第九讲动词的时态
考点一一般现在时
一、一般现在时的构成
一般现在时主要用动词原形表示，如果主语是第三人称单数则用动词的第三人称单数形式。
二、一般现在时的用法
1．表示经常性或习惯性的动作或存在的状态。
Eg. I usually get up at in the morning.我通常早上六点起床。
Mary goes to the movies three times a month. 玛丽一个月看三次电影。
2. 表示客观真理，科学事实或名言警句。
Eg. The earth goes around the sun. 地球绕着太阳转。
3. 用在时间、条件状语从句中。主句用一般将来时，从句用一般现在时表将来。
Eg.I’ll have a good timeif go to the party.（条件状语从句）
主句从句
I will call youas soon as I arrive in London. （时间状语从句）
主句从句
4. 在某些以here, there 开头的句子中用一般现在时表示正在发生的动作。
Eg. There goes the bell. 铃响了。
三、与一般现在时连用的时间状语。
1. 表示频率的副词：always, sometimes, usually, often等。
2. on Monday, on Saturday evening, in the morning, every day, every week等时间状语。
3. once a week , twice a month, three times a year等表示频率的词组。
四、基本结构
Eg. Tom is a student. 否：Tom isn’t a student.
疑：Is Tom a student?
Mary likes English. 否：Mary doesn’t like English.
疑:Does Mary like English?
I go to school by bike. 否：I don’t go to school by bike.
疑：Do you go to school by bike?
[注意]在变疑问句时，第一人称I，we 要变为第二人称。
考点二一般过去时
一、一般过去时的构成
一般过去时用动词的过去式表示。
二、一般过去时的用法
1．表示过去某个时间或某一段时间内发生的动作或存在的状态。Eg. He visited his grandparents last week. 上周他去看望他的祖父母了。
2. 表示过去经常与反复发生的动作，常和often，always等频率副词连用。
Eg. He always wet to work by bus last year. 去年他总是坐公交车去上班。
[注意] 表示过去经常发生的动作，也可以用used to +动词原形。Eg. The river used to be clean, but now it’s full of rubbish. 这条小河过去非常干净，但现在小河里满是垃圾。
三、与一般过去时连用的时间状语
Yesterday, last week, the day before yesterday, three days ago, in 1990, just now, at the age of ……等。
Eg. At the age of ten ,she began to learn to play the piano. 十岁的时候，她开始学弹钢琴。
四、基本结构
Eg. She was at home yesterday.否：She was not at home yesterday.疑：Was she at home yesterday?
He worked in a hospital last year. 否：He didn’t work in a hospital last year. 疑：Did he work in a hospital last year?
[典型1]Mary the door and put down her school things.
A. opens
B. opened
C. has opened
D.is opening
解析：句意：玛丽打开门，然后放下了她的学习用品。“and”连接并列结构，它前后分句的时态应一致。“put down ”为一般过去时态，故前一分句也应用一般过去时态，故B项正确。
[典例2] The teacher is already standing here. Do you know when she ? A. comes B. came C. is coming D. was coming
解析：句意：老师已经站在这儿了。你知道她是什么时候来的吗？由句意可知“老师”是过去的动作，应用一般过去时态，故B项正确。考点三一般将来时
一、一般将来时的构成
一般将来时用“will（shall 用于第一人称）+动词原形”或“be going to +动词原形”来表示。Will 没有人称和数的变化，而be 要跟主语保持一致。
二、一般将来时的用法
1. 表示将来要发生的动作或存在的状态，其结构常用“will+动词原形”。Eg. They will go to Beijing next week. 他们下周将要去北京。
2．“be going to +动词原形”表示计划，打算做某事；或有某种迹象表明要发生的事。（注：be要跟主语保持一致）
Eg. I am going to listen to a lecture. 我计划听一个讲座。
Look at the dark clouds. There is going to be a storm.
看那乌云。暴风雨就要来临了。
3．表示唯一的动词如：go、come、leave、start、arrive等用现在进行时表示即将要发生的事情。[注：此用法极易被忽略，且要注意句
子的翻译。]
Eg：The train is coming. 火车就要来了。
4. 在以if、as soon as、unless等引导的时间或条件状语从句中，从句一般现在时表将来，主句用一般将来时态。
I will go to the park if it doesn’t rain tomorrow. 如果明天不下雨的话我将要去公园。
三、与一般将来时连用的时间状语
tomorrow、the day after tomorrow、next month、soon、in 10 minutes、in2050等。
Eg：What will the word be like in 100 years？100年后世界将会怎么样？
四、基本结构
Eg：He is going to play tennis with Tom tomorrow.
