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Reading: Text 11.Match the words with their definitions.1g 2a 3e 4b 5c 6d 7j 8f 9h 10i2. Complete the following expressions or sentences by using the target words listed below with the help of the Chinese in brackets. Change the form if necessary.1 symbolic 2distributed 3site 4complex 5identify6fairly 7straightforward 8capability 9target 10attempt11process 12parameter 13interpretation 14technical15range 16exploit 17networking 18involve19 instance 20specification 21accompany 22predictable 23profile3. Read the sentences in the box. Pay attention to the parts in bold.Now complete the paragraph by translating the Chinese in brackets. You may refer to the expressions and the sentence patterns listed above.ranging from（从……到）arise from some misunderstandings（来自于对……误解）leaves a lot of problems unsolved（留下很多问题没有得到解决）opens a path for（打开了通道）requires a different frame of mind（需要有新的思想）4.Translate the following sentences from Text 1 into Chinese.1) 有些人声称黑客是那些超越知识疆界而不造成危害的好人（或即使造成危害，但并非故意而为），而“骇客”才是真正的坏人。
电脑黑客是如何侵入计算机的？摘要：对于黑客是如何进入计算机这个问题，要想简单地去解释是很困难的。
在本文中，我们将提供很多细节并且分析黑客侵入计算机所使用的方法。
一般来说，侵入计算机有三种形式：进入计算机系统的存储目录，掌控系统的处理能力，捕获计算机系统之间的信息交流。
至于使用的方法，我们可以简要地描述为利用计算机中的漏洞，包括已知的漏洞，如因功能需要所存在的漏洞；还有就是未知的漏洞，如由欠佳的工程处理所致或从那些原本需要的功能中产生了意外的后果。
另外，在黑客利用所开发出的技术之前，他们必须明确目标系统的规格，然后便能利用已知构型的漏洞来侵入电脑了。
当然，从黑客所使用的技术中，我们也可受到启发，如何去限制和管理系统漏洞，以此来保护我们的计算机。
关键词：计算机，非授权用户，漏洞，安全。
How Do Computer Hackers “Get Inside” a Computer? Abstract: It is very difficult if you want to simply explain how computer hackers “get inside” a computer. In this text, we will provide lots of details and analyze the way hackers use to invade into the computer. Generally speaking, there’re three patterns of getting inside the computer, which refer to gaining access to the stored contents of a computer system, gaining access to the processing capabilities of system, or capturing information being communicated between systems. As for the method, concisely, we can describe it as exploiting vulnerabilities, which includes known vulnerabilities, exist as the result of needed capabilities, and the unknown vulnerabilities, the result of poor engineering or arise from unexpected consequence of the needed capabilities. On the other hand, the unauthorized user must determine the specification of the target system, and then they can exploit the configuration’s known vulnerabilities. Of course, from the hackers’ method, we can also be enlightened how to limit and manage the vulnerabilities of your system in order to assure the security of the computer.Keywords: computer, unauthorized user, vulnerabilities, security.。
学术英语理工第二版unit3课文原文全文共10篇示例，供读者参考篇1Hello everybody, today I'm going to read you a story from our academic English textbook, unit 3. It's called "The Importance of Recycling". Let's get started!In our world, there are many things that we use every day, like paper, plastic, and glass. But do you know what happens to these things after we throw them away? That's where recycling comes in! Recycling is when we take used materials and turn them into new things. It's like giving old things a second chance to be useful again.Recycling is important for many reasons. One reason is that it helps to protect the environment. When we recycle, we save energy and reduce pollution. This means that we can help to keep our air and water clean for plants, animals, and humans.Another reason why recycling is important is that it helps to save natural resources. By reusing materials like paper and metal, we can prevent the need to cut down more trees or mine moreminerals from the earth. This is good for our planet because it helps to preserve our resources for future generations.So, next time you're done with a piece of paper or a plastic bottle, remember to put it in the recycling bin instead of the trash. By doing this simple act, you can help to make a big difference in the world. Let's all do our part to protect the environment and save our planet!I hope you enjoyed the story and learned something new about recycling. Remember, small actions can make a big impact. Thanks for listening!篇2Hi everyone, today I'm going to share with you the text from Unit 3 of the Academic English for Science and Engineering textbook.The text talks about a scientist named Marie Curie. She was a really smart lady who discovered two new elements called radium and polonium. Can you believe that? She won two Nobel Prizes for her amazing work in chemistry and physics. Wow, what a superstar!Marie Curie faced a lot of challenges in her life, but she never gave up. She was determined to keep learning and exploring the world of science. She even set up a research institute to help other scientists study radiation. She was definitely a role model for all of us.In the text, it also talks about the dangers of working with radiation. Marie Curie was exposed to radiation for many years, and unfortunately, it made her really sick. That's why it's so important for scientists to be careful when they're working with dangerous materials.I think Marie Curie's story is really inspiring. She showed us that with hard work and determination, we can achieve amazing things. I hope we can all learn from her example and never stop pursuing our dreams.So that's the text from Unit 3. I hope you enjoyed it! Let's all be like Marie Curie and keep pushing ourselves to reach new heights in our studies. See you next time! Bye!篇3Unit 3 Lesson 1: What Are Animals Like?Hey guys! Today we're gonna learn about animals in Unit 3 of our Science class! Animals are super cool, right? They come in all shapes and sizes, and live in different places. Let's dive into the world of animals and explore what they are like!First, we have mammals. Mammals are animals that have hair or fur on their bodies. They also give birth to live babies and feed them with milk. Examples of mammals are dogs, cats, and monkeys. They are so cute and fluffy!Next up, we have birds. Birds have feathers, beaks, and lay eggs. They also have wings that help them fly in the sky. Birds come in all colors and sizes, from tiny hummingbirds to big, majestic eagles. It's amazing to see them soar through the air!Then, we have reptiles. Reptiles are animals that have scales, and some of them have shells or plates. They lay eggs on land and most of them are cold-blooded, which means their body temperature changes with their environment. Examples of reptiles are snakes, turtles, and crocodiles. They might look scary, but they're actually pretty cool!After that, we have amphibians. Amphibians are animals that live both on land and in water. They have moist skin and most of them lay eggs in water. Frogs and salamanders are examples of amphibians. They can jump really high and swim super fast!Last but not least, we have fish. Fish have fins, scales, and gills that help them breathe underwater. They come in all kinds of shapes, colors, and sizes. From tiny goldfish to giant whales, fish are truly fascinating creatures of the sea.Wow, learning about animals is so much fun, right? They have different features and behaviors that make them unique. So next time you see an animal, take a moment to appreciate how amazing they are! Keep exploring the world of animals, and let's continue to learn and grow together. Stay curious and keep on shining bright like the stars! See you next time, bye!