Text1 How do computer hackers “get inside”a computer
Abstract：
Computer vulnerabilities are often utilized by hackers or crackers. The security of each computer is challenging. This paper firstly redefines the term “hacker”, “cracker” and “getting inside” the computers and describes the procedure in detail. The term “unauthorized user” (UU) will be a better choice for defining the insider group. The known and unknown vulnerabilities will be taken advantage of by UUs ranging from poor password protection to leaving a computer turned on and physically accessible to visitors in the office. The first step of employing technical exploits will be the determination of the specifications of the target system. There are two ways of attacking including being through capabilities inherent in hypertext transfer protocol (http) and being preprogrammed against specific vulnerabilities and launched without any specific target. The variability of hacking action including the weak system and the strong system warns the users to choose the right way to protect the computer and do not authorize the computer to others easily. Lastly, the solution of avoiding vulnerabilities has been given, including updating patches, making complex passwords, getting information only from the reliable websites or services, updating
anti-virus software and backing up the data to protect the computer not being hacked.
摘要：
计算机漏洞经常被黑客破解使用。每台计算机的安全性都在承受挑战。本文首先重新定义了术语“电脑狂人”、“黑客”和“进入计算机内部”，并详细描述了该过程。而术语“未授权用户”（UU）能更好的定义“侵入者”。已知和未知的漏洞会不经意的被人利用，不管这些漏洞是低安全性密码保护，还是电脑持续开机，亦或是在办公室与其他访客的直接接触。“未授权用户”利用技术漏洞的第一步即是确定目标系统的明细规范是什么。有两种攻击方式，一种是针对超文本传输协议（HTTP）固有的功能，另一种是预先设定好程序对特定易受攻击对象进行攻击，没有任何具体目标。黑客行动的多变性，警告用户不管是薄弱的还是强大的系统，都应当选择正确的方式来自我保护，不要轻易将授权给其他人。最后，文章列出了避免安全漏洞的解决方案，包括更新补丁、使用复杂的密码、只从可靠的网站或服务中获取信息、及时更新杀毒软件和备份，以保护计算机中的数据不被黑客攻击。
Text 3 Advantages of Cloud computing
Abstract：
Cloud of computing is allowing you to use services that include infrastructure applications ,and storage space for a nominal fee. It should be able to quickly allot and relieve resources whenever required by clients and cater to the needs of clients without having to involve clients into management of the service and have real- time backup to offer maximum up time clients. The type of cloud services includes software as a service ,platform as a service ,infrastructure as a service .The advantages of cloud computing under green computing include reducing the consumption of electricity while also reducing emissions that damage the environment ,saving the environment while also saving on the expenses incurred due to a demand for expansion ,and allowing you to let you employees telecommute. Then ,here is a summary about the advantages of cloud computing: remote accessibility , easy expansion ,security and environmentally friendly.
Keys words : advantage 、cloud computing service、 green computing
摘要：
云计算是可以让你使用基础设施和应用程序，并且为象征性的收费提供存储空间的服务。它可以很快分配和释放资源，无论客户何时请求，能够迎合客户的需求，而不需要让客户参与服务的管理；而且它有实时的备份，为客户提供最大的正常运行时间。云服务的类型包括软件即服务模型、平台即服务模型、基础构架即服务模型。绿色背景下云计算的好处是降低了电力消耗，同时也降低了有害环境的排放量；挽救了环境，也节约了由于扩大的需求而带来的费用；允许你的员工远程上班。然后，得出云计算有以下几项优点：远程利用、很容易扩展、安全、环境友好。
关键字：优势、云计算、服务、绿色计算
Text5 Can You Compete with A.I. for the Next Job?
Abstract:
With the development of social and technology, Artificial intelligence may replace human jobs in the future. There are a lot of news that reported artificial intelligence has play a important role in our life. For decades. People wrote about how machines replace humans. It will be better or ill. But all expected did not come. Around the time of the Revolution. Most of Americans worked in the farm. They farmed to keep themselves alive. With the development of traffic. Farming increasingly became a cash business. But as the agricultural industry grew, there are fewer and fewer workers who worked at farming and ranching. Today agricultural provides fewer than two million jobs. Because of automation happened. It bring better plows, planting and sowing machines.
Agricultural become more and more scientific. The farmers’ children found new kinds of jobs in the city, they do not like stay on the farm. The early water-and-steam-powered factories also displace millions of craftsmen, because machine-handing factory workers made the goods better than the goods made by craftsmen. So that the number of factory jobs growing rapidly at that time. The automation of farming, craft work and manufacturing made products. Among them, food become cheaper and cheaper, so people can save money from food, then spend money on other expensive goods. Will A.I. machines take over the best occupations? The author is optimist and may not agree that machines will replace human jobs.