否：He isn’t going to play tennis with Tom tomorrow.
疑：Is he going to play tennis with Tom tomorrow?
They will climb the mountains next week.
否：They won’t climb the mountains next week.
疑：Will they climb the mountains next week？
[拓展] There be 句型的一般将来时态
结构：There will be ……和There is\are going to be ……
Eg：There wiil be a football match next week.
[典例]：Mr.Green , a famous writer, our school next week.
A.visited
B. visits
C. was visiting
D. will visit
解析：根据时间状语next week （下周），可知应用一般将来时态，故D项正确。
考点四现在进行时
一、现在进行时的构成
现在进行时由“am\is\are+动词的现在分词”构成。
二、现在进行时的用法
1.表示现在（说话瞬间）正在进行或发生的动作。
Eg：He is watching TV now.他正在看电视。
2.表示当前一段时间内的活动或现阶段正在进行的动作或持续的状
态。
Eg: We are working on a farm these days. 这些天我们在一个农场工作。
They are studying hard this term. 他们这学期学习一直很努力。3.有些动词如表示感觉的感觉动词（如see、hear、notice等）和表
示态度、情感、心理状态的词（如like、want、hope、know、agree、believe等）没有进行时。
Eg：Do you hear the noise of the plane? 你听见飞机的声音了吗？
I like history very much. 我非常喜欢历史。
三、与现在进行时连用的时间状语
now、these days；或暗示词“Look！”、“Listen！”、“can you hear”. Eg: Look! The twins are helping their mother do the housework.
看！那对双胞胎正在帮他们的妈妈做家务。
Listen! The birds are singing in the tree. 听！鸟儿们正在树上唱歌。[注] always用于现在进行时，表示强烈的感情色彩。例：He is always telling lies.
四、基本结构
Eg：They are working. 否：They are not working.
疑: Are they working?
[典例] Where is your father?
—He the World Cup in the living room.
A. is watching
B. watches
C. watched
D. will watch 解析：句意：—你爸爸在哪里？—他正在客厅看世界杯。答语是说明此时正在做什么，故答案为A。
考点五过去进行时
一、过去进行时的构成
过去进行时由“was\were+动词的现在分词”构成。
二、过去进行时的用法
1.表示过去某一时刻或某一时间段正在进行的动作。
Eg: What were you doing at eight last night? 昨晚八点你在干什么？2. 过去进行时常和always等频度副词连用，表示过去频繁发生的习惯性动作，此时的过去进行时带有一定的感情色彩。
Eg: Alice was always changing her mind. 爱丽斯总是改变主意。
3.用在含有when或while 引导的时间状语从句的复合句中。
Eg: What was he doing when the rainstorm came? 暴风雨来临的时候他在干什么？
What was Jenny doing while Linda was sleeping? 琳达睡觉的时候珍妮在做什么？
三、与过去进行时连用的时间状语
at this time yesterday、at that time、at eight last night，以及when、while引导的时间状语从句。
Eg：I was doing my homework at the time. 那时我正在做作业。
[注意]（1）以when引导的时间状语从句中，从句动作用一般过去时，主句用过去进行时，表示一个动作发生时，另一个动作正在进行。（2）以while引导的时间状语从句中，从句与主句的动作在过去的某一时刻进行，while常译为“当……的时候，同时”。
四、基本结构
Eg: They were cleaning the classroom at this time yesterday.
否：They were not cleaning the classroom at time yesterday.
疑：Were they cleaning the classroom at this time yesterday?
[典例] Little Tom computer games when his mother got home.
A.Is playing
B. plays
C. was playing
D. played
解析：句意：小汤姆的妈妈回家时，他正在玩电脑游戏。由句意可知应用过去进行时，故C项正确。
考点六现在完成时
一、现在完成时的构成
现在完成时的基本结构：助动词have\has+动词的过去分词
二、现在完成时的用法
1．表示过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在在成的影响或结果。
Eg: Have you had your lunch yet?