篇4Hello everyone, today I'm going to share with you the text from Unit 3 of the book "Academic English for Science and Engineering Second Edition". Let's get started!The text is all about renewable energy, which is super important for the environment. It talks about different types of renewable energy like wind power, solar power, and hydropower. These are all sources of clean energy that don't harm the planet like fossil fuels do.Did you know that wind power is created by wind turbines? They look like big fans and they spin around to generateelectricity. Solar power comes from the sun, which is pretty cool. And hydropower is made from water flowing through dams to create energy.Renewable energy is great because it's sustainable, which means we can keep using it without running out. Plus, it helps to reduce pollution and greenhouse gas emissions, which is awin-win for the planet!I hope you learned something new from this text. Let's all do our part to support renewable energy and take care of our Earth. Thanks for listening!篇5Unit 3 Our EarthHi everyone, today let's learn about our Earth! Our Earth is a super cool place filled with all kinds of amazing things. It's the planet we live on, and we need to take care of it.First, let's talk about the Earth's crust. The Earth's crust is like the outer skin of our planet. It's made up of different layers and it's super tough. Sometimes the Earth's crust moves around, causing earthquakes and volcanoes. It's important to be prepared for these natural disasters.Next, let's talk about the Earth's atmosphere. The Earth's atmosphere is the air around us. It's made up of different gases like oxygen and carbon dioxide. Plants need carbon dioxide to photosynthesize and give us oxygen to breathe. So, it's really important to take care of our plants and trees.Now, let's talk about the Earth's water. The Earth has lots of water in the oceans, rivers, lakes, and even in the air as clouds. Water is super important for all living things, like plants and animals. We should all try to save water and not waste it.Last but not least, let's talk about the Earth's resources. The Earth gives us so many resources like minerals, metals, and fossil fuels. It's important to use these resources wisely and not waste them. We should also try to find renewable sources of energy, like solar and wind power.In conclusion, our Earth is an amazing place that we need to take care of. Let's all do our part to protect our planet and make it a better place for future generations. Remember, we only have one Earth, so let's cherish it and keep it clean and healthy. Thank you for listening!篇6Unit 3Hello everyone, today we are going to learn about a new unit in our Science and Technology textbook. In this unit, we will explore the topic of the Earth's atmosphere and weather.The atmosphere is like a big blanket that surrounds the Earth. It is made up of different gases like nitrogen, oxygen, and carbon dioxide. These gases are important because they help to keep the Earth warm and protect us from harmful rays from the sun.Have you ever wondered why it rains or snows? Well, it's all because of the weather! The weather is made up of different factors like temperature, humidity, and air pressure. When these factors change, it can cause different types of weather like rain, wind, or snow.Do you know what a thermometer is used for? It's a tool that measures the temperature of the air. Scientists use thermometers to help them study the weather and predict what it will be like in the future.Another important tool that scientists use is a barometer. This measures the air pressure, which can tell us if a storm is coming or if the weather will be clear and sunny.So, the next time you look up at the sky, remember that there is a lot happening in the atmosphere above us. By learningabout the Earth's atmosphere and weather, we can better understand the world around us. Isn't that cool? Let's keep exploring and learning more about science and technology!篇7Hello everyone! Today, I'm going to share with you the text from the book "Academic English for Science and Engineering Second Edition Unit 3". It's all about different kinds of energy and how they are used in our daily lives. Let's get started!The first type of energy we will talk about is mechanical energy. Mechanical energy is the energy that an object has because of its motion or position. For example, when you kick a soccer ball, the energy from your leg is transferred to the ball, causing it to move. It's like magic, but it's actually science!Next up is thermal energy. Thermal energy is the energy that comes from heat. When you cook food on the stove, the heat is transferred from the stove to the food, making it hot and yummy. Without thermal energy, we wouldn't be able to cook our favorite meals or stay warm in the winter.Now, let's talk about electrical energy. Electrical energy is the energy that comes from the flow of electrons. It powers ourphones, computers, and lights. Can you imagine a world without electricity? It would be so boring and dark!Last but not least, we have chemical energy. Chemical energy is the energy stored in the bonds between atoms and molecules. When you eat food, your body breaks down the chemical bonds to release energy, which gives you the energy to run and play.So, there you have it! Different types of energy that make our world go round. Remember, energy is all around us and it's up to us to use it wisely. Thanks for listening, and I hope you learned something new today!篇8Unit 3 Lesson 1: Living ThingsHey there! Today we are going to learn all about living things. Living things are everywhere around us. Plants, animals, and even you and me are all living things!Plants are living things that make their own food through a process called photosynthesis. They use sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide to make their own food. Plants also help us breathe by releasing oxygen into the air.Animals are another type of living thing. They need to eat food to survive. Some animals eat plants, some animals eat other animals, and some eat both! Animals also move around and grow, just like us.Humans are also living things. We need to eat, drink, breathe, and sleep to stay healthy. We have different organs in our bodies that help us do these things. Our heart pumps blood, our lungs help us breathe, and our brain helps us think and learn.There are so many different living things in the world, big and small. Some live on land, some live in the water, and some even fly in the sky! Living things come in all shapes, sizes, and colors.So, next time you see a plant, an animal, or even yourself in the mirror, remember that we are all living things. Let's take care of each other and the environment around us. Happy learning!