摘要:
随着社会和科技的发展，人工智能可能在未来取代人类工作。有很多的新闻报道，人工智能已经在我们的生活中起重要的作用。几十年来。人们写了如何用机器代替人工作。这将会带来好处还是坏处，但都没有实现。在美国独立战争时期。大多数的美国人在农场工作。
他们靠耕种维持自己的生活。随着交通的发展。农业越来越走向市场。但是，随着农业工厂化的崛起，越来越少的人在农场牧场工作。今天的农业提供了少于二百万的工作。由于农业自动化的发展。它带来更好的犁，种植、播种机。农业变得越来越科学。但是农民们的孩子更愿意在城市找工作，他们不喜欢呆在农场。早期的水和蒸汽动力工厂也取代成千上万的工匠，因为机械制造厂工人制造的商品比手工制作的商品更好。所以工厂的就业率迅速
增加。农业自动化，工艺和制造业生产的商品。其中，食物变得越来越便宜，所以人们可以从买食物中节省金钱，然后有足够的钱去消费那些昂贵的物品。人工智能机器将来会不会接管最好的职业？作者是乐观主义者，可能不会同意机器将代替人类的工作。
test6: Game theory
Abstract
Game theory Game theory is the science of strategy and was pioneered by Princeton m a t h e m a t i c i a n J o h n V o n N e u m a n n.I n t h e e a r l y y e a r s t h e e m p h a s i s w a s o n g a m e s o f p u r e c o n f l i c t. O t h e r g a m e s w e r e c o n s i d e r e d i n a c o o p e r a t i v e f o r m.Games are different from decisions made in a neutral environment. The essence of a game is the interdependence of player strategies. There are two distinct typesof strategic interdependence:sequential and simultaneous. The logical circle is squared using a concept of equilibrium developed by the Princeton mathemat cian John Nash. Nash’s notion of equilibrium remains an incomplete solution to the problem of circular reasoning in simultaneous-move games. Some games have many such equilibrium while others have non e. And this notion has some flaws. In spite of it,the concept has proved extremely u se f u l i n a n a l y z i n g m a n y s t r a t e g i c i n t e r a c t i o n s.T h e r e a r e s o m e
e x a m p l e s o
f strategic interaction illustrate some of the fundmentals
of game the ry:the prisoners’dilemma,mixi ng moves and strategic moves. Recent advances in game theory have succeeded in describing and prescribing appropriate strategies in several situations of conflict and cooperation. But the theory is far away from complete,and in many ways the design of successful strategy remains an art.
Key words: game theory,sequential,simultaneous,equilibrium
博弈论是战略的科学性和首创了由普林斯顿数学家约翰冯诺伊曼。在最初几年的重点是纯冲突的游戏。其他比赛被认为是一种合作形式。游戏不同于在一个中立的环境中做出的决定。游戏的本质是玩家策略的相互依存。有两种不同类型的战略相互依存的：顺序和同步。逻辑循环是利用均衡的概念是由普林斯顿数学家约翰纳什开发的平方。纳什均衡的概念对于同时进行的循环论证问题仍然是一个不完整的解决方案。有些游戏有很多这样的均衡，而另一些则没有。而且这个概念有一些缺陷。尽管它的概念已被证明在分析许多战略互动非常有用。有战略互动的一些例子说明了一些博弈论的基本原理：囚徒困境，混合动作和战略举措。在博弈论的最新进展已经成功地描述和规定适当的策略在冲突与合作的几种情况。但理论是远未完成的，而且在成功策略很多方面的设计仍然是一门艺术。
Text 8 How Nanotechnology Works
Abstract:
At the begin of this article,it states that there are unprecedented multidisciplinary convergence scientists dedicated to the study of a world so small that we can’t see it—even with a light microscope and tells us the important of nanotechnology.Then in order to understand the unusual world of nanotechnology ,we need to get an idea of the units of measure involved.The long of one nanometer is so small.When we measure the atomic scale,we can find that it ’s still small compare to the nannmeter.But in a lecture called “Small Wonders:The World of Nanoscience”,Nobel Prize winner Dr.Horst Stormer said that the nanoscale is more interstesting than the atomic scale because the nanoscale is the first point where we can assemble something—it’s not until we start putting atoms together that we can make anything useful.Then the article states that some predictions of nanotechnology such as the use of the rule of quantum mechanics,nanorobot.It nanotechnology in future.
Key words: nanotechnology 、 value 、application in future
文章开头说明了不同领域在研究细小事物的科学家都在关注纳米世界—一个连精致的显微镜都无法观察的世界，从而为后文讲述纳米技术做铺垫。第二段后讲述了纳米作为长度单位的意义，说明了纳米是非常细微的刻度，比如原子水平就
是以纳米为单位的。作者还引用了《小小的奇观：纳米科学世界》的讲座中诺贝尔得主Horst Starmor所说，纳米水平比原子水平更有趣，从而使文章过度到纳米技术的猜想，比如说量子力学、纳米机器人。这都表明了纳米技术在未来具有极大的研究价值。
关键字：纳米技术价值应用于未来
Test9: Global Warming and Its Effects
Abstract:Global warming has been a global issue for many years now.
However, the most prominent effect of global warming exists in the climate change over the past years. It causes the oceans warmer, the intensity of hurricanes amplifies in power and devastation. Another area affected by global warming is the animal kingdom and nature.The number of animals has been decreasing and the various disease has spread to new regions across the globe. A third type of evidence of global warming can be found in plants. The leading cause of global warming is the ongoing burning of fossil fuels, which releases carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. Although carbon dioxide largely harms the environment, the other greenhouse gases have a large impact in the atmosphere. Throughout the world, various nations have been joining to help prevent or slow the process of global warming. The issue of global warming affects nature, people, and the economy. Scientists directly link disease to global warming. When people are trying to get others involved in the cause, a common problem that arises is the lack of motivation. In conclusion, the world needs to put forth a stronger effort to prevent global warming. And the mitigation of global warming, we should do from ourselves, from the little things around.