—Yes, I have. I’ve just had it. (我现在不饿了。)
2. 某些动词的现在完成时可以表示过去某一时间开始并一直持续到现在，且有可能继续下去的动作或状态，常和表示一半时间的状语连用。表示持续动作或状态的动词多是延续性动词。
Eg: I’ve been at this school for over two years. 我在这个学校两年多了。How long have you worked in this factory? 你在工厂上班多久了？
[注意]常见短暂性动词及与之对应的延续性动词
become be ; borrow keep; buy have;
begin be on; die be dead ; come\arrive be in;
leave be away; close be closed; open be open;
join be in/be a member of; fall asleep be asleep;
marry be married; fall ill be ill
[注意]如果要与表示一段时间的时间状语连用，要将短暂性动词转化为延续性动词。
Eg. The film began ten minutes ago. 电影10分钟就开演了。
The film has been on for ten minutes.
三、与现在完成时连用的时间状语
already、just、yet、before、so far、in the past ten years、for three days、since 1998、since+从句（从句常用一般过去时态）
[注] so far 有时不是固定短语，而是用so来修饰far，意为“如此远”。Eg：I have already seen the film. 我已经看过这部电影了。
Have you decided yet? 你已经决定了吗？
I haven’t this novel yet. 我还没有度过这本小说。
[注意] already，常用于肯定句中，意为“已经”；yet用于一般疑问句或否定句句末。在一般疑问句中意为“已经”，在否定句中意为“还”。
I have learned English for ten years(since ten years ago). 自从10年前我就学英语了。
He has lived here since he was born. 自从出生以来他就住在这儿。
[注意] 表示动作或状态在过去已开始，持续到现在，也许还要持续下去时，常和for和since连用。
四、现在完成时基本结构
Eg: Tom has already watched the TV play. 汤姆已经看过这部电视剧了。否：Tom hasn’t watched the TV play yet.
疑：Has Tom watched the TV play yet.
五、注意：have been to、have gone to、have been in 的区别。（注：三组词的区别是现在完成时的常考点。）
have been to…去过某地（说话时已回来），后可接次数once、twice 表示去过几次。
have gone to…去了某地（或去的途中，或已到达，说话时还没回来）。have been in…在某地呆了多久。常与时间段状语连用。
Eg: My father has been to Beijing twice。我父亲去过北京两次。
Mr.Wang isn’t here. He has gone to Qingdao。王先生不在这。他去青岛了。
六、现在完成时和一般过去时的区别
1.现在完成时不能和具体的表示过去的时间状语连用，例如：yesterday、last night、three week ago、in 1990等。而一般去过时常和上述表示过去的时间状语连用。
2.一般过去时强调动作发生的时间；现在完成时表示过去发生的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果。
3.一般过去时表示过去某一时间发生的动作或存在的状态；现在完成时除强调对现在造成的影响或结果外，还可以表示持续到现在或有可能继续持续下去的动作或状态。
Eg: He lived here in 1992. 1992年他住在这里。（不涉及他现在是否还住在这里）
He has lied here since 1992。1992年以来他一直住在这里。（他现在还住在这里）
I last my pen. 我把钢笔丢了。（过去某时丢的，现在还没找到）
I have last my pen。我把钢笔丢了。（过去某时丢的，现在还没找到）[典例1] you ever the new Minyuan Stadium?
A.Do; visit
B. Have; visited
C. Did; visit
D. Are; visiting
解析：根据时间标志“ever，曾经”和答语“No，I haven’t”可以判断出应使用现在完成时，故B项正确。
[典例2]A number of tourists Yangzhou many times, because it is such a beautiful city.
A.Have been to
B. has been to
C. has gone to
D. have gone to 解析：许多游客去过扬州很多次，因为他是一个如此美丽的城市。have
been to…去过某地，后接次数，表示去过几次；have gone to 去了某地，说话时还没回来。根据句意，由主语“A number of tourists”一群游客和“many times”许多次，可知应填have been to，故A项正确。
[典例3]I my hometown for a long time. I really miss it.
A.left
B. went away from
C. have left
D. have been away from
解析：句意：我离开故乡已经很长时间了。我真的很想念它。句中时间状语“far a long time”是现在完成时的时间标志，故应使用现在完成时，表示持续的动作或状态时，谓语动词应用持续性动词。leave 是非延续性动词，应转化为延续性动词be away，故D项正确。
考点七过去完成时
一、过去完成时的构成
过去完成时“had+动词过去分词”构成。
二、过去完成时的用法
1.过去完成时表示过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成的动作或状态，即表示动作发生的时间是“过去的过去”。常与“by\before+过去的时间”构成的短语连用，也常用于when引导的时间状语从句中。
Eg: By the time I got up, my brother had already gotten in the shower.在我起床以前，我的弟弟已经在洗澡了。
The meeting had been on for ten minutes when I got there. 当我到那时，会议已经开始十分钟了。
2.用于宾语从句中，从句表示在主句以前发生的动作。
Eg: He said that he had lived in the house for ten years. 他说他在这房子里住了十年了。
三、过去完成时的基本结构
Eg: The movie had started before I arrived at the cinema.