篇9Unit 3 SharingHello everyone! Today, we are going to learn about sharing. Sharing is a very important thing to do because it makes otherpeople happy. When you share with others, you are being kind and thoughtful.Sharing can be done in many ways. You can share your toys with your friends, share your snacks with your classmates, or share your ideas with your family. By sharing, you are showing that you care about others and that you are willing to help them.When you share, you are also learning how to cooperate and work together. Sharing helps build strong relationships and friendships. It also teaches you to be generous and considerate.In school, we share things all the time. We share our pencils and erasers with our classmates. We share our books and papers with our friends. We also share our knowledge and ideas with our teachers and classmates.Sharing is not just about giving things away. It is also about listening and being open to other people's ideas. When you share, you are creating a positive and supportive environment.So, let's remember to share with others and show them kindness and respect. Let's work together and make the world a better place for everyone. Share the love and spread happiness! Thank you for listening and remember, sharing is caring!篇10Unit 3 Our EnvironmentHi everyone, today we're going to learn about our environment! Our environment is super important because it's where we live and play every day. We want to keep our environment clean and healthy so that we can all be happy and safe.First, let's talk about air pollution. Air pollution is when there are dirty things in the air that can hurt our lungs and make us sick. Some things that cause air pollution are cars, factories, and even just burning things like trash. We can help reduce air pollution by walking or biking instead of driving, and by picking up trash so it doesn't get burned.Next, let's chat about water pollution. Water pollution happens when dirty things get into our rivers, lakes, and oceans. This can make the water unsafe for us to drink and for animals to live in. We can help prevent water pollution by not dumping chemicals down the drain and by picking up trash near water sources.Lastly, let's touch on land pollution. Land pollution is when we litter and leave trash on the ground instead of throwing it away properly. This can harm animals and plants that live in the environment. We can help stop land pollution by alwaysthrowing our trash in the trash cans and by recycling things like bottles and cans.Remember, it's super duper important to take care of our environment so that it stays clean and healthy for all of us. Let's work together to make our world a better place!。
学术英语理工综述范文篇1Quantum computing is undoubtedly one of the most revolutionary technologies in the field of science and engineering! It has brought about a paradigm shift in our understanding of computing and information processing. The key theoretical breakthroughs in quantum computing are truly astonishing. The principles of superposition and entanglement have opened up new horizons, allowing for the processing of vast amounts of data simultaneously. This has led to significant advancements in areas such as cryptography and optimization problems.In terms of practical applications, quantum computing has already shown promising results in drug discovery and financial modeling. However, we are still at an early stage. Many challenges remain, such as the issue of error correction and scalability.So, what does the future hold for quantum computing? Will it completely transform our lives in the coming decades? The possibilities seem endless! But we need to continue investing in research and development to fully unlock its potential. It's an exciting time for the field of quantum computing, and we can't wait to see what lies ahead!篇2The application of artificial intelligence in the medical field hasemerged as a revolutionary force in recent years! It holds tremendous potential for improving healthcare outcomes and transforming medical practices.Numerous studies have shown remarkable results. For instance, AI-powered diagnostic tools can analyze medical images with high accuracy, assisting doctors in early disease detection. However, there are significant challenges. The reliability and interpretability of AI algorithms remain concerns. What if the algorithms make incorrect predictions? And how can we ensure patient data privacy in the process?Possible solutions include rigorous validation and testing of AI systems. Also, transparent explanations of algorithm decisions are crucial. Moreover, strict data protection regulations must be in place.In conclusion, while the prospects of AI in healthcare are exciting, addressing these issues is essential for its widespread and safe adoption.篇33D printing has emerged as a revolutionary technology in the manufacturing sector! It has brought about remarkable changes and opened up new possibilities. In the aerospace industry, it enables the production of complex and lightweight components, enhancing the performance of aircraft. In the medical field, custom-made prosthetics and implants are created with precision, improving patients' quality of life. However, it's not all smooth sailing. The high cost of equipment and materials poses asignificant challenge. Also, the quality control of printed products needs to be further enhanced. How can we overcome these obstacles and fully unleash the potential of 3D printing? The need for continuous research and development is crucial. Despite the challenges, the future of 3D printing in manufacturing looks incredibly promising. Isn't it exciting to think about the endless possibilities it holds?篇4Renewable energy conversion and storage have emerged as a crucial topic in the field of science and engineering! The development of efficient and sustainable energy systems is of paramount importance for our future. Current research has made significant progress in technologies such as solar cells and lithium-ion batteries. However, there are still numerous challenges that need to be addressed. For instance, the efficiency of solar cell conversion remains relatively low, and the lifespan and cost of lithium-ion batteries pose significant limitations. How can we improve the performance and reduce the cost of these technologies? This is a pressing question. Potential research directions include exploring new materials and developing advanced manufacturing processes. The quest for clean and sustainable energy is ongoing, and it demands continuous innovation and dedication. Isn't it exciting to think about the possibilities that lie ahead in this field?篇5In the vast realm of materials science, remarkable advancements have been witnessed! The improvements in material properties are truly astonishing. Take graphene, for instance. Its superior conductivity and strength have opened up new horizons in electronics and aerospace. The enhanced durability and flexibility of certain alloys have revolutionized the automotive and manufacturing industries.The application expansion of these advanced materials is mind-blowing. They are now being used in medical devices, energy storage systems, and even in sustainable construction. But what lies ahead for the market? The potential seems limitless! With growing demands for lightweight, high-performance materials, the future market outlook is incredibly promising.However, challenges remain. How to mass-produce these materials cost-effectively? And how to ensure their safety and reliability in various applications? These questions need urgent answers as we forge ahead in this exciting field of materials science.。