Key words: global warming ，climate change ，effect
全球变暖以及它的影响
摘要：现在全球变暖已经成为多年来的全球问题，然而，过去几年来全球变暖最突出的影响体现在气候变化上，它导致海洋变得更暖、飓
风的强度和力量更强、冰川融化等等。全球变暖影响的另一个领域是动物王国和自然，它导致动物的数量急剧减少、疾病的传播更加广。全球变暖的第三类证据可以在植物中找到。全球变暖的主要原因是不断地燃烧化石燃料，这种燃烧会向大气中释放二氧化碳。不仅仅是二氧化碳，其它的温室气体也对大气有很大影响。在全世界，不同国家一直在努力防止或减缓全球变暖的过程。这个问题影响到自然、人和经济。科学家们直接把疾病和全球变暖联系起来，当人们努力让其他人参与到这项事业中，出现的一个共同问题是缺乏动力。总之，世界需要付出更大的努力以防止全球变暖。减缓全球变暖，我们应该从自己做起，从身边的小事做起。
关键字：全球变暖，气候变化，影响
Text 11 Risks of Nuclear Power
Abstract：
The principal risks associated with nuclear power arise from health effects of radiation.The radiation mainly comes form the radioactive material.They can penetrate deep inside the human body where they can damage biological cells and thereby initiate a cancer. If they strike sex cells, they can cause genetic diseases in progeny.But the rate of the latter is far less than the former. Reactor accidents is also one of the risk of nuclear power.But the nuclear power plant design strategy for preventing accidents ,back-up system and mitigating their potential effects is “defence in depth”, so they happen
probability is exceedingly small. If they all fails,very high radiation doses can destroy body functions and lead to death within 60 days.The radioactive waste products from the nuclear industry must be isolated from contact with people for very long time periods. The bulk of the radioactivity is contained in the spent fuel, which is quite small in volume and therefore easily handled with great care. At other radiation problems，for example, exploitation of materials and transport of radioactive materials also produce radiation.The effects of routine releases of radioactivity from nuclear plants depend somewhat on how the spent fuel is handled.
Key words：radiation，risks，reactor accidents，radioactive waste
摘要：
核电的风险主要来自辐射对健康的危害，这些辐射主要来自于放射性材料。他们可以穿透人体深处,破坏生物细胞,从而引发癌症；如果他们破坏生殖细胞,可能导致遗传疾病。但是后者发生的概率远小于前者。核反应堆事故也是核电的风险之一，由于具有纵深防御的策略，它们发生的几率非常小。但是一旦发生，非常高的辐射剂量可以摧毁身体功能和在 60 天内导致死亡。核工业的放射性废物必须与人隔离很长时间，放射性的大部分包含在乏燃料，而且体积小，因此非常容易处理。在其它辐射问题上，如在核材料的开采和放射性物质的运输处理时也会产生辐射。但放射性物质从核电站释放的对人类健康的影响在某种程度上取决于它的处理方式。
关键字：辐射、风险、核反应堆事故、放射性废品
Text15转基因食物“能够养活世界吗”
Genetically modified food caused a fierce debate in the modern society, especially in long agrarian tradition and vocal green lobbies in the country。
In fact, genetically modified food has become very much a part of our lives, the transgenic biological technology can not only improve the total agricultural output
increased by 25%, and help the losses prevent the crops after the harvest,but also can improve the nutritional value of the food, to alleviate malnutrition problem in the world, the use of biological technology can also improve farming productivity in places where food shortages are caused by crop damage attribution to pests, drought, poor soil and crop viruses, bacteria or fungi.
Although it has so much potential, biological technology can not solve all the problems, biotech cannot overcome the challenge of distributing food in developing countries, many transgenic products may be too expensive not where it is most needed.
Now More and more biotech research is being carried out in developing countries.But to increase the impact of genetic research on the food production of those countries, there is a need for better collaboration between government agencies
keywords : Genetically modified food、Agricultural、Biotechnology developing countries、food、hunger.
转基因食品在现代社会引起了一场激烈的争论，特别是在有悠久的农业生产传统和主张环保的游说集团的国家里。
事实上，转基因食品已经成为我们生活重要的一部分，转基因利用生物技术不仅可以提高把农业总产量提高25％，帮助防止作物收割后遭受损失，而且可以提高食物的营养价值，缓解世界的营养不良问题，利用生物技术还可以帮助提高因虫害、干旱、土壤贫瘠和作物病毒、细菌或真菌导致作物减产而出现食物匮乏的地区的农业生产率。
尽管具有这么多潜力，生物技术还远远不能解决全部问题，生物技术也无法克服在发展中国家分配粮食的难题，许多的转基因产品，通常过于昂贵无法到达最需要的地方，
现在发展中国家正在进行越来越多的生物技术研究。但是，为扩大遗传学研究对这些国家的粮食生产的影响，政府各部门(包括当地政府部门和发达国家的政府部门)与私营生物技术公司之间需要更好的合作。
Text18 大麻
Marijuana is a drug of controversy in medical history. Wheth er its ultimate effects are harmful,
harmless or beneficial to human functioning remains to be in vestigated. [problem] This paper
focuses on the study of the physical effects of Marijuana u ses. [objective] Based on previous
research, the study divided the physical effects of marijuana use into the short-term effects and
long-term ones, according to its frequency, duration and inte nsity of physical symptoms. [method]
The studies indicated that an increase of pulse rate and ch anges in blood sugar pressures are two
remarkable signs of short-term effects together with the symp
toms of nausea, vomiting, headache
and so on. It was also found that the chronic use of mari juana may weaken one’s immune system
and interfere with DNA production in terms of long-term effe cts.
