TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS OF
THERMAL INSULATION CONSTRUCTION
1 KEY POINTS OF QUA LITY CONTROL
1.1 Conditions for Thermal Insulation Construction
1.1.1 The design documents and other technical documents are all ready, the construction
drawings have been jointly checked up, and the construction execution plan and construction scheme have been approved for implementation.
2.1.2 The necessary technical explanation and training to operators have been
accomplished when applying new process and new technique.
2.1.3 Thermal insulation construction for equipment and piping must be done after the
strength test and pressure test are qualified and anti-corrosion construction is
completed.
2.1.4 The following conditions must be got ready before thermal insulation application.
(1) Supports and fixers have been mounted.
(2) Supports and hangers of equipment and piping, structure accessories and
instrument connection parts have been installed already.
(3) Electric tracing or hot medium tracing tubes have been installed and power-on
or pressure test have been done and qualified.
(4) mpurities like oil dirts, rusts and dirts have been removed from the equipment
and piping surface.
1.2 Construction of Thermal Insulation
1.2.1 Before thermal insulation construction, the equipment, piping and accessories must be
checked thoroughly, installation, welding and anti-corrosion construction must be confirmed as qualified and hand-over procedure must be gone through. The quality certificate of insulation materials, measurement record and other construction technical documents shall all be ready.
1.2.2 Thermal Insulation Application Process
APPROVED BY CHENGDA IN 2003-09 IMPLEMENT IN 2003-10
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Equipment and piping Fixer installation, blowing, pressure testing, and check of surface preparation and anti-corrosion Thermal insulation and intermediate check Moisture-proof layer construction (cold insulation) and intermediate check Protection layer construction and intermediate check Liquid medium identification coating (colored ring or color mark) Hand-over and inspection for acceptance.
1.2.3 Accessories on equipment or piping to be hot insulated such as skirts, legs, lifting lugs,
instrument tube seats, supports and hangers shall be hot insulated as per design requirement. While those on equipment or piping to be cold insulated must be cold insulated accordingly.
1.2.4 When the insulation layer is in compound structure, constructed of two different
materials, the thickness and construction sequence of each layer must be complied with the design specification.
1.2.5 The joint gap of insulation must be processed. The hot insulation gap shall not be larger
than 5mm, and the cold insulation gap shall not be larger than 2mm.
1.2.6 The hot insulation layers should be bound with galvanized iron wire, steel tape or
adhesive tape. The hard insulation materials could be bound with twin 16# to 18# galvanized iron wires, and the bounding space should not be larger than 400mm. In case the outer diameter of pipe or equipment is larger or equal to 600mm, the insulation layers after bound should be reinforced with 10# to 14# galvanized iron wire or steel tape with the reinforcement space of 500mm. The cold insulation layers should be bound with stainless steel wire, stainless steel tape or plastic wrap tape. There should be at least 2 binding on each insulated part. The spiral binding shouldn’t be applied.
While construction, the nameplate and marks of equipment or piping shouldn’t be covered, and waterproof sealing should be done around nameplates that have seat support.
1.2.7 The thermal insulation of flanges should be done after the cold/hot fastening of the joint
bolts, and the clearance with the bolt length plus 25mm should be reserved at one end of the flange.
1.2.8 Besides hot insulation as pipe bundle as per the design requirement, all the piping for
general service shall be hot insulated individually.
1.2.9 Installation of Fixers and Supports
The fixers and supports of vertical equipment and vertical piping should be provided and installed according to the design, which can be fixed by welding, adhering, or banding.
The fixers and supports should be made of stainless steel while directly welded to stainless steel equipment or piping. If the fixers and supports are made of carbon steel, stainless steel bed plate must be welded in addition. If bolts are used to fasten the fixers at vibrating part of the equipment, the nut should be fixed by spot welding after fastened.
1.2.10 Construction of Filling Structure
When the insulation materials are of bulk soft type or granules, filling structure construction should be applied. The data such as material, structure, filling weight and space between support rings and so on should be complied with the design documents.
Except otherwise specified in the design, the following requirements shall be met in construction.
(1) Support rings should be provided for vertical equipment and vertical piping
with space of 2 ~3m for high temperature media and 3~5m for low and
medium temperature media in case of hot insulation, and not larger than 5m in
case of cold insulation.
(2) Support rings should be wrapped with 10mmX10mm~20mmX20mm plain
metallic wire mesh or directly fixed with metal sheets.
(3) Vertical piping or vertical equipment should be provided with sediment
prevention layer, which shall be constructed of hard thermal insulation. The
thickness shall be the same as insulation layer. The space shall be
400mm~600mm, fixed by iron wire or adhering.
(4) The filling material should be filled from bottom to top layer-by-layer. The
height of each layer shall be 400mm~600mm. The material should be
compacted with even force while filling till required unit weight is reached.
1.2.11 Construction of Bounding Structure and Spliced Structure:
(1) Vertical installation is preferred for large vertical tanks. Insulation installation shall
be started from the backing plate at the bottom, applied from bottom to top and
pressed flat. Supporting nails should go through insulation material.
(2) Bounding installation is preferred for horizontal equipment. Insulation shall be
applied to upper and lower section from the horizontal supporting plate.