Text1 How do computer hackers “get inside”a computerAbstract：Computer vulnerabilities are often utilized by hackers or crackers. The security of each computer is challenging. This paper firstly redefines the term “hacker”, “cracker” and “getting inside” the computers and describes the procedure in detail. The term “unauthorized user” (UU) will be a better choice for defining the insider group. The known and unknown vulnerabilities will be taken advantage of by UUs ranging from poor password protection to leaving a computer turned on and physically accessible to visitors in the office. The first step of employing technical exploits will be the determination of the specifications of the target system. There are two ways of attacking including being through capabilities inherent in hypertext transfer protocol (http) and being preprogrammed against specific vulnerabilities and launched without any specific target. The variability of hacking action including the weak system and the strong system warns the users to choose the right way to protect the computer and do not authorize the computer to others easily. Lastly, the solution of avoiding vulnerabilities has been given, including updating patches, making complex passwords, getting information only from the reliable websites or services, updatinganti-virus software and backing up the data to protect the computer not being hacked.摘要：计算机漏洞经常被黑客破解使用。
Abstract:This article introduces what is global warming firstly, moreover there is a dispute lies in whether or not the global warming caused by human or results from the natural turnabout. There is a series figure point out that during the past 70 years, the earth has been hotter than at any other time in the last millennium which only spend few decades. The rising temperature trend can not be explained simply , it’s a consequence of 2 centuries of pollution .What’s more, due to the inherent inertia of this trend,we cannot immediately stop but only slow down. In fact, carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere are rising for a long time,moderating temperature swings and extremes, but our pollution is now strongly enhancing this greenhouse effect. However because the climate machine is complex, the sunspot cycle also play a role in it as well as volcanic eruptions. Attempting to pin down the true variation in global temperatures over the past thousand years is difficult because there still are evidences which can deny it.But of course , this was not the intention of the experiment at all . Indeed , it is only in recent decades that the pollution effect of human activities on the global environment has been thought of in these terms. Even if both temperatures and sea levels would continue to rise for centuries to come, we are going to face the changes to our environment. And our children and their descendants are going to find the earth a very different place.Key words: global warming , dispute , pollution, greenhouse gases, challenge.首先本文介绍了什么是全球变暖,并且对于人类引起的全球变暖是否是自然转变的结果存在争议。
The text attempts to point out various advantages of cloud computing .At the beginning,the author defines cloud computing as a pay-per-use model which quickly enables people to obtain access to reliable resources according to their demands.This process involves the least consumers’ management.No matter what kind of cloud is,there are 3 common features---being quickly allocated,having real-time backup and catering to requirements of clients.Then the text presents 3 varieties of cloud services:SaaS,which gains the largest popularity among cloud services;PaaS,which supplies clients for diverse goals with a platform;IaaS,which provides infrastructure on demand.Furthermore,the author describes benefits of cloud computing under green computing,which is regarded as energy efficient in using computing resources.Making full use of cloud computing can further facilitate green computing.Since cloud computing can be utilized to re-provisioning of resources,you needn’t purchase the infrastructure when expanding.Hence,you not only save expenses but protect environment as well since more electricity should be used to cool off computer resources as you buy more infrastructure.Cloud computing also makes telecommuting possible to your employees,which indicates large savings and promote greatly to environmentally friendly green computing.In short,the author comes to a conclusion on the basis of the above discussion,including 4 main advantages of cloud computing--remote accessibility,easy expansion,security and environmentally friendly.。
学术英语第二版理工简介《学术英语第二版理工》是一本致力于帮助理工科学生提高学术英语能力的教材。
本教材包含了丰富的例句和练习，涵盖了理工科常见的学术英语用语和表达方式。
通过学习本教材，学生能够提高自己的写作、阅读和口语能力，提升在学术领域的表达能力。
内容概述《学术英语第二版理工》的内容主要分为以下几个部分：1. 理工科学术写作基础本部分将介绍理工科学术写作的基本要素，包括论文结构、段落结构、句子结构等。
通过学习这些基础知识，学生能够写出更规范和条理清晰的学术文章。
2. 学术英语常用词汇本部分将介绍理工科学术写作中经常使用的单词和短语，包括专业名词、动词短语、形容词短语等。
学生可以通过掌握这些常用词汇，提高自己在学术领域的表达能力。
3. 学术英语表达技巧本部分将介绍一些学术英语的表达技巧和注意事项，包括如何正确引用他人的观点、如何写出精确的推理和论证等。
学生通过学习这些技巧，可以提高自己的学术写作水平。
4. 学术英语阅读技巧本部分将介绍一些学术英语阅读的技巧，包括如何快速找到重点内容、如何理解长难句等。
通过学习这些技巧，学生能够更高效地阅读学术文献，并理解其中的内容。
5. 学术英语口语表达本部分将介绍一些学术英语口语表达的技巧和习惯用法，包括如何用简洁明了的语言介绍自己的研究项目、如何进行学术交流等。
学生通过学习这些技巧，可以提高自己的学术口语能力。
学习方法学生可以按照以下步骤来学习《学术英语第二版理工》：1.阅读教材并做练习：学生可以按照章节顺序逐一阅读教材，同时完成每个章节后的练习。
通过练习，学生可以巩固所学知识。
2.多写作练习：学生可以选择一些学术主题进行写作练习。
通过多写作练习，学生可以提高自己的学术写作水平。
3.多阅读学术文献：学生可以选择一些与自己研究领域相关的学术文献进行阅读。
通过阅读学术文献，学生可以提高自己的学术阅读能力。
4.参加学术讨论和演讲：学生可以参加学术讨论和演讲活动，与他人进行学术交流。
