Chemical Abundances of Planetary Nebulae in M33

武汉2024年小学六年级上册英语第四单元测验试卷考试时间：100分钟（总分:120）A卷考试人：_________题号一二三四五总分得分一、综合题(共计100题)1、What do you call a person who plays music?A. ArtistB. MusicianC. WriterD. Painter2、填空题：The _____ (叶子) change color in autumn.3、选择题：What do we call a person who runs fast?A. WalkerB. RunnerC. JoggerD. Sprinter4、听力题：The ______ of a wave is the distance between two peaks.5、听力题：The main use of acetic acid is in _____.6、听力题：Gravity is weaker on the moon than on _______.7、听力题：The chemical formula for mercury(II) chloride is ______.8、ts are adapted to survive in extremely ______ environments.(某些植物适应在极端环境中生存。

) 填空题：Some pla9、What is the capital of Argentina?A. Buenos AiresB. SantiagoC. LimaD. Bogotá答案: A. Buenos Aires10、填空题：We are making ________ (果汁) for breakfast.11、填空题：The invention of the printing press changed the way ________ were distributed.12、What is the capital of Colombia?A. BogotáB. MedellínC. CaliD. Cartagena答案:A13、填空题：A ______ (蜥蜴) can be found sunbathing on rocks.14、填空题：The ________ (太阳) rises in the east.15、听力题：She counts _____ (to/from) ten every day.16、听力题：We make ______ (cookies) for the party.17、Which animal can fly?A. DogB. FishC. BirdD. Cat答案:C18、听力题：A ______ is a small creature that can be found in ponds.19、填空题：I enjoy _______ new friends at school.20、听力题：The chemical formula for sodium nitrite is __________.21、听力题：I enjoy ______ (playing) board games.22、What is the name of the furry animal that is often kept as a pet?A. CatB. DogC. HamsterD. Rabbit答案: B23、听力题：The process of combining elements to form compounds is called _______.24、What do you call the time it takes for the Earth to rotate once?A. MonthB. YearC. DayD. Hour25、What is the main ingredient in salad?A. MeatB. VegetablesC. FruitD. Grains答案:B26、听力题：The teacher is very ___ (helpful).27、听力题：The capital of Romania is __________.28、听力题：The element with atomic number is __________.29、听力题：In chemistry, the smallest unit of an element is called an _____.30、Which month comes after January?A. FebruaryB. DecemberC. MarchD. April答案:A31、填空题：The __________ (种植时间) can determine the success of crops.32、填空题：I enjoy playing __________ with my family. (游戏)33、What do you call a house made of ice?A. IglooB. CabinC. CastleD. Hut答案:A34、听力题：The boiling point of ethanol is ______ degrees Celsius.35、What is 9 + 6?A. 14B. 15C. 16D. 17答案: A36、What is the capital of Mexico?A. CancunB. GuadalajaraC. Mexico CityD. Monterrey答案: C. Mexico City37、听力题：The Earth's surface is shaped by a combination of internal and ______ forces.38、填空题：The _____ (香草) in my garden smells very good.39、填空题：The ancient Greeks created beautiful ______ (雕塑).40、填空题：Grandma is my ______ (奶奶). She tells me stories about ______ (过去) and teaches me how to bake cookies.The movie was very _______ (有趣的).42、听力题：The clock _____ ticks loudly. (always)43、填空题：The butterfly has _______ (五彩斑斓) wings.44、What is the capital of Hungary?A. BudapestB. DebrecenC. SzegedD. Miskolc答案: A45、听力题：Organic compounds contain _______ atoms.46、What do we call the main character in a play or story?A. ProtagonistB. AntagonistC. Supporting characterD. Narrator47、听力题：The ________ (monkey) swings in the trees.48、选择题：What do we call the season when flowers bloom?A. WinterB. SpringC. SummerD. Fall49、填空题：A parakeet can be taught to ______ (说话).50、听力题：My brother enjoys playing ____ (video games) online.51、听力题：I like to ___ (explore/discover) new things.52、填空题：The ______ (小鸡) pecks at the ground, looking for seeds and ______ (虫子).Substances that speed up chemical reactions without being consumed are called _____.54、transportation equity) ensures access for all. 填空题：The ____55、听力题：The ______ helps with the detoxification of the liver.56、What do you need to play soccer?A. BallB. RacketC. BatD. Paddle57、填空题：The ________ can be found in many colors.58、What do we use to write on paper?A. BrushB. PencilC. SpoonD. Fork答案: B59、选择题：What do we call a person who works in a restaurant?A. ChefB. WaiterC. CookD. All of the above60、What is the name of the famous mountain in Japan?A. Mount FujiB. Mount EverestC. Mount KilimanjaroD. Mount McKinley答案:A. Mount Fuji61、听力题：A satellite orbits around the _____.62、填空题：The _____ (小鸭) swims alongside its mother.63、What is the term for a young sheep?A. CalfB. FoalC. LambD. Kid答案:C64、 a _______ (红色的) dress to the party. 填空题：She wrot65、选择题：Which season comes after winter?A. AutumnB. SummerC. SpringD. Rainy66、听力题：Chemical equations must be balanced to obey the law of ________ of mass.67、听力题：The process of changing from a liquid to a gas is called ______.68、听力题：The moon is _______ (full) tonight.69、 Empire was famous for its __________ (法律) and governance. 填空题：The Roma70、填空题：My sister is a great __________ (伙伴) in games.71、填空题：I have a robot ________ (玩具名称).72、 Rights Movement aimed to end ________ (种族歧视). 填空题：The Civi73、填空题：I like to invite friends over to play with my __________ (玩具名).74、What is the name of the famous bridge in San Francisco?A. Brooklyn BridgeB. Golden Gate BridgeC. London BridgeD. Sydney Harbour Bridge答案：B75、填空题：The ancient Romans built extensive ________ (道路系统).76、What do you call a person who studies earthquakes?A. GeologistB. MeteorologistC. SeismologistD. Astronomer答案:C77、听力题：A ____ is known for its quick movements and long legs.78、填空题：The hummingbird can hover in _______ (空中).79、听力题：The sun sets in the _______ (west).80、填空题：I love to watch the __________ after a storm. (彩虹)81、What is the capital of Thailand?A. BangkokB. PhuketC. Chiang MaiD. Pattaya答案:A82、听力题：The process of making wine involves fermentation of _______.83、听力题：An atom consists of protons, neutrons, and _____.84、听力题：The Earth's crust is made up of various geological ______.85、听力题：The atomic structure of an atom consists of protons, neutrons, and _____ (electrons).86、听力题：It is _____ to swim in the lake. (cool)87、填空题：My favorite ________ (玩具类型) is always next to me.88、选择题：What do we call a person who studies the weather?A. MeteorologistB. ClimatologistC. GeologistD. Biologist89、听力题：My cousin makes ____ (jewelry) as a hobby.90、听力题：My favorite color is _____ (蓝).91、听力题：Oxidation involves the loss of ______.92、听力题：My sister has a pet ________.93、填空题：The ancient Egyptians believed in ________ (来世).94、填空题：The teacher is _______ (鼓励) us to read.95、听力题：The _______ helps maintain balance in nature.96、What do we drink from?A. PlateB. CupC. ForkD. Knife答案：B97、填空题：My cat likes to chase after a ________.98、听力题：The chemical formula for nitric acid is ________.99、What is the main ingredient in chocolate?A. SugarB. CocoaC. MilkD. Flour答案: B. Cocoa100、听力题：Matter can exist in three states: solid, liquid, and ______.。

小学上册英语第四单元真题(含答案)英语试题一、综合题(本题有100小题，每小题1分，共100分.每小题不选、错误，均不给分)1. A pendulum swings back and ______.2.The girl is very ________.3.How many colors are there in a rainbow?A. 5B. 6C. 7D. 84.The _____ (松鼠) is gathering nuts for the winter.5.I saw a _______ (小动物) at the nature reserve.6.The _______ of an object can be tested with a balance.7.My dog enjoys a _______ (长时间) walk every day.8.Exothermic reactions release ______.9.My family has a ________ that we take care of.10.The periodic table organizes elements by their _____.11.My mom _____ breakfast every morning. (prepares)12. A mixture of two or more metals is called an ______ alloy.13.I enjoy playing ______ (团体运动) with my friends after school.14.The _______ (The Louisiana Purchase) doubled the size of the US in 1803.15.How many legs does a dog have?A. 2B. 3C. 4D. 516.My pet ______ (狗) loves to play with other pets.17.__________ (反应动力学) examines the speed and mechanisms of reactions.18.I enjoy going to the ______ (博物馆) with my family. We learn about history and see ______ (古老的东西).19.The city of Nicosia is the capital of _______.20. A wave can be described by its amplitude, wavelength, and ______.21.What is 3 + 5?A. 7B. 8C. 9D. 10答案:B22.What is the primary ingredient in a traditional gazpacho?A. TomatoesB. CucumbersC. PeppersD. All of the above23.What is the name of the fairy tale character who had a long braid?A. CinderellaB. RapunzelC. Snow WhiteD. Belle24. A ________ is a large natural area without human development.25.Which fruit is green on the outside and red on the inside?A. KiwiB. WatermelonC. GrapesD. Peach答案:B Watermelon26.The _______ (Magna Carta) was signed in 1215, limiting the power of the king.27. A _____ (环境) can change how plants grow.28. A ______ is a collection of data gathered from observations.29. A ________ (植物观察志愿者) contributes to knowledge.30.________ (草) covers the ground in many parks.31.What do we call the practice of planting trees to improve the environment?A. ReforestationB. DeforestationC. AfforestationD. Urbanization答案:A32.My friend’s birthday is in ____.33.What do you call the main character in a play?A. ActorB. DirectorC. ProtagonistD. Scriptwriter34.The rain makes everything ______ (clean) outside.35.The __________ (历史的涵养) cultivates appreciation.36.I want to ______ (learn) how to cook.37.When it rains, I like to stay __________ with a good book. (室内)38.The _____ (tangerine) tree produces citrus fruit.39.What do we drink from?A. PlateB. CupC. BowlD. Fork答案:B40.What is the first animal to go into space?A. MonkeyB. DogC. CatD. Mouse41.The __________ is a notable landmark in history.42.Distilled water is free of ______.43.The __________ is the main source of food for many animals.44.What do you call the process of taking water from the ground?A. ExtractionB. IrrigationC. DistillationD. Filtration答案:A45.The rabbit's hind legs are powerful for ______ (跳跃).46.The beach has ______ (soft) sand.47.The __________ is the center of the earth.48.In the morning, the air is very ______ (清新).49.I need to _____ (buy/sell) some groceries.50.In the morning, I brush my ________ (牙齿) and wash my ________ (脸).51.The __________ is known for its rich history and culture. (意大利)52.The _____ (动物) rely on plants for food and shelter.53.The _______ is the part of an atom that has a positive charge.54.The _____ (花园) is a peaceful retreat.55.What is the capital of Ghana?A. AccraB. KumasiC. TamaleD. Takoradi56.The ________ (农业与环境研究) are interconnected.57.What is the capital city of Italy?A. FlorenceB. RomeC. VeniceD. Milan58.I can make my own ________ (玩具) from recycled materials.59.What do we call the movement of tectonic plates?A. Continental DriftB. ErosionC. WeatheringD. Subduction60.The body part that helps us breathe is called the ______.61. A lever can help lift heavy ______.62.What do you call a story based on real events?A. FictionB. Non-fictionC. NovelD. Myth答案:B63.What do we call a person who studies plants?A. BotanistB. ZoologistC. GeologistD. Ecologist64.I have a ___ (feeling) it's going to rain.65.The ______ has a strong family bond.66.I love to explore ______ with my friends.67.The teacher is _____ (kind/mean).68.What is the largest ocean on Earth?A. Atlantic OceanB. Arctic OceanC. Indian OceanD. Pacific Ocean答案:D69.The first president of the United States was ________ (乔治·华盛顿).70.What is the capital of Spain?A. MadridB. BarcelonaC. ValenciaD. Seville答案:A71.The chemical symbol for gallium is _____.72.Which insect produces honey?A. AntB. ButterflyC. BeeD. Mosquito答案:C73.My sister enjoys __________ (舞蹈) classes after school.74.Certain plants can ______ (影响) local culture significantly.75.The ____ has large eyes and can see well in the dark.76.What do astronauts wear to protect themselves in space?A. PajamasB. Space suitsC. RaincoatsD. Regular clothes77.The _______ (The fall of the Berlin Wall) symbolized the end of the Cold War.78.The historian writes about important _____ (事件).79.What do you call a person who studies the weather?A. MeteorologistB. ClimatologistC. GeologistD. Hydrologist答案:A80.The finch is a small _______ (鸟) that sings beautifully.81.What do you call a feeling of great happiness?A. SadnessB. JoyC. AngerD. Fear答案:B82.The ________ is full of tiny seeds.83.The sun is very ________ today.84.Ancient Egyptians believed in many ________.85.What is the capital city of Russia?A. MoscowB. St. PetersburgC. KievD. Minsk答案:A86.What is the main ingredient in chocolate?A. CocoaB. SugarC. MilkD. Flour答案:A87. A _____ occurs when the moon is fully illuminated.88.What is the name of the bright star that marks the North Star?A. SiriusB. PolarisC. VegaD. Betelgeuse89.The _____ (铁路) connects cities.90.The capital of Haiti is __________.91.What is the name of the famous ancient city in Peru?A. CuscoB. Machu PicchuC. NazcaD. Arequipa答案:B Machu Picchu92.When it snows, everything looks __________. (洁白的)93.We are ___ the park. (visiting)94.My favorite game on my tablet is about ________ (建设城市). I can build parks and ________ (商店).95.The capital of Brazil is _______.96.Many plants produce ______ (种子) in the fall.97.She is wearing a ______ (dress).98.What is the main ingredient in yogurt?A. MilkB. SugarC. WaterD. Cream答案:A99.What is the season after spring?A. WinterB. SummerC. FallD. Autumn答案:B100.What is the name of the famous British author known for "Harry Potter"?A. J.K. RowlingB. Philip PullmanC. C.S. LewisD. Roald Dahl答案:A。