Text1 How do computer hackers “get inside”a computer
Abstract：
Computer vulnerabilities are often utilized by hackers or crackers. The security of each computer is challenging. This paper firstly redefines the term “hacker”, “cracker” and “getting inside” the computers and describes the procedure in detail. The term “unauthorized user” (UU) will be a better choice for defining the insider group. The known and unknown vulnerabilities will be taken advantage of by UUs ranging from poor password protection to leaving a computer turned on and physically accessible to visitors in the office. The first step of employing technical exploits will be the determination of the specifications of the target system. There are two ways of attacking including being through capabilities inherent in hypertext transfer protocol (http) and being preprogrammed against specific vulnerabilities and launched without any specific target. The variability of hacking action including the weak system and the strong system warns the users to choose the right way to protect the computer and do not authorize the computer to others easily. Lastly, the solution of avoiding vulnerabilities has been given, including updating patches, making complex passwords, getting information only from the reliable websites or services, updating
anti-virus software and backing up the data to protect the computer not being hacked.
学术英语 学院名称：材料科学与工程学院学生姓名：张庆飞 学号：7301013016 专业班级：新能源材料与器件131 2015年 6月16 日
The current development of genetically modified crops of China and its safety issues Zhang Qingfei (College of materials science and engineering, Nanchang University, 10001) Abstracts: GM technology as a new, highly efficient genetically modified technology, already widely used in the cultivation of new varieties of field crops. China's transgenic technology started earlier, China's current GM technology level in the forefront of the world, especially made great achievements in the cultivation of new varieties of crops. In this paper, the status quo using gene transfer on Chinese agriculture and safety of transgenic technology are introduced, and the resolve of GM safety issues some thought. On this basis, I made some new ideas of transgenic technology and application of transgenic technology development prospects were discussed. Keywords: GM technology; GM crops; GM safety issues; China Introduction: As the core of the biotechnology giant leap .Transgenic technology is known as the second "green revolution." In 1983, the world's first strain of transgenic tobacco plants marks the arrival of the era of gene transfer plants. In the ensuing decades, genetically modified crops developed rapidly. In 2014, there are 28 countries in the world planted GM crops, the planting area has reached more than 180 million hectares, Chinese genetically modified crops planting area is 3.6 million hectares. With the widespread planting of genetically modified crops, the impact of transgenic technology in agriculture is growing. As the research of GM crops, China has made great achievements in the research of rice and cotton. The development of anything will not be smooth. With the development of GM technology, its security deposit issues also be exposed. The safety of genetically modified crops has been disputed by people, opponents argue that GM crops have great potential risk, it should be resisted. What is more, some people exaggerate the risk of genetically modified crops. Aroused people's fear of genetically modified. In this paper, the people of GM crops concerns, the status of the development of GM crops were elaborated. Besides, security problems of genetically modified crops and their solutions will be discussed. The current development of genetically modified crops in china GM refers to the Technology that use molecular biology method to transfer the artificial separation and some modified biological gene to other species and change the genetic characteristics of the species .Plant