Lecture 11 Four lessons about climate crisisI’m really scared. I don’t think we’re gonna make it. Probably by now most of you have seen Al Gore’s amazing talk. Shortly after I saw that, we had some friends over for dinner with the family. The conversation turned to global warming, and everybody agreed, there’s a real problem. We’ve got a climate crisis. So, we went around the table to talk about what we should do. The conversation came to my 15-year-old daughter, Mary. She said, “I agree with everything that’s been said. I’m scared and I’m angry.” And then she turned to me and said, “Dad, your generation created this problem, you’d better fix it.” Wow. All theco nversation stopped. All the eyes turned to me. (Laughter) I didn’t know what to say. Kleiner’s second law is, “There is a time when panic is the appropriate response.” (Laughter) And we’ve reached that time. We cannot afford to underestimate this problem. If we face irreversible and catastrophic consequences, we must act, and we must act decisively. I’ve got to tell you, for me, everything changed that evening.And so, my partners and I, we set off on this mission to learn more, to try to do much more. So, we mobilized. We got on airplanes. We went to Brazil. We went to China and to India, to Bentonville, Arkansas, and to Washington, D.C. and to Sacramento. And so, what I’d like to do now is to tell you about what we’ve learned in those journeys. Because the more we learned, the more concerned we grew. You know, my partners atKleiner and I were compulsive networkers, and so when we see a big problem or an opportunity like avian flu or personalized medicine, we just get together the smartest people we know. For this climate crisis, we assembled a network, really, of superstars, from policy activists to scientists and entrepreneurs and business leaders. Fifty or so of them. And so, I want to tell you about what we’ve learned in doing that and four lessons I’ve learned in the last year.The first lesson is that companies are really powerful, and that matters a lot. This is a story about how Wal-Mart went green, and what that means. Two years ago, the CEO, Lee Scott, believed that green is the next big thing, and so Wal-Mart made going green a top priority. They committed that they’re gonna take their existing stores and reduce their energy consumption by 20 percent, and their new stores by 30 percent, and do all that in seven years. The three biggest uses of energy in a store are heating and air conditioning, then lighting, and then refrigeration. So, look what they did. They painted the roofs of all their stores white. They put smart skylights through their stores so they could harvest the daylight and reduce the lighting demands. And third, they put the refrigerated goods behind closed doors with LED lighting. I mean, why would you try to refrigerate a whole store? These are really simple, smart solutions based on existing technology.Why does Wal-Mart matter? Wel l, it’s massive. They’re the largestprivate employer in America. They’re the largest private user of electricity. They have the second-largest vehicle fleet on the road. And they have one of the world’s most amazing supply chains, 60,000 suppliers. If Wal-Mart were a country, it would be the sixth-largest trading partner with China. And maybe most important, they have a big effect on other companies.When Wal-Mart declares it’s gonna go green and be profitable, it has a powerful impact on other great institutions. So, I tell you this: When Wal-Mart achieves 20 percent energy reductions, that’s gonna be a very big deal. But I’m afraid it’s not enough. We need Wal-Mart and every other company to do the same.The second thing that we learned is that individuals matter, and they matter enormously. I’ve got another Wal-Mart story for you, OK? Wal-Mart has over 125 million U.S. customers. That’s a third of the U.S. population. Sixty-five million compact fluorescent light bulbs were sold last year.And Wal-Mart has committed they’re gonna sell another 100 million light bulbs in the coming year. But it’s not easy. Consumers don’t really like these light bulbs. The light’s kind of funny, they won’t dim, takes a while for them to start up. But the pay-off is really enormous. A hundred million compact fluorescent light bulb means that we’ll save 600 million dollars in energy bills, and 20 million tons of CO2 every year, year in andyear out. It does seem really hard to get consumers to do the right thing. It is stupid that we use two tons of steel, glass, and plastic to haul our sorry selves to the shopping mall. It’s stupid that we put water in plastic bottles in Fiji and ship it here. (Laughter)It’s hard to change consumer behavior, because consumers don’t know how much this stuff costs. Do you know? Do you know how much CO2 you generated to drive here or fly here? I don’t know, and I should. Those of us who care about all this would act better if we knew what the real costs were. But as long as we pretend that CO2 is free, as long as these uses are nearly invisible, how can we expect change? I’m really afraid, because I think the kinds of changes we can reasonably expect from individuals are gonna be clearly not enough.The third lesson we learned is that policy matters. It really matters. In fact, policy is paramount. I’ve got a behind-the-scenes story for you about that green tech network I described. At the end of our first meeting, we got together to talk about what the action items would be, how we’d follow up. And Bob Epstein raised a hand. He stood up. You know, Bob’s that Berkeley techie type who started Sybase. Well, Bob said the most important thing we could do right now is to make it clear in Sacramento, California that we need a market-based system of mandates that’s gonna cap and reduce greenhouse gases in California. It’s necessary and, just as important; it’s good for the California economy.So, eight of us went to Sacramento in August and we met with the seven undecided legislators and we lobbied for AB32. You know what? Six of those seven voted yes in favor of the bill, so it passed, and it passed by a vote of 47 to 32. (Applause) Please don’t. Thank you. I think it’s the most important legislation of 2006. Why? Because California was the first state in this country to mandate 25 percent reduction of greenhouse gases by 2020. And the result of that is, we’re gonna generate 83,000 new jobs, 4 billion dollars a year in annual income, and reduce the CO2 emissions by 174 million tons a year. California’s only 7 percent of U.S. CO2 emissions. It’s only a percent and a half of the country’s CO2 emissions. It’s a great start, but I’ve got to tell you—where I started—I’m really afraid. In fact, I’m certain California’s not enough.Here’s a story about national policy that we could all learn from. You know Tom Friedman says, “If you don’t go, you don’t know?” Well, we went to Brazil to meet Dr. Hussain Goldemberg. He’s the father of the ethanol revolution. He told us that Brazil’s government mandated that every gasoline station in the country would carry ethanol. And they mandated that their new vehicles would be flex-fuel compatible, right? They’d run ethanol or ordinary gasoline. And so, here’s what’s happened in Brazil. They now have 29,000 ethanol pumps—this versus 700 in the U.S., and a paltry two in California—and in three years their new car fleet has gone from 4 percent to 85 percent flex-fuel. Compare that to the U.S.,5 percent are flex-fuel. And you know what? Most consumers who have them don’t even know it. So, what’s happened in Brazil is, they’ve replaced 40 percent of the gasoline consumed by their automotive fleet with ethanol. That’s 59 billion dollars since 1975 that they didn’t ship to the Middle East. It’s created a million