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人教版高中英语选修7贝多芬 2

人教版高中英语选修7贝多芬 2
人教版高中英语选修7贝多芬 2

贝多芬

路德维希·范·贝多芬 Ludwig Van Beethoven(1770-1827)是维也纳乐派最后一位,也是最伟大的代表人物。贝多芬1770年12月16日生于莱茵河畔离法国国境不远的小城市--波恩。父亲是个宫廷乐团的男高间歌手,母亲是个厨娘。他的祖父是波恩宫廷乐团的乐长。

贝多芬自幼便已显露出他的音乐天才,父亲很早已洞察儿子的音乐天份,为了急于把他培养成为一个象莫扎特那样的神童,四岁即开始逼着他学习钢琴和小提琴,八岁时他已开始在音乐会上表演并尝试作曲,但是,他在这段时期中所受的音乐教育一直是非常零乱和没有系统的。贝多芬十一岁便辍学,专心在家学习音乐。十二岁时,他已经能够自如地演奏,而且担任了管风琴师聂费(1748-1798)的助手。十三岁贝多芬已受雇于波恩剧场担任大键琴演奏者,正式成为一名职业音乐家。就在这时他开始正式跟聂费学习音乐。聂费是一位具有多方面天才的音乐家,他扩大了贝多芬的艺术视野,使贝多芬熟悉了德国古典艺术的一些优秀范例,并巩固了贝多芬对崇高的目的的理解。贝多芬的正规的学习和有系统的教养,实际上是从聂费的细心教导和培养开始的:聂费还引导他在1787年到维也纳就教于莫扎特。莫扎特听过他的演奏之后,就预言有朝一日贝多芬将震动全世界。

贝多芬到维也纳不久便接到母亲的死讯,他不得不立即赶回波恩。由于家庭的拖累,一直到1792年秋他父亲死后,他才常二次来到维也纳,但这时莫扎特却已不在人世了。贝多芬第二次来到维也纳后,交快地便赢得了维也纳最卓越的演奏家(特别是即兴演奏)的地位。以后,他先跟海顿学习,后来跟申克、阿勃列希贝尔格和萨利耶里等人学习。贝多芬一直在莫扎特与海顿的音乐中成长,以致开始创作时风格也酷似两位前辈。

作为维也纳的自由职业音乐家,他比莫扎特的处境顺利,但因个性关系备受痛苦。他在波恩通过同知识分子勃莱宁的交往,接触到当时许多著名教授、作家和音乐家,并从他们那儿,受到"狂飙运动"的思潮影响。他的民主思想在法国大革命前几年已臻成熟,但在革命年代中成长尤为迅速。1789年法国资产阶级革命进步的思想意识给他了很多启发,从而奠定了他的人文主义世界观的基础--

深信人类平等,追求正义和个性自由,出憎恨封建专制的压迫。他曾说:“一年的自由比一百年的专制主义对人类有用得多。”法国大革命的口号“自由、平等、博爱”深深地打动了他,使他初步确定了当时最先进的资产阶级人生观。他曾在自已的札记中写道:“自由!!!能有什么东西比它更是人们所需要的呢?”“我爱自由甚于一切——即使在王座面前也不会背弃真理!”“在艺术界里,如同在一切伟大的创造里一样自由前进就是目标。”这就是贝多芬创作的誓言,

他的创作实现了这些誓言,创作出了许多不朽的篇章,实现了他的“通过苦难——走向欢乐;通过斗争——走向胜利”革命英雄主义理想。这集中地表现在他的《小提琴协奏曲》、《第四钢琴协奏曲》、《第五钢琴协奏曲》等作品里,特别是《第九交响曲》宣告了贝多芬理想的目的——全人类的团结友爱。