transgenic technology is the genetic transformation of plants, making plants to meet human needs in aspects of shape, nutrition and consumer quality. China's biotech crop improvement research began in the 1980s, during the past 30 years, Chinese agricultural and biological high-tech has been developing rapidly. At present, China's hybrid rice, cotton and other advanced in the world. GM technology Applied on cotton, rice and other crops on behalf of China's development status of GM crops. As a cotton producing countries, the industrialization of Chinese insect-resistant cotton has brought huge economic and ecological benefits to Chinese
Reading: Text 1 1.Match the words with their definitions. 1g 2a 3e 4b 5c 6d 7j 8f 9h 10i 2. Complete the following expressions or sentences by using the target words listed below with the help of the Chinese in brackets. Change the form if necessary. 1 symbolic 2distributed 3site 4complex 5identify 6fairly 7straightforward 8capability 9target 10attempt 11process 12parameter 13interpretation 14technical 15range 16exploit 17networking 18involve 19 instance 20specification 21accompany 22predictable 23profile 3. Read the sentences in the box. Pay attention to the parts in bold. Now complete the paragraph by translating the Chinese in brackets. You may refer to the expressions and the sentence patterns listed above. ranging from（从……到） arise from some misunderstandings（来自于对……误解） leaves a lot of problems unsolved（留下很多问题没有得到解决） opens a path for（打开了通道） requires a different frame of mind（需要有新的思想） 4.Translate the following sentences from Text 1 into Chinese. 1) 有些人声称黑客是那些超越知识疆界而不造成危害的好人（或即使造成危害，但并非故意而为），而“骇客”才是真正的坏人。 2) 这可以指获取计算机系统的存储内容，获得一个系统的处理能力，或捕获系统之间正在交流的信息。 3) 那些系统开发者或操作者所忽视的不为人知的漏洞很可能是由于糟糕的设计造成的，也可能是为了让系统具备一些必要的功能而导致计划外的结果。 4) 另一种是预先设定好程序对特定易受攻击对象进行攻击，然而，这种攻击是以鸟枪式的方式发出的，没有任何具体目标，目的是攻击到尽可能多的潜在目标。 5) 另外，考虑安装一个硬件防火墙并将从互联网中流入和流出的数据限定在几个真正需要的端口，如电子邮件和网站流量。 Reading: Text 2 1.Match the words with their definitions. 1d 2f 3h 4i 5a 6e 7b 8j 9g 10c https://www.doczj.com/doc/b313040886.html,plete the following expressions or sentences by using the target words listed below with the help of the Chinese in brackets. Change the form if necessary. 1 compromised 2notoriety 3 interchangeably 4malfunctioned 5squeeze 6 ingenious 7 emergence 8 humble 9 Cunning 10 vulnerability 11criminal 12patches 13 sinister 14daunting 15replicate 16malicious 17 spirals 18secure 19blur 20 stem 21 disrepute 22 sophisticated 23harness 24 recipient 25convert
学术英语理工类平时分细则 序 号 比率细目内容备注 1 10% 考勤+平时表现学生考勤，课堂表现，作业情 况等教学过程中注重terminology 的学习，课本中的术语主要集中在每个text的“term and notes”部分和每个单元 enhance your academic language”部分中的“target words”,.术语的学习情况将在期末考试中体现。 2 15% 阶段考核摘要（abstract)写作， 文献综述（literature review )英 语写作Abstract: 1.200~250字； 2.基于前三单元其中任一篇TEXT； 3.按照教师讲授的标准格式；（Arial, 小四） 4.配予中文翻译； 5.打印上交批改并归档 6.抄袭舞弊不计成绩Literature Review: 1.400字左右；（课本上第四单元主题） 2.主题（参加说明.-主题1） 3.基于前四单元的学习内容 4.打印上交批改并归档 5.抄袭舞弊不计成绩 另： 1.期末考试将任选其中一种 2.期末Abstract的写作原文出自本教材中的19篇text 的其中一篇 3.期末Review的写作要求和内容和平时一样，但闭卷考试。 3 15% 演示科研成果Oral presentation 1.时间安排参照进度表 2.1～2人一组 3.基于本教材所授技能 4.主题（参见说明-主题1） 5.每位学生陈述时间至少3 分钟 6.不接受单纯读稿 7.每位学生单独得分
合计40% 说明： 1.主题： 1.1五大主题：cloud computing, climate change, genetically modified foods, nuclear radiation, nanotechnology .相关的subtopics 1.2 自选主题，但必须由课任老师审核通过 1.3 Review 的specific topic 尽早确定后，根据所学技能，进行相关信息搜索，整理成文。 2.期末考试完整题型后期会通知 3.期末考试已确定题型参加上表的“另” 4.Review的写作内容和oral presentation的内容可以保持连贯性 5.Oral presentation 要求每位学生陈述时间不少于3分钟，班级人少，时间充裕的班级，教师可视具体情况调整学生陈述时间长度。
