Sentence Translation
Unit 1
1．The destruction of the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center made a symbolic statement that reverberated around the world, and the fact that people could watch the event on their television sets endowed it with an emotional impact that no terrorist act had ever achieved before.
世贸双子塔的毁灭，是一个象征性的声明，震动全球；而人们可以在电视上观看此事件又使得它对人们造成的情感冲击超过以往任何恐怖行为。
2．Even so, September 11 could not have changed the course of history to the extent that it has if President Bush had not responded to it the way he did. He declared war on terrorism, and under that guise implemented a radical foreign-policy agenda whose underlying principles predated the tragedy.
即便如此，如果布什总统没有做出那种回应的话，9.11事件原本不可能达到如此的改变历史进程的程度。他向恐怖主义宣战，并根据该幌子实施了激进的外教政策议程，其核心思想此前早已酝酿好
3．Before September 11 the ideologues were hindered in implementing their strategy by two considerations: George W. Bush did not have a clear mandate (he became President by virtue of a single vote in the supreme Court ) , and America did not have a clearly defined enemy that would have justified a dramatic increase in military spending.
9.11之前，理论家在执行他们的策略时受到阻碍，主要基于以下两方面的顾虑：布什没有一个明确的施政目标（他在最高法院凭借单票当选总统）；美国没有一个明确的敌人以使军费开支急剧增加合理化。
4．The very first sentence of the September 2002 National Security Strategy (the President?s annual laying out to Congress of the country?s security objectives ) reads, “The great struggles of the twentieth century between liberty and totalitarianism ended with a decisive victory for the forces of freedom—and a single sustainable model for national success: freedom, democracy, and free enterprise.
2002年9月国家安全战略的第一句（总统提交给国会的年度安全目标）写到“二十世纪自由和极权主义之间的伟大斗争，以自由力量的决定胜利结束——并成为单一的可持续发展的国家模范：自由，民主和自由企业。”
5．The Bush doctrine, first enunciated in a presidential speech at West Point in June of 2002, and incorporated into the National Security Strategy three months later, is built on two pillars: the United States will do everything in its power to maintain its unquestioned military supremacy;
and the United States arrogates the right to pre-emptive action.
布什主义，首先在西点军校2002年6月的总统讲话中得到阐述，并在3个月后纳入国家安全战略，建立在两个支柱上；美国将尽一切力量来维持其绝对的军事优势以及美国有权采取先发制人的行动。
6．September 11 introduced a discontinuity into American foreign policy. Violations of American standards of behavior that would have been considered objectionable in ordinary times became accepted as appropriate to the circumstances. The abnormal, the radical, and the extreme have been redefined as normal. The advocates of continuity have been pursuing a rearguard action ever since.
9.11打断了美国外交政策的连续性。违反美国标准的行为原本会被视为不可饶恕的，却变成
了适合时宜。原先被看做反常的，激进的和极端主义被重新界定为正常的。延续美国外交政策的主张从此只是负隅顽抗而已。
Unit 2
1.He must also put to rest questions of scandal, including charges that Boeing competed for
rocket projects with a competitor?s proprietary documents, lobbied aggressively for a $17 billion deal to lease refueling tankers, and dangled a job in front of a key Air Force official during the tanker talks.
他还必须解决丑闻的相关问题，包括指控波音公司在火箭项目中利用竞争对手的专利文件，为170亿美元的租赁加油机交易大肆游说，在加油机会谈中以职位来诱惑某个关键的空军官员。
2.The Air Force needs the billions because if the tanker deal is revived—and most military
experts think it will be—the Air Force will have to pay for 80 of the refueling planes upfront rather than lease them.
空军需要这笔钱，因为如果恢复加油机交易——大部分军事专家认为会恢复——空军将要支付80架加油机的预付款，而不是租赁他们。
3.An internal Boeing E-mail dated December 2002 reports that Air Force Secretary James
Roche urged the company to lobby lawmakers and chastised Boeing for getting less C-17 money from Congress than the Air Force had wanted.
一封2002年12月波音内部的邮件写到，空军部长罗希要求该公司游说国会议员们，还批评波音公司从国会获得的C-17的金额比空军期望的少。
4.Officials at the Air Force?s Air mobility Command, which runs airlift operations, say they
want to modernize the newer version of the C-5 fleet but doubt that upgrading the older version will adequately fix the planes.
负责空运业务的空中机动司令部官员表示，他们希望更新C-5机队，但是不确定升级旧版本能否修复机队。
5.The former Air Force acquisitions official was fired last month by Boeing after allegations
that she was recruited for a job by the company while still overseeing Boeing projects for the Air Force.
上个月波音解雇了一名前空军采购官员，该公司指控其为波音工作的同时，还为空军监督波音的项目。
Unit 3
1.Says Adams:”There were some of us saying, right from the get-go, …we think there?s a
troops-to-task mismatch here—I?m not sure there are enough troops to maintain security.?”
亚当斯说：“从一开始，我们当中就有人说：‘我们认为军队和职责之间出现了不匹配——我不能肯定是否有足够的军队来保证安全。’”
2.One I.N.C official says that in the run-up to the war, Francis Brooke, Chalabi?s point man in
Washington, spoke once a week to Bill Luti, who ran the Pentagon?s Iraq policy from the Special Plans Office.
据伊拉克国大党某官员说，在战争的预备阶段，查拉比在华盛顿的代言人弗朗西斯.布鲁克每周都要和特别计划办公室负责五角大楼对伊政策的比尔.鲁提进行谈话。
3.It was the work of that group that in large part led OMB director Mitch Danniels to estimate a
year ago that the total price tag of the Iraq adventure would be just $50 million to $60 million,
a range Bush surely now wishes were true.
正是这个工作组的预算失误，很大程度导致了管理和预算办公室主任米奇.丹尼斯一年前对
战后重建伊拉克的总预算仅定位在5亿美元至6亿美元之间，这无疑是布什至今都希望实现的预算。
4.The conventional explanation—offered last week by U.S. Marine General Peter Pace, vice
chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff—is that “ until you get in on the ground, you don?t have
a thorough understanding of how degraded those systems became.”