小学下册英语第二单元寒假试卷[含答案]考试时间：80分钟（总分:100）B卷一、综合题(共计100题共100分)1. 填空题：Many cultures use plants in __________ (传统).2. 填空题：The _____ (青蛙) sings a lovely tune at dusk.3. 选择题：Which of these is not a planet?A. MarsB. EarthC. SunD. Jupiter4. 填空题：Leaves collect ______ (阳光).5. 填空题：A _______ (金鱼) can be a nice pet.6. 选择题：What is the capital of Cyprus?a. Nicosiab. Larnacac. Paphosd. Famagusta答案:a7. 选择题：What is the name of the art of folding paper?A. OrigamiB. DrawingC. PaintingD. Sculpture答案:A8. 听力题：The chemical formula for -hexanol is ______.9. 听力题：The chemical symbol for strontium is ______.10. 听力题：The ____ has four legs and likes to chase mice.11. 选择题：What do you call the imaginary line that divides the Earth into the Northern and Southern Hemispheres?A. EquatorB. Prime MeridianC. Tropic of CancerD. International Date Line答案:A12. 听力题：The chemical formula for potassium iodide is ______.13. 听力题：The chemical symbol for cadmium is __________.14. 选择题：What is the name of the large desert in Africa?A. SaharaB. GobiC. KalahariD. Atacama15. 填空题：I want to _______ a new video game.16. 听力题：The bat uses sound to find its ______.17. 选择题：What is the main color of a ripe banana?A. GreenB. YellowC. BrownD. RedThe cake is ________ for my birthday.19. 填空题：I can ______ (提升) my skills through practice.20. 填空题：The elephant sprays water with its ______ (鼻子). It is very ______ (有趣).21. 选择题：What is the name of the planet we live on?A. MarsB. EarthC. VenusD. Jupiter22. 选择题：What is the name of the famous clock tower in London?A. Big BenB. The ShardC. The Eiffel TowerD. The Colosseum答案: A23. 听力题：The chemical reaction between an acid and a base is called _____.24. 选择题：How many zeros are in one thousand?A. OneB. TwoC. ThreeD. Four25. 听力题：The chemical symbol for thallium is ______.26. 选择题：What is the main feature of a comet?A. It has a solid surfaceB. It has a tailC. It orbits the SunD. It is very large27. 听力题：The boy likes to play ________.My _____ (毛绒玩具) is my favorite.29. 填空题：I can take my ________ (玩具) on adventures.30. 听力题：The main source of energy for the Earth is the ______.31. 选择题：Which shape is round?A. SquareB. TriangleC. CircleD. Rectangle答案:C32. 听力题：The ________ (watermelon) is juicy.33. 填空题：The fish swims gracefully in the ______ (水).34. 听力题：A chemical bond forms when two atoms share ________.35. 选择题：What do you call a person who performs in a circus?A. AcrobatB. ClownC. JugglerD. All of the above答案:D36. 听力题：My neighbor is a ______. He enjoys storytelling.37. 听力题：I want to ________ (find) treasure.38. 听力题：A ____ is a playful animal that loves to chase after balls.39. 听力题：Solar panels convert sunlight into ______.Plants can be grown from ______ (扦插) or seeds.41. 选择题：How long does it take for the Earth to orbit the sun?A. 365 daysB. 24 hoursC. 30 daysD. 12 months42. 选择题：Which insect is known for its colorful wings?A. AntB. BeetleC. ButterflyD. Mosquito答案:C43. 选择题：What is the common name for a large land mammal with tusks?A. RhinoB. ElephantC. HippoD. Giraffe答案: B44. 听力题：The popcorn is _______ (popping) in the microwave.45. 听力题：The chemical formula for ammonium dichromate is __________.46. 听力题：Metallic elements are usually good ______ of heat.47. 填空题：Plants can be ______ (药用) and helpful.48. 填空题：The _______ (青蛙) has a unique croak.49. 听力题：The capital of Cuba is __________.50. 听力题：A ______ is a small, timid animal.The process of erosion involves the movement of soil and rock by wind, water, or ______.52. 选择题：Which fruit is green on the outside and pink on the inside?A. KiwiB. AppleC. MelonD. Pear53. 填空题:I enjoy playing ________ games on my tablet.54. 填空题：My friend is my best _______ who always listens.55. 选择题：What do we call the sport of jumping over a bar?A. High JumpB. Long JumpC. Pole VaultD. Triple Jump答案:A56. 填空题：A cow's moo can signify different ________________ (情绪).57. 听力题：The _____ (fireplace) is warm.58. 选择题：Which animal lives in a den?A. LionB. BearC. CatD. Dog59. 选择题：What do you call a person who sells food?A. ChefB. CookC. CatererD. All of the above答案:DThis ________ (玩具) can move by itself!61. 选择题：What do you call a person who sells flowers?A. FloristB. GardenerC. FarmerD. Botanist答案:A62. 听力题：The primary source of renewable energy is ______.63. 填空题：A _____ (森林) is made up of many trees.64. 填空题：The snake can be found in _________ (森林) and deserts.65. 填空题：I enjoy making up stories about my _________ (玩具).66. 填空题：A ______ (马) can be ridden in races.67. 选择题：What do you call the place where you borrow books?A. LibraryB. StoreC. ParkD. School答案:A68. 选择题：How many strings does a standard guitar have?A. FourB. FiveC. SixD. Seven69. 填空题：A _____ (草坪) needs regular mowing.70. War was a period of tension between __________ (两个超级大国). 填空题：The Cold71. 选择题：What is the main ingredient in bread?A. SaltB. SugarC. FlourD. Water答案: C. Flour72. 选择题：What is the name of the famous landscape feature in Arizona?A. Grand CanyonB. YellowstoneC. YosemiteD. Zion答案:A73. 填空题：I love to _______ (观察) wildlife.74. 听力题：Temperature measures how hot or ______ something is.75. 选择题：What do you call a person who plays a musical instrument?A. MusicianB. PainterC. WriterD. Actor答案:A76. 听力题：The chemical symbol for calcium is ______.77. 听力题：The cake is _____ (delicious/yummy).78. 填空题：My favorite thing about school is ________ (科学).79. 听力题：Combustion reactions require fuel and _____.My brother collects ________.81. 选择题：What do we call the chemical process that plants use to make food?A. PhotosynthesisB. RespirationC. FermentationD. Digestion答案: A. Photosynthesis82. 选择题：What do you call a person who writes books?A. NovelistB. EditorC. PublisherD. Librarian83. 填空题：We should always be ________ (尊重) to others.84. 选择题：Which animal is known as man's best friend?A. CatB. DogC. BirdD. Fish答案: B85. 填空题：My teacher is very __________ (聪慧的).86. 选择题：What color are emeralds?A. BlueB. RedC. GreenD. Yellow答案:C87. 填空题：In winter, I wear a ______.88. 听力题：The chemical symbol for mercury is _______.My dream is to have a room full of ____. (玩具名称)90. 选择题：How do you say "thank you" in Italian?A. GrazieB. MerciC. ArigatoD. Gracias91. 选择题：What is the name of the fairy tale character who fell asleep for 100 years?A. CinderellaB. Sleeping BeautyC. Snow WhiteD. Belle92. 听力题：We will have a ________ next week.93. 填空题：The manatee is also called a _______ (海牛).94. 选择题：What do we call a group of stars forming a pattern?A. GalaxyB. ConstellationC. NebulaD. Cluster答案: B95. 听力题：My brother has a _____ of marbles. (bag)96. 听力题：The chemical symbol for manganese is ______.97. 听力题：They like to ________ outside.98. 听力题：The ______ helps us learn about science.99. 填空题：I am excited about the ________ (科学博览会) at school this year. I will present my ________ (项目).100. 听力题：Honey is made by ______.。