U8 A 1 在过去的30年里，作为一个专业的大提琴演奏家，我花了相当于整整20年时间在路上执行和学习音乐传统和文化。我的旅行使我相信在我们的全球化的世界中，文化传统来自于一个身份、社会稳定和富有同情心的互动的基本框架。 2 世界在快速改变，正如我们一定会创造不稳定的文化，让人质疑他们的地方。全球化使我们服从于别人的规则，这往往会威胁到个人的身份。这自然使我们紧张，因为这些规则要求我们改变传统习惯。所以如今全球领导者的关键问题是：如何使习惯和文化发展到融入更大的行星，同时不必牺牲鲜明特色和个人的骄傲？ 3 我的音乐旅程提醒了我，全球化带来的相互作用不只是摧毁文化；他们能够创造新的文化，生机，传播存在已久的传统。这不像生态“边缘效应”，它是用来描述两个不同的生态系统相遇发生了什么，例如，森林和草原。在这个接口，那里是最小密度和生命形式的最大的多样性，每种生物都可以从这两个生态系统的核心作画。有时最有趣的事情发生在边缘。在交叉口可以显示意想不到的连接。 4 文化是一个由世界每个角落的礼物组成的织物。发现世界的一种方式是例如通过深入挖掘其传统。例如音乐方面，在任何的大提琴演奏家的曲目的核心是由巴赫大提琴组曲。每个组件的核心是一个称为萨拉班德舞曲的舞蹈动作。这种舞蹈起源于北非的柏柏尔人的音乐，它是一个缓慢的、性感的舞蹈。它后来出现在西班牙，在那里被禁止，因为它被认为是下流的。西班牙人把它带到了美洲，也去了法国，在那里成为一个优雅的舞蹈。在1720年，巴赫公司的萨拉班德在他的大提琴组曲运动。今天，我扮演巴赫，一个巴黎裔美国人的中国血统的音乐家。所以谁真正拥有的萨拉班德？每一种文化都采用了音乐，使其具有特定的内涵，但每一种文化都必须共享所有权：它属于我们所有人。 5 1998年，我从丝绸之路发现在数千年来从地中海和太平洋许多文化间观念的流动。当丝绸之路合奏团执行，我们试图把世界上大部分集中在一个阶段。它的成员是一个名家的同等团体，大师的生活传统是欧洲、阿拉伯、阿塞拜疆、亚美尼亚、波斯、俄罗斯、中亚、印度、蒙古、中国、韩国或日本。他们都慷慨地分享他们的知识，并好奇和渴望学习其他形式的表达。 6 在过去的几年里，我们发现每一个传统都是成功的发明的结果。确保传统的生存的一个最好的方法是由有机进化，目前利用我们所有可用的工具。通过录音和电影；通过驻在博物馆、大学、设计学校和城市；通过表演从教室到体育场，合奏的音乐家，包括我自己，学习有用的技能。回到家中，我们和其他人分享这些技能，确保我们的传统在文化桌上有一席之地。 7 我们发现，在本国执行传统出口的是国外激励从业者。最重要的是，我们对彼此的音乐发展出了激情，并建立了相互尊重、友谊和信任的纽带，每一次我们都在舞台上这都是可触及的。这种欢乐的互动是为了一个理想的共同的更大的目标：我们始终能够通过友好的对话解决任何分歧。我们相互开放，我们形成一个桥进入陌生的传统，驱逐往往伴随着变化和错位的恐惧。换句话说，当我们扩大我们看世界的镜头的时候，我们更好地了解自己，自己的生活和文化。我们与我们的小星球的遥远的行星有更多的共同分享，而不是我们意识到的。 8 发现这些共同的文化是很重要的，但不只是为了艺术的缘故。所以我们的许多城市，不仅是伦敦，纽约，东京，现在即使甚至是中小城市正在经历着移民潮。我们将如何吸取同化有自己独特的习惯的人群？移民不可避免地会导致抵抗和冲突，就像过去一样？有什么关于德国的土耳其人口的阿尔巴尼亚人在意大利，北非人在西班牙和法国？文化繁荣的引擎可以帮助我们找出如何集合可以和平融合，同时不牺牲个性身份。这不是政治正确性。它是关于对人而言什么是珍贵的承认，和每一个文化已经给予我们世界的礼物。
Reａdinｇ: １ 1 . 1ｇ 2a 3e ４b 5ｃ６d 7j 8f 9h 10i 2. ． . 1 2 ３ 4 5 6 7 8 ９10 11 12 13 １4 1５16 17 18 １9 20 ２１２２ 23 ３. ． . . . (从……到） (来自于对……误解) a （留下很多问题没有得到解决） a （打开了通道) a (需要有新的思想) 4 1 ． 1) 有些人声称黑客是那些超越知识疆界而不造成危害的好人(或即使造成危害,但并非故意而为）,而“骇客”才是真正的坏人。 2) 这可以指获取计算机系统的存储内容,获得一个系统的处理
能力，或捕获系统之间正在交流的信息。 3) 那些系统开发者或操作者所忽视的不为人知的漏洞很可能是由于糟糕的设计造成的，也可能是为了让系统具备一些必要的功能而导致计划外的结果。 4) 另一种是预先设定好程序对特定易受攻击对象进行攻击,然而，这种攻击是以鸟枪式的方式发出的，没有任何具体目标，目的是攻击到尽可能多的潜在目标。 5) 另外，考虑安装一个硬件防火墙并将从互联网中流入和流出的数据限定在几个真正需要的端口,如电子邮件和网站流量。Reading：2 １ . 1d 2ｆ3h ４i 5ａ 6e 7b 8j 9ｇ 10c 2 ． . １２ 3 ４ 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 １２ 13 14 １5 16 17 1８ 1９ 20 21 22 23 ２4 ２5 ３． . . . . （有证据表明)
（黑客的数量也有很大增长) (往往被称之为) (损坏你的计算机) (获取你的信息) (进入你的计算机) 4 ２. １看似无害的编程错误可能被利用,导致电脑被侵入,为电脑病毒和蠕虫的繁衍提供温床。 ２当一个软件漏洞被发现,黑客可以将它变成一个侵入点，从而造成极大的破坏。在这之前,往往需要争分夺秒地利用正确的软件补丁来防止破坏的发生。 3 最简单的钓鱼骗局试图利用迅速致富的伎俩诱使诈骗目标寄钱。但网络骗子们也变得越来越狡猾,最近的陷阱是通过发送客户服务的电子邮件让用户进入假银行或商业网站,并在那里请他们“重新输入”他们的账户信息。 ４间谍软件与垃圾邮件和钓鱼网络一起，构成了三个令人生厌的互联网害虫。尽管有些程序可以通过入侵软件漏洞从而进入电脑，但这些有害而秘密的程序通常会随着其他免费的应用软件侵入到计算机系统中。 5 尽管因特网已经彻底改变了全球通讯，但是对于那些利用网络力量实现罪恶目的的人和那些负责阻止这些网络犯罪的人来说，他们之间的较量才刚刚开始。
2015-2016学年第二学期学术英语理工类期中考试 班级:材料成型及控制工程145班学号：5901214047姓名：朱亿成绩: Computer Security The two following articles are on the security of computer.The first one was in the view of hackers,which was talking about the ways to utilize computer vulnerabilities. The first paper firstly redefines the term “hacker”, “cracker” and “getting inside” the computers and describes the procedure in detail. The term “unauthorized user” (UU) will be a better choice for defining the insider group. The known and unknown vulnerabilities will be taken advantage of by UUs ranging from poor password protection to leaving a computer turned on and physically accessible to visitors in the office. The first step of employing technical exploits will be the determination of the specifications of the target system. There are two ways of attacking including being through capabilities inherent in hypertext transfer protocol (http) and being preprogrammed against specific vulnerabilities and launched without any specific target.(Julie,2004) The variability of hacking action including the weak system and the strong system warns the users to choose the right way to protect the computer and do not authorize the computer to others easily. Lastly, the solution of avoiding vulnerabilities has been given, including updating patches, making complex passwords, getting information only from the reliable websites or services, updating anti-virus software and backing up the data to protect the computer not being hacked. Then,the second work was like a supplement to the first article.which involved getting imformaton only from the reliable websites,which was refered in the second article.Always,people are not to know how to use computer safely, update patches, make complex passwords, get information from the reliable websites or services, updae anti-virus software and back up the data to protect the computer not being hacked.So,this article would play a pivotal role in the aspect of computer security.It was a websites guide leading to the security imformation and service for acounts.This guide is intended to present a selected list of sites that cover the basic issues of computer security and which provide useful information for the non-expert (librarian, undergraduate student, office manager, etc.) who wants to learn more about this increasingly important subject. The categories are intended to offer points of departure for some of the many aspects