jobs inside that country, and it’s saved 32 million tons of CO2. It’s really substantial. That’s 10 percent of the CO2 emissions across their entire country. But Brazil’s only 1.3 percent of the world’s CO2 emission. So, Brazil’s ethanol miracle I’m really afraid is not enough. In fa ct, I’m afraid all of the best policies we have are not gonna be enough.The fourth and final lesson we’ve learned is about the potential of radical innovation. So, I want to tell you about a tragic problem and a breakthrough technology. Every year a million and a half people die of a completely preventable disease. That’s malaria. Six thousand people a day. All for want of two dollars worth of medications that we can buy at the corner drugstore. Well, two dollars, two dollars is too much for Africa. So, a team of Berkeley researchers with 15 million dollars from the Gates Foundation is engineering, designing a radical new way to make the key ingredient, called artemisinin, and they’re gonna make that drug 10 times cheaper. And in doing so, they’ll save a mi llion lives—at least a million lives, a year. A million lives. Their breakthrough technology is synthetic biology. This leverages millions of years of evolution by redesigning bugsto make really useful products. Now, what you do is, you get inside the microbe, you change its metabolic pathways, and you end up with a living chemical factory.Now, you may ask, John, what has this got to go with green and with climate crisis? Well, I’ll tell you a lot. They’ve now formed a company called Amyris, and this tech nology that they’re using can be used to make better biofuels. Don’t let me skip over that. Better biofuels are a really big deal. That means we can precisely engineer the molecules in the fuel chain and optimize them along the way. So, if all goes well, t hey’re gonna have designer bugs in warm vats that are eating and digesting sugars to excrete better biofuels. I guess that’s better living through bugs. Alan Kay is famous for saying the best way to predict the future is to invent it. And, of course, at Kleiner we, kind of, apologize and say the second best way is to finance it. And that’s why we’re investing 200 million dollars in a wide range of really disruptive new technologies for innovation in green technologies. And we’re encouraging others to do it as well. We’re talking a lot about this.In 2005, there were 600 million dollars invested in new technologies of the sort you see here. It doubled in 2006 to 1.2 billion dollars. But I’m really afraid we need much, much more. For reference, fact one: Exxon’s revenues in 2005 were a billion dollars a day. Do you know, they only invested 0.2 percent of revenues in R&D? Second fact: the President’snew budget for renewable energy is barely a billion dollars in total, less than one day of Exxon’s revenues. Third fact: I bet you didn’t know that there’s enough energy in hot rocks under the country to supply America’s energy needs for the next thousand years. And the Federal budget calls for a measly 20 million dollars of R&D in geothermal energy. It is almost criminal that we are not investing more in energy research in this country. And I am really afraid that it’s absolutely not enough.So, in a year’s worth of learning we found a bunch of surprises. Who would have thought that a mass retailer could make money by going green? Who would have thought that a database entrepreneur could transform California with legislation? Who would have thought that the ethanol biofuel miracle would come from a developing country in South America? And who would have thought that scientists trying to cure malaria could come up with breakthroughs in biofuels? And who would have thought that all that is not enough? Not enough to stabilize the climate. Not enough to keep the ice in Greenland from crashing into the ocean. The scientists tell us—and they’re only guessing—that we’ve got to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by one half, and do it as fast as possible. Now, we may have the political will to do this in the U.S., but I’ve got to tell you, we’ve got only one atmosphere, and so som ehow we’re gonna have to find the political will to do this all around the world.Well, I’ll tell you what. Well, I’ll tell you what. Well, I’ll tell youwhat. Well, I’ll tell you what. Well, I’ll tell you what. Well, I’ll tell you what. Well, I’ll tell you what. Well, I’ll tell you what. Well, I’ll tell you what. Well, I’ll tell you what. Well, I’ll tell you what. Well, I’ll tell you what. Well, I’ll tell you what. Well, I’ll tell you what. Well, I’ll tell you what. Well, I’ll tell you what. Well, I’ll tell you what. Well, I’ll tell you what. Green technologies—going green—is bigger than the Internet. It could be the biggest economic opportunity of the 21st century. Moreover, if we succeed it’s gonna be the most important transformation for life on the planet since, as Bill Joy says, we went from methane to oxygen in the atmosphere. Now, here’s the hard question, if the trajectory of all the world’s companies and individuals and policies and innovation is not gonna to be enough, what are we gonna do? I don’t know. Everyone here cares about changing the world and has made a difference in that one way or another.So, our call to action—my call to you—is for you to make going green your next big thing, your gig. What can you do? You can personally get carbon neutral. Go to or carboncalculator and buy carbon credits. You could join other leaders in mandating, lobbying for mandated cap and trade in U.S. greenhouse gas reductions. There’s six bills right now in Congress. Let’s get one of them p assed.And the most important thing you can do, I think, is to use your personal power and your Rolodex to lead your business, your institution,in going green. Do it like Wal-Mart, get it to go green for its customers and its suppliers and for itself. Really think outside the box. Can you imagine what it would be like if Amazon or eBay or Google or Microsoft or Apple really went green and you caused that to happen? It could be bigger than Wal-Mart. I can’t wait to see what we TEDsters do about this crisis. And I really, really hope that we multiply all of our energy, all of our talent, and all of our influence to solve this problem. Because if we do, I can look forward to the conversation I’m gonna have with my daughter in 20 years.。