Supporting nails should go through insulation material.
(3) The insulation layer should be applied closely to the equipment surface. The
supporting nails should be bent after bounding and shouldn’t extrude from
insulation material.
(4) The double layers should be applied one by one and bound separately. The joint
of outer layer and inner layer should be staggered.
(5) When laying for top and bottom heads, the insulation material should be bound as
radial shape from removable ring and fix ring. The galvanized iron wire mesh
should be provided to the heads except those on historical equipment..
1.2.12 Construction of Adhering Structure:
When organic foam plastic, inorganic foam glass, rigid cold insulation material or soft thin hot insulation material (such as felt, pad) are used for thermal insulation layers, the adhering construction shall be applied.
The specifications are as follows:
(1) The suitable length of rigid foam plastic is 900mm~1000mm, and the inner
diameter of the plastic shall be slightly larger than the outer diameter of the pipe.
The foam glass should be arc block with length of 300mm~400mm.
(2) The adhesive should be suitable for service temperature and match the cold
insulation material.
(3) The adhesive and sealant should be painted to the pipe inner wall and side
joints of cold insulation with preferred painting thickness of 2.5mm~3mm.
(4) The insulation material should be pressed and compacted during adhering.
Squeezed adhesive or sealant shall be stricken off.
(5) The joint seam should be sealed with adhesive tape.
(6) Before adhering construction, adhering test should be done on site to get to
know the adhesive speed and time.
1.2.13 Construction of Pouring Structure
When polyurethane foam plastic is used as cold insulation material, and for cold insulation of equipment, especially large storage tanks or valves, flanges and other special-shaped parts on piping, on-site foaming pouring shall be applied.
(1) The container, mixing tools, measuring and testing apparatus should be well
prepared before compounding.
(2) The proportion, sequence of the raw material and environmental temperature
during compounding must be complied with the product instructions and
operating procedures.
(3) Trial pouring must be done before formal construction. Formal pouring cannot
be started unless the weight of trial block is confirmed to be in line with the
product specifications.
(4) The compounding in the open air should avoid insolation or rainy days.
(5) The compounding dosage should be calculated based on the foaming volume
of the pouring material. The material compounded each time must be totally
poured within specified time. Efforts shall be made to get successful pouring
once. The container and mixing tools shall be cleaned up in time.
(6) Slightly knock the two sides of the metal mould during pouring, observing
foaming status. The material should be poured evenly and the opening should
be sealed with use polythene film.
(7) After the poured material takes shape, knock the material by wood board to
check for fullness. Keep pouring if it is not full. Pouring should be stopped in
case defects such as defective foaming, embrittlement or softening are found
during pouring. Reasons for defects shall be found out promptly. Construction
shall not be restarted unless trial pouring is done again and qualified.
1.2.14 Construction of Moisture-proof Layer
(1) Moisture-proof layer should be provided for cold insulated piping and
equipment and hot insulated piping in sewer trench.
(2) Moisture-proof layer should be laid on the clean, dry and flat outer surface of
insulation layers. The material, number of layers and thickness should be in
accordance with the design.
(3) The construction in the open air should avoid insolation in summer or rainy and
snowy days. Anti-freezing measurements must be taken for construction in
winter. The environmental temperature and construction requirements should
be in accordance with the design documents or product specifications.
(4) Except otherwise specified in the design, the structure of moisture-proof layer
should be complied with the following stipulations:
(a) The construction quality of moisture-proof layer must be under good control.
The moisture-proof layer must be formed as a casing on the surface of cold
insulation layer. Cold insulation effect cannot be good unless the
moisture-proof layer is in high quality.
(b) The first layer is fire-retardant petroleum asphalt mastic or fire-retardant
waterproof cold sub with thickness of 3mm.
(c) The second layer is non-wax medium alkali large checked plain glass cloth
with thickness of 0.1mm~0.2mm.
(d) The third layer is fire-retardant petroleum asphalt mastic or fire-retardant
waterproof cold sub with thickness of 3mm.
1.2.15 Construction of Protection Layer
The protection layer should be constructed in time after the thermal insulation layers
have been completed and checked to be qualified. Protection layers could be divided
into three types by material: metal protection layer; felt, foil and cloth protection layer;
pasting surface protection layer.
1.2.16 Safety and Protection
(1) Construction personnel of thermal insulation works must be given safety
education, and know very well the safety operation procedures of respective
type of work.
(2) The layout of material storeroom and prefabrication site must be in accordance
with the construction site plan layout. The roads on site should be kept
unobstructed, and the firefighting facilities should be all ready.
(3) The electrical layout of construction should be in accordance with related
electrical safety regulations.
2 QUA LITY INSPECTION AND HA ND-OVER OF THE WORKS
3.1 The quality inspection of thermal insulation works must be performed according to
working procedures, the working hand-over should be recorded and signed by
quality inspection department. The quality inspection of working procedure includes
following items:
(1) Quality of the insulation layer fixer
(2) Quality of the insulation layers
(3) Quality of the moisture-proof layer
(4) Quality of the protection layer
Intermediate hand-over check and concealed work inspection.
ATTACHED ILLUMINATION：
This Standard Is Kept By Technique Department.