小学下册英语第6单元测验卷[有答案]英语试题一、综合题(本题有50小题，每小题1分，共100分.每小题不选、错误，均不给分)1 I enjoy ______ (与同龄人互动).2 Fish breathe underwater using their __________.3 What is 8 divided by 2?A. 2B. 3C. 4D. 54 What do we breathe?A. WaterB. AirC. FoodD. Light答案: B5 We have ______ (math) class at o'clock.6 A _______ reaction is one that absorbs heat. (吸热)7 The kitten likes to chase a _________. (线)8 It is ________ (sunny) today.9 My dad is very ________.10 My neighbor has a big _______ (我邻居有一只大_______).11 What is the name of the famous wizarding school in Harry Potter?A. BeauxbatonsB. DurmstrangC. HogwartsD. Ilvermorny答案:C12 The ice is very ___. (slippery)13 My uncle is a ______. He enjoys woodworking.14 The whale sings deep in the _________. (海洋)15 The __________ (历史的叙述) tells our stories.16 I have a _______ (surprise) for you.17 My sister is my best ______ (朋友). We play games together and share our ______ (秘密).18 I like to ______ (参加) community projects.19 The capital city of Cuba is __________.20 A saturated solution contains the maximum amount of _____ that can dissolve.21 What is the main ingredient in pizza sauce?A. CheeseB. TomatoC. MeatD. Vegetables答案:B22 Certain plants have developed unique ______ to thrive in their environments. (某些植物发展出独特的特征以适应其环境。

牛津大学称用龙舌兰提炼生物燃料更环保
佚名
【期刊名称】《生物加工过程》
【年(卷),期】2011(9)5
【摘要】牛津大学史密斯企业与环境学院的科学家们研究发现，利用龙舌兰属植物提炼生物燃料更为生态环保。

龙舌兰属植物需水少，生长快，而且可产生大量的糖类物质，此外，用龙舌兰属植物提炼的生物燃料，CO2排放量仅为35g／J，而用玉米提炼的生物燃料CO2排放量高达85g／J。

【总页数】1页(P31-31)
【关键词】龙舌兰属植物;生物燃料;牛津大学;生态环保;提炼;CO2排放量;糖类物质;科学家
【正文语种】中文
【中图分类】TQ517
【相关文献】
1.生物燃料带动种子行业发展/拜耳在印度推广杂交水稻新品种/孟山都投资3200万美元研发转基因玉米种/美国称用玉米制造生物燃料不合算 [J],
2.日本新技术可使生物燃料转化更环保 [J],
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因版权原因，仅展示原文概要，查看原文内容请购买。

应用地球化学元素丰度数据手册迟清华鄢明才编著地质出版社·北京·1内容提要本书汇编了国内外不同研究者提出的火成岩、沉积岩、变质岩、土壤、水系沉积物、泛滥平原沉积物、浅海沉积物和大陆地壳的化学组成与元素丰度，同时列出了勘查地球化学和环境地球化学研究中常用的中国主要地球化学标准物质的标准值，所提供内容均为地球化学工作者所必须了解的各种重要地质介质的地球化学基础数据。

本书供从事地球化学、岩石学、勘查地球化学、生态环境与农业地球化学、地质样品分析测试、矿产勘查、基础地质等领域的研究者阅读，也可供地球科学其它领域的研究者使用。

图书在版编目（CIP）数据应用地球化学元素丰度数据手册/迟清华，鄢明才编著. －北京：地质出版社，2007.12ISBN 978－7－116－05536－0Ⅰ. 应… Ⅱ. ①迟…②鄢…Ⅲ. 地球化学丰度－化学元素－数据－手册Ⅳ. P595－62中国版本图书馆CIP数据核字（2007）第185917号责任编辑：王永奉陈军中责任校对：李玫出版发行：地质出版社社址邮编：北京市海淀区学院路31号，100083电话：（010）82324508（邮购部）网址：电子邮箱：zbs@传真：（010）82310759印刷：北京地大彩印厂开本：889mm×1194mm 1/16印张：10.25字数：260千字印数：1－3000册版次：2007年12月北京第1版•第1次印刷定价：28.00元书号：ISBN 978－7－116－05536－0（如对本书有建议或意见，敬请致电本社；如本社有印装问题，本社负责调换）2关于应用地球化学元素丰度数据手册（代序）地球化学元素丰度数据，即地壳五个圈内多种元素在各种介质、各种尺度内含量的统计数据。

它是应用地球化学研究解决资源与环境问题上重要的资料。

将这些数据资料汇编在一起将使研究人员节省不少查找文献的劳动与时间。

这本小册子就是按照这样的想法编汇的。

小学上册英语第二单元测验卷(有答案)英语试题一、综合题(本题有50小题，每小题1分，共100分.每小题不选、错误，均不给分)1 Many ________ (动物) depend on plants for food.2 What do we call the day after today?A. YesterdayB. TodayC. TomorrowD. Next week答案:C3 Recognizing the signs of a healthy plant can lead to better ______ practices. (识别健康植物的迹象可以促进更好的园艺实践。

)4 I have a special ________ that tells jokes.5 The ______ (气候) affects what plants can grow in an area.6 He is a great ___. (singer)7 I like to ___ (color) in my coloring book.8 My favorite animal is a ______ (兔子) because they are adorable.9 The __________ was so cold that I had to wear a hat. (天气)10 A ______ is a small, furry animal.11 A _______ is a tool for measuring the speed of a falling object.12 A chemical change alters the chemical ______.13 My favorite holiday is ________.14 What do we call the process of plants converting sunlight into food?A. RespirationB. PhotosynthesisC. TranspirationD. Germination答案: B. Photosynthesis15 I enjoy ______ (与朋友一起) learning new things.16 What is the name of the famous American holiday celebrated on the last Thursday in November?A. ThanksgivingB. ChristmasC. EasterD. Independence Day答案：A17 What is 3 + 5?A. 6B. 7C. 8D. 918 The invention of the computer has changed modern _____.19 We go _____ (shopping) on Saturdays.20 My favorite thing to do during summer is ______.21 The _______ (老虎) has sharp claws.22 The ________ (星球) we live on is called Earth.23 I love to decorate my ______ (房间) with posters and photos. It reflects my personality and interests.24 Which animal lives in the ocean?A. LionB. SharkC. ElephantD. Tiger答案: B25 The __________ is an important river in India. (恒河)26 The Moon has a gravitational effect on the Earth's ______.27 Which sport uses a bat?A. SoccerB. BaseballC. TennisD. Golf28 I love to play _______ (棋) with my family.29 The state of matter that has a definite volume but no definite shape is ______.30 What do you call the outer layer of the Earth?A. MantleB. CrustC. CoreD. Lithosphere答案:B31 The __________ (自由女神像) was a gift from France to the United States.32 , I feel _______ (情感) when things don’t go as planned. I remind myself to stay _______ (形容词). Sometime33 The butterfly is _____ on the flower. (resting)34 A __________ is a popular location for family vacations.35 Comets originate from the Oort ______.36 __________ are important for environmental protection.37 What do you call a person who makes furniture?A. CarpenterB. BlacksmithC. BuilderD. Mechanic答案: A38 The bicycle is ___ (new/old).39 What do you call the currency used in Europe?A. DollarB. EuroC. PoundD. Yen40 The _______ of an object is how much space it takes up.41 I have a ______ for school. (schedule)42 I found a ______ under the tree.43 The stars we see at night are very ______.44 What is the main ingredient in pizza?A. BreadB. CheeseC. Tomato SauceD. All of the above答案: D45 What do we call a tool used to drive nails?A. HammerB. ScrewdriverC. WrenchD. Pliers46 What is the capital of Maldives?a. Maléb. Addu Cityc. Fuvahmulahd. Kulhudhuffushi答案:a47 My dog loves to chase _________ (球).48 What do we call the large body of saltwater?A. RiverB. OceanC. LakeD. Pond答案:B49 He plays the ______ very well. (guitar)50 What do you call a young lion?A. CubB. KitC. CalfD. Pup51 The _____ (mango) is ripe.52 What do we use to write?A. SpoonB. PencilC. PlateD. Cup53 The sun is ________ in the sky.54 Which of these is a reptile?A. FrogB. LizardC. EagleD. Whale55 The __________ (文化交流) enriches societies.56 How many letters are in the English alphabet?A. 24B. 25C. 26D. 2757 What is the name of the famous American author known for "The Kite Runner"?A. Khaled HosseiniB. Mohsin HamidC. Salman RushdieD. Jhumpa Lahiri答案：A58 A catalyst is used to increase the rate of a ______.59 A _______ can be used to measure the speed of light.60 ________ (植物生态保护) is beneficial for ecosystems.61 The crab scuttles across the _______ (沙子).62 A __________ is a mixture of two or more solids.63 What is the capital of Slovakia?A. BratislavaB. KošiceC. PrešovD. Nitra64 What animal is known for having a long neck?A. ElephantB. GiraffeC. ZebraD. Lion65 The __________ (历史的工具) enable better analysis.66 The fish swims in the _______ (鱼在_______中游).67 My favorite fruit is ________ (apple).68 The dog is _______ (sitting) by the door.69 I love to play ________ on the weekends.70 What do we call the process of taking in food and nutrients?A. DigestionB. IngestionC. AbsorptionD. Metabolism答案:B71 In a neutral solution, the pH is equal to ________.72 A ____ is a friendly pet that often wags its tail.73 The garden has a variety of ______ (植物).74 I want to ___ an astronaut. (become)75 The _____ (street/road) is busy.76 I enjoy doing ______ (运动) because it keeps me fit and active. My favorite is ______ (游泳).77 The capital of Spain is __________.78 The chemical formula for copper(II) sulfate is _______.79 I enjoy __________ (动词) with my __________ (玩具名) every summer.80 What do you call the act of removing trees from a forest?A. PlantingB. LoggingC. HarvestingD. Clearing81 How do you spell the number 3?A. ThreB. ThreeC. ThrreD. Tre答案: B82 A _______ is a reaction that produces a bright color.83 What do you call a baby dog?A. KittenB. PuppyC. Calf84 What do we call the process of converting a solid directly to gas?A. MeltingB. FreezingC. SublimationD. Evaporation答案:C85 I want to _____ (visit) the aquarium.86 A geological ______ is a period of time marked by significant changes.87 I like to play ______ in the playground.88 What do you call a place where books are kept?A. LibraryB. SchoolC. StoreD. House89 The __________ is a famous mountain range in South America.90 What is the capital of Cyprus?a. Nicosiab. Larnacac. Paphosd. Famagusta答案:a91 The antelope is quick and agile, able to outrun many ____.92 What is the color of a typical strawberry?A. RedC. YellowD. Blue答案:A93 The ________ (生长环境) impacts species.94 The polarity of water makes it an excellent _______.95 What do you call a young alligator?A. HatchlingB. PupC. CalfD. Kit96 The ________ (栽培) of herbs is popular.97 The Earth's layers are composed of different ______ materials.98 My family often has fun by calling each other funny names like . (我的家人经常通过称呼对方有趣的名字，比如，来增添乐趣。