否：The movie hadn’t started before I arrived at the cinema.
疑：Had the movie started before you arrived at the cinema?
考点八过去将来时
一、过去将来时的构成
过去将来时由“would+动词原形”或“was\were going to+动词原形”构成。
二、过去将来时的用法
1.表示从过去某一时间看将来要发生的动作或存在的状态，常用于主句是一般过去时的宾语从句中。
Eg: He said that he would wait for me at the gate. 他说他将在大门口等我。
[注意]在由if引导的条件状语从句中，主句是过去将来时，if从句只能用一般过去时代替将来时。
Eg: We would stay at home if it rained.如果下雨的话我们就呆在家里。
2.表示曾经打算或准备要做的动作，用“was\were going to+动词原形”。
Eg: I thought it was going to rain soon. 我想很快就要下雨了。
三．过去将来时的基本结构
[典例1]There a basketball game between Class 8 and Class 12 tomorrow.
A.is
B. has
C. will be
D. has got
解析：本题考查there be…结构的一般将来时。根据时间标志tomorrow可知应用一般将来时态，故C 项正确。
[典例2]I’d like to introduce my best friend to you ,Peter?
—Thanks you, Nancy. But we already.
A.meet
B. met
C. will meet
D. have met
解析：根据答语“但是我们已经见过面了”和时间标志already，可知应使用现在完成时，故B项正确。
[典例3]I can’t go on a trip with you because I my leg.
A.will break
B. broke
C. break
D. have broken
解析：句意：我不能很你去旅行了，因为我的腿断了。本题强调“腿断了”对现在造成的影响“不能和你一起去旅行”，故应用现在完成时，故D 项正确。
[典例4]I know Jenny has gone to Beijing. Can you tell me when she? A.is leaving B. left C. had left D. has left
解析：句意：我知道Jenny已经去了北京了。你能告诉我她是什么时间离开的吗？根据前一句Jenny已去了北京，所以她离开应是过去的时间，故应使用一般过去时态，故B 项正确。
[典例5]What were you doing this time yesterday?
—I on the grass and drawing a picture.
A.sit
B. sat
C. am sitting
D. was sitting
解析：“this time yesterday”为过去进行时的时间标志，故应用过去进行时做答语，故D项正确。
[典例6]What do you often do at weekends?
—I often my grandparents.
A.visit
B. visited
C. have visited
D. will visit
解析：句意：你周末经常做什么？—我经常去看望我的祖父母。问句是询问一般性、习惯性的动作，所以用一般现在时，故A项正确。
L6U n i t1-1L i s t e n i n g事故和身体恢复 Harry Beecham works for a hi-tech German company based in the Munich. Last month, he was in an automobile accident. He was on his way to attend an important meeting in New York City. He had just arrived on a flight from London and was taking a taxi into the city. The weather was terrible and the road was icy. He was in a hurry so he asked the taxi driver to get him into the city as soon as possible. The taxi driver agreed and sped up but just as they left the airport, the car was out of control. It spun around and skidded into(滑入) the path of an oncoming truck. Fortunately, the truck was going too fast, so nobody was killed. But the taxi was severely damaged and both passengers were injured. The taxi driver survived with only a few injured because he was wearing a seatbelt. The car accident wouldn’t have been happened had the weather been better. Had he put on his seatbelt, he might not have been injured so badly. Had the weather been better, the accident wouldn’t have been happened. The taxi airbag had also been deployed(使展开), absorbing much of the impact. However, Harry, who was in the back seat, having put on his seatbelt. As a result, he was severely injured, and had to be rushed to the hospital. Now, a month later, Harry still can’t remember much of what happened. When he first woke up in the hospital, it was several hours after the accident and he wasn’t sure where he was. The bad news was that he couldn’t move his legs. This was because his back had been broken in the accident. The doctor later told him that he might never regain the use of his legs. Some of his nerves in his spine(脊柱) and legs had been damaged but everything else was OK. Now, Harry is trying to figure out what to do. If he works hard and exercises every day, there will still a chance that he legs will recover on their own. There are also some new treatments that might help his nerve regenerate. Still, he should