（政府之所以如此预算失误）通常的解释是——“只有当你踏上那块土地，你才能完成了解所有体系退化成了什么样子？”——上周海军陆战队将军，暨美国参谋长联席会议副主席彼得.佩斯如是说。
5.“There has been a great deal of wishful thinking about Iraqi oil,” said the Council on Foreign
Relations/Rice University report, noting that the oil sector was “being held together by …Band-Aids?”and estimating that the Iraqi industry needed $30 billion to $40 billion to rehabilitate active wells and develop new fields.
外交关系委员会（莱丝大学报告）声称“很多人都对伊拉克石油打着如意算盘”，该委员会（或报告）指出“（伊拉克的）石油部门‘就像是被创可贴在一起一样’（形容伊拉克石油业满目疮痍和不堪一击的现状）”，并预计伊拉克工业部门需要300亿至400亿美元来恢复工作和开发新的油田。
6.But it is not unfair to judge those who got Iraq wrong and thought five months ago that the
mission of those young men, now hunkering down for a longer tour of duty than they ever expected, was over. It is not.
但是那些对伊拉克认识不清的人，并且五个月前就认为这些年轻人的任务已经完成的人却应当受到公正的判决；要知道，这些年轻人正在坚守阵地，执行着超过预期的服役期，他们的任务还没有结束。
Unit 4
1.The Walls Unit, named after the 32-foot-high brick wall that surrounds the facility, was built
in 1848 and houses 1,700 inmates and the “Death House , ” where executions take place.
德州处决监狱，以围绕该设施的32英尺高的砖墙而命名，建于1848年，这里关押着1700名犯人，并有一处“死囚区”，用来执行死刑。
2.The college wouldn?t be the college without the prison because our biggest program is the
criminal justice program and it wouldn?t be as extensive as it is without the neighboring prison system.
如果没有该监狱，该学院将不会是有此规模，因为我们最大的（主干）课程是刑事司法，没有临近的监狱系统该课程也不会引起如此广泛的兴趣。
3.“We are probably a little more apathetic about executions, " Kunkel admitted." I would say
your average native Huntsvillian is less likely to be one of the protesters of an execution than someone from somewhere else.
“我们对处决可能有点漠不关心，”金克尔承认，“我会说普通的亨茨维尔本地人比起其他地方的人，更不太可能成为死刑的抗议者。
4.Typically, I like to say that if you went down to the local cafe on the square and asked them
about the execution that was going to happen that evening, if there was one, you would be telling most of them something that they do not know.... It is just something that goes on here... something that is not necessarily drawn upon. They just try and keep it out of their lives.
Whether you are for it or again it, it gets kind of old awful quick around here.
通常情况下，我想说，如果你去广场上的咖啡馆，并咨询关于当晚将要执行的死刑（假设有一个），你告诉他们的事情，他们（会说）不知道…这就是在这里发生的平常事…这些事情
并不一定会引起当地人的注意。他们只是尽量将它们排除在生活之外，无论你是赞成还是反对死刑，它在这里被很聪明地处理了/当地人对此已是很世故了。
5.In fact, I believe capital punishment affirms the high value we place on innocent life, because
it tells those who would prey on our citizens that will pay the ultimate price for unthinkable acts of violence.
事实上，我相信死刑是我们对无辜生命的最高价值的肯定，因为它告诉那些损害公民利益的人，他们将为那些令人难以想象的暴力行为付出最终/生命的代价。
6.“The power to make life and death decisions is the most sobering responsibility imaginable. I
have always exercised this power with the gravity due such a decision, and I will continue to review each capital punishment case brought before me to ensure that due process is served.”判决终身监禁和死刑的权利是最庄严的责任，基于这样的判决，我一直秉承应有的严肃来行使这项权利。而且，我将继续审查每个死刑案件，以确保正当程序得以执行。
7.The Walls Unit was built to keep the prisoners in, but metaphorically it keeps the prisoners
hidden, so the citizens who live and breathe because of the prison don…t have to think about the reality of what is occurring inside the Walls Unit. And to themselves.
建立处决监狱是为了关押囚犯，但是从隐喻的角度来讲，它使犯人得以隐藏，以致依靠监狱谋生的人们不用去想监狱里的事情以及发生在他们自己身上的事情。
Unit 5
1.The most important factor is diversity. American higher education is not just more varied, but
has less of the crippling snobbery and resentment that accompanies variety in, say, Britain.
最重要的因素是多样性。美国的高等教育不仅更具多样性，而且也不大有危害极大的势力和怨恨，其往往伴随多样性而来，譬如说，在英国。
2.That contrasts with the two extremes across the Atlantic. In Britain, performance is so
minutely measured by the state that it stultifies the efforts of the brilliant, without really rooting out the incompetent and lazy.
这样的制度与大西洋对面的两个极端形成对比，在英国，绩效是这样一种情形详细的评估，它使那些聪明人的努力白费，却并不能真正摒弃无能与懒惰的人。
3.In a new book, Robert Stevens, an academic who has run colleges in both America and Britain,
writes of “an alcoholic yobbish culture” among students, for whom university is principally “a rite of passage” , like national service in the army, rather than an education.
罗伯特.史蒂文斯，一名管理过美国和英国大学的学者，在一本新书中写到学生中存在的“醉酒式的粗鲁文化”，对他们来说，上大学就像在部队服役一样，只是必做之事，而不是教育。
4.Visiting American students are often startled to attend lectures with no visual aids, out-of-date
hand-outs and droning, inaudible speakers. Such complacency will not long survive when customers have a choice.
来访的美国学生经常吓一跳，讲堂上，没有视觉辅助设备，只有过时的纸质讲义和声音低沉单调听不清的扩音器。当客户（学生）有选择的时候，这种固步自封的课堂方式将不能长期生存。
5.That suggests that the disadvantages of a dumbed-down fulltime undergraduate course, with
the attendant debts and time spent not darning, are beginning to bite.