洛阳2024年03版小学4年级英语第4单元暑期作业(含答案)考试时间：100分钟（总分:100）A卷考试人：_________题号一二三四五总分得分一、综合题(共计100题)1、填空题：I can ______ (清晰地表达) my thoughts.2、填空题：My sister loves __________ (动物).3、填空题：I love to swim in the ______.4、Which season is after summer?A. WinterB. SpringC. Fall (Autumn)D. Summer5、听力题：The kids are ___ in the snow. (playing)6、听力题：A __________ is a mixture of liquids that can be separated.7、听力题：The chemical symbol for zirconium is ______.8、What is the main ingredient in salad?A. MeatB. VegetablesC. RiceD. Cheese答案:B9、What is the name of the famous ship that sank in 1912?a. Titanicb. Lusitaniac. Britannicd. Queen Mary答案:a10、听力题：The sun is ________ in the sky.11、听力题：It is _____ (raining) outside.12、填空题：My friend loves to __________ (探索) new ideas.13、听力题：The _______ helps maintain the ecosystem.14、听力题：My cousin is a ______. She loves to engage in activism.15、填空题：I love my _____ (玩具飞机).16、选择题：Which of these is a primary color?A. GreenB. PurpleC. RedD. Orange17、听力题：The bird is in the ___. (cage)18、填空题：The signing of the Magna Carta happened in _____.19、听力题：A chemical change produces new ______.20、填空题：We need to _______ (尊重) wildlife.21、听力题：My cousin is a ______. She loves to play tennis.A ______ is a special type of ant.23、填空题：The ________ was an important document in American history.24、选择题：What do we call the study of living things?A. BiologyB. ChemistryC. PhysicsD. Geography25、听力题：Chemical kinetics studies the rates at which _____ occur.26、填空题：My _______ (猫) purrs when happy.27、填空题：The hen lays _______ (蛋) every day.28、听力题：The ______ teaches us about health and fitness.29、听力题：A ______ is a bird that swims well.30、填空题：The rainbow trout is a popular ______ (鱼) for fishing.31、What do you call a baby sheep?A. CalfB. KidC. LambD. Foal答案:C32、What do you call a baby parrot?A. ChickB. PupC. KitD. Calf33、听力题：The chemical formula for calcium chloride is ______.My sister is a ______. She loves to perform.35、What is 100 58?A. 42B. 48C. 40D. 52答案:A36、填空题：The ancient Egyptians used ______ (草纸) for writing.37、填空题：The turtle is very ______.38、听力题：The _____ (大楼) is tall and shiny.39、填空题：The zebra has distinct _______ (条纹).40、填空题：My favorite toy is a ________ that I can ride.41、填空题：I enjoy making __________ in the snow with my friends. (雪球)42、What is the name of the famous clock tower in London?A. Big BenB. Eiffel TowerC. Leaning Tower of PisaD. Burj Khalifa答案: A43、填空题：My teacher often says, "_______" (名言). 这让我 _______ (形容词).44、填空题：The ________ was a significant event in the history of the United States.45、填空题：My pet rabbit loves to eat fresh ______ (胡萝卜).A nova is a sudden increase in the brightness of a ______.47、What is the name of the famous mountain range in South America?A. RockiesB. AndesC. AlpsD. Himalayas答案:B48、听力题：The flowers are ______ in the garden. (blooming)49、听力题：I need to _____ (finish/start) my homework.50、听力题：She enjoys ________.51、What is the currency used in the United States?A. EuroB. YenC. DollarD. Pound52、What is the name of the famous garden in Paris?A. Central ParkB. Jardin des TuileriesC. Kew GardensD. Brooklyn Botanic Garden答案：B53、填空题：A ______ (花园) can be a peaceful place.54、填空题：My brother is learning to __________. (游泳)55、What is the name of the famous explorer who discovered America?A. Marco PoloB. Christopher ColumbusC. Ferdinand MagellanD. Vasco da Gama答案:BThe __________ (经济发展) impacts everyday life.57、填空题：The __________ (历史的共同体) foster collaboration.58、选择题：What do you call the currency used in Europe?A. DollarB. EuroC. PoundD. Yen59、What do you call the place where you watch movies?A. TheaterB. MuseumC. LibraryD. Park60、听力题：A __________ is formed by the accumulation of sediments over time.61、听力题：I like to _____ my friends at school. (see)62、Which word means the opposite of "happy"?A. JoyfulB. SadC. ExcitedD. Angry答案: B63、填空题：I have a ________ (玩具名称) that sings songs.64、What is the capital city of Papua New Guinea?A. Port MoresbyB. LaeC. Mount HagenD. Madang65、听力题：The capital of Thailand is ________.66、听力题：The chocolate is ___ (sweet/sour).What is the name of the famous painting by Vincent van Gogh?A. The Starry NightB. The Girl with a Pearl EarringC. The Last SupperD. The Kiss68、填空题：The scientist develops new _____ (技术).69、填空题：The __________ is a popular destination for hiking and camping. (国家公园)70、听力题：__________ are compounds that contain carbon.71、填空题：The _______ (蝴蝶) flaps its wings.72、听力题：The __________ is full of stars.73、Which holiday celebrates the New Year?A. ChristmasB. ThanksgivingC. New Year's DayD. Halloween答案: C74、填空题：When I get home from school, I do my ______ (作业) before I play. It helps me stay organized.75、填空题：In _____ (新加坡), there are many skyscrapers.76、听力题：Chemical reactions can produce light, sound, or _____.77、选择题：What is the capital of Georgia?A. TbilisiB. BatumiC. KutaisiD. Rustavi78、What is the name of the famous war fought between the North and South in the United States?A. World War IB. World War IIC. Civil WarD. Revolutionary War答案: C79、What is 20 divided by 4?A. 5B. 6C. 7D. 8答案:A80、What is the opposite of "hot"?A. WarmB. ColdC. CoolD. Dry答案: B81、填空题：A horse can run very ______ (快).82、听力题：Astronomers use radio waves to study _______ objects.83、What is the main ingredient in pizza?A. BreadB. CheeseC. SauceD. Toppings答案: A84、听力题：The chemical formula for zinc chloride is _____.85、What do we call the process of capturing sunlight to produce energy?A. Solar EnergyB. Wind EnergyC. Hydroelectric EnergyD. Biomass Energy答案：AI like to help my dad ________ (修理) things.87、What do you call a group of stars?A. PlanetB. GalaxyC. UniverseD. Solar system答案:B88、What is the name of the famous painting by Vincent van Gogh?A. SunflowersB. The Starry NightC. The Last SupperD. The Scream89、What is the color of the sky on a clear day?A. GreenB. BlueC. RedD. Yellow90、听力题：The ice cream is _____ melting. (slowly)91、What do you call the person who writes books?A. PainterB. AuthorC. SculptorD. Musician答案:B92、听力题：The __________ is a critical area for studying biodiversity.93、填空题：My aunt gives me good ____.94、填空题：The __________ (历史人物) often face challenges.95、听力题：A chemical property that indicates the tendency of a substance to oxidize is called its _____ potential.The _____ (小鸡) chirps happily as it explores the farm.小鸡在农场探索时愉快地鸣叫。

小学上册英语第3单元真题(含答案)考试时间：100分钟（总分:140）A卷一、综合题(共计100题共100分)1. 听力题：The ____ is a small rodent that likes to nibble on seeds.2. 填空题：I believe that laughter is the best _______ (良药). It makes every situation better.3. 选择题：How many sides does a hexagon have?A. 4B. 5C. 6D. 7答案:C4. 填空题：My grandmother has a __________ flower garden. (美丽的)5. 选择题：Which planet is known as the "Blue Planet"?A. EarthB. MarsC. VenusD. Neptune6. 听力题：The chemical symbol for molybdenum is __________.7. 听力题：The chemical symbol for neon is ____.8. 选择题：What do we call the part of the plant that absorbs water and nutrients?A. StemB. LeafC. RootD. Flower答案: C9. 听力题：The chemical formula for sulfur trioxide is _____.10. 填空题：The __________ (社会参与) strengthens communities.11. 填空题：The frog's skin is _______ (湿润).12. 填空题：I watched a _______ (小黄鹂) build its nest in the tree.13. 选择题：What is the capital of Bangladesh?A. DhakaB. ChittagongC. KhulnaD. Sylhet答案:A. Dhaka14. 填空题：I have a ________ (魔方) that I try to solve every day.15. ts need _____ (湿润的) conditions to thrive. 填空题：Some pla16. 听力题：The capital of Albania is __________.17. 选择题：What is the name of the famous wizard in "Harry Potter"?A. DumbledoreB. VoldemortC. SnapeD. Harry Potter18. 听力题：Some _______ are edible and used in cooking.19. 选择题：What is the name of the famous scientist known for his work on radioactivity?A. Marie CurieB. Albert EinsteinC. Louis PasteurD. Isaac Newton答案: A20. 选择题：What do we call the movement of the Earth around the sun?A. RotationB. RevolutionC. OrbitD. Spin答案:B21. 填空题：The playground is _______ during recess.22. 填空题：My sister loves to create __________ (艺术品) at home.23. 选择题：What is the first letter of the alphabet?A. AB. BC. CD. D答案:A24. 填空题：The ________ was a major turning point in World War I.25. 填空题：The _____ (自然环境) is important for biodiversity.26. 听力题：The process of crystallization involves forming ______ from a solution.27. 填空题：I have a toy _______ that dances and sings my favorite songs.28. 选择题：What do we call a scientist who studies the Earth?A. GeologistB. MeteorologistC. ZoologistD. Biologist答案: A29. 选择题：What is the capital of Argentina?A. Buenos AiresB. CórdobaC. MendozaD. Rosario30. 选择题：Which of these is a type of measurement?A. LengthB. ColorC. ShapeD. Size31. 选择题：Which fruit is red and often mistaken for a vegetable?A. AppleB. TomatoC. StrawberryD. Cherry答案:B32. 听力题：The ______ is a layer of rock that lies directly beneath the Earth's surface.33. 听力题：A __________ is a group of islands.34. 听力题：He likes to __________ football after school.35. 选择题：How many fingers are on one hand?A. FourB. FiveC. SixD. Seven答案:B36. 填空题：The first successful face reconstruction was performed in ________.37. 选择题：Which word means "happy"?A. SadB. JoyfulC. AngryD. Tired答案: B38. 听力题：The frog is _____ (jumping/sitting) on the lily pad.39. 选择题：What do we call the study of how people interact with each other?A. SociologyB. PsychologyC. AnthropologyD. Economics答案: A40. 填空题：My ________ (玩具名称) is a fun way to learn about cultures.41. 听力题：A ______ is a geological feature that rises sharply.42. 选择题：What do you call the person who directs a movie?A. ProducerB. DirectorC. ActorD. Writer答案:B43. 听力题：A hypothesis is an educated _____ about a scientific question.44. 选择题：What is the name of the famous river that runs through Egypt?A. NileB. AmazonC. YangtzeD. Mississippi答案：A45. 选择题：What do you call the person who fixes cars?B. TeacherC. MechanicD. Chef答案:C46. 填空题：The ______ (触感) of leaves can vary widely.47. 填空题：The ancient Greeks practiced _____ as a form of government.48. 听力题：Chemical reactions often produce energy in the form of _____ or light.49. 填空题：The _____ (金色的鱼) swims gracefully in its aquarium. 金色的鱼在它的水族箱中优雅地游动。