This Standard Was Prepared By Construction Management Department.
THE MAIN DRAFTSMAN OF THIS STANDARD：Tang Xiaoxun
Checked by ：Chen Daiyu / Wu Benlun Approved by ：
Index 索引;卡片索引;文献索引 The index is arranged in alphabetical order. 索引按字母顺序排列。 Version与edition区别 version 包含有转化过程，比如翻译过程，一本书有中文版，后来有了English version. 一个话剧后来出了电影，也叫movie version. 而edition 只包含修改、补充过程，大体上原封不动，没有conversion （转化）过程。Revision 修订本,订正版[C] A revision of that dictionary has been published. 那本词典的修订本已经出版。 Edition What is the edition of this drawing? 这张图纸是第几版？ Version Kernel version must be2.2.14or later. 内核版本必须是2.2.14或者更新。 A shortened version of a written work. 书写著作的缩短版本。 1. PKPM series of building engineering CAD software package (ver. 2006.12) 厂区占地面积 科技名词定义 中文名称：厂区占地面积 英文名称：
of power plant 定义：厂区围墙内(生产区)用地面积总和。占地面积——land area 英汉建筑大词典 building area 英汉建筑大词典 floor area n.建筑各层面积;n.楼板面积 Layout 平面模板图 Slab 平板 Mater Plan 总体设计 Pole与Strut区别 Pole 及物动词 vt. 用杆支撑 He poled the raft down the river. 他用篙撑筏沿江而下。 Strut 1. 支撑；支柱；压杆；对角撑 建筑业名称英语词汇_论文_价格_课件_标准... strut支撑；支柱；压杆；对角撑 2.
电气工程及其自动化专业英语 考试题型：选择10*2 单词翻译10*2 短句翻译5*4 长句翻译4*10 Exercise All the simple circuit elements that will be 在下面进行的工作中我们要研究的简单电路元件,可以根据流过元件的电流与元件两端的电压的关系进行分类。例如，如果元件两端的电压正比于流过元件的电流，即u＝ki，我们就把元件称为电阻器。其他的类型的简单电路元件的端电压正比于电流对时间的导数或正比于电流关于时间的积分。还有一些元件的电压完全独立于电流或电流完全独立于电压，这些是独立源。此外，我们还要定义一些特殊类型的电源，这些电源的电压或电流取决于电路中其他的电流或电压，这样的电源将被称为非独立源或受控源。 It must be emphasized that the linear 必须强调的是线性电阻器是一个理想的电路元件；它是物理元件的数学模型。我们可以很容易地买到或制造电阻器，但很快我们发现这种物理元件只有当电流、电压或者功率处于特定范围时其电压——电流之比才是恒定的，并且这个比值也取决于温度以及其它环境因素。我们通常应当把线性电阻器仅仅称为电阻器。只有当需要强调元件性质的时候才使用更长的形式称呼它。而对于任何非线性电阻器我们应当始终这么称呼它，非线性电阻器不应当必然地被视为不需要的元件。 If a circuit has two or more independent 如果一个电路有两个或多个独立源，求出具体变量值（电流或电压）的一种方法是使用节点分析法或网孔分析法。另一种方法是求出每个独立源对变量的作用然后把它们进行叠加。而这种方法被称为叠加法。叠加法原理表明线性电路某个元件两端的电压（或流过元件的电流）等于每个独立源单独作用时该元件两端的电压（或流过元件的电流）的代数和。 The ratio of the phase voltage to the 相电压与相电流之比等于电路的阻抗，符号为字母Z，阻抗是一个具有量纲为欧姆的复数量。阻抗不是一个相量，因此不能通过把它乘以e jωt,并取其实部把它转换成时域形式。但是，我们把电感器看作是通过其电感量L表现为时域形式而通过其阻抗jωL表现为频域形式，电容在时域里为电容量C而在频域里为1/jωc，阻抗是某种程度 上的频域变量而非时域变量。 Both wye and delta source connections 无论是星型连接的电源还是三角形连接的电源都有重要的实际应用意义。星型连接的电源用于长距离电力传输，此时电阻损耗(I2R)将达到最小。这是由于星型连接的线电压是三角形连接的线电压的√3倍，于是,对于相同的功率来说，三角型连接的线电流是星形连接的线电流的√3倍。三角形连接的电源使用在根据三相电源而需要的三个单相电路中。这种从三相到单相的转变用在住宅布线中因为家用照明和设备使用单相电源。三相电源用在需要大功率的工业布线中。在某些应用场合，无论负载是星形连接还是三角形连接并不重要。
Heat sink 散热器 Forward conduction 正向导通 Thyristor 晶闸管 Solid-state power device 固态功率器件 Silicon wafer 硅片，硅晶片 Self-latching 自锁 电流额定值current rating 反向击穿电压reverse breakdown voltage 负电流脉冲negative current pulse 交流电动机相位控制phase control AC motor 反向并联二极管reverse shunting diode 正信号positive signal Gate-turn-off thyristors 可关断晶闸管 固态功率器件基础 2.1 引言 在这一章中我们重点讨论固态功率器件，并且只讨论它们在相位控制或频率控制的三相460V交流鼠笼式感应电动机的应用。 2.2 固态功率器件 应用于固态交流电动机控制的功率半导体主要的五个类型如下： （1）二极管 （2）晶闸管（例如：硅控整流器SCRs） （3）（电子）晶体管 （4）可关断晶闸管 （5）双向可控硅 硅控整流器和双向可控硅通常用于相位控制。各种各样的二极管制品、硅控整流器、电子晶体管和可开断晶体管都应用于速度控制。这些器件的共性是：利用硅晶体薄片层层堆叠构成PN结的各种组合。在二极管、硅控整流器和可关断晶闸管中，P结常被叫作阳极，N结常被叫做阴极，在电子晶体管中相应的被叫做集电极和发射极。这些器件的区别在于导通和关断的方法及电流和电压的容量。 让我们来简答看一下这些器件，了解一下他们的参数。 2.2.1 二极管 图2.1是一个二极管。左边是一个中间有硅晶片的PN结，右边是单个二极管的表示符号。当阳极为正阴极为负时，会有电流通过，二极管本身伴随着一个比较小的压降。当极性相反时，只有很小的反向漏电流通过，这在图2.2中有表现出来。正向压降一般是1V左右，与电流额定值无关。 （PN结阳极阴极单个二极管PN结和表示符号） 二极管的正向电流额定值取决于起大小和设计，而这二者是根据器件的散热要求来确定的，一保证掐进不超过最大结温（通常是200℃）。 反向击穿电压（见图2.2）是二极管的另一个重要参数，它的数值较二极管尺寸大小更多地取决于其内部设计。