Lecture 11 Four lessons about climate crisisI’m really scared. I don’t think we’re gonna make it. Probably by now most of you have seen Al Gore’s amazing talk. Shortly after I saw that, we had some friends over for dinner with the family. The conversation turned to global warming, and everybody agreed, there’s a real problem. We’ve got a climate crisis. So, we went around the table to talk about what we should do. The conversation came to my 15-year-old daughter, Mary. She said, “I agree with everything that’s been said. I’m scared and I’m angry.” And then she turned to me and said, “Dad, your generation created this problem, you’d better fix it.” Wow. All the co nversation stopped. All the eyes turned to me. (Laughter) I didn’t know what to say. Kleiner’s second law is, “There is a time when panic is the appropriate response.” (Laughter) And we’ve reached that time. We cannot afford to underestimate this problem. If we face irreversible and catastrophic consequences, we must act, and we must act decisively. I’ve got to tell you, for me, everything changed that evening.And so, my partners and I, we set off on this mission to learn more, to try to do much more. So, we mobilized. We got on airplanes. We went to Brazil. We went to China and to India, to Bentonville, Arkansas, and to Washington, D.C. and to Sacramento. And so, what I’d like to do now is to tell you about what we’ve learned in thosejourneys. Because the more we learned, the more concerned we grew. You know, my partners at Kleiner and I were compulsive networkers, and so when we see a big problem or an opportunity like avian flu or personalized medicine, we just get together the smartest people we know. For this climate crisis, we assembled a network, really, of superstars, from policy activists to scientists and entrepreneurs and business leaders. Fifty or so of them. And so, I want to tell you about what we’ve learned in doing that and four lessons I’ve learned in the last year.The first lesson is that companies are really powerful, and that matters a lot. This is a story about how Wal-Mart went green, and what that means. Two years ago, the CEO, Lee Scott, believed that green is the next big thing, and so Wal-Mart made going green a top priority. They committed that they’re gonna take their existing stores and reduce their energy consumption by 20 percent, and their new stores by 30 percent, and do all that in seven years. The three biggest uses of energy in a store are heating and air conditioning, then lighting, and then refrigeration. So, look what they did. They painted the roofs of all their stores white. They put smart skylights through their stores so they could harvest the daylight and reduce the lighting demands. And third, they put the refrigerated goods behind closed doors with LED lighting. I mean, why would you try to refrigerate awhole store? These are really simple, smart solutions based on existing technology.Why does Wal-Mart matter? Wel l, it’s massive. They’re the largest private employer in America. They’re the largest private user of electricity. They have the second-largest vehicle fleet on the road. And they have one of the world’s most amazing supply chains, 60,000 suppliers. If Wal-Mart were a country, it would be the sixth-largest trading partner with China. And maybe most important, they have a big effect on other companies.When Wal-Mart declares it’s gonna go green and be profitable, it has a powerful impact on other great institutions. So, I tell you this: When Wal-Mart achieves 20 percent energy reductions, that’s gonna be a very big deal. But I’m afraid it’s not enough. We need Wal-Mart and every other company to do the same.The second thing that we learned is that individuals matter, and they matter enormously. I’ve got another Wal-Mart story for you, OK? Wal-Mart has over 125 million U.S. customers. That’s a third of the U.S. population. Sixty-five million compact fluorescent light bulbs were sold last year.And Wal-Mart has committed they’re gonna sell another 100 million light bulbs in the coming year. But it’s not easy. Consumers don’t really like these light bulbs. The light’s kind of funny, theywon’t dim, takes a while for them to start up. But the pay-off is really enormous. A hundred million compact fluorescent light bulb means that we’ll save 600 million dollars in energy bills, and 20 million tons of CO2 every year, year in and year out. It does seem really hard to get consumers to do the right thing. It is stupid that we use two tons of steel, glass, and plastic to haul our sorry selves to the shopping mall. It’s stupid that we put water in plastic bottles in Fiji and ship it here. (Laughter)It’s hard to change consumer behavior, because consumers don’t know how much this stuff costs. Do you know? Do you know how much CO2 you generated to drive here or fly here? I don’t know, and I should. Those of us who care about all this would act better if we knew what the real costs were. But as long as we pretend that CO2 is free, as long as these uses are nearly invisible, how can we expect change? I’m really afraid, because I think the kinds of changes we can reasonably expect from individuals are gonna be clearly not enough.The third lesson we learned is that policy matters. It really matters. In fact, policy is paramount. I’ve got a behind-the-scenes story for you about that green tech network I described. At the end of our first meeting, we got together to talk about what the action items would be, how we’d follow up. And Bob Epstein raised a hand. Hestood up. Y ou know, Bob’s that Berkeley techie type who started Sybase. Well, Bob said the most important thing we could do right now is to make it clear in Sacramento, California that we need a market-based system of mandates that’s gonna cap and reduce greenhouse gases in California. It’s necessary and, just as important; it’s good for the California economy.So, eight of us went to Sacramento in August and we met with the seven undecided legislators and we lobbied for AB32. Y ou know what? Six of those seven voted yes in favor of the bill, so it passed, and it passed by a vote of 47 to 32. (Applause) Please don’t. Thank you. I think it’s the most important legislation of 2006. Why? Because California was the first state in this country to mandate 25 percent reduction of greenhouse gases by 2020. And the result of that is, we’re gonna generate 83,000 new jobs, 4 billion dollars a year in annual income, and reduce the CO2 emissions by 174 million tons a year. California’s only 7 percent of U.S. CO2 emissions. It’s only a percent and a half of the country’s CO2 emissions. It’s a great start, but I’ve got to tell you—where I started—I’m really afraid. In fact, I’m certain California’s not enough.Here’s a story about national policy that we could all learn from. You know Tom Friedman says, “If you don’t go, you don’t know?” Well, we went to Brazil to meet Dr. Hussain Goldemberg. He’s thefather of the ethanol revolution. He told us that Brazil’s government mandated that every gasoline station in the country would carry ethanol. And they mandated that their new vehicles would beflex-fuel compatible, right? They’d run ethanol or ordinary gasoline. And so, here’s what’s happened in Brazil. They now have 29,000 ethanol pumps—this versus 700 in the U.S., and a paltry two in California—and in three years their new car fleet has gone from 4 percent to 85 percent flex-fuel. Compare that to the U.S., 5 percent are flex-fuel. And you know what? Most consumers who have them don’t even know it. So, what’s happened in Brazil is, they’ve replaced 40 percent of the gasoline