小学上册英语第三单元真题(含答案)英语试题一、综合题(本题有100小题，每小题1分，共100分.每小题不选、错误，均不给分)1.greenhouse effect) is caused by gases trapping heat. The ____2.The capital of Cyprus is __________.3.The capital of Peru is ________.4.My brother likes to play ____ (basketball) with his friends.5.What is the capital of Russia?A. MoscowB. St. PetersburgC. KievD. Minsk答案:a6.What do you call a person who studies the ocean?A. Marine biologistB. OceanographerC. GeologistD. Biologist答案: B7.The chemical symbol for zirconium is _______.8.The ______ (彩色的) flowers attract attention.9. A __________ is a large region with a distinct ecosystem.10.Some _______ have unique shapes.11.Dark matter makes up a large part of the universe but cannot be ______ directly.12.What is the name of the famous British landmark that is a clock tower?A. Big BenB. Tower BridgeC. London EyeD. Buckingham Palace答案: A13.The dog is barking at the ______.14.My dad is always there to give me __________ (建议).15.My cousin is a ______. She enjoys playing board games.16.What is the capital of Tuvalu?A. FunafutiB. NukufetauC. NiutaoD. Nanumaga答案: A17.The cheetah can run very ______.18. A lunar eclipse occurs when the Earth blocks sunlight from reaching the ______.19.My brother is a ______. He enjoys sports.20.Fish breathe ______ through their gills.21.The ______ (狐狸) is very clever.22.I enjoy _____ (reading/watching) movies.23.The __________ (历史的连贯性) is key to comprehension.24.My friends and I like to organize _________ (玩具展览) at school.25.Read and match.(看图连线。

小学上册英语第1单元真题试卷英语试题一、综合题(本题有100小题，每小题1分，共100分.每小题不选、错误，均不给分)1.What is the name of the region of space where light cannot escape?A. Black HoleB. SingularityC. Event HorizonD. Gravity Well2.What do you call the end of a pencil?A. TipB. EraserC. LeadD. BarrelA3.I want to help protect the _______ (环境). It’s important for future _______ (世代).4.The otter holds hands while _________. (睡觉)5.I enjoy ___ (watching) the sunset.6.Some _______ can only grow in specific climates.7.I brush my teeth _____ night. (every)8.The ______ (小鸟) chirps happily in the morning.9.What do you call a baby platypus?A. PuggleB. CalfC. KidD. Cub10.The stars are _______ (twinkling) in the sky.11.The ice cream is ___ (cold).12.The first human to orbit the Earth was ________ (尤里·加加林).13.The ancient Romans used aqueducts to supply _____.14.My toy collection includes ________ (名词), dolls, and action figures. Each one hasa special ________ (名词).15.An acid-base indicator changes color at a specific _____.16.My favorite fruit is ________.17.The discovery of fire was a major turning point in early human ________ (历史).18.During this season, I like to ______ with my friends in the park. We often play ______ and have a lot of fun. Sometimes, we have picnics and eat ______. The sky is usually very ______ and the sun shines brightly.19.How many digits are in a phone number?A. 7B. 10C. 12D. 14B20.The girl has a beautiful ________.21.The __________ (历史的图书馆) house invaluable records.22. A __________ is a common pet known for its loyalty.23.Chemicals are often measured in ________.24.What is the name of the protective layer of gases surrounding Earth?A. AtmosphereB. BiosphereC. HydrosphereD. Lithosphere25.The first women's rights convention was held in ________ (塞内卡瀑布).26.The chemical symbol for niobium is _____.27._____ (科学实验) can help us learn more about plants.28.What is the term for the distance around a shape?A. AreaB. PerimeterC. VolumeD. Surface areaB Perimeter29.What do we call a person who creates artwork?A. ArtistB. SculptorC. PainterD. All of the above30.I want to _______ (学习) how to draw.31.I keep my __________ (玩具名) in a special __________ (地方).32.What is the main ingredient in curry?A. SpiceB. RiceC. VegetableD. Meat33.The main product of cellular respiration is ______.34.I love _____ (chocolate/vanilla) ice cream.35.Which planet is known for its rings?A. EarthB. MarsC. SaturnD. Jupiter答案:C36. A chemical change often involves the release of ______.37.What do we call the process of changing from liquid to gas?A. MeltingB. FreezingC. EvaporationD. CondensationC38.The __________ can help identify mineral deposits.39.The capital of the Dominican Republic is __________.40.What do you call a young bear?A. CubB. PupC. KitD. Calf41.What is the name of the fairy tale character who had magical hair?A. CinderellaB. RapunzelC. Sleeping BeautyD. BelleB42.The boy has a new ________.43.What is the freezing point of water in degrees Celsius?A. 0B. 32C. 100D. -32A44.What is the main purpose of a compass?A. To tell timeB. To find directionC. To measure distanceD. To weigh objectsB45.The Earth has a variety of ______ climates.46.I like to watch _____ fly near the flowers.47.My sister's favorite _____ is a plush unicorn.48.What do you call a book about someone's life?A. NovelB. BiographyC. FictionD. DictionaryB49.What is the name of the fairy tale character who lost her shoe?A. Sleeping BeautyB. CinderellaC. Snow WhiteD. Little Red Riding Hood50.The industrial revolution began in _______. (英国)51.The chemical symbol for silicon is ______.52.I have a ________ in my pocket.53.My _________ (玩具箱) is filled with memories from my childhood.54.The ____ has a colorful shell and is often seen in the garden.55.What is the sound a dog makes?A. MeowB. BarkC. MooD. Quack56.Which holiday celebrates the new year?A. ChristmasB. ThanksgivingC. New Year's DayD. HalloweenC57.The ant builds intricate _____.58.What is the name of the ocean that is the largest?A. AtlanticB. IndianC. ArcticD. Pacific59.Metamorphic rocks are formed from existing rocks that change due to ______ and pressure.60.What is the name of the first man on the moon?A. Neil ArmstrongB. Buzz AldrinC. Yuri GagarinD. John Glenn61.Earth is the only planet known to support ______.62.The fruits are fresh and ___. (juicy)63.We have a ________ (mission) to complete.64. A spring can store ______ (potential) energy.65. A __________ is a large rock formation.66.She is _______ (studying) hard for her exams.67.The chemical formula for butanoic acid is ______.68.There are seven __________ in the world.69. A _____ (种子库) preserves different types of seeds.70.What is the opposite of "big"?A. SmallB. TallC. HugeD. LargeA71.What is the capital of South Korea?A. SeoulB. BusanC. IncheonD. Jeju72.My friend plays the ____ (trumpet) in the marching band.73.The chemical formula for ferrous sulfate is ______.74.I like to go ________ (骑行) on my bike.75.What do you call the part of the plant that grows underground?A. LeafB. StemC. RootD. FlowerC76.The cat is _____ (curious/lazy).77. A lion is a _____ animal. (wild/domestic/friendly)78.Which of these is a type of fish?A. SalmonB. ChickenC. BeefD. PorkA79.What do we call the leader of a country?A. PresidentB. TeacherC. MayorD. GovernorA80. A _______ can measure the temperature of a gas.81.I have a toy _______ that can roll fast.82.The ancient civilizations of Mesopotamia contributed to the development of ________.83.What is the name of the famous landmark in Egypt?A. Great Pyramid of GizaB. ColosseumC. StonehengeD. Eiffel TowerA Great Pyramid of Giza84.My friend is a ______. He enjoys attending concerts.85.The process of changing from a gas to a liquid is called __________ (凝结).86.Who wrote "Romeo and Juliet"?A. Charles DickensB. Mark TwainC. William ShakespeareD. J.K. RowlingC87.Who is the main character in "Harry Potter"?A. RonB. HermioneC. HarryD. Draco88.The sun is ________ (明亮) today.89.n Airlift was a response to the Soviet blockade of ________ (西柏林). The Berl90.I like to watch ______ (星星) at night. They twinkle and make the sky look very ______ (美丽).91.My favorite animal is a ______ (狗) because they are loyal friends.92.What is the name of the famous singer known as the "Queen of Pop"?A. Whitney HoustonB. MadonnaC. Britney SpearsD. Lady GagaB93.What is the color of a typical strawberry?A. GreenB. RedC. YellowD. Blue94.The ________ is a special gift.95.We have a ______ (快乐的) family gathering every month.96.What is the main ingredient in pancakes?A. FlourB. RiceC. OatsD. CornA97.The ________ was a famous explorer who discovered new lands.98.How many days are there in a week?A. FiveB. SevenC. TenD. TwelveB99.Which is the smallest planet in our solar system?A. EarthB. MarsC. MercuryD. VenusC100.The snow is ___ (falling).。

六氯丁二烯的来源、环境分布及其生态风险研究进展！韩余1田琳'唐阵武(!中央民族大学生命与环境科学学院，北京100081&2.北京化工大学化学工程学院，北京市水处理环保材料工程技术研发中心，北京100029)摘要由于较强的危害性，六氯丁二埽（HCBD)被增列为新的持久性有机污染物。

从HCBD生态危害性，主要来源，大气、水体、土壤等多介质环境的分布及生物累积等方面，全面梳理了国内外的研究进展，针对HCBD风险评估与风险控制亟需的信息，从排放源、环境行为、生态危害等方面提出了需进一步研究的内容，以期为全面了解HCBD的环境地球化学行为与生态风险及风险管理提供参考。

关键词六氯丁二烯来源环境存在生物累积生态风险D0l：10.15985/ki.1001-3865.2019.02.018Research progress in d istributions, sources and ecological risks of hexachlorobutadiene H A N Yu1，T IA N L i n2，TAN GZhenwu161. College o f Life and Environmental Science，Minzu University o f China，Beijing100081 ；2. Beijing Engineering Research Center o f Envirnnmental Material for Water Purification，College o f Chemical Engineering，B eijing University o f Chemical T echnology，Beijing100029)Abstract: Hexachlorobutadiene (H C B D) had been listed as a new persistent organic pollutant due to itspotential harm to the environment. A n in-depth overview on available data related to the ecotoxicity,potential sou rces，distributions in atm osphere，soils and w aters，and bioaccumulations o fH C B D h a d been reviewed in In response to the need f or risk assessment and risk control of this chem ical，the source identifications，fate，negative ecological impacts of HCBD should be addressed in further studies. This review will he biogeochem ical process and the risks associated with HCBD and serve as a basis fo chemical.Keywords：hexachlorobutadiene; sources; occurrence；bioaccum ulation；ecological risks六氯丁二烯（HCBD)是一种疏水性氯化脂肪烃[1]，在自然环境中不易被降解。

小学上册英语第二单元真题(有答案)英语试题一、综合题(本题有100小题，每小题1分，共100分.每小题不选、错误，均不给分)1.sustainable urban design) prioritizes ecological balance. The ____2.The Earth's crust is made up of tectonic ______.3.My friend’s birthday is in ____.4.I wish my __________ (玩具名) could talk!5. A beetle has a hard ______.6.Metals are usually _____ at room temperature.7. A crystalline solid has a regular _______ structure.8.古代玛雅文明以其________ (calendar) 和建筑而闻名。