Is the cloud computing perfect now? Cloud computing, or the cloud, is a colloquial expression used to describe a variety of different types of computing concepts that involve a large number of computers connected through a real-time communication network such as the Internet. And with various terminals developing fast, the durative, massive and intricate computing related to these terminals really become urgent problems. And for the present, cloud computing is a solution. But if we allow the cloud computing to contact with our private information, is it secure enough? And in which field can we improve the security? In the Security Benefits of Cloud Computing, Felician Aleca introduced the cloud computing and analyze its extensive application in the Internet field. It clarified many advantages of the cloud computing. In addition, it also introduced some major security benefits for individuals or companies which are provided by the cloud computing. But nearly every Internet technique will produce some latent vulnerability. In an essay about computer hacker, How Do Computer Hackers “Get Inside”a Computer?, by Julie J. C. H. Ryan, it introduced the various ways that hackers use to invade into computer. And there are three major patterns of these ways, which are gaining access to the stored contents of a computer system, gaining access to the processing capabilities of system, or capturing information being communicated between systems (J.C.H.Ryan,2004). And in the end, it reminds the importance of protecting our computer. As we all known, the personal terminals always store many private information, and the cloud store the users’ data on the Internet servers , in this way, it will cause large-scale information leakage once the hackers invade to these servers online. In fact, we are becoming more vulnerable while we enjoy the benefit of centralized processing by cloud computing. So how to improve the security of the users’ data stored in the cloud is real ly worth studying. Reference Julie J. C. H. Ryan. How Do Computer Hackers “Get Inside” a Computer?. Scientific American, August 16, 2004.
Reading 1 WHAT IS STRESS? The term stress has been defined in several different ways. sometimes the term is applied to stimuli or events in our environment that make physical and emotional demands on us, and sometimes it is applied to our emotional and physical reactions to such stimuli. in this discussion, we will refer to the environmental stimuli or events as stressors and to the emotional and physical reactions as stress. 压力这个词已经有几种不同的定义。有时候这个术语适用于我们环境中的刺激或事件，这些刺激或事件会对我们产生身体和情感方面的要求，有时也适用于我们对这种刺激的情绪和身体反应。在这个讨论中，我们将环境刺激或事件称为压力，并将情绪和身体上的反应称为压力。 Many sorts of events be stressors, including disasters, such as hurricanes or tornadoes; major life events, such as divorce or the loss of a job; and daily hassles, such as having to wait in line at the supermarket when you need to be somewhere else in 10 minutes. What all this events have in common is that they interfere with or threat our accustomed way of life. when we encounter such stressors, we must pull together our mental and physical resources in order to deal with the challenge. How well we succeed in doing so will determine how serious a toll the stress will take on our mental and physical well-being. 许多事件都是压力源，包括灾难，如飓风或龙卷风; 重大生活事件，如离婚或失业; 每天都有麻烦，比如当你要在10分钟内到别的地方去却不得不在超市排队等。所有这些事件都有共同之处，就是它们干涉或威胁我们习惯的生活方式。