡 5.完全竞争情况下厂商长期均衡 6.完全垄断情况下厂商短期均衡 7.完全垄断情况下厂商长期均衡 五、概念辨析 1.微观经济学与宏观经济学 2.实证与规范经济学 3.需求(供给)的变化与需求量(供给量)的变化 4.短期与长期 5.规模经济与范围经济 6.停业点与盈利点 六、基本原理 1.需求、供给、供求原理 2.边际效用递减规律 3.边际收益递减规律 4.商品的边际替代率递减规律 5.生产要素的边际替代率递减规律 七、典型经济现象解释 1.丰收悖论 2.猪流感疾病,是猪肉价格下降,分析均衡变动 步骤:㈠确定事件使供给曲线还是需求曲线移动或二者同时移动 ㈡确定曲线的变动方向 ㈢用供求图说明这种移动如何改变均衡价格和数量 3.为何钻石比水贵:水数量多边际效用小。 4.惨淡经营,店铺为何不关门? P=A VC 为停业点。当AC>P>A VC虽亏本,但其收入高于可变成本,还有一部分可弥补固定成本。若其关门将损失全部固定成本。因此商家会选择继续经营。 5.为何铁路、供水、供电等行业能保持其垄断地位? 政府特许自然垄断 6.最低工资法德出台将会有哪些成效和弊端? 一部分人取得叫高收入造成失业 7.在小镇放烟花,能向居民收取观看费用吗? 不能外部性不直接收费

英国文学笔记

Middle English Middle English is the stage in the history of the English language during the High and Late Middle Ages, or roughly during the four centuries between the late 11th and the late 15th century.For three centuries after Norman conquest , two languages were were used side by side in England , Latin and French were the languages of the upper classes, used in official and formal conditions.however the inflectional system of old English was weakened and a large number of French words had been absorbed.and many inflectional forms of the words were dropped and formal grammar simplified. Romance Romance is a type of literature that was very popular in the Middle Ages.Romance , in the original sense of the word , means the native language,as opposed to Latin,and later it means a tale in verse, embodying the life and adventures of knights. John wycliff He was one of the first man who demand to reform the church in order to do away with the corruption and rottenness, he was the one who translate the bible into standard english. His translation for bible is a great contribution to english literature ,as well as english lanuage. For he fixed a national standard for englsih prose to replace various dialects. His work owned him the title of father of english prose. William langland He is the author of Piers Plowman 《农夫皮尔斯》or the vision of piers plowman.The story takes the form of an allegory, but it gives a realsitic picture of 14th century England, (an allegory is a story or description in which the characters and events symbolize some deeper underlying meaning,and serve to spread moral teaching)in his work , within the scope of allegorical characters, the lives of the religious people and the laymen are vividly portrayed.the corruption and the rottenness of the church people are truthfully exposed. Chaucer (The Canterbury Tales) Geoffrey Chaucer, the founder of English poetry, father of English literature.was born, about 1340, in London. Chaucer's contribution to English poetry lies chiefly in the fact that he introduced the "heroic couplet"into English poetry, instead of the old Anglo-Saxon alliterative verse. Though drawing influences from French, Italian and Latin models, he is the first great poet who wrote in the current English language. His production of so much excellent poetry was an important factor in establishing English as the literary language of the country. The spoken English of the time consisted of several dialects, and Chaucer did much in making the dialect of London the foundation for modern English speech.

英国文学名著整理

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