9. A dog likes to play with a ______.10. A _____ (社区花园) fosters cooperation and learning.11. A __________ (分子工程) focuses on designing new molecules for specific purposes.12. A _____ (果树) produces fruit each year.13.What is the name of the ocean located to the east of the United States?A. Atlantic OceanB. Pacific OceanC. Indian OceanD. Arctic Ocean 答案: A14.The _______ (青蛙) is green and brown.15.Which animal is known as man's best friend?A. CatB. DogC. BirdD. Fish答案: B16.We will _____ a field trip next month. (have)17.The ________ was a famous historical figure in India.18. A solute is the substance that gets ______ in a solution.19.__________ reactions can produce heat or light.20.I put my _____ (衣服) in the closet.21.What do you call the person who teaches students?A. StudentB. TeacherC. PrincipalD. Janitor答案:B.Teacher22.I enjoy _______ with my pets.23.The sky is ________ (blue) on a sunny day.24. A __________ is a reaction that involves a change in color.25.The ancient Greeks held ________ every four years.26.The _____ (生态系统服务) includes clean air and water.27.We have a ______ in our garden. (fountain)28.I love to watch _____ (小动物) explore their surroundings.29.The rabbit is ________ in the grass.30.I help my mom with the ____.31.How many months are there in a year?A. TenB. TwelveC. ElevenD. Thirteen答案:B32.I like to _____ (画画) in the afternoon.33.Recognizing the seasons can help you plan your ______ effectively. (认识到季节可以帮助你有效地规划园艺活动。

(1994) analyzed classical nova abundances and
(2002), Izzard et al. (2004), Izzard (2004) and
concluded that enhanced concentrations of heavy
Marigo & Girardi (2007) developed thermally
1
biotic nova outbursts (Kenyon & Webbink 1984).
ONe WD accretors. This makes it possible to
High-velocity outflows have been observed in very
simulate the chemical abundances of the sym-
Subject headings: binaries: symbiotic— accretion — stars: AGB— Galaxy: stellar content
1. Introduction
Symbiotic stars (SSs) are usually interacting binaries, composed of a cool star, a hot component and a nebula. The cool component is a red giant which is a first giant branch (FGB) or an asymptotic giant branch (AGB) star. The hot component is a white dwarf (WD), a subdwarf, an accreting low-mass main-sequence star, or a neutron star (Kenyon & Webbink 1984; Mu¨rset et al. 1991; Yungelson et al. 1995; Iben & Tutukov 1996). In general, SSs are low-mass binaries with an evolved giant transferring materials to a hot WD companion which burns the accreted materials more or less steadily (Mikolajewska 2007). According to the observed characteristics of their specular spectra and photometries, SSs may stay in either the