阅读使人充实，会谈使人敏捷，写作使人精确。——培根 2 方案设计 Project Design/Concept Design 2 一般要求 2.1 2.1 General Requirements 2.1.1 方案设计文件 2.1.1 Project design documents 1 设计说明书，包括各专业设计说明以及投资估算等内容； 1 The design specifications include various professional design specifications and investment estimation; for those professions involved with building energy-effective design, the design specification shall include the special content related to the building energy-efficiency; 2 总平面图以及建筑设计图纸（若为城市区域供热或区域煤气调压站，应提供热能动力专业的设计图纸，具体见2.3.3条）； 2 The general layout and the b 3 设计委托或设计合同中规定的透视图、鸟瞰图、模型等。 3 The scenograph, bird's-eye view and model specified in the design commission or design contract 2.1.2 方案设计文件的编排顺序 2.1.2 Editing sequence of the project design document 1 封面：写明项目名称、编制单位、编制年月； 1 Cover: project name, preparation units and preparation date 2 扉页：写明编制单位法定代表人、技术总负责人、项目总负责人的姓名，并经上述人员签署或授权盖章； 2 Title page: the name of the legal representative, general technical superintendent and the general project superintendent of the preparation unit, and signed by the above person or authorized with stamp; 3 设计文件目录； 3 design document directory; 4 设计说明书； 4 design specifications; 5 设计图纸。 5 design drawing;
POWER SUPPLY AND DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM ABSTRACT The basic function of the electric power system is to transport the electric power towards customers. The l0kV electric distribution net is a key point that connects the power supply with the electricity using on the industry, business and daily-life. For the electric power, allcostumers expect to pay the lowest price for the highest reliability, but don't consider that it's self-contradictory in the co-existence of economy and reliable.To improve the reliability of the power supply network, we must increase the investment cost of the network construction But, if the cost that improve the reliability of the network construction, but the investment on this kind of construction would be worthless if the reducing loss is on the power-off is less than the increasing investment on improving the reliability .Thus we find out a balance point to make the most economic,between the investment and the loss by calculating the investment on power net and the loss brought from power-off. KEYWARDS：power supply and distribution,power distribution reliability，reactive compensation,load distribution
1，PERMANENTLY MARK PART NUMBER(ALL METHODS ACCEPTABLE)IN LOCATION SHOWN：SAME AS DWG NO.INCLUDING REV & DATE OF MFG 2，REMOVE ALL BURRS AND BREAK ALL EDGES 3，ALL DIMENSIONS AND TOLERANCES APPLY AFTER FINISHING(IF REQUIRED) 4，COSMETIC INSPECTION CLASS IIA-EXTERNAL COMPONENT 5，MATERIAL：LAMINATED 1/2" CORIAN；COLOR SPECIFIED IN PURCHASE ORDER 6，FINISH：LAMINATION TO APPEAR SEAMLESS;NO PITTS OR LINES POST MACHINING：CLEAN & FURTHER SPECIFICATION IN PO 7，POLISHING：IF SPECIFIED IN PO；TOP，SIDES，CHAMFER & 1/2" FROM EDGE ON BASE SURFACE 8，ARTWORK：IF SPECIFIED IN PO；TO BE READ FROM ELLIPTICAL PROFILE 9，PART TO BE MANUFACTURED REFERENCING DWG AND 3D GEOMETRY SUPPLIED 2，1.