这表明，简化/降低水准的全日制大学课程，及其债务和花费其上不见收益的时间，它的弊端现在开始产生影响了。
Unit 6
1.Up the road in a very different venue the crowd was a similar mix of generations for the
National Theatre?s adaptation of Philip Pullman?s trilogy His Dark Materials, hailed as “an epic of the crossover genre—a children?s book with adult appeal”.
在这条路的另一处，国家剧院，类似的混合人群在观看改编自菲利普.普尔曼的三部曲《他的黑暗原料》。该作品被誉为“跨界类型的史诗——一本儿童读物同时对成人具有吸引力”。
2.Go out in any city on a Saturday night and you?ll see hundreds of these “cradle-to-ravers” :
fortysomethings in combat trousers and trainers going to the latest bars and restaurants and listening to the latest bands.
在任何一个城市的星期六晚上出门去，你会看到数以百计的模仿年轻人的社交常客：着工装裤和运动鞋的四十几岁的中年人，光顾最新潮酒吧和餐馆，听着最流行乐队的演奏。
3.These savvy youngsters aspire to the grown-up lifestyle of the ultimate tweenagers, US idols
Mary-Kate and Ashley Olsen, who run a multibillion pound tween business selling high fashion, grooming, magazines, mobile phones, and computers to eager 11-19-year-olds.
这些有见识的青少年向往他们心目中成年生活方式的终极版本，像美国偶像奥尔森姐妹花，她们经营着价值数十亿英镑的时尚生意，针对11-19岁的青少年销售时尚服饰、美容产品、杂志、手机和电脑等。
4.Worried about job security and inspired by the success of young entrepreneurs such as
https://www.doczj.com/doc/bb2050049.html,?s Martha Lane Fox, they often skip their gap year, go straight to college or university and grab the first high-paying job that comes along.
担心工作保障问题以及受到成功的年轻企业家如lastminute公司玛莎.福克斯的激励，他们经常跳过间隔年的空档，直接去上大学并且不放过第一份高薪的工作机会。
5.“We now have a culture in which people are frightened of what the future might hold are
terrified of taking risks, so they seek refuge in past certainties—and what could be more comforting than our childhood or teenage years?”
“在当前的文化氛围中，人们对将来心存恐惧，害怕危险，因而他们向一成不变的过去寻求庇护——还有什么比我们的童年或者青少年时期更具安慰的呢？”
Unit 7
1.Early 1990s works by Brice Marden, such as his “Cold Mountain” series (1988-1991),
are also sought after and hard to come by.
布莱斯马登1900年代的早期作品，比如他的“冷山”系列（1988-1991），也受到追捧而得之不易。
2.Collector Kent Logan has the largest holding of Murakami?s works in the United States,
including the artist?s monumental painting Super Nova (1999).
收藏家肯特.洛根是美国国内村上隆作品的最大持有者，包括他的不朽画作《超新星》（1999）。
3.Such aspirations can lead to tantalizing offers. “A collector who has no intention of
selling can be quite flattered by the kind of prices he can for a work,” says de Pury. “The magnitude of an offer can be quite tempting.”
这样的愿望很有诱惑力，德普里说：“一个不打算出售收藏品的收藏者对他某件收藏品的市价难免不受宠若惊，丰厚的价格极有诱惑力。”
4.Other factors, aside from finances, can also come into play.
除了经济原因，其他的因素，也会发挥作用。
5.It took Michigan collector Gilbert Silverman more than a decade to track down a work
that he first saw hanging from the ceiling at the Paula Cooper Gallery in New York a dozen or so years ago.
密歇根州收藏家Gilbert西尔佛曼花了超过10年的时间来追寻一件作品，就是他在若干年前第一次看到挂在宝拉库伯画庭天花板上的那幅画。
Unit 8
1. As the war in Vietnam continued, he grew frustrated with the executive branch?s strategy
of containment of Communist forces in the North instead of total victory.
随着战争的继续，他对行政部门只遏制在北方的共产主义军队而不是去获取完全胜利的战略感到失望。
2. He had been a source for a much-disputed 1998 CNN report on Operation Tailwind,
which charge that U.S. forces used a lethal nerve gas on American defectors in Laos during the war.
他曾是CNN1998年关于备受争议的尾风行动报道的知情人士，该报道声称，越战期间，在老挝，美国军队使用致命的神经毒气处置美国逃兵。
3. In those matters, Adm. Moorer advocated a determined approach: putting more troops in
Vietnam on the advice of front-line commanders and supporting new technologies that made for quieter nuclear submarines.
在这些事项上，Moorer将军主张一个坚定的策略：在前线指挥官的建议下将更多的军队驻扎在越南，并支持核潜艇消音装置的新技术。
4. According to a history of the chiefs of naval operations, Adm. Moorer felt many of his
efforts to modernize the Navy?s fleet went unmet because McNamara gave budgeting priority to services whose material and weaponry had deteriorated most in combat use.
根据海军作战部长的历史记录，Moorer将军感觉到他的许多使海军舰队现代化的努力未得到实施，因为McNamara将预算优先给于那些在战斗中遭受重创（物资和武器设备）的部门。
5. He told an interviewer that the executive branch relied mainly on civilian advisers more
than its military ones, leading to limitations in his power that not many in the public grasped.
他告诉一位采访者，行政部门主要依赖文职顾问而非军事顾问，这导致他的权利受到诸多限制，对此公众很少领会得到。
Unit 9
1.These sources are not only plagued by creaky infrastructures, but they also pollute the
environment and, many consumers feel, pose unacceptable health risks.
这些资源不仅仅遭受各种基础结构的危害，而且它们也对环境造成了污染。而且，许多消费者认为，这些资源对他们构成不可接受/严重的健康威胁。
2.The search for alternative energy is nothing new, but the current crop of innovators is
focusing on the long-elusive goal of making clean and sustainable power a mainstream commodity.