当我们遇到这样的压力时，我们必须整合我们的精神和物质资源来应对挑战。我们如何成功地做到这一点将决定压力对我们身心健康将产生多大的影响。 Reacting to stressors The Canadian physiologist Hans Seyle has been the most influential writer on stress. Seyle proposed that both humans and other animals react to any stressor in three stages, collectively known as the general adaptation syndrome. the first stage, when the person or animal becomes aware of the stressor is the alarm reaction. In this stage the organism becomes highly alert and aroused, energized by a burst of epinephrine. After the alarm reaction comes the stage of resistance , as the organism tries to adapt to the stressful stimulus or to escape from it. If these efforts are successful, the state of the organism returns to normal. If the organism cannot adapt to the continuing stress, however, it enters a stage of exhaustion or collapse. 加拿大生理学家Hans Seyle在压力方面一直是最有影响力的作家。塞尔提出，人类和其他动物在三个阶段对任何压力源作出反应，统称为一般适应综合症。第一阶段，当人或动物意识到应激源时，就是警报反应。在这个阶段，机体变得高度警觉和激起，并被一阵肾上腺素所激发。当警报反应进入抵抗阶段后，机体试图适应压力刺激或逃避压力。如果这些努力成功，机体的状态就会恢复正常。然而，如果生物体不能适应持续的压力，它就进入衰竭或崩溃的阶段。
Unit 1 Text A 神经过载与千头万绪的医生 患者经常抱怨自己的医生不会聆听他们的诉说。虽然可能会有那么几个医生确实充耳不闻，但是大多数医生通情达理，还是能够感同身受的人。我就纳闷为什么即使这些医生似乎成为批评的牺牲品。我常常想这个问题的成因是不是就是医生所受的神经过载。有时我感觉像变戏法，大脑千头万绪，事无巨细，不能挂一漏万。如果病人冷不丁提个要求，即使所提要求十分中肯，也会让我那内心脆弱的平衡乱作一团，就像井然有序同时演出三台节目的大马戏场突然间崩塌了一样。有一天，我算过一次常规就诊过程中我脑子里有多少想法在翻腾，试图据此弄清楚为了完满完成一项工作，一个医生的脑海机灵转动，需要处理多少个细节。 奥索里奥夫人 56 岁，是我的病人。她有点超重。她的糖尿病和高血压一直控制良好，恰到好处。她的胆固醇偏高，但并没有服用任何药物。她锻炼不够多，最后一次 DEXA 骨密度检测显示她的骨质变得有点疏松。尽管她一直没有爽约，按时看病，并能按时做血液化验，但是她形容自己的生活还有压力。总的说来，她健康良好，在医疗实践中很可能被描述为一个普通患者，并非过于复杂。 以下是整个 20 分钟看病的过程中我脑海中闪过的念头。 她做了血液化验，这是好事。 血糖好点了。胆固醇不是很好。可能需要考虑开始服用他汀类药物。 她的肝酶正常吗？ 她的体重有点增加。我需要和她谈谈每天吃五种蔬果、每天步行 30 分钟的事。 糖尿病：她早上的血糖水平和晚上的比对结果如何？她最近是否和营 养师谈过？她是否看过眼科医生？足科医生呢？ 她的血压还好，但不是很好。我是不是应该再加一种降血压的药？药 片多了是否让她困惑？更好地控制血压的益处和她可能什么药都不吃 带来的风险孰重孰轻？
学术英语理工 教师手册
Unit 1 Choosing a Topic I Teaching Objectives In this unit , you will learn how to: 1.choose a particular topic for your research 2.formulate a research question 3.write a working title for your research essay 4.enhance your language skills related with reading and listening materials presented in this unit II. Teaching Procedures 1.Deciding on a topic Task 1 Answers may vary. Task 2 1 No, because they all seem like a subject rather than a topic, a subject which cannot be addressed even by a whole book, let alone by a1500-wordessay. 2Each of them can be broken down into various and more specific aspects. For example, cancer can be classified into breast cancer, lung cancer, liver cancer and so on. Breast cancer can have such specific topics for research as causes for breast cancer, effects of breast cancer and prevention or diagnosis of breast cancer. 3 Actually the topics of each field are endless. Take breast cancer for example, we can have the topics like: Why Women Suffer from Breast Cancer More Than Men? A New Way to Find Breast Tumors Some Risks of Getting Breast Cancer in Daily Life Breast Cancer and Its Direct Biological Impact Breast Cancer—the Symptoms & Diagnosis Breastfeeding and Breast Cancer Task 3 1 Text 1 illustrates how hackers or unauthorized users use one way or another to get inside a computer, while Text 2 describes the various electronic threats a computer may face. 2 Both focus on the vulnerability of a computer.
1.M: You call Mike a dreamer, but I think he’s got a lot of ideas. W: Good ideas are only useful if you make something out of them. Q: Why does the woman think that Mike is a dreamer? 2.M: Hello, Susan. Could you please meet Mr. James at the airport? His flight is BA 553 from London. He should arrive at about 10 o’clock. Mr. James is in his late fifties, average height and has short, curly, gray hair. His meeting with the Sales Department is at 4:00. Thank you. W: Sure, no problem. Q: What does the man mean? 3.M: Hello, I’m a senior student. Could you tell me whether this reference room is only for faculty members? W: No, it’s also open to the postgraduates; and undergraduates can come too if they’ve got professors’ written permission.