如图所示的位置上加上耐久的产品编号标记,就是图纸编号包括图纸版本号及生产日期. 2.除去所有毛刺及所有边倒角. 3.(如必要的话)产品表面处理后,所有的尺寸及公差要符合要求. 4.外观检测等级为【信息工业协会[美]-外观件】 5.产品材料:1/2 英寸厚的"可丽耐"薄板, 颜色在采购单内注明. 6.表面要求:层压后无结合线,无凹坑或凸凹线状, 后处理: 洁净及详细请看采购单说明. 7.表面抛光: 如果在采购单中有说明则按其要求做,否则顶部,侧面,倒角斜面及底边上来1/2英寸处要抛光. 8.美工; 如果在采购单中有说明则按其要求做,否则从椭圆形中来读取(这一点要能与你们专业有关,我就不是很清楚, 要看产品图才知) 9.产品加工请参照提供的工程图及三维立体图. Assembly line 组装线 Layout 布置图 Conveyer 流水线物料板 Rivet table 拉钉机 Rivet gun 拉钉枪 Screw driver 起子 Electric screw driver 电动起子 Pneumatic screw driver 气动起子 worktable 工作桌 OOBA 开箱检查 fit together 组装在一起 fasten 锁紧(螺丝) fixture 夹具(治具) pallet 栈板
Foundation of PLC 1. The central processing unit Although referred to as the brain of the system, the Central Processing Unit in a normal installation is the unsung hero, buried in a control cabinet, all but forgotten. 2. Basic Functionality In a programmable controller system, the central processing unit(CPU) provides both the heart and the brain required for successful and timely control execution. It rapidly and efficiently scans all of the system inputs, examines and solves the application logic, and updates all of the system outputs. In addition, it also gives itself a checkup each scan to ensure that its structure is still intact. In this chapter we will examine the central processing unit as it relates to the entire system. Included will be the various functional blocks in the CPU, typical scan techniques, I/O interface and memory users, power supplies, and system diagnostics. 3. Typical Function Block Interactions In practice, the central processing unit can vary in its architecture, but consists of the basic building block structure illustrated in Fig.1.1.The processing section consists of one or more microprocessors and their associated circuitry. While it is true that some of the luxury of using microprocessors, most modern systems use either a single microprocessors such as the AMD 2903, usedin a bit slice architecture. This multiple microprocessor system to break the control system tasks into many small components which can be executed in parallel. The result of this approach is to achieve execution speeds that are orders of magnitude faster than their single-tasking counterparts. In addition to efficiently processing direct I/O control information and being programmable, the real advantage that microprocessor-based system have over their hardwired relay counterparts is the ability to acquire and manipulate numerical data easily. It is this attribute that makes programmable controllers the powerhouses that they are today in solving tough factory automation problems. The factory of tomorrow will run efficiently only if quality information about process needs and status of the process equipment are known on a realtimes basis. This can and will come about only if the unit level controllers, including programmable controllers, are empowered with the ability to collect, analyze, concentrate, and deliver data about the process. As the
