托福雅思长难句练习
1
In order to create a sense of structure to this picture（目的状语）, researchers
have relied on a distinction（主句） that still underlies the forms of much
indigenous visual culture—a distinction between geometric and figurative
elements（定语从句）.
佳句妙译
为了给这个图案创造一种结构感，研究者们依赖于这种仍然是构成许多本土视觉文化形式的基础的区分——这种区分介于几何元素和形象元素之间。
句法精析
这句话是主从复合句，整个句子的结构是主句+定语从句，如下：
主句：researchers have relied on a distinction
定语从句：that still underlies the forms of much indigenous visual culture
破折号后面a distinction between geometric and figurative elements是对前面的distinction的进一步解释说明。
词汇拓展
distinction [dɪ'stɪŋkʃn] n. 区分；对比；荣誉
【例】These are the highest distinctions that have ever been given by our
government. 这些是我国政府迄今授予的最高荣誉称号。
【派】distinctive（adj. 独特的，有特色的，与众不同的）
【同】differentiation, separation
indigenous [ɪn'dɪdʒənəs] adj. 土生土长的；本地的；天生的
【例】Indians were the indigenous inhabitants of America. 印第安人是美洲的土著居民。
【同】native, original
geometric [ˌdʒi:ə'metrɪk] adj. 几何（学）的；几何学图形的
【例】The cube is a solid geometric figure. 立方体是一个牢固的几何图形。
【派】geometrically（adv. 成几何级数地；成几何图形地）
figurative ['fɪɡərətɪv] adj. 造型的，形象的；比喻的，象征的
【例】The word here is used in its figurative sense. 此词在这儿取的是它的比喻意义。
【派】figurativeness（n. 形象性）
【同】metaphorical 短语搭配
rely on依靠；信赖
【例】Now that you are grown up, you should not rely on your parents. 既然你长大了，就不应该依靠你的父母。
2
The frequency（主句） with which certain simple motifs appear in these oldest
sites（定语从句1） has led rock-art researchers to adopt a descriptive term—the Panaramitee style—a label which takes its name from the extensive rock
pavements atPanaramitee North in desert South Australia（定语从句2）, which
are covered with motifs pecked into the surface（定语从句3）.
佳句妙译
几个简单图案在这些最古老的遗址上出现的频率使得岩石艺术研究人员采用了一种描述性的术语——Panaramitee风格——取名于澳大利亚南部沙漠Panaramitee North的广泛岩石路，这些岩石路表面都刻有这些图案。
句法精析
这句话是主从复合句，整个句子的结构是主句+定语从句1+定语从句2+定语从句3，如下：
主句：The frequency...has led rock-art researchers to adopt a descriptive term
定语从句1：with which certain simple motifs appear in these oldest sites
定语从句2：which takes its name from the extensive rock pavements at
Panaramitee North in desert South Australia
定语从句3：which are covered with motifs pecked into the surface
定语从句1是对the frequency的修饰限定；定语从句2是对a label的修饰限定；定语从句3是对前面的rock pavements的进一步解释说明。
词汇拓展
frequency ['fri:kwənsi] n. 频率；频繁
【例】Accidents on that highway are happening with increasing frequency. 那条高速公路上车祸发生得越来越频繁。
【派】frequent（adj. 频繁的；经常的）
【同】repetition
motif [moʊ'ti:f] n. 装饰图案；主题
【例】The jacket has a rose motif on the collar. 这件夹克衫领子上有一朵玫瑰花的图案。 【同】theme, design
extensive [ɪk'stensɪv] adj. 广泛的；广阔的
【例】The teacher had both extensive knowledge and profound scholarship. 这位老师的学问博大精深。
【派】extensively（adv. 广泛地；大规模地）
【同】broad, huge
短语搭配
take one's name from 从…取名
【例】The machine takes its name from its inventor. 这机器的名字来自其发明者。
3
Certain features of these engravings lead to the conclusion（并列主句1） that
they are of great age（同位语从句1） — geological changes had clearly
happened after the designs had been made and local Aboriginal informants（同位语从句2）, when first questioned about them（时间状语）, seemed to know
nothing of their origins（并列主句2）.
佳句妙译
这些雕刻品的某些特点让人们得出一个结论，即它们来自于久远的年代——地质变化明显是在这些图案的设计之后发生的，而且当地土著民中的研究资料提供者第一次被问到这个问题时，好像对它们的来源一无所知。
句法精析
这句话是并列复合句，整个句子的结构是并列主句1+同位语从句1+同位语从句2+并列主句2，如下：
并列主句1：Certain features of these engravings lead to the conclusion
同位语从句1：that they are of great age
同位语从句2：geological changes had clearly happened after the designs had
been made
并列主句2：local Aboriginal informants seemed to know nothing of their origins
时间状语when first questioned about them嵌套在第二个并列句中，对本句进一步解释说明。
词汇拓展
engraving [ɪn'ɡreɪvɪŋ] n. 雕刻，雕刻品；版面
【例】Go look in my office, you should find an engraving of a pentagram there. 到我的办公室去看，你能找到一个五角星形的雕刻品。
【派】engrave（v. 雕刻；刻上）
【同】etching, depiction
informant [ɪn'fɔ:rmənt] n. 为语言研究提供资料的人
【例】Could you be my language informant for Dutch? 你愿意为我作荷兰语的资料提供人吗？
【派】informative（adj. 提供消息的；情报的）
【同】informer, communicant
origin ['ɔ:rɪdʒɪn] n. 起源；出身
【例】This is the true story of the weeds: the origin of the species. 这是一个关于野草的真实故事：关于它们的物种起源。
【派】original（adj. 原始的，最初的）
【同】root, source
短语搭配
lead to导致，引起
【例】The government's present course will only lead to disaster. 政府的现行方针只能导致灾难。
4
Lesley Maynard, the archaeologist（主句） who coined the phrase “Panaramitee
style,”（定语从句1） suggested that a sequence could be determined for
Australian rock art（宾语从句）, in which a geometric style gave way to a simple
figurative style (outlines of figures and animals), followed by a range of complex
figurative styles（定语从句2） that, unlike the pan-Australian geometric tradition,
tended to much greater regional diversity（定语从句3）.
佳句妙译
考古学家Lesley Maynard杜撰了新词“Panaramitee 风格”，认为可以为澳大利亚岩石艺术确定一个年代顺序，在这个顺序中一种几何风格让步于简单的形象风格（人物和动物的轮廓），之后是一系列复杂的形象风格，这种风格不像泛澳大利亚的几何传统，而是倾向于有着更大的地区差异性。
句法精析
这句话是主从复合句，整个句子的结构是主句+宾语从句，如下：
主句：Lesley Maynard...suggested
宾语从句：that a sequence could be determined for Australian rock art