be prepared for the long recovery and possibility that he might never walk again. Without the use of his legs, he wouldn’t be able to continue working in the same way. it wouldn’t be possible to travel, so he would have to find another way to attend the meeting. Either that or he would have to look for another way to make a living. Harry has a good disability insurance, so mon ey won’t be problem for a while. But sooner or later, he wants to be able to earns a living again. Of course he isn’t planning to give up on his legs. If he works hard, he might still be able to regain the use and learn to walk again. Some of his nerves had been damaged but there was a chance that they were healed. The new drugs being developed might make it possible for the nerves to grow back. Still, he has to face the possibility that nothing will work. Whatever happens, Harry is determined to think posi tively. Even he can’t walk, he can still attend the meeting all over the world. With technology, he could be anywhere and there is much that he can still do. Luckily, he still has to use his arms and hands and his brain is still functioning. With the right attitude, he can find a way forward. There is no reason to despair in or feeling sorry for oneself. That kind of think won’t solve anything. He just hopes that his company or another will get him a chance to prove himself. He could still be a valuable asset for them, come or make. Spun around使…旋转( spin的过去式和过去分词) L6 Unit 1-1 Dialogue 衣着和礼仪 Hey, what do you think? do you like it? No, it’s too short. We can’t wear that to the office. If you do, nobody will be able to concentrate.
一．修辞手法 1.Simile 明喻 Eg. O my love's like a red,red rose. That man can not be trusted.He is as slippery as an eel 黄鳝 She likes an apple in her eyes. 2.Metaphor暗喻 Eg. The picture of those poor people's lives was carved so sharply in his heart that he could never forget it. There was a medieval magnificence about the big dining hall. The street faded into a country road with straggling houses by it. There was a few lordly poplars before the house. All his former joy was drowned in the embarrassment and confusion he was feeling at the moment. Independent would not be a trial seperation,but would be a painful divorce. 3.Personification 拟人 Eg . Youth is hot and bold,age is weak and cold. The match will soon be over and defeat is staring us in the face. The storm was raging and an angry sea was continuously tossing抛their boat. 4.Metonymy 借喻转喻不直接说明而是以另外一个与之相关的事物来说明Sword and cross in hand,the European conquerors fell upon the Americas. When the war was over,he lay down the sword and took up the pen.弃武从文 His purse钱包would not allow him that luxury The kettle boils 水开了 The room sat slient. 全屋人安静的坐着。 Lend me your ears , please. 请听我说。 His unfriendly tough surprised her. 5.Synecdoche.提喻 A.部分代整体或者说特殊代一般 Eg . He is the Newton of this century. The had to earn his daily bread by doing odd jobs.打零工面包来代指生活收入The farms were short of hands during the harvest season. 手代指人 There are about 100 hands working in the factory. 同上 B.整体代部分或者一般代特殊 Eg. The fox(狐狸来代指狐狸的毛皮) goes very well with your cap.帽子 Germany beat Argentina 2 to 1 in this exciting football match.用德国和阿根廷来代指两个国家的球队 The poor creature could not endure her sufferings.用生物代指人 6.Euphemism 委婉，诲饰 Eg. He is out visiting the neccessary. 他出去方便了。 His relation with his wife has not been fortunate. 他和他妻子离婚了。 Deng xiaoping passed away in 1977. 注意看课本page19页的词的委婉用法。 7.Irony 反语 Eg. It would be a fine thing indeed not knowing what time it was in the morning.