一．电气名词Electric items 二．线路（母线、回路）Lines (Bus , circuits) 三．设备Equipments 四．保护、继电器Protection , relays 五．电气仪表Electric instruments 六．防雷Lightning protection 七．接地Grounding , earthing 八．室、所Room , Substation 九．电修车间设备Equipments of electric repair 十．材料Material 十一．图名Drawings , diagrams 十二．表头Tables 十三．标准图词汇Terms from standard DWG 一．电气名词Electric items 交（直）流Alternating (direct) current 短路电流Short-circuit current 起始次暂态短路电流Initial subtransient short-circuit current 冲击电流Impulse current 稳态短路电流Steady state short-circuit current 临界电流Critical current 切断电流Rupturing current 熔断电流Blow-out current 故障电流Fault current 计算电流Calculating current 极限有限电流Limit effective current 过电流Over current 逆电流Inverse current 整定电流Setting current 额定电流Rated current 电流密度Current density 短路电流最大有效值Maximum effective value of short-circuit current 高压High-voltage , High-tension 低压Low-voltage , Low-tension 计算电压Calculating voltage 激磁电压Exciting voltage 冲击电压Impulse voltage 临界电压Critical voltage
建筑电气 电气工程设计包括两个主要的设计方面。主要是一部分的电能的转换及分配和电力的供配、照明系统、防雷接地系统。一般来说,建筑主要的变化包括:高压和低压配电系统、变压器、备用电源系统。电力系统包括配电和控制，室内和室外照明系统包括所有类型的照明，防雷系统包括入侵波防护、闪电传感器、接地、等电位连接和局部等电位连接等。辅助等电位连接等。在短短的20年里,系统在技术和产品的面貌发生了翻天覆地的变化。许多的设计理念也发生了巨大的变化。开关设备如高压系统的第一个断路器油断路器，后来油断路器的逐步发展,不仅规模大,但是一般都包含油物质。由于开关设备尺寸较大,我们还必须建立独立的设备房间,占据了大量的建筑面积。现在真空断路器和六氟化硫断路器,不仅体积小,而且短路容量大，外壳尺寸远小于原来的橱柜，并且断路器没有任何油,防火性能大大提高。而且断路器和其他低压设备在一个房间里,这样即节省空间又方便管理。过去大容量的低压断路器,短路电流容量逐渐变大,规模也逐渐变小,而且更加稳定,使系统运行更加安全可靠,为设计带来了方便。向着智能化低压断路器方向发展,断路器各种参数可以通过总线工业控制,信号直接传输到计算机。 干式变压器的出现,对建筑电气设计带来了极大的方便,因为没有变压器油泄漏和火灾的可能性,以便它可以很容易地安装在建筑本身,甚至直接到负荷中心。它还消除变压器对油的需求限制,构建大容量设备时可以使用干式变压器。在实际工程设计中曾应用四个台湾2500kVA干式变压器。 在使用紧急发电机方面,从性能和尺寸的角度来看,比过去进步很多。除了使用柴油发电机；应急照明使用EPS备用电源；中断供电在一个毫秒以内的设备,可以使用UPS。 电力设备的控制从单一元件的控制到控制继电器控制变化。除了更好的性能的各种组件的规模较小,也降低控制箱的规模。由于数字技术更多的运用于控制能达到最佳的控制状态来控制设备。进一步提高了节能的效果。 照明系统从过去单一光源、灯具和低效率的状态向更广泛的前景发展。建筑中使用的光源可供选择的品种数量很多。光的发光效率和色调在向着高效的方向发展,灯具不断地改进其效率和不同形式的灯具运用于不同场合。例如,普通的荧光灯镇流器由普通的镇流器向节能型镇流器方向发展。还对谐波组件的大小进行精简,生产低谐波电子镇流器。许多措施如配件和灯具的使用,可以满足设计要求,同时能实现不同的体系结构、照明要求的各种场所。无论照明和室内装饰照明还是道路照明和户外庭院建筑的光照明,所有的都展示了照明技术的发展和建筑照明的好处与便利。
近几年，我厂和英国、西班牙的几个公司有业务往来，外商传真发来的图纸都是英文标注，平时阅看有一定的困难。下面把我们积累的几点看英文图纸的经验与同行们交流。 1标题栏 英文工程图纸的右下边是标题栏（相当于我们的标题栏和部分技术要求），其中有图纸名称（TILE）、设计者（DRAWN）、审查者（CHECKED）、材料（MATERIAL）、日期（DATE）、比例（SCALE）、热处理（HEAT TREATMENT）和其它一些要求，如： 1)TOLERANCES UNLESS OTHERWISE SPECIFIAL 未注公差。 2)DIMS IN mm UNLESS STATED 如不做特殊要求以毫米为单位。 3)ANGULAR TOLERANCE±1°角度公差±1°。 4)DIMS TOLERANCE±0.1未注尺寸公差±0.1。 5)SURFACE FINISH 3.2 UNLESS STATED未注粗糙度3.2。 2常见尺寸的标注及要求 2.1孔（HOLE）如： （1）毛坯孔：3"DIAO+1CORE 芯子3"0+1; （2）加工孔：1"DIA1"; （3）锪孔：锪孔(注C＇BORE=COUNTER BORE锪底面孔); （4）铰孔：1"/4 DIA REAM铰孔1"/4; （5）螺纹孔的标注一般要表示出螺纹的直径，每英寸牙数（螺矩）、螺纹种类、精度等级、钻深、攻深，方向等。如： 例1.6 HOLES EQUI-SPACED ON 5"DIA (6孔均布在5圆周上（EQUI-SPACED=EQUALLY SPACED均布） DRILL 1"DIATHRO＇ 钻1"通孔（THRO＇=THROUGH通） C/SINK22×6DEEP 沉孔22×6 例2.TAP7"/8-14UNF-3BTHRO＇ 攻统一标准细牙螺纹，每英寸14牙，精度等级3B级 （注UNF=UNIFIED FINE THREAD美国标准细牙螺纹） 1"DRILL 1"/4-20 UNC-3 THD7"/8 DEEP 4HOLES NOT BREAK THRO钻 1"孔，攻1"/4美国粗牙螺纹，每英寸20牙，攻深7"/8,4孔不准钻通（UNC=UCIFIED COARSE THREAD 美国标准粗牙螺纹）