a r X i v :0809.0601v 1 [a s t r o -p h ] 3 S e p 2008The Chemical Abundances of Tycho G in SupernovaRemnant 1572Jonay I.Gonz´a lez Hern´a ndez 1,2,Pilar Ruiz-Lapuente 3,4,Alexei V.Filippenko 5,Ryan J.Foley 5,Avishay Gal-Yam 6,7,and Joshua D.Simon 6ABSTRACTWe present an analysis of the chemical abundances of the star Tycho G in the direction of the remnant of supernova (SN)1572,based on Keck high-resolution optical spectra.The stellar parameters of this star are found to be those of a G-type subgiant with T eff=5900±100K,log(g/cm s2)=3.85±0.30dex,and [Fe /H]=−0.05±0.09.This determination agrees with the stellar parameters derived for the star in a previous survey for the possible companion star of SN 1572(Ruiz-Lapuente et al.2004).The chemical abundances follow the Galactic trends,except for Ni,which is overabundant relative to Fe,[Ni /Fe]=0.16±0.04.Co is slightly overabundant (at a low significance level).These enhancements in Fe-peak elements could have originated from pollution by the supernova ejecta.We find a surprisingly high Li abundance for a star that has evolved away from the main sequence.We discuss these findings in the context of companion stars of supernovae.Subject headings:stars:abundances —supernovae:general —stars:evolution3411:alex@,rfo-ley@ .6Department of Astronomy,California In-stitute of Technology,MS 105-24,Pasadena,CA 91125:avishay@,jsi-mon@ .7Benoziyo Center for Astrophysics,Weiz-mann Institute of Science,76100Rehovot,Israel:avishay.gal-yam@weizmann.ac.il .1.IntroductionType Ia supernovae(SNe Ia)are the best known cosmological distance indica-tors at high redshifts.Their use led to the discovery of the currently accelerating ex-pansion of the Universe(Riess et al.1998; Perlmutter et al.1999);see Filippenko (2005)for a review.They were also used to reveal an early era of deceleration,up through about9billion years after the big bang(Riess et al.2004,2007).Larger, higher-quality samples of SNe Ia,together with other data,are now providing increas-ingly accurate and precise measurements of the dark energy equation-of-state parame-ter,w=P/(ρc2)(e.g.,Astier et al.2006; Riess et al.2007;Wood-Vasey et al.2007; Kowalski et al.2008).Though the increase in the empirical knowledge of SNe Ia has led to an enor-mous advance in their cosmological use, the understanding of the explosion mecha-nism still requires careful evaluation(e.g., Hillebrandt&Niemeyer2000;Wheeler 2007).While in Type II SNe we have the advantage that the explosion leaves a com-pact star to which surviving companions (if they exist)often remain bound,thus enabling a large number of studies(e.g., Mart´ın et al.1992;Israelian et al.1999), in SNe Ia the explosion almost certainly does not produce any compact object.To investigate how the explosion takes place,we examine the rates of SNe Ia at high redshifts,or we can take a more direct approach and survey thefield of histori-cal SNe Ia.The latter strategy has been followed since1997in a collaboration that used the observatories at La Palma,Lick, and Keck(Ruiz-Lapuente et al.2004).The stars appearing within the15%in-nermost area of the remnant of SN1572 (0.65′)were observed both photometrically and spectroscopically at multiple epochs over seven years.The proper motions of these stars were measured as well using im-ages obtained with the WFPC2on board the Hubble Space Telescope(HST)(GO–9729).The results revealed that many properties of any surviving companion star of SN1572were unlike those predicted by hydrodynamical models.For example,the surviving companion star(if present)could not be an overluminous object nor a blue star,as there were none in thatfield.Red giants and He stars were also discarded as possible companions.A subgiant star(G2IV)with metal-licity close to solar and moving at high speed for its distance was suggested as the likely surviving companion of the explod-ing white dwarf(WD)that produced SN 1572(Ruiz-Lapuente et al.2004).This star,denoted Tycho G,has coordinates α=00h25m23.7s andδ=+64◦08′02′′(J2000.0).Comparisons with a Galactic model showed that the probability offind-ing a rapidly moving subgiant with solar metallicity at a location compatible with the distance of SN1572was very low.A viable scenario for the Tycho SN1572 progenitor would be a system resembling the recurrent nova U Scorpii.This sys-tem contains a white dwarf of M WD= 1.55±0.24M⊙and a secondary star with M2=0.88±0.17M⊙orbiting with a pe-riod P orb≈1.23d(Thoroughgood et al. 2001).On the other hand,based on analysis of low-resolution spectra,Ihara et al.(2007) recently claimed that the spectral type ofTycho G is not G2IV as found by Ruiz-Lapuente et al.(2004),but rather F8V. In addition,Ihara et al.(2007)suggested the star Tycho E as the companion star of the Tycho SN1572,but we consider their conclusion to be unjustified.They base it on a single Fe I feature at3720˚A in a spec-trum having a signal-to-noise ratio(SNR) of only∼13.The short spectral range of their data(3600–4200˚A)and the low res-olution(λ/∆λ≈400,with a dispersion of 5˚A/pixel)add to our concern.The present work resolves questions re-garding the metallicity and spectral clas-sification of Tycho G.We concentrate on providing both the chemical composition of the star and the stellar parameters as derived from new data.In addition,we present a detailed chemical analysis of Ty-cho G aimed at examining the possible pol-lution of the companion star by the su-pernova.Although more data are still re-quired to definitively settle this issue,the overall properties of this star remain con-sistent with being the surviving companion of SN1572.2.ObservationsIn order to perform an abundance anal-ysis of Tycho G,spectra of it were ob-tained with the High Resolution Echelle Spectrometer(HIRES;Vogt et al.1994) on the Keck I10-m telescope(Mauna Kea, Hawaii).Nine spectra(with individual ex-posure times of1200s and1800s)were obtained on10September2006(UT dates are used throughout this paper)and four spectra(with exposure times of1800s) on11October2006,covering the spectral regions3930–5330˚A,5380–6920˚A,and 6980–8560˚A at resolving powerλ/∆λ≈50,000.The spectra were reduced in a stan-dard manner using the makee package. We checked in each individual spectrumthe accuracy of the wavelength calibra-tion using the[O I]λ6300.3andλ5577.4night-sky lines and found it to be within0.2km s−1.After putting each individ-ual spectrum into the heliocentric frame,we combined all of the spectra from eachnight.Then,each night’sfinal spectrum was cross-correlated with the solar spec-trum(Kurucz et al.1984)properly broad-ened with the instrumental resolution of∼6.6km s−1.Thefinal HIRES spectrum of Tycho G has a SNR of∼20at5200˚A,∼30at6500˚A,and∼50at7800˚A.This spectrum was not corrected from telluriclines since it was unnecessary for the chem-ical analysis(see§3.3).With the aim of determining the spec-tral classification of several targets in theTycho SN1572field,on12December2007 we obtained spectra with the Low Resolu-tion Imaging Spectrometer(LRIS;Oke et al.1995)on the Keck I telescope.We used the400/3400grism,the400/8500grat-ing,and the D560dichroic,covering the range3180–9150˚A.The full width at half-maximum(FWHM)resolution was6.4˚A in the red part(λ 5500˚A)and6.3˚A in the blue,with respective dispersions of 1.86˚A pixel−1and1.09˚A pixel−1.Ty-cho E,F,G,and D were observed in single exposures of700,200,400,and450s,re-spectively;see Ruiz-Lapuente et al.(2004) for star identifications.The SNR of the individual spectra is21,37,31,and25 at4600˚A for Tycho E,F,G,and D,re-spectively.These spectra were reduced us-ing standard techniques(e.g.,Foley et al.4000500060007000λ (ANGSTROMS)0.00.51.01.52.02.5N O R M A L I Z E D F L U XF6VF8IG2IVTycho G4000500060007000λ (ANGSTROMS)123456N O R M A L I Z E D F L U XF9VTycho G: E(B-V)=0.86G2IVTycho G: E(B-V)=0.76G4VTycho G: E(B-V)=0.66Fig.1.—Left panel:Keck LRIS spectrum of Tycho G compared with three template spectra having spectral types G2IV,F8I,and F6V taken from a library of low-resolution stellar spectra (Jacoby et al.1984).The absorption feature near 6900˚A in the template spectra is the telluric B band.Another,weaker telluric feature is visible near 7200˚A .Right panel:LRIS spectrum of Tycho G dereddened with E (B −V )=0.66,0.76,and 0.86mag,compared with spectra from the low-resolution library of Jacoby et al.(1984).The best fits to the different dereddened spectra of Tycho G are also shown.2003),including removal of telluric absorp-tion lines.The spectrum of Tycho G is shown in Figure 1;spectra and classifications of the other stars are available in Appendix A.In general,our results do not support the spectral classifications suggested by Ihara et al.(2007),which are based on low-resolution (λ/∆λ≈400),low-SNR spec-tra obtained with the instrument FOCAS at the Subaru Telescope over a short spec-tral range (3600–4200˚A ).Moreover,their relative flux calibrations are questionable since they apply a correction to the slope of each spectrum that is fitted when com-paring with a template.Thus,we consider their spectral classifications to be unreli-able.3.Stellar Parameters 3.1.Low-Resolution SpectraThe blue and red parts of the LRIS spec-tra were merged and then rebinned at a scale of 2˚A pixel −1.We compared the spectra of the four targets with a library of low-resolution stellar spectra from Jacoby,Hunter,&Christian (1984).We chose this library because the spectra have a similar resolution (∼4.5˚A ),with a dispersion of 1.4˚A pixel −1,and cover a similar spectral region (3510–7427˚A )as our LRIS obser-vations.The low-resolution comparison with template spectra depends on the color excess applied to the LRIS spectra.We dereddened the calibrated spectra accord-ing to the parameterization of Cardelli,Clayton,&Mathis (1989),including the update for the near-ultraviolet given byO’Donnell(1994).Moreover,there is un-certainty in the spectral classification of each template.Thus,the spectral classi-fication of stars using low-resolution spec-tra must always be considered only as an initial guess.The bestfit is found for a reddening E(B−V)=0.76mag,with χ2ν=3.68(see below for details).This value of reddening was used in the com-parison shown in Figure1.In the library of Jacoby et al.(1984),there are not many spectra with luminosity class IV(only F0, F3,G2,G5IV),whereas luminosity class V is very well sampled with several tem-plates for each spectral type.If only low-resolution spectra are used to derive the spectral and luminosity classes,the results may be erroneous,since they depend on reddening and on theflux calibration of the observed spectra.Nonetheless,as afirst step,we com-pare the LRIS spectrum of Tycho G with the low-resolution spectra of three tem-plate stars having different spectral types (Fig.1).To evaluate the goodness offit, we employ a reducedχ2statistic,χ2ν=1σi 2,(1)where N is the number of wavelength points,M is the number of free param-eters(here one),f i is the templateflux,F i is the targetflux(in this case,Tycho G), andσi=1/SNR.The SNR was estimated as a constant average value in the contin-uum over the range4610–4630˚A;this re-gion was also used to normalize both target and template spectra.The spectral regions used to evaluateχ2are3850–6800˚A and 7000–7400˚A,avoiding strong telluric lines near6900˚A present only in the template spectra.The bestfit is found for the G2IV tem-plate withχ2ν=3.68,whereas the F8I and F6V templates provideχ2ν=6.39 and9.66,respectively.Ihara et al.(2007) have claimed that the spectral type of Ty-cho G could be either F8I,F8V,or F6V,rather than G2IV as found by Ruiz-Lapuente et al.(2004).However,our anal-ysis shows that those other spectral types provide worsefits than the G2IV template.In the following sections we use more ac-curate classification methods,which are in-dependent of reddening,to derive not only the spectral type of Tycho G but actually the effective temperature and surface grav-ity,using a high-resolution spectrum.3.2.HαProfileThe wings of Hαare a very good tem-perature indicator(e.g.,Barklem et al. 2002).Adopting the theory of Ali&Griem (1965,1966)for resonance broadening and Griem(1960)for Stark broadening,we computed Hαprofiles for several effective temperatures,using the code SYNTHE (Kurucz et al.2005;Sbordone et al.2005). For further details on the computations of hydrogen lines in SYNTHE,see Castelli &Kurucz(2001)and Cowley&Castelli (2002).Figure2compares these synthetic Hαprofiles with the observed profile for sev-eral temperatures.To evaluate the good-ness offit,we employ the same method as in the previous section.However,in this case M=1(the effective tempera-ture T eff),f i is the synthetic normalized flux,F i is the observed normalizedflux, andσi=1/SNR.The SNR was estimated as a constant average value in continuum65556560656565700.600.700.800.901.001.10N O R M A L I Z E D F L UXT EFF = 5800K T EFF = 6050K T EFF = 6300KTycho GT EFF∆χν2T EFF∆χν2T EFF∆χν2Fig.2.—Upper panel:Synthetic H αprofiles for three effective temperatures compared to the observed spectrum of Tycho G (SNR ≈30)and normalized to the level of the observed spectrum of Tycho G at 6540˚A .We also display the fitting regions at the top.Lower panel:Results of χ2νanalysis for three continuum positions separated by ±1/SNR =0.03: 1.03(left),1.00(middle),and 0.97(right).regions close to the observed H αprofile.The fitting regions are indicated in Fig-ure 2,which contains all of the spectral regions close the center of the H αpro-file where there are no stellar lines and where the normalized flux is greater than ∼0.7.The best fit provided a temperature of T eff=6050±250K,with the error bars estimated from the best fits after displac-ing the observed continuum up and down by 1/SNR =0.03.In the following section,we adopt the currently most reliable method for the de-termination of the stellar parameters.3.3.Ionization Equilibrium of IronThe best determination of the atmo-spheric parameters of Tycho G can be ob-tained from the ionization equilibrium of iron.We measured the equivalent widths of 32Fe I and 10Fe II isolated lines using an automatic line-fitting procedure which performs both line detection and Gaus-sian fits to unblended lines (Fran¸c ois et al.2003).The analysis was done us-ing the 2002version of the code MOOG (Sneden 1973)and a grid of local ther-modynamic equilibrium (LTE)model at-mospheres (Kurucz 1993).We adoptedχl (eV)l o g ε (F e I )χl (eV)l o g ε (F e I)χl (eV)l o g ε (F e I )log(EW/λ)l o gε (F e I )log(EW/λ)l o g ε(F e I )log(EW/λ)l o g ε (F e I )χl(eV)l o g ε (F e I I )χl(eV)l o g ε (F e I I )χl (eV)l o g ε (F e I I )Fig.3.—Fe I and Fe II abundances computed using the best-fit atmospheric parameters of Tycho G (left panels)and two sets of stellar parameters:T eff=5900K and log(g/cm s2)=2dex (middle panels),T eff=6200K and log(g/cm s2)=4.35dex (right panels).Upper panels:Fe I abundance vs.excitation potential;middle panels:Fe I abundance vs.reduced equivalent widths;bottom panels:Fe II abundance vs.excitation potential.The dashed lines in the upper and middle panels represent the fits to the points,and in the bottom panels the mean abundance.the atomic data from Santos,Israelian,&Mayor (2004),where the log gf values are adjusted until the solar atlas (Kurucz et al.1984)is reproduced with a Kurucz model for the Sun having T eff=5777K,log(g/cm s2)=4.44dex,ξt =1.00km s −1,and log ⊙ǫ(F e )=7.47dex.This line list was designed to determine stellar parame-ters of planet-host stars with roughly the same atmospheric parameters and metal-licity as Tycho G;it provides a compila-tion of 42completely unblended Fe lines ideal for the determination of stellar atmo-spheric parameters.Note that none of the stellar lines used in this work for chemical analysis is affected by telluric lines.The atmospheric parameters were de-termined by iterating until correlation co-efficients between log ǫ(Fe I )and χl ,as well as between log ǫ(Fe I )and log(W λ/λ),were zero,and the mean abundances from Fe I and Fe II lines were the same (see leftpanels of Fig.3).The derived parameters were T eff=5900±100K,log(g/cm s2)= 3.85±0.30dex,ξt=1.23±0.23km s−1,and [Fe/H]=−0.05±0.09.The uncertainties in the stellar parameters were estimated as described by Gonzalez&Vanture(1998). Thus,the uncertainties inξt and T efftake into account the standard deviation of the slope of the least-squaresfits,logǫ(Fe I) versus log(Wλ/λ)and logǫ(Fe I)versusχl. The uncertainty in log g considers the uncertainty on T effin addition to the scat-ter of the Fe II abundances.Finally,the uncertainty in Fe abundance is estimated from a combination of the uncertainties in ξt and T eff,in addition to the scatter of the Fe I abundances,all added in quadrature.In Figure3,we also show two set of stellar parameters,T eff=5900K and log(g/cm s2)=2dex(middle panels),and T eff=6200K and log(g/cm s2)=4.35dex (right panels),corresponding to the spec-tral types F8I and F6-7V(Gray1992). The lower-middle and upper-middle panels show inconsistent abundances between Fe I and Fe II,whereas the upper-right panel shows a negative slope for iron abundance versus excitation potentialχl of the spec-tral lines Fe I.Therefore,these two sets of parameters cannot be the stellar parame-ters of Tycho G.According to the spectral classification provided by Gray(1992),the stellar parameters of Tycho G correspond to a spectral type of G0-1IV.Non-LTE(NLTE)corrections for stars with similar stellar parameters and metal-licity have been estimated at 0.07dex for Fe I lines,while Fe II seems to be insen-sitive to NLTE effects(Th´e venin&Idiart 1999).In addition,Santos et al.(2004) compared spectroscopic surface gravities with log g using Hipparcos parallaxes and found an average difference of∼+0.03 dex,which might in fact reflect NLTE ef-fects on Fe I lines.Our assumption of LTE seems to be accurate enough to determine the surface gravity of the star within the error bars.Note that ionization equilib-rium also holds for Si and Cr(see§4).This determination of effective tempera-ture is consistent within the error bars with that derived from the Hαprofile(T eff= 6050±250K).However,echelle spectro-graphs are not ideally suited for measur-ing the shape of broad features such as the wings of Balmer lines(Allende Prieto et al.2004),and the SNR of∼30is not high enough for the determination of effective temperature from the Hαprofile with great accuracy.For this reason,we will adopt the T eff=5900±100K value for the de-termination of the chemical abundances.4.Chemical AbundancesUsing the derived stellar parameters,we determine the element abundances from the absorption-line equivalent width(EW) measurements of the elements given in Ta-ble4,except for lithium and sulfur for which we use aχ2procedure tofind the bestfit to the observed features(e.g., Gonz´a lez Hern´a ndez et al.2004,2005, 2006).The atomic data for O,C,S,and Zn are taken from Ecuvillon,Israelian,& Santos(2004,2006),those of Na,Mg,Al, Si,Ca,Sc,Ti,V,Cr,Mn,Co,and Ni are from Gilli,Israelian,&Ecuvillon(2006), and those for Sr,Y,and Ba are from Reddy et al.(2003).In Figures4,5,and6we display sev-eral spectral regions of the observed spec-trum of Tycho G in comparison with syn-64306440645064606470λ (ANGSTROMS)0.20.40.60.81.0N O R M A L I Z E D F L U XTycho GFeIFeII CaI MnI CaICoI CaI FeIICaI FeI CrI FeI655065556560656565706575λ (ANGSTROMS)0.00.20.40.60.81.0N O R M A L I Z E D F L U XTycho GH αFig.4.—Best synthetic spectral fits (solid lines)to the Keck HIRES spectrum of Tycho G for two spectral regions.The core of the H αline suffers from NLTE effects that are not taken into account in our LTE synthetic spectrum.thetic spectra computed using the derived element abundances.Uncertainties in the abundances of all elements were then de-termined,adding in quadrature the er-rors due to the sensitivities of the result-ing abundances to changes in assumed at-mospheric parameters and the dispersion of the abundances from individual lines of each element.In Table 1we provide the average abun-dance of each element together with the er-rors.The errors in the element abundances show their sensitivity to the uncertainties in the effective temperature (∆T eff),surfacegravity (∆log g ),microturbulence (∆ξ),and the dispersion of the measurements from different spectral features (∆σ).The er-rors ∆σwere estimated as ∆σ=σ/√Table1Chemical Abundances of Tycho G∆log g∆ξ∆[X/H]∆[X/Fe]n b Species logǫ(X)⊙a[X/H][X/Fe]σ∆σ∆TeffNote.—Chemical abundances of Tycho G and uncertainties produced by∆(T eff)=+100K,∆(log g)=+0.3 dex,and∆(ξ)=+0.23km s−1.a The solar element abundances were adopted from Santos et al.(2004),Ecuvillon et al.(2004,2006),Gilli et al.(2006),and Reddy et al.(2003).b Number of spectral lines of this element analyzed in the star,or if there is only one,its wavelength.c These abundances were determined byfitting the observed spectra with synthetic spectra computed with the LTE code MOOG.61606165617061756180618561906195λ (ANGSTROMS)0.20.40.60.81.0N O R M A L I Z E D F L U XTycho GCaI CaI NiI CaIFeI C aI CaI CaI FeI FeIFeINiIFeINiI FeINiI FeI66256630663566406645665066556660λ (ANGSTROMS)0.40.60.81.0N O R M A L I Z E D F L U XTycho GFeIFeIFeI FeINiIFig.5.—Same as Fig.4,but for other spectral regions.average value if we consider the intrinsic dispersion ([Ni/Fe]=−0.07±0.04,see Fig.9)for the stars with similar metallic-ity of Tycho G ([Fe/H]=−0.05±0.09).In Figure 5we display several spectral ranges where some Ni I lines are well repro-duced.Generally,Ni tracks Fe throughout the [Fe/H]range down to [Fe/H]=−1.The average value and scatter found by Reddy,Lambert,&Allende Prieto (2006)is [Ni/Fe]=−0.05±0.02for thin-disk stars and [Ni/Fe]=−0.01±0.04for thick-disk stars.Bensby et al.(2005)found [Ni/Fe]=−0.06±0.04for thin-disk stars and [Ni/Fe]=−0.02±0.02for thick-disk stars.This suggests pollution in Ni by Ty-cho SN 1572ejecta.We find in general solar or slightly above solar abundances of heavy elements,while the αelements are consistent with the solar value or below.The binary companions of black holes or neutron stars show a different enhance-ment of metals with respect to the so-lar values.These stars exhibit signifi-cant enrichment in αelements.For in-stance,the black hole binary Nova Scor-pii 1994([Fe/H]=–0.1)shows enhance-ments of [α/Fe]=4–8in Mg,S,Si,and O (Gonz´a lez Hern´a ndez et al.2008a).The pollution seems to be related to the fall-back of the ejected material of the super-nova.In SNe Ia,one does not expect fall-67006705671067156720λ (ANGSTROMS)0.40.60.81.0N O R M A L I Z E D F L U XTycho GFeIFeI LiIFeIFeIFeI TiICaI77707772777477767778778077827784λ (ANGSTROMS)0.40.60.81.0N O R M A L I Z E D F L U XTycho GOI OI OIFeI Fig.6.—Same as Fig.4,but for other spectral regions.back of material onto the companion star since the compact object (the white dwarf in this case)is destroyed and the gravita-tional potential well is not sufficiently deep to retain the ejected material.Therefore,one expects to have a low contamination in intermediate-mass elements.The material captured by the companion should consist of heavy elements;they are less likely to es-cape the companion star since they move at lower velocities in the supernova ejecta.A discussion of this is given in §8.1.Another feature of interest in Tycho G is its high lithium abundance;the Li line at 6708˚A is pronounced.Modeling the Li abundance gives A (Li)=2.50±0.09.The lithium abundance is provided here as A (Li)=log[N (Li)/N (H)]+12and takes into account NLTE effects.The NLTE abundance correction,∆NLTE =log ǫ(X)NLTE −log ǫ(X)LTE ,for Li was de-rived from the theoretical LTE and NLTE curves of growth in Pavlenko &Magazz`u (1996).The high Li abundance in Tycho G is intriguing since Li is easily destroyed in the convective envelopes of stars that have evolved away from the main se-quence.Subgiants with A (Li)>2.2are rare.Thor´e n,Edvardsson,&Gustafsson (2004)found that subgiants with detected Li divide into two groups:the stars with-0.6-0.4-0.20.00.20.4[Fe/H]-0.4-0.20.00.20.40.6[O /F e ]O-0.6-0.4-0.20.00.20.4[Fe/H]-0.4-0.20.00.20.40.6[N a /F e ]Na-0.6-0.4-0.20.00.20.4[Fe/H]-0.4-0.20.00.20.40.6[M g /F e ]Mg -0.6-0.4-0.20.00.20.4[Fe/H]-0.4-0.20.00.20.40.6[A l /F e ]AlFig.7.—Abundance ratios of Tycho G (wide cross)in comparison with the abundances of G and K metal-rich dwarf stars.Galactic trends were taken from Ecuvillon et al.(2004),Ecuvillon et al.(2006),and Gilli et al.(2006).The size of the cross indicates the 1σuncertainty.For the abundance of oxygen in metal-rich dwarfs,we have only considered abundance measurements in NLTE for the triplet O I 7771–5˚A .The dashed-dotted lines indicate solar abundance values.T eff<5500K have A (Li)≤1.5,and a warmer group of stars have higher abun-dances,although still much lower than their primordial abundances,with A (Li)≤2.2.This seems to go in the direction of confirming post-main-sequence evolution toward lower amounts of Li as expected from stellar models.Tycho G shares a high Li content with a known sample of binary companions of neutron stars and black holes (Mart´ın et al.1994a;Gonz´a lez Hern´a ndez et al.2004,2005).However,we know that cataclysmicvariables,whose compact objects are white dwarfs,do not show such high Li abun-dances (Mart´ın et al.1995).We discuss this further in §8.2.5.DistanceOne can estimate the distance of Ty-cho G from different photometric colors and stellar parameters.We use the photo-metric magnitudes in five different filters:-0.6-0.4-0.20.00.20.4[Fe/H]-0.4-0.20.00.20.40.6[S i /F e ]Si-0.6-0.4-0.20.00.20.4[Fe/H]-0.4-0.20.00.20.40.6[S /F e ]S-0.6-0.4-0.20.00.20.4[Fe/H]-0.4-0.20.00.20.40.6[C a /F e ]Ca -0.6-0.4-0.20.00.20.4[Fe/H]-0.4-0.20.00.20.40.6[T i /F e ]TiFig.8.—Same as Fig.7,but for different elements.m V =18.71±0.04and m R =17.83±0.03mag from Ruiz-Lapuente et al.(2004),and m J =15.84±0.07,m H =15.16±0.11,and m K =15.03±0.12mag from the 2MASS catalog 1.We derived the radius of the star from the surface gravity,log(g/cm s2)=3.85±0.3dex,and assuming a mass of 1M ⊙.This radius,together with the spectroscopic estimate of the effective tem-perature,T eff=5900±100K,provides an intrinsic bolometric luminosity of 1.9<-0.6-0.4-0.20.00.20.4[Fe/H]-0.4-0.20.00.20.40.6[C r /F e ]Cr-0.6-0.4-0.20.00.20.4[Fe/H]-0.4-0.20.00.20.40.6[M n /F e ]Mn-0.6-0.4-0.20.00.20.4[Fe/H]-0.4-0.20.00.20.40.6[C o /F e ]Co -0.6-0.4-0.20.00.20.4[Fe/H]-0.4-0.20.00.20.40.6[N i /F e ]NiFig.9.—Same as Fig.7,but for different elements.in the distance due to the uncertainty in the stellar parameters of Tycho G.Note that the relatively small formal error in the distance estimate for each filter is cal-culated by assuming that the magnitudes equal m i +∆m i .In Table 2,we also show for each set of parameters the average distance de-terminations weighted by the uncertainty of each individual distance determination.These values cover a distance range 2.48–4.95kpc with errors of 0.21–0.52kpc.We have also considered the possibility that Tycho G lost part of its envelope,∆M =−0.2M ⊙,due to the impact of the supernova shock wave (Marietta,Bur-rows,&Fryxell 2000;Pakmor et al.2008).However,a lower mass does not produce a significant change in the derived aver-age distance.In all cases,we have as-sumed that the companion star is able to almost completely recover thermal equi-librium between ∼102and ∼103yr after the white dwarf explosion (Podsi-adlowski 2003).The distance to the SN 1572remnant inferred from the expansion of the radio shell and by other methods is 2.83±0.79kpc (Ruiz-Lapuente 2004).Such a distance is in good agreement with the derived distances of Tycho G.。