L4——U2——1/4listening Earthformsandextinction A 1.Theearthwasformedaboutfourpointsixbillion(46亿)yearsago. 2.Thefirstlifeappearedaboutabillion(10亿)yearslater. 3.Thefirstplant-like didn’tappearuntilaround twobillion(20亿)yearsago. 4.Untilaboutfivehundredeightymillion(五亿八千 万)yearsagolifeformsweresmallandmicroscopic(极小的，微小的). 5.Sincethattime,lifehasevolved(进化)intomanydifferenttypesorspecies. 6.Howeverscientistsestimate(估计)thatmorethanninetyninepercent（99%） ofthemarenowextinct(灭绝的). B 1.Therehavebeenseveralextinction(绝种)eventsinthehistoryoftheearth. 2.Inanextinctioneventsmanylifeformsorspeciesoflifedieout. 3.Thecausesofmassextinctioneventsareunsolvedmysteries(未解之谜). 4.Theseeventsarenotpredictable(预告)andcanhappenatanytime. 5.Scientiststhinkthatsomeofthemwerestartedbyasteroidimpacts(影响，碰击或者装 机)orvolcaniceruptions(火山爆发). 6.Eventslikethis,canchangetheglobalconditionsthatlifedependson. C 1.Onemajorextinctioneventhappenedaboutsixty-sixmillion(6600万)yearsago. 2.Thateventmayhavebeenstartedbyalargeasteroidthathittheearth. 3.Asaresult,thedinosaursandabouthalfofallspecies(物种，种类，类型)ontheplanetdieout. 4.Whentheasteroidshittheearth,itstartedachainofevents. 5.Achainofeventsisaseriesofeventslinkedtogetherlikeachain. D 1.Thisparticularchainofeventshappenedoveraperiodofmonthsandyears. 2.Whentheasteroidhittheearth,itcausedahugecloudofdusttoentertheatmosphere. 3.ThiscloudofdustblockedtheSunanddarkenedtheEarthformanymonths. 4.Withoutenoughsunlight,plantsandplant-eatinganimalsquicklydied.
1 Unit 1 1. remind sb of sth 使某人想起某物 2. value n be of (great) value = be(very) valuable v treasure 珍惜 估价 ～ sth at + 钱 valueless 没有价值的 worthless 没有价值的 invaluable 无价的 priceless 无价的 3. survive vi 生存,幸存;生命较…长久 vt from/on 继续存在,生存 survivor 幸存者 survival n 生存 eg:Tom ～ Tim by 3 years 多活三年 I can ’t ～ on $40 a week. 4. in search of sb/ sth in one ’s search for sb/ sth search (for)/ look for /hunt for /seek for 寻找 make a search of 5. must have done 一定是 could(n ’t) have done 过去可能(不可能)已经 amaze 惊叹,赞叹 6. v surprise 惊讶,出乎意料 astonish 语气比surprise 强,大吃一惊,难以置信 7. fancy adj. 奇特的 v. ～doing sth imagine doing sth enjoy doing sth n. have a ～ for(喜欢)=be fond of 8. decorate A with B A be decorated with B 9. scene 情景 scenery 风景总称 n. the ～ of sth 10. design on purpose = by ～ v. be ～ed for be ～ed to do sth 目的是 11. belong to 无被动/进行时态 12. in reward as a reward = in return eg: Jim helped Tony in return , Tony gare Jim a gold watch. Tony gave Jim a gold watch in return for Jim ’s help. 13. have sb do sth sb doing sth sth done sth to do I have ～ to do have sth to be done eg: 有 ---I ’m going to BJ.Do you have anything to be taken to your son. ----No, thanks. 14. light lit----lit 常用作谓语 lighted-----lighted 常用作定语 15. consider doing sth 考虑 sb/sth (to be/ as ) + n/adj 认为 consider/ regard /see / think of / look on 16. on the spot 当场 17. a piece of a article of a set of 18. works of art = art objects 艺术品 19. a train for sp 去…的火车 20. the former 前者 the later 后者