实用资料：电气工程专业课(电力类)翻译参考 专业外语：Professional English 电路（上） electrical circuit (I) 电路（下） electrical circuit (II) 金工实习 machinery practice 电机（上） electrical machinery (I) 电工实验与测试 electrical experiment & test 电子综合实践 integrated electronic practice 信号与系统 signal & system 电子技术基础（模拟） fundamentals of electronic (analog) 电磁场electromagnetic field 电子技术实验 electronic experiment(I) 电子辅助设计EDA Electronic Design Automatic(I) 发电厂动力工程基础 Heat power engineering in generating plant 企业管理 enterprise management 电气主系统electrical system principle 电力系统稳态/暂态分析 Steady-State/ Transient-State Analysis of Power System 电力系统继电保护 Power System Relaying Protection 电力系统潮流计算机分析：Computer Analysis of Power Flow 数字电子技术 Digital Electrical Technique 微机原理 microcomputer principle 电子技术基础（数字） fundamentals of electronic (digital) 自动控制 automatic control theory 电力系统分析 electric power system analysis 电子技术基础实验electronic experiment(II) 电气主系统课程设计 electrical system principle-course design 电子辅助设计EDA Electronic Design Automatic(II) 通信与计算机网络 communication & computer networks 电力系统继电保护 electric power system relaying 电力系统继电保护 Power System Protective Relaying 电力系统远动技术electric power system remote protocol 生产实习productive practice Technology 继电保护课程设计 electric power system relaying-course design 电力电子技术 power electronics 电力电子技术基础：Fundamentals of Electronics Power Technology 电力电子课程设计 Power electronics course design 电力系统自动控制 electric power system control & automation 高电压技术 High voltage engineering Technology 变电站自动化 substation automation 电力经济 electric power system economics 电能质量控制 electric power quality control 配电网自动化 distribution system automation 电力系统新技术 new techniques on electric power system
一．电气名词 Electric items 二．线路（母线、回路）Lines (Bus , circuits) 三．设备 Equipments 四．保护、继电器 Protection , relays 五．电气仪表 Electric instruments 六．防雷 Lightning protection 七．接地 Grounding , earthing 八．室、所 Room , Substation 九．电修车间设备 Equipments of electric repair 十．材料 Material 十一．图名 Drawings , diagrams 十二．表头 Tables 十三．标准图词汇 Terms from standard DWG 一．电气名词 Electric items 交（直）流 Alternating (direct) current 短路电流 Short-circuit current 起始次暂态短路电流 Initial subtransient short-circuit current 冲击电流 Impulse current 稳态短路电流 Steady state short-circuit current 临界电流 Critical current 切断电流 Rupturing current 熔断电流 Blow-out current 故障电流 Fault current 计算电流 Calculating current 极限有限电流 Limit effective current 过电流 Over current 逆电流 Inverse current 整定电流 Setting current 额定电流 Rated current 电流密度 Current density 短路电流最大有效值 Maximum effective value of short-circuit current 高压 High-voltage , High-tension 低压 Low-voltage , Low-tension 计算电压 Calculating voltage 激磁电压 Exciting voltage 冲击电压 Impulse voltage 临界电压 Critical voltage 残留电压 Residual voltage 击穿电压 Puncture voltage 脉动电压 Pulsating voltage 供电电压 Supply voltage 电力电压 Power voltage
电厂蒸汽动力的基础和使用 1.1 为何需要了解蒸汽 对于目前为止最大的发电工业部门来说, 蒸汽动力是最为基础性的。 若没有蒸汽动力, 社会的样子将会变得和现在大为不同。我们将不得已的去依靠水力发电厂、风车、电池、太阳能蓄电池和燃料电池,这些方法只能为我们平日用电提供很小的一部分。 蒸汽是很重要的,产生和使用蒸汽的安全与效率取决于怎样控制和应用仪表,在术语中通常被简写成C&I(控制和仪表 。此书旨在在发电厂的工程规程和电子学、仪器仪表以 及控制工程之间架设一座桥梁。 作为开篇,我将在本章大体描述由水到蒸汽的形态变化,然后将叙述蒸汽产生和使用的基本原则的概述。这看似简单的课题实际上却极为复杂。这里, 我们有必要做一个概述:这本书不是内容详尽的论文,有的时候甚至会掩盖一些细节, 而这些细节将会使热力学家 和燃烧物理学家都为之一震。但我们应该了解,这本书的目的是为了使控制仪表工程师充 分理解这一课题,从而可以安全的处理实用控制系统设计、运作、维护等方面的问题。1.2沸腾:水到蒸汽的状态变化 当水被加热时,其温度变化能通过某种途径被察觉(例如用温度计 。通过这种方式 得到的热量因为在某时水开始沸腾时其效果可被察觉,因而被称为感热。 然而,我们还需要更深的了解。“沸腾”究竟是什么含义?在深入了解之前,我们必须考虑到物质的三种状态:固态,液态,气态。 (当气体中的原子被电离时所产生的等离子气体经常被认为是物质的第四种状态, 但在实际应用中, 只需考虑以上三种状态固态,