对新能源的研究开发已经不是什么新鲜事，但是目前改革者/新能源开拓者的成果主要集中于一个长远难以捉摸的目标：使干净的可持续能源成为人们能源消费的主流。
3.The Medis Power Pack—a portable, wire-free mobile phone recharger slated to be in
shops by the end of next year—will allow users to boot up their handsets whenever and wherever the need arises.
麦迪斯电源组——一种即将在明年年底投入市场的便携式无线手机再充电电板，将使用户无论何时何地都可以在需要时启动他们的手机。
4.Fuel cells are also quieter and cooler than traditional portable generators and therefore
are harder for the enemy to detect.
燃料电池相比传统的移动式发动机而言更加安静，更易冷却，因此也更加不易被敌人侦测到。
5.Nanosys is combing the science of solar cells with science of nanotechnology, which
manipulates items as small as an atom to do everything from switching electricity to storing data to sensing the movement of a bridge that is beginning to weaken.
纳米系统公司将太阳能电池和纳米科技组合在一起，它使用原子般大小的物体来做各种事情，从电能的转换到存储数据以便观测一座磨损中的桥梁的变化移动。
6.With persistence and that old variable, luck, firms like Medis, Hydrogenics and Nanosys
could see a big payback for giving power to the people. The way Lifton sees it, that would be one happy song.
由于坚持和机遇（古老的因素），一些公司，比如麦迪斯、Hydrogenics公司以及纳米系统公司，将从能源供给中获得巨大回报。Lifton所看到的那条路将会是一首幸福之歌。
Communi cative Lan guage Teach ing Language Processing and Production （语言理解和表达） 1. The knowledge involved in Ianguage processing In conclusion, when trying to work out the meaning of a piece of Ianguage or trying to express your own meaning, you n eed to use all the three types of kno wledge: the kno wledge of language（语言知识----语法、词汇、句子）,discourse knowledge （语篇知识），and background knowledge （背景知识）. 语篇教学：女口：----Your phone! ——I'm havi ng a bath. 可以说，语篇教学是对一个词，一个句，一段话的言外之意、相关文化、相关背景的一种 学习。 , ______________________________________________ ) Differe nces Betwee n Oral and Writte n Communi cati on （1）Spoke n Ian guage is simpler tha n writte n Ian guage. （2）Spoke n Ian guage has the lighter lexical den sity. Lexical den sity refers to the nu mber of content words per clause. （3）Writte n Ian guage tends to use nouns in stead of verbs （4）Writi ng is con text in depe ndent, whereas speech is more closely tied to its con text. Some features of spoke n Ian guage: A con tractio n （缩写） A hesitatio n （停顿） A filler ? repetiti on self-correcti on restarted utterance（重新表达） demon strative words （指示词this one, over there, n ear the door） Defin iti on to Communi cative Lan guage Teach ing 1） Classroom goals are focused on all of the components of communicative competence（ form /fun cti on /appropriati on） and not restricted to grammatical and lin guistic compete nee. 2） Form is not the primary framework（syllabus 教学大纟冈）for organizing and sequencing lessons.
《英语报刊阅读》试题（A 卷） …………………………………………………………………………………………………… Part Ⅰ Reconstruct the messages of the following headlines of news stories: (1% for each, 10%) Example: Italian Ex-Mayor Murdered ---An Italian Ex-Mayor Is Murdered 1. ________ US ________ told not exploit ________ Tibet issue. 2. Rubin ________ Greenspan ________ at odds. 3. Visitors ________ flocking to Mao ’s birth place. 4. ________ man ________ quizzed after ________ wife is knifed in ________ sports store. Part Ⅱ Read the following passage and answer the Questions A 5-34 (1% for each,30%) and B 35-44 (2% for each,20%) A Tuition Reform for Higher Education Chinese institutions of higher learning have quickened their pace of reform in recent years. Changing enrollment practices and higher tuition fees constitute and important part of the reform. Schools which once admitted students almost exclusively according to state plans are becoming more accepting of students sent by work groups for further training and those who pay their own fees. Regular universities and colleges plan to enroll about 786 200 students this year, up 158 200 or 25 percent over last year's figure. Of these, 216 000, or 27.4 percent, will be sent by their work groups or will pay their own way. In the past, the state paid all tuition and school fees for university students, a matter of policy since New China was established in 1949. Although this practice guaranteed the supply of qualified personnel, it brought a heavy burden to the sate, hindering further development of higher education. Since higher education is non —compulsory education in China, to charge appropriate fees will help improve school facilities and expedite the development of education in this stage. As an added benefit, paying their own way will encourage students to study harder. The reform will take effect in two directions. State —financed students will begin