1.英语学术论文的语言风格特点就（知人方能论世） 为什么我们会读不懂SCI上面的文章呢？ 第一，由于SCI里面出现的专业词汇一般都是出现在特定领域，一类是一词对应于一意，另外一类则是一词多义。 其次，名词化结构则是另外另外一个普遍出现的现象，可以看到，复合名词，加前缀和后缀，以及省略现象可谓是漫山遍野，因为文体要求行文简洁、表达客观、内容确切、信息量大、强调存在的事实，一般文章不会夹杂着太多主观看法。 最后，大量使用长句和定语从句SCI论文发表中大量使用长句和定语从句，在论证上起到连接信息和强调信息的作用。广泛使用被动语态SCI论文发表中侧重叙事推理，强调客观准确，第一、二人称使用过多，会造成主观臆断的印象。因此尽量使用第三人称叙述，采用被动语态。名词作定语和缩写词使用频繁SCI论文发表中要求结构紧凑、行文简炼，缩写词和名词作定语的频繁使用，增大了信息密度，简化了句型。 如果我们能逆向思维，转换个角度去看文章，如果你要发表一篇SCI论文，你会怎么去构造你的行为，你如何组织你文章的逻辑，特别是用词方面，口语和一些狸语在一般
情况不应该出现在文章中。还有些中式英语也会极大地影响我们的阅读，例如说足球比赛，可不是我们想象中的football match （之前有次演讲说，英语里面不能有2个名词的情况，在此就举了个例子bicycle man），而应该做football play亦作soccer play。 2.翻译是一门艺术，从某种意义上来讲是没有标准答案的。 这里本人想要想要阐述这样一种观点，翻译是一个不断精进的过程，翻译最初的目的即是为了实现语言之间的一个互相沟通，然而不同的人对一句话，应该会有着不同的理解。这也就有了译者极大的自由发挥性，但是译者必须准确理解原文的基础之上的。 有三个字可以高度概括翻译的精髓“信，达，雅”，想必大家都应该听过。”“信”指意义不背原文,即是译文要准确,不歪曲,不遗漏,也不要随意增减意思；同样可以举个例子？This is a pan in my hand （请问如何翻译呢？） “达”指不拘泥于原文形式,译文通顺明白;这里就涉及到一个直译和意译的关系啦，否则就会出现像bicycle
L2-U1-1/5 Listening Jackson family 1 A 1. This is the Jackson family. 2. It’s a family of four. 3. Bill and Helen are the parents. 4. They have two children. 5. Both of their children are girls. 练：1. They don’t have any boys. B 1. Lisa is the oldest of the girls. 2. She’s twelve years old. 3. Angela is the youngest. 4. She’s nine. 5. They also have a dog. 6. Its name is Jumper. 7. Its name is Jumper because he likes to jump. 8. Jumper can jump rope! C 1. The Jackson family lives in Shanghai. 2. They live in a large apartment building. 3. Their apartment building has many apartments. 4. Their apartment is on the 5th( fifth) floor. 5. They usually take the elevator to the 5th(fifth) floor. 6. Sometimes the elevator doesn’t work. 7. Then they take the stairs. D 1. There are many trees outside their apartment building. 2. There is also a small pond.
Lesson 2 Until 和till 互通, 通常句尾; until 也可放到句首 1，prep+表时间的名词 直到午夜，直到下午三点, until midnight, three in the afternoon. 杭州的茶馆很多，是一个消磨时间和谈生意的好去处，花上几块钱，可以呆一个下午，直到很晚 There are many teahouses in Hangzhou// we have many teahouses in Hangzhou. They are ideal/nice/good places to kill time or talk about business. With a few bucks/dollars, you can stay there until /till very late in the afternoon。 咖啡厅是一个放松的好地方，这里你既能享受春日的温暖，又能体会到这个城市中产阶级的生活品调Coffee-bars are ideal places to relax. There you can enjoy the balmy spring day and the luxury of mid-class life. (Luxurious lifestyle 奢侈的，糜烂的生活方式) *** 我所在的城市被誉为人间天堂.我们城市西部有一个湖，那里有很多的茶馆和饭店。下午时分，不管天气是晴是雨，我都喜欢坐在其中，听音乐，品龙井茶。 My city is paradise/heaven on Earth. We have a good lake in the west part of the city. There are many good restaurants and coffee bars /tea houses along the lake. Whether on fine afternoons or rainy afternoons, I love to sit in one of them, listening to the nice music and savoring the local Longjing tea. 不论晴天还是雨天，我都会来这里，听音乐或细细的品味我喜爱当地龙井茶 2，连词。 等到雨停了Wait until/till the rain stops. （时间状语从句用一般现在时表示将来） 现在不是好时机，我还是等等，直到价格下来一点再说 It’s not a good time now. I shall wait until the price comes down a little bit. 