乐圣贝多芬是最富于独创精神的作曲家之一,他的主要作品也是最重要的作品是交响音乐,其中又以九部交响曲占首要地位。

贝多芬的创作构思宽广、形象宏伟、感情深邃、对比鲜明,这使他偏重于采用并扩充奏鸣曲式;同时由于创作的形象丰富多样,运用在各作品中的奏鸣曲式又各有特点。贝多芬的其它管弦乐作品有《小提琴协奏曲》、五部钢琴协奏曲,两首序曲、钢琴乐队、合唱幻想曲、两首小提琴与乐队浪谩曲等。尽管维也纳古典乐派中的三位著名作曲家所处的生活年代相当接近,但是贝多芬的思想同海顿和莫扎特显然并不属于同一"个时代。海顿一生备受凌辱,他虽也偶而激怒过,但却总是逆来顺受,当时进步的文学思潮和革命情绪都很少能使他激动,他的音乐同斗争也是永远绝缘的。莫扎特精神上遭受的苦难并不比海顿少,他勇敢于反抗,宁愿贫困而不能忍受大主教的侮辱,但在他的音乐中,从那充满阳光和青春活力的欢乐的背后,往往还是可以感觉得到一种痛苦、忧郁和伤感的情绪。只有贝多芬,他不但愤怒地反对封建制度的专制,而且用他的音乐号召人们为自由和幸福而斗争。

贝多芬在波恩时期(1782-1792)的创作,大都是一些小型的钢琴曲、重奏曲和歌曲等,这一时期可以说他还只是处于创作的准备阶段。他在维也纳最初十年(1792一1802)的创作,比较著名的作品也只有《悲伤》、《月光》和《克罗采》奏鸣曲及《第三钢琴协奏曲》等。但在这期间,他对社会与政治诸问题又

有进一步的理解,也能意识到他努力探寻的目标。1802-1812年,他的创作进入了成熟时期,成为他的"英雄年代"。

合唱曲有两部弥撒(C大调和D大调)、清唱剧《基督在橄榄山》、《第九交响曲》等。

戏剧作品有歌剧《菲德里奥》、戏剧配乐《爱格蒙特》、《斯泰芬王》、《雅典的废墟》、芭蕾舞剧《普罗米修斯的生民》等。

室内乐有七重奏、钢琴和管乐五重奏、弦乐五重奏、弦乐四重奏十六首及《大赋格曲》、弦乐三重奏四首,长笛、小提琴、中得琴小夜曲,钢琴三重奏六首,单簧管、大提琴、钢琴三重奏、小提琴奏鸣曲十首,大提琴奏鸣曲五首和圆号奏鸣曲以及很重要的三十二首钢琴奏鸣曲等。

歌曲有声乐套曲《致远方爱人》,女高声和乐队场景《啊!不忠的人》以及其它声乐与钢琴曲等。

从乐派归属来说,贝多芬基本上是古典的,但其后期明显具有浪漫因素,因此似该归为浪漫派。其代表作:第三、五、六、七、九交响曲(Op.55、67、68、92、125),序曲《爱格蒙特》(Op.84)、序曲《林利奥兰》(Op.62)、第五钢琴协奏曲《皇帝》(Op.73)、D大调小提琴协奏曲(Op.61)、C大调第九弦乐四重奏第三号(Op.59-3)、c小调第八钢琴奏鸣曲《悲怆》(Op.13)、#c小调第十四钢琴奏鸣曲《月光》(Op.27-2)、F大调第五钢琴奏鸣曲《春天》(Op.24)、F大调第二浪漫曲(Op.50)。

贝多芬的创作活动的成熟过程表面看来是相当迟缓的,但实际上却非常稳固。他三十岁时才开始写第一部交响曲,而在象这样年纪的莫扎特已经写了四十部左右的交响曲了。

贝多芬从1796年开始便已感到听觉日渐衰弱,但是直到1801年,当他确信自己的耳疾无法医治时,才把这件事情告诉给他的朋友。但是,他对艺术的爱和对生活的爱战胜了他个人的苦痛和绝望--苦难变成了他的创作力量的源泉。在这样一个精神危机发展到顶峰的时候,他开始创作他的乐观主义的《英雄交响曲》。《英雄交响曲》标志着贝多芬的精神的转机,同时也标志着他的创作的"英雄年代"的开始。