物质由分子通过分子间的吸引力紧紧地靠在一起。当物质吸收热量,分子的能量升级并且 使得分子之间的间隙增大。当越来越多的能量被吸收,这种效果就会加剧,粒子之间相互脱离。这种由固态到液态的状态变化通常被称之为熔化。 当液体吸收了更多的热量时,一些分子获得了足够多的能量而从表面脱离,这个过程 被称为蒸发(凭此洒在地面的水会逐渐的消失在蒸发的过程中,一些分子是在相当低的 温度下脱离的,然而随着温度的上升,分子更加迅速的脱离,并且在某一温度上液体内部 变得非常剧烈,大量的气泡向液体表面升起。在这时我们称液体开始沸腾。这个过程是变为蒸汽的过程,也就是液体处于汽化状态。 让我们试想大量的水装在一个敞开的容器内。液体表面的空气对液体施加了一定的压 力,随着液体温度的上升,便会有足够的能量使得表面的分子挣脱出去,水这时开始改变 自身的状态,变成蒸汽。在此条件下获得更多的热量将不会引起温度上的明显变化。所增 加的能量只是被用来改变液体的状态。它的效用不能用温度计测量出来,但是它仍然发生 着。正因为如此,它被称为是潜在的,而不是可认知的热量。使这一现象发生的温度被称为是沸点。在常温常压下,水的沸点为100摄氏度。 如果液体表面的压力上升, 需要更多的能量才可以使得水变为蒸汽的状态。 换句话说, 必须使得温度更高才可以使它沸腾。总而言之,如果大气压力比正常值升高百分之十,水必须被加热到一百零二度才可以使之沸腾。
电气工程及其自动化专业英语翻译．Electric Power Systems. The modern society depends on the electricity supply more heavily than ever before. It can not be imagined what the world should be if the electricity supply were interrupted all over the world. Electric power systems (or electric energy systems), providing electricity to the modern society, have become indispensable components of the industrial world. The first complete electric power system (comprising a generator, cable, fuse, meter, and loads) was built by Thomas Edison –the historic Pearl Street Station in New York City which began operation in September 1882. This was a DC system consisting of a steam-engine-driven DC generator supplying power to 59 customers within an area roughly 1.5 km in radius. The load, which consisted entirely of incandescent lamps, was supplied at 110 V through an underground cable system.. Within a few years similar systems were in operation in most large cities throughout the world. With the development of motors by Frank Sprague in 1884, motor loads were added
机加工图纸有英语看不懂？不怕！史上最全翻译都在这里了机械图纸英语翻译 ALL WELDS CONTINUOUS UNLESS OTHERWISE STATED 未注焊缝均为连续焊 ALL WELDS 3mm FILLET UNLESS OTHERWISE STATED 未注焊角高3mm. ALL UNSPECIFIED RADI - R3 未注圆角R3 REMOVE ALL BURRS AND SHARP EDGES 棱角倒钝 CHANNEL 槽钢 RSA 708 角钢70X70X8 M30X1.5 pitch M30X1.5的锥螺纹 Tackweld 点焊 OD 1/4" outside dimension 1/4"的缩写外径直1/4"
75 CRS 尺寸为75 材质为冷轧钢板 410 OPENING REF 410 开口参考尺寸 40 REF 尺寸为40,参考值 2.5" BSP 2.5”圆锥管螺纹 2.5" BSPT HEXAGON 2.5”六角圆锥管螺纹(即对丝) 30x2.5 FLAT BAR 30X2.5 扁钢 TYP 2 POSNS 2处 11 TOTAL COILS APROX.9 WORKING COILS APROX.RIGHT HAND WOUND ONLY,END COILS SQUARE TO TOUCH. 总圈数约11圈；工作圈数约9圈；右旋；弹簧的端部磨平以便于接触.(此为弹簧技术说明)
FEMALE: 内扣(母扣) MALE: 外扣(公扣) 偏心轴eccentric shaft 销轴PIN 开口销COTTER PIN 螺杆screw 紧定螺钉SET SCREW 圆螺母ROUND NUT
第八章 第一节燃煤发电厂 在化石燃料电厂中 煤 石油和天然气在炉内燃烧 燃烧产生的热能将水加热并把它转化为蒸汽 蒸汽用来驱动与发电机机械耦合的涡轮机。典型燃煤发电厂的示意图如图8-1所示。将发电厂的运行过程简单描述如下。煤从储煤场取出后送入磨煤机 从磨煤机出来的煤粉与预热过的空气混合后吹入炉内燃烧。包含一套复杂管道和汽包的炉子叫做锅炉 水泵将水送入锅炉 在锅炉内 水的温度上升直到蒸发成蒸汽。蒸汽流向涡轮机 燃烧烟气在送入机械和静电除尘器除去99%的固体颗粒 灰 后派往烟囱。上面描述的以煤粉 空气和水作为输入以蒸汽作为输出的单元可以叫做蒸汽发生单元 锅炉或蒸发器。当考虑燃烧过程时 常用术语“锅炉” 而考虑水—汽循环时 常用“蒸发器”一词。典型压力为3500psi 温度为1050度F的蒸汽通过关断阀门和控制阀门送给汽轮机 蒸汽的热能由汽轮机转化为机械能。从汽轮机出来的乏汽在一个叫做“冷凝器”的热交换器内冷却 然后作为给水再次送回锅炉。控制阀门允许汽轮发电机组通过调节蒸汽流量而改变输出功率。关断阀门起一个保护作用 正常时它是全开的 如果电气输出功率突然降低 由于断路器动作 他可以突然关断以防止汽轮发电机超速 但此时控制阀门不关闭。图8-1所示为“单级”汽轮机 但实际中采用更为复杂的“多级”布置以获得相对高的热效率。图8-2所示为代表性的“多级“布置汽轮机示意图。在这个多级布置中 四个蒸汽压力不同的涡轮机在机械以级联的排列形式连接在一起。在惯常的的流程中 从锅炉 过热器 出来的高压蒸汽进入高压 HP 缸。蒸汽从高压缸出来被送回锅炉的再热器 然后送入中压 IP 缸。蒸汽离开中压缸后 压力很低体积膨胀很大 被送入低压 LP 缸。从低压缸出来的乏汽在冷凝器中被冷却 然后作为锅炉给水用从汽轮机中抽出的蒸汽预热后 通过给水泵送回锅炉。燃煤发电厂的净效率通常低于40% 也就是煤的化学能转化成电能的比例低于40% 。尽管这个数字与大约30%的工业平均值相比具有一定的优越性 但是超过60%的化石燃料能量被转化为废热。