中考英语海洋资源的可持续利用单选题40题1. Many marine biologists are studying the blue whales because they are ______ of the ocean.A. symbolsB. problemsC. wastesD. enemies答案：A。

解析：蓝色鲸鱼是海洋的象征之一，很多海洋生物学家研究它们。

选项A符号、象征，符合题意。

选项B问题，蓝色鲸鱼不是海洋的问题。

选项C废物，蓝色鲸鱼不是废物，它们是重要的生物。

选项D敌人，蓝色鲸鱼不是海洋的敌人，它们是海洋生态系统的一部分。

2. Sea turtles are endangered species. Protecting them can help ______ the balance of the ocean ecosystem.A. breakB. keepC. loseD. change答案：B。

解析：保护海龟能帮助保持海洋生态系统的平衡。

选项B保持，正确。

选项A打破，保护海龟不是为了打破平衡。

选项C失去，与保护的目的相悖。

选项D改变，这里强调的是保持平衡而不是改变平衡。

3. There are many kinds of fish in the ocean. Which one of the following is a common deep - sea fish?A. GoldfishB. SharkC. AnglerfishD. Carp答案：C。

解析：安康鱼是一种常见的深海鱼。

选项A金鱼，通常生活在淡水环境。

选项B鲨鱼，虽然有些鲨鱼生活在深海但不是典型的只在深海的鱼类。

选项D鲤鱼，是淡水鱼。

4. Coral reefs are very important in the ocean. They are the "homes" for many ______.A. rocksB. plantsC. animalsD. waves答案：C。

矿产资源开发利用方案编写内容要求及审查大纲
矿产资源开发利用方案编写内容要求及《矿产资源开发利用方案》审查大纲一、概述
㈠矿区位置、隶属关系和企业性质。

如为改扩建矿山, 应说明矿山现状、
特点及存在的主要问题。

㈡编制依据
(1简述项目前期工作进展情况及与有关方面对项目的意向性协议情况。

(2 列出开发利用方案编制所依据的主要基础性资料的名称。

如经储量管理部门认定的矿区地质勘探报告、选矿试验报告、加工利用试验报告、工程地质初评资料、矿区水文资料和供水资料等。

对改、扩建矿山应有生产实际资料, 如矿山总平面现状图、矿床开拓系统图、采场现状图和主要采选设备清单等。

二、矿产品需求现状和预测
㈠该矿产在国内需求情况和市场供应情况
1、矿产品现状及加工利用趋向。

2、国内近、远期的需求量及主要销向预测。

㈡产品价格分析
1、国内矿产品价格现状。

2、矿产品价格稳定性及变化趋势。

三、矿产资源概况
㈠矿区总体概况
1、矿区总体规划情况。

2、矿区矿产资源概况。

3、该设计与矿区总体开发的关系。

㈡该设计项目的资源概况
1、矿床地质及构造特征。

2、矿床开采技术条件及水文地质条件。