consumed by their automotive fleet with ethanol. That’s 59 billion dollars since 1975 that they didn’t ship to the Middle East. It’s created a million jobs inside that country, an d it’s saved 32 million tons of CO2. It’s really substantial. That’s 10 percent of the CO2 emissions across their entire country. But Brazil’s only 1.3 percent of the world’s CO2 emission. So, Brazil’s ethanol miracle I’m really afraid is not enough. In fact, I’m afraid all of the best policies we have are not gonna be enough.The fourth and final lesson we’ve learned is about the potential of radical innovation. So, I want to tell you about a tragic problem and a breakthrough technology. Every year a million and a half people die of a completely preventable disease. That’s malaria. Sixthousand people a day. All for want of two dollars worth of medications that we can buy at the corner drugstore. Well, two dollars, two dollars is too much for Africa. So, a team of Berkeley researchers with 15 million dollars from the Gates Foundation is engineering, designing a radical new way to make the key ingredient, called artemisinin, and they’r e gonna make that drug 10 times cheaper. And in doing so, they’ll save a million lives—at least a million lives, a year. A million lives. Their breakthrough technology is synthetic biology. This leverages millions of years of evolution by redesigning bugs to make really useful products. Now, what you do is, you get inside the microbe, you change its metabolic pathways, and you end up with a living chemical factory.Now, you may ask, John, what has this got to go with green and with climate crisis? Well, I’ll tell you a lot. They’ve now formed a company called Amyris, and this technology that they’re using can be used to make better biofuels. Don’t let me skip over that. Better biofuels are a really big deal. That means we can precisely engineer the molecules in the fuel chain and optimize them along the way. So, if all goes well, they’re gonna have designer bugs in warm vats that are eating and digesting sugars to excrete better biofuels. I guess that’s better living through bugs. Alan Kay is famous for sayin g the best way to predict the future is to invent it. And, of course, atKleiner we, kind of, apologize and say the second best way is to finance it. And that’s why we’re investing 200 million dollars in a wide range of really disruptive new technologies for innovation in green technologies. And we’re encouraging others to do it as well. We’re talking a lot about this.In 2005, there were 600 million dollars invested in new technologies of the sort you see here. It doubled in 2006 to 1.2 billion dollars. Bu t I’m really afraid we need much, much more. For reference, fact one: Exxon’s revenues in 2005 were a billion dollars a day. Do you know, they only invested 0.2 percent of revenues in R&D? Second fact: the President’s new budget for renewable energy isbar ely a billion dollars in total, less than one day of Exxon’s revenues. Third fact: I bet you didn’t know that there’s enough energy in hot rocks under the country to supply America’s energy needs for the next thousand years. And the Federal budget calls for a measly 20 million dollars of R&D in geothermal energy. It is almost criminal that we are not investing more in energy research in this country.And I am really afraid that it’s absolutely not enough.So, in a year’s worth of learning we found a bunch o f surprises. Who would have thought that a mass retailer could make money by going green? Who would have thought that a database entrepreneur could transform California with legislation? Who would havethought that the ethanol biofuel miracle would come from a developing country in South America? And who would have thought that scientists trying to cure malaria could come up with breakthroughs in biofuels? And who would have thought that all that is not enough? Not enough to stabilize the climate. Not enough to keep the ice in Greenland from crashing into the ocean. The scientists tell us—and they’re only guessing—that we’ve got to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by one half, and do it as fast as possible. Now, we may have the political will to do this in th e U.S., but I’ve got to tell you, we’ve got only one atmosphere, and so somehow we’re gonna have to find the political will to do this all around the world.Well, I’ll tell you what. Well, I’ll tell you what. Well, I’ll tell you what. Well, I’ll tell you what. Well, I’ll tell you what. Well, I’ll tell you what. Well, I’ll tell you what. Well, I’ll tell you what. Well, I’ll tell you what. Well, I’ll tell you what. Well, I’ll tell you what. Well, I’ll tell you what. Well, I’ll tell you what. Well, I’ll tell you what. Well, I’ll tell you what. Well, I’ll tell you what. Well, I’ll tell you what. Well, I’ll tell you what. Green technologies—going green—is bigger than the Internet. It could be the biggest economic opportunity of the 21st century. Moreover, if we s ucceed it’s gonna be the most important transformation for life on the planet since, as Bill Joy says, we went from methane to oxygen in the atmosphere. Now, here’s the hardquestion, if the trajectory of all the world’s companies and individuals and policies and innovation is not gonna to be enough, what are we gonna do? I don’t know. Everyone here cares about changing the world and has made a difference in that one way or another.So, our call to action—my call to you—is for you to make going green your next big thing, your gig. What can you do? You can personally get carbon neutral. Go to or and buy carbon credits. You could join other leaders in mandating, lobbying for mandated cap and trade in U.S. greenhouse gas r eductions. There’s six bills right now in Congress. Let’s get one of them passed.And the most important thing you can do, I think, is to use your personal power and your Rolodex to lead your business, your institution, in going green. Do it like Wal-Mart, get it to go green for its customers and its suppliers and for itself. Really think outside the box. Can you imagine what it would be like if Amazon or eBay or Google or Microsoft or Apple really went green and you caused that to happen? It could be bigger than Wal-Mart. I can’t wait to see what we TEDsters do about this crisis. And I really, really hope that we multiply all of our energy, all of our talent, and all of our influence to solve this problem. Because if we do, I can look forward to theconvers ation I’m gonna have with my daughter in 20 years.。
矿产资源开发利用方案编写内容要求及审查大纲
矿产资源开发利用方案编写内容要求及《矿产资源开发利用方案》审查大纲一、概述
㈠矿区位置、隶属关系和企业性质。
如为改扩建矿山, 应说明矿山现状、
特点及存在的主要问题。
㈡编制依据
(1简述项目前期工作进展情况及与有关方面对项目的意向性协议情况。
(2 列出开发利用方案编制所依据的主要基础性资料的名称。
如经储量管理部门认定的矿区地质勘探报告、选矿试验报告、加工利用试验报告、工程地质初评资料、矿区水文资料和供水资料等。
对改、扩建矿山应有生产实际资料, 如矿山总平面现状图、矿床开拓系统图、采场现状图和主要采选设备清单等。
二、矿产品需求现状和预测
㈠该矿产在国内需求情况和市场供应情况
1、矿产品现状及加工利用趋向。
2、国内近、远期的需求量及主要销向预测。
㈡产品价格分析
1、国内矿产品价格现状。
2、矿产品价格稳定性及变化趋势。
三、矿产资源概况
㈠矿区总体概况
1、矿区总体规划情况。
2、矿区矿产资源概况。
3、该设计与矿区总体开发的关系。
㈡该设计项目的资源概况
1、矿床地质及构造特征。
2、矿床开采技术条件及水文地质条件。