一、名词解释： 1、含泪的笑：是果戈里的描写小人物的作品的一种方法，他是以含泪的笑来写小人物的悲哀的。这种含泪的笑，有幽默也有讽刺，既有同情不平，也有鞭笞。这是一种“被深沉的悲哀和忧郁的感情所压倒的谐趣。”果戈里在深刻揭露贵族地主庸俗、卑劣和堕落的同时，又向这些寄生虫表现同情和哀婉。在揭示小人物可笑又可悲的命运时，既有调侃，又给与深切的同情。这种谐趣时而以发笑，最终催人泪下，这正是果戈里创作的独特艺术魅力。果戈里的含泪的笑在杀尼古拉统治的黑暗年代，是鞭笞专制农奴制的一种特殊方式，它使果戈里的作品产生了巨大的社会效果。 2、冰山原则：1932年，海明威在他的纪实性作品《午后之死》中，提出著名的“冰山原则”。他以“冰山”为喻，认为作者只应描写“冰山”露出水面的部分，水下的部分应该通过文本的提示让读者去想像补充。他说：“冰山运动之雄伟壮观，是因为他只有八分之一在水面上。”文学作品中，文字和形象是所谓的“八分之一”。海明威常用象征把抽象变为具象，在让读者从具体物象出发，去揭发经验想象和情感。从而挖掘其中的意蕴，其四大要素为：简洁的文字、鲜明的形象、丰富的情感、深刻的思想。 3、人物再现：是巴尔扎克在他的《人间喜剧》中使用的一种连接各部作品的方法。人物再现法有以下几个方面：A、同意人物在不同作品中反复出现；B、通过人物的叙述、隐喻类别将散见于其他小说中的人物和世界加以罗列交持；C、把多部作品中曾出现的人物放在某部小说中描写。巴尔扎克常用人物在线的方法，使以前作品中人物在以后作品中再次出现，从而把人间喜剧中的许多情节贯穿起来，在展现人物在不同阶级的思想性格发展。也表现了人物生活的全过程，以及时代变迁。 4、湖畔派诗人：是19世纪初英国第一代浪漫主义主要文学流派，是当时欧洲成就最高、影响最大的文学流派。这一派作家，大多在英国昆布兰湖区居住过，因此，后人把他们统称为湖畔派诗人。他们大多经历过从拥护法国大革命到对大革命失望甚至反对的过程。又因对资本主义的工业文明，以及人与人之间冷酷的金钱关系极度反感。在隐居湖畔期间或前后，创作了大量歌颂自然美景、同情善良和不幸人的遭遇的诗篇。其代表作家有：华兹华斯、柯勒律治和骚塞。 5、硬汉性格：19世纪30年代以后，海明威作品中那些被战争摧残的主人公，发展成为一种硬汉性格的形象。这些人多数是拳击家、斗牛士、猎狮者、捕鱼者，他们在外界巨大的压力和厄运打击时，仍然坚强不屈，勇往直前，甚至视死如归，他们尽管失败了，却保持了人的尊严和勇气，有着胜利者的风度。作者50年代所写的中篇小说《老人与海》中，老渔夫桑提亚哥的硬汉性格升华到哲理寓意的高度，达到了硬汉子形象的顶峰。 6、追溯法：是指易卜生用来结构剧情的一种方法。是指在戏剧开场之前，矛盾就已发展了一个相当长的时间，在戏剧一开场就已经有了渐入的矛盾冲突。而引起矛盾的原因，则要通过戏剧中人物追溯回忆，才能展现在观众面前。使用这种方法，能造成强烈的悬念，蕴含深刻的意义很赖人寻味。 二、简述题： 1、雨果美丑对照原则？ 答：A、雨果认为现实本身并不象古典主义者描绘的那样庄严和光彩，相反宇宙万物的美与丑往往处于一种复合的状态中，即“丑就在美的旁边，畸形靠近着优美，丑怪常在崇高的背后，美与恶并存，光明与黑暗相共。”他认为美丑是相生相共，存在于同一事物之中的，其本身就是对照。 B、他认为美丑对照是自然的产物，喜剧在真实反映生活的同时就应该做到崇高优美与滑稽丑陋的非常自然的结合。认为“滑稽丑怪是戏剧的一种最崇高的美，它不仅是戏
《英语报刊选读》期末复习指导 一、课程说明 本课程为本科开放教育英语专业的选修课程之一，开设时间为第五学期。教学对象是广播电视大学英语本科学生或具有同等水平的自学者。本课程采用的教材为《美英报刊文章阅读》和《〈美英报刊文章阅读〉学习辅导》（周学艺主编，北京大学出版社出版，2001年10月第2版）。 二、考试说明 本课程终结性考核方式为闭卷考试，考生不得携带任何形式的参考资料和电子读物或工具。考核范围为: 第1单元Chinese Affairs Lesson One Exploding Touris m Eroding China’s Riches Lesson Two Beijing Dreams of 2008 Lesson Three Home at Last 第2单元American Affairs (I) Lesson Four Best Graduate Schools Lesson Five Is Harvard Worth It ? 第3单元American Affairs (II) Lesson Eight Judge Sees Politics in Los Alamos Case Lesson Ten Big Crimes, Small Cities Lesson Eleven Hollywood Demons 第4单元American Affairs (III) Lesson Thirteen Lobbyist Out Of Shadow Into The Spotlight Lesson Fourteen The Rich Get Richer and Elected ---1---
1.Noun Identify the uncountable nouns ? 1. Nouns that have no distinct, separate parts, we look as the whole (气、液、固体) ? 2. Nouns that have parts that are too small or insignificant to count (sand grass hair) ? 3. Nouns that are classes or categories of things (food, clothing, money) P49 ? 4. Nouns that are abstraction (life, work, music) ? 5. Subjects of study (history, math) 不可数变可数三大规律 ? 1. 物质名词(总称名词)若表示不同的种类，或者表示特定的意思，或者是液体名词表示“几杯”或“几瓶”这样的数量时。 ? 2. 抽象名词若是具体化，则可数。与此相反，可数转化为不可数。 ? 3. 当一个名词表示抽象、总称的概念，则为不可数，当一个名词表示具体、特定的事物，则为可数。 物质名词/总称名词变可数 ? 1. 总称名词具体化 ?A: Would you like a cake? ?B: No. I don’t like cake. ? 2. 物质名词变意思 ?I need some paper. / I bought a paper. ? 3. 液体物质名词表数量 ?Two beers and three coffees, please. 抽象名词变可数 ?Art (an art) / beauty (a beauty) / youth (a youth) ?Eg. 1. Youth is not a time of life. It is a state of mind. ? 2. When as a child I laughed and wept– time crept. ?When as a youth I dreamed and talked-time walked. 2Articles Specific reference--the ? 1. 特指是针对交际双方来说的 ? 2. 特指就是根据说话者和听话者共有的知识，或根据上下文，可以识别的事物。 ? 3. 说话者用the是想要听话者找到双方心中都知道的所知，而听话者一方“断定”或“还原”所指对象的方法有多种。 ? 1. Situational/cultural reference ?Eg. Albert Einstein, the famous physicist. ? 2. textual co-reference— ?anaphoric reference (前指）& ?cataphoric reference （后指 ? 1. general knowledge (the sun, the moon, the North Pole, the Equator, the universe, the Renaissance, the Pope 罗马教皇） ? 2. specific knowledge/ local use (let’s go to the library) ? 3. immediate situation (The roses are very beautiful. Can you find the page?）