贝多芬在维也纳的后一阶段,由于欧洲正经历着严重的政治反动时期,即梅特涅的反动统治特别的猖獗的时期,他的创作也暂时呈现颓势(1813-1817)。从1818年起,在贝多芬一生的最后十年当中(1818一1827),他在耳朵全聋、健康情况显著恶化和生活上受到痛苦,精神上受到折磨的情况下,仍以巨人般的毅力创作了《第九(合唱)交响曲》,总结了他光辉的、史诗般的一生和展现了人类的美好愿望。

贝多芬于1827年3月26日在维也纳辞世。他死时没有一个亲人在他身旁,但是在同月29日下葬时却形成了群众性的一个浪潮,所有的学校全部停课表示哀悼,有两万群众护送着他的棺枢,他的墓碑上铭刻着奥地利诗人格利尔巴采(1791-1872)的题词:"当你站在他的灵柩跟前的时候,笼罩着你的并不是志颓气丧,而是一种崇高的感情;我们只有对他这样一个人才可以说:他完成了伟大的事业……。"

贝多芬是世界艺术史上的伟大作物家之一,他的创作集中体现了他那巨人般的性格,反映了那个时代的进步思想,它的革命英雄主义的形象可以用"通过苦难--走向欢乐;通过斗争--获得胜利"加以概括。他的作品了既壮丽宏伟而又极朴实鲜明,它的音乐既内容丰富,同时又易于为听众所理解和接受。

贝多芬的音乐集中体现了他那个时代广大人民群众的痛苦和欢乐。斗争和胜利,因此它过去总是那样激励着人们,鼓舞着人们的斗志,即使在现在也使人们感到亲切和鼓舞。

他的九部交响曲在他的全部创作中占有极其独特的地位。这些交响曲可以比作一篇完整的大型交响叙事诗--描写英雄生活的长篇史诗。虽然没有故事情节借以联系起来,但它所揭示的是英雄的生活、活动和思想的各个方面,也即是英雄所面临的一些最重要的生活问题,例如:英雄和他的斗争、英雄和大自然、英雄和他的内心世界、英雄和人民等等。他的九部交响曲是世界文化遗产中最重要的一部分。

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20. rent sth. (out) to sb. 将某物出租 /租给某人 高中英语选修 7 重点短语 选修 7 Unit 1 1. adapt to 3. at least 5. get annoyed 7. live a normal life 适应 至少 恼火 9. cut out 切掉 , 删掉 11. depend on 依靠 13. in particular 特别地 15. adapt sb./oneself to sth 17. have a word with sb. 19. be accessible at all 根本就不 to do 过去常常 of breath 上气不接下气 fun of 取笑 过着正常的生活 other words 换句话说 in all 总而言之 the best 一切顺利 from 辞去…职务 使某人 / 自己适应于 16. cut in 插嘴 与某人谈话 words with sb. 与某人吵架 to 能 接 近 … 可到 达 的, 易受 影 响的 , 可 理 解 的 21. be to do sth. 准备做某事 22. be about to do whe n … 表示即将发生 选修 7 Unit 2 1. test out 考验 2. allow sb. to do 3. write out 写下 4. fall in love with 7. fall off 从'、' 掉下来 允许某人做某事 8. Ieave'、'al one 9. be pleased with 对…感到满意 爱上 10. search for 寻找 不打扰 5. give up 放弃 11. set aside 将''' 放在一边 6. ring up 打电话给 12. turn around 转向 必修 7 Unit3 1. ahead of (表示空间)在 前面;(表示时间)先,预先,比 提前, 比…… 更早 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 1 7. 1 8. 1 9. aim at 向……瞄准 help out 帮助 .... (摆脱困难或危难);协助;使 ..... 脱离困境 be/become aware of 对 ...... 知道,明白; 意识至U .. (be) scared to death sort out 整理;挑出 look forward to stop sb. (from) doing sth. 吓死了 7. float up to 浮至 渴望……,盼望 阻止某人做某人 上来 in the meantime upside down in the distance get close to a witness to sth. reflect on/upon sth. a reflection on be/become ware of be/become aware that rent sth. from sb. 在此期间,与此同时 上下翻转过来 在远处 靠近 ....... ,接近 ..... 某事的证人 认真思考某事,沉思某事 是……的反映 知道……;明白;意识到 明 白……;意识到…… 从某人 哪里租用某物

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