-英语报刊选读A及答案
《英语报刊阅读》试题（A 卷） Part I Reconstruct the messages of the following stories: (1% for each, 10%) Example: Italia n Ex-Mayor Murdered headli nes of news ............. . ： 号 学 ... ....................... ? .;名 :级班 ：级年 ：点学教 ---An Italian Ex-Mayor Is Murdered 1. ________ US ________ told not exploit 2. Rubin________ Greenspan ________ at odds. 3. Visitors _______ flocking to Mao ' birth place. 4. sports store. Tibet issue. man ________ q uizzed after _______ wife is knifed in Part n Read the following passage and answer the Questions A 5-34 (1% for each,30%) and B 35-44 (2% for each,20%) A Tuiti on Reform for Higher Educati on Chinese institutions of higher learning have quickened their pace of reform in recent years. Changing enrollment practices and higher tuition fees constitute and importa nt part of the reform. Schools which once admitted stude nts almost exclusively accord ing to state pla ns are beco ming more accepti ng of stude nts sent by work groups for further training and those who pay their own fees. Regular universities and colleges plan to enroll about 786 200 students this year, up 158 200 or 25 perce nt over last year's figure. Of these, 216 000, or 27.4 perce nt, will be sent by their work groups or will pay their own way. In the past, the state paid all tuition and school fees for university students, a matter of policy since New China was established in 1949. Although this practice guaranteed the supply of qualified personnel, it brought a heavy burden to the sate, hindering further development of higher education. Since higher education is non —— compulsory education in China, to charge appropriate fees will help improve school
外国文学史复习资料 第一章古代文学 第一节概述 一、古希腊文学 1、古希腊—罗马文学和希伯来—基督教文学是欧洲文学的两大源头，文学史上称之为“两希”传统。 2、欧洲古代文学包括古希腊文学和古罗马文学.时间跨度主要集中在公元前9世纪到前1世纪一千多年.其中成就最辉煌者为古希腊文学，它是欧洲文学的源头；古罗马文学是在古希腊文学基础上发展起来的. 3、古希腊文学产生的历史文化背景主要有两大渊源：一为欧洲本土的上古文化，一为欧洲本土之外的东方文化。 4、古希腊文学是欧洲文学乃至整个西方文学的开端。古希腊文学的最高成就是《荷马史诗》。 5、赫西俄德是续荷马之后出现的第一位大诗人。代表作是教谕诗《农作与时日》及《神谱》。 6、《农作与时日》计828行，六音步诗行写成，具有史诗的体裁，但却以现实生活为题材，是一部道德格言集和农业历书，书中有一则鹰和夜莺的寓言，这是古希腊文学中第一则动物寓言。《农作与时日》风格清新自然，平易简洁，诗的后部以亲身体验，写出许多农村景色的生动画面，成为古罗马诗人维吉尔《农事诗》的范本。 7、《神谱》主要描写宇宙的形成和诸神的世系与斗争，其中关于宙斯和提坦神之间的斗争比较生动。这是最早关于宇宙起源和神的谱系的系统描述，但有些学者认为本书不是赫西俄德所作。 8、萨福古希腊最杰出的抒情诗人，她被看成是诗国中的女荷马，被柏拉图称为“第十位文艺女神”。 9、品达 合唱琴歌的代表，其诗多赞美神和描写体育竞技，特别是赞颂奥林匹克运动的优胜者，风格庄重凝练，辞藻华瞻，富丽堂皇，具有崇高美。对17世纪古典主义时期的弥尔顿、歌德等有较大影响。 古希腊文学按时代可分为四个时期： 1）英雄时代：公元前12世纪至前8世纪，又称“荷马时代”，如前还称“黑暗时代”、“黑铁时代”。这一时期文学的主要成就是神话和史诗。P15 希腊神话是原始氏族社会的精神产物，是古希腊人集体创造的口头创作，是欧洲最早的文学形式，是古希腊人最初的意识活动成果，它艺术地概括了他们对
大学英语学习总结 大学英语学习总结（一） 走进大学,英语学习是必然的,虽然英语成绩不是太理想,但是从几年的学习过程中也领会了一些怎样应用策略的方法,如何学习才能更家对英语有兴趣。最终学好英语一定要多下功夫。应做到“四勤”与“四多”,具体说来,有以下几点： 一、“四勤” 1.勤背诵。 2.勤朗读。 3.勤练习。 4.勤总结。 积极记忆课本中出现的生词及词组,理解其用法,并适当运用一些正、反义词对比,相似词对比等方式加强记忆。相对于其它学科来说,英语的知识点相当零碎,一定要在平时的收集、整理、总结上下功夫。平时听老师提到或是在参考书上看到的一些零碎的小知识都要及时记录下来,以备以后复习时用。
二、“四多” 1.多看。 2.多听。 3.多说。 4.多练。 近年来英语试题的难度逐渐增大,试题的触角涉及到日常生活的各个领域,因此,从高一开始就应尽可能地扩大阅读面,广泛阅读,以求开阔视野,并在潜移默化中提高自己的英文水平。培养敏锐的语感将有助于增强辨析力和判断力,是英语学习过程中十分重要的一环。多说可以增强口语能力,加深记忆,使学过的知识清晰地映在脑海里,不容易被忘记。通过做大量的习题,可以增强实践经验,不至于临阵发慌,手足无措。 具体实行方案如： 1.最重要是单词,开学之时制定个计划,准备在什么时候把第几课的单词背熟,如果可能尽早把所有单词记得滚瓜烂熟,要是不行至少在每一节上课之前把此课的单词记熟。
2.每天至少看30分钟的课文,哪一篇都好（前提是单词读熟）,最好以娱乐的心态去进行,不要当作苦差,如果坚持不了至少一周看三次,在读的时候慢慢培养速度,当然这是在读的质量有保证的前提下。 3.买英语系列磁带,每天坚持听一段时间,至少多长自己把握。 我认为,如果可以完全或80%地做到以上几点,学习英语就自然而然变成了一件乐事,既的到了提高有增强了自己的自主学习能力,我想这是我学习英语的最大收获！ 大学英语学习总结（二） 时光如梭,忙碌的一个学期又已经结束,回头看看这一学期的大学英语教学工作还是有不少值得总结的地方,现将本学期大学英语课程总结如下：
英语报刊选读试题3 I. Translate the following items into Chinese. (2 points for each from 1 to 15; 5 points for 16 and 17 respectively; 40 points in total) 1. as a tribute to a distinguished graduate 2. three years in a row 3. a double-digit cut in critical defense research programs 4. political lobbying 5. electoral college 6. harmless entertainment 7. have a real problem separating reality from fantasy 8. capital punishment 9. cram for an exam 10. Higher Education Act 11. a fellow student of Fisher’s 12. the give-and-take of the traditional classroom 13. a standard brick-and-mortar university 14．Predicting the future takes insight and dedication. 15. worth a lot of money for a lot of people 16. Don Wise wandered into the living room of his home in Leewood one evening last Semptember. His ten-year-old son, Mike, and a 12-year- old friend were sitting in front of a large-screen television set. They were playing a vedio game they had rented called 007. 17. Ms. Stuart says her experience with online learing was wonderful but also served to challenge one of the false ideas about Internet study: the notion that it doesn’t require as much commitment and discipline as conventional classroom courses. If anything,
外国文学史复习资料 两希文化： 古希腊文化（“原欲”文化→世欲人本意识）↘ （犹太人的祖先）古希伯来文化（“理性”文化→宗教人本意识）→基督教文化 古希腊文学的成就： 1、古希腊—罗马文学和希伯来—基督教文学是欧洲文学的两个源头，文学史上称之为“两希”传统。 2、古希腊文学产生的历史文化背景主要有两大渊源：一为欧洲本土的上古文化，一为欧洲本土之外 的东方文化。 3、古希腊文学史欧洲文学乃至整个西方文学的开端。古希腊文学的最高成就是《荷马史诗》。 4、赫西俄德是继荷马之后出现的第一位大诗人。代表作是教谕诗《农作与时日》及《神谱》。 5、萨福古希腊最杰出的抒情诗人，她被看成是诗国中的女荷马，被柏拉图称为“第十位女文艺女 神”。 6、品达合唱琴歌的代表，其诗多赞美神和描写体育竞技，特别是赞颂奥林匹克运动的优胜者，风 格庄重凝练，辞藻华瞻，富丽堂皇，具有崇高美。对17世纪古典主义时期的弥尔顿、歌德等有较大的影响。 7、 主要成就：神话、史诗和戏剧，此外还有寓言、抒情诗和文艺理论等。 分为三个时期： 第一时期：公元前12世纪至前8世纪，英雄时代(由氏族社会向奴隶社会过渡时期)又称“荷马时代”“黑暗时代”“黑铁时代”： 主要成就：神话、史诗P15 希腊神话是原始氏族社会的精神产物，是古希腊人集体创造的口头创作，是欧洲最早的文学形式，是古希腊人最初的意识活动成果，它艺术地概括了他们对自然和社会的认识，表达了他们对社会不公平现象
的义愤，集中了他们的经验和理想，充满乐观精神。起具有天真美丽的幻想和清新质朴的风格。 希腊神话的艺术特征主要有三点：1 想象力极强。把自然界、人类社会。精神领域的一切现象都拟人化、神话化，入情入理，创造出令人难忘的意境和鲜明的形象。2 故事性极强。情节曲折，起伏跌宕，有头有尾，娓娓道来，动听感人。3 哲理性强。希腊神话既富情趣，又极深刻，是早期人类经验和智慧的结晶，许多故事寓意丰富，发人深思。如：西西弗斯的故事、代达罗斯的故事、爱泰尔斯的故事等。 希腊神话在同时代和后世都产生了极为深远的影响。1 它是古希腊文学艺术宝库和土壤。荷马、赫西俄德，绝大部分悲剧、大量美术和雕塑作品都以它为材料。2 它对古罗马文学艺术产生了巨大影响。维吉尔《埃涅阿斯记》大量取材，奥德维《变形记》则或全面转述。3 它是文艺复兴直至现当代一些著名作家艺术家创作的灵感和原型。莎士比亚、高乃依、拉辛、达芬奇、普桑、米开朗琪罗、贝尔尼尼等直至当代。 代表作家：赫西俄德： （1）教谕诗《工作与时日》：现存最早一部以现实生活为题材的诗作。 （2）叙事诗《神谱》：最早一部比较系统地叙述宇宙起源和神的谱系的作品。 第二个时期大移民时代：公元前8世纪到前6世纪，氏族社会进一步解体，城邦逐渐形成。这一时期文学的主要成就是抒情诗和寓言。P19 抒情诗源于民歌，是伴着音乐唱歌的。体裁多样，主要有哀歌、琴歌、牧歌。讽刺诗等，以琴歌成就最大。琴歌分独唱琴歌与合唱琴歌两种。代表性的独唱抒情诗人有女诗人萨福、贵族诗人阿尔凯奥斯和阿那克里翁。 《伊索寓言》寓言：《伊索寓言》(散文体):主要反映奴隶制社会劳动人民的思想感情，是劳动人民生活教训和斗争经验的总结(《农夫和蛇》《乌龟和兔子》等。 第三时期公元前6世纪末到前4世纪初(奴隶制社会形成至全盛时期)史称“古典时期”：主要成就：抒情诗、散文、寓言、悲剧、喜剧、文艺理论，其中戏剧成就最大。 全盛时期欧洲文学史上著名的三大悲剧诗人：埃斯库罗斯、索福克勒斯、欧里庇得斯
期末考试题型： 1.Re-organizing sentences for a news report (10%) 2.Matching headlines to lead paragraphs (10%) 3.True or False questions about English journalism (cf. Appendix I below) (10%) 4.Reading Comprehension (3 passages with 15 multiple-choice questions) (30%) 5.Abbreviations in News reports (complete forms +Chinese translation) (10%) 6.News Headline Analysis (10%) （Analyzing the stylistic features of 3 news headlines） 7.News comment writing (20%) (about 200 words) 1.Definition of journalism, medium, news 报刊（p1）、媒介（p2）、新闻（p4）的定义 2.Functions of mass communication vs functions of newspaper 大众传播工具（p2）与报纸（p1）的功能 3.News value; public interest; principles of newsworthiness 新闻价值；公众兴趣；衡量新闻价值的原则（p4） 4.Classification of news 新闻的分类（p6） 5.Five basic elements of news 新闻的五个基本要素（p6） 6.Legal concerns; codes of ethics 法律关系；道德规范（p7） (General knowledge is enough. No need for word by word memorization.) （一般知识就够了。不需要的逐词记忆。） 7.Tabloid and broadsheet 小报和报纸（p21） (the distinctions between tabloid and broadsheet) （区分小报和大报） 8.Major newspapers in the UK and US 英国和美国的主流报纸（p13-34） 9.Major magazines in the UK and US 英国和美国的主流杂志（p13-34）同上 10.Lexical features in headlines:small words; abbreviations; etc. 在标题的词汇特点：小词；缩略语；等。（p37）
《教学法》期末论文
My Teaching Philosophy I I have a dream that one day I can be a teacher. During my college life, I have tutored some kids. And I also have taught pupils as a volunteer. In addition, this term, we learned A Course in English Language Teaching. Therefore, I have my own understanding about teaching philosophy by combining theory with practice. 1.The role of a teacher K. Patricia Cross has said, “The task of the excellent teacher is to stimulate …apparently ordinary? people to unusual effort. The tough problem is not in identifying win ner: it is in making winner out of ordinary people.” I totally agree with the quote. A teacher is the one who shapes the personality and entire life of children. It is one of the noble professions as it contributes in building the future of the country and overall society. Teachers play a significant and a valuable role as they influence the lives of children who are the future of tomorrow. 2. My understanding of good teaching When you strive and work to become a good teacher and to create a good class, the following four “Core qualities” are the essential, the skills to convey that knowledge, the ability to make the material you are teaching interesting and relevant, and a deep-seated respect for the student. The first is knowledge, in every survey, students consistently and clearly target as the number one quality of a good teacher exactly what you would expert: knowledge of the subject. You must be an expert in your field. This is a prerequisite. The second core quality is the ability to communicate their knowledge and experience to their students. Give your students an answer and they can solve one problem, but show them the techniques needed to find the answer for themselves and they can become self-sufficient in the field. Students need to show how to apply the new techniques you teach to problems solving. A good teacher starts with a firm knowledge of the subject, and builds on that with a clarity and understanding designed to help students master the material. Good teachers work hard to make their material relevant. They show students how the material will apply to their lives and their careers. And the last one is respect. The creation of a good class requires an immense amount of work. You spend time with your students so you can
英语报刊选读参考答案英语报刊选读 Journalistic Reading 教师用书 Teacher’s Book 总主编王嘉褆 主编林玫刘雁
BOOK ONE (2) UNIT 1 Campus (2) UNIT 2 Entertainment (5) UNIT 3 Entertainment (9) UNIT 4 Food (12) UNIT 5 Crime (15) UNIT 6 Disaster (19) UNIT 7 Sports (23) UNIT 8 Art (28) UNIT 9 Economy (31) UNIT 10 Ecology (36) UNIT 11 Health (39) UNIT12 Automobile & Driving (43) UNIT 13 Quality problems (48) UNIT 14 Shopping (52) UNIT 15 Gun control (56) UNIT 16 Psychology (59)
BOOK ONE UNIT 1 Campus I．Vocabulary Builder 1.Definition 1)chaotic: extremely disorganized; badly organized; be in mess 2)primary: main; most important; key; major; chief; prime; principal 3)seduce: attract; tempt 4)highlight: the most important, interesting, or enjoyable part of something such as a holiday, performance, or sports competition 5)reluctant: unwilling 6)compelling: very interesting or exciting, so that you have to pay attention 7)reveal: show; indicate 8)mainstream: accepted by or involving most people in a society; normal; ordinary 9)critical: important; crucial 10)evolution: a long, gradual process during which something develops and changes, usually becoming more advanced; a gradual change and development 2. Terms translation 1) a bipartisan consensus
C o m m u n i c a t i v e L a n g u a g e T e a c h i n g Language Processing and Production (语言理解和表达) 1. The knowledge involved in language processing In conclusion, when trying to work out the meaning of a piece of language or trying to express your own meaning, you need to use all the three types of knowledge: the knowledge of language(语言知识----语法、词汇、句子), discourse knowledge （语篇知识）, and background knowledge （背景知识）. Differences Between Oral and Written Communication (1) Spoken language is simpler than written language. (2) Spoken language has the lighter lexical density. Lexical density refers to the number of content words per clause. (3) Written language tends to use nouns instead of verbs (4) Writing is context independent, whereas speech is more closely tied to its context. Some features of spoken language: ^ contraction (缩写) ^ hesitation (停顿) ^ filler ? ^ repetition ^ self-correction ^ restarted utterance(重新表达) ^ demonstrative words (指示词 this one, over there, near the door) Definition to Communicative Language Teaching 1) Classroom goals are focused on all of the components of communicative competence(form /function /appropriation) and not restricted to grammatical and linguistic competence. 语篇教学: 如：----Your phone! ----I ’m having a bath.