没有机会，中国人说你可以等，但是直到海枯石烂，你依然看不到希望 There is no opportunity/chance. In Chinese we say you can wait until the sea dries up but still you see no hope 他一点都不好看，中文里我们说他长得和死蟹差不多 He is not good-looking at all. In Chinese we say he looks like a dead crab. He looks like hell. 长得和鬼一样 他想娶他配不上的人，中文里我们说他癞蛤蟆想吃天鹅肉 He wants to marry someone he doesn’t deserve. In Chinese we often say an ugly toad wants to eat swan meat. *** His face is the fiercest weapon他的脸是最强悍的武器 她是世界上最漂亮的女人，一顾倾城，二顾倾国 She is the most beautiful lady in the world. One glance, the city collapses；another glance, the country surrenders
英语专业实习报告 ????实习学校.市二中学,上海市第二中学,自己初中,高中7年的母校,可以说是再熟悉不过,看到大学里对口的学校里有这所的时候,没有丝毫犹豫地就填进了志愿里,也如愿的在母校开始了大学必经的实习阶段,也是别有一番意义的.回学校实习,亲切万分,亲爱的老师们还在,接受教育的学生们却是一张张全新的面孔,想想自己离开学校3年来的进进出出,目前的3个年级都是我毕业后考进市二的学生.学校的操场,小花园,甚至是几间教室,都是充满回忆的地方,接下来实习的日子,走过这些地方的时候,过去的记忆就不断在脑海里回旋. ????初日.我们一行8位同学到达市二后,接待我们的是现任教导主任高萍老师,她向我们简单介绍了下学校目前的状况,以及实习期间需要注意的一些事项.接下来是认识带教老师,我与其他2位同学分到高一,其余5位同学到高二.英语学科的带教老师是王雅芬老师,教学经验丰富,还担任高一的年级组长;班主任唐虹老师,自己高三时,她教过我政治,算是相当熟悉,呵呵.带教老师和班主任都向我们简单介绍了一下所带班级的基本情况.第一天只是熟悉下校园,第二天正式到班级,当时想到就要面对40多个学生,不免还是有点担心和紧张. ????身份.实习老师,是个很特别的存在.还记得第一次被班级里学生叫老师好的时候的那种错愕,渐渐适应,然后自如反应,点头示意.开始的一个礼拜,日渐习惯起学校的生活,仿佛重回高中时代一般,只是是以一种全新的角度来看待学生,以老师的身份来要求自己了,这种感觉挺奇妙的,以往觉得“高高在上”的老师,突然间成了身边的“同事”,作为实习老师,又该以怎样的态度去面对高中的学生?身份的转变,是实习阶段第一个要跨越的坎吧,正确认识自己的身份:带教老师的学生,高中学生的老师. ????高一(X)班.担任实习班主任工作的班级是高一(7)班,高一年级两个理科班之一,与我那时的理科班大为不同,现在理科班的学生不像我们那时那么沉闷,就像班主任唐老师所说,对于老师来说是喜忧参半吧,毕竟调皮的学生太多,比较不容易控制.一进教室就看到教室后的墙壁上贴满了奖状,看的出来这个班级在学校里也是相当活跃的,学校里评选的各个之星,几乎7班也每个都有份.班上同学的性格很活泼,几天相处下来,就建立起了不错的关系,谈谈班级同学,日常琐事,甚至也有同学会来找我解答问题,谈谈理想,也让自己渐渐有了的确是个老师了的觉悟. ????听课.实习的必经阶段,听课不仅能够学习带教老师的教学方法,也能熟悉自己将要教学的班级.高中阶段的英语课程与大学里大不相同,尽管自己以前高中时也上过牛津的教材,现在的教学要求又有新的变化,也因老师的不同,教学方法上有很大的差异.带教的王老师教态相当严谨,备课很充分,听第一节课的时候就觉得整节课规划的很好,让学生知道这节课要完成的内容,就算有突发状况的发生,也能自行控制好时间等等.学校规定的听课是10节左右,自己基本上能去听的课都去了,为的是想了解整个章节上课的完整过程,每个部分都有不同的上课手段和形式,都是值得学习的地方.大学里所学的英语教学法课程,提及不少教学
L2-U2-1/5 Listening Den’s family/ Lisa’s class A 1. Dan is a pilot. 2. He works for Global airlines. 3. Global airlines is an airline company. 4. Dan flies airplanes all over the world. 5. He’s tall and he has brown hair. 6. He often wears sunglasses. B 1. Lisa is a student. 2. She has black hair. 3. She has a round face. 4. She’s wearing a yellow dress. C 1. Cathy lives in Canada. 2. she has 3 children. 3. Her husband is Paul. 4. She has brown hair and blue eyes. D 1. This man is 65 years old. 2. He has 3 grandchildren. 3. He has grey hair. 4. He also has a grey beard. 5. He always wears glasses. 6. He wears glasses because he can’t see very well. E 1. This is Lisa’s class schedule for today. 2. She gets to school at 7:55(seven fifty-five). 3. Her first class starts at 8:00. 4. It’s her math class. 5. It lasts for 50 minutes. 6. It finishes at 8:50(eight fifty). 7. She has a 10-minutes break from 8:50 until 9:00. F 1. Her second class stars at 9:00. 2. It finishes at 9:50.
大学英语2笔记
UNIT 1 小测错误 Exploratory探索 Reversal颠倒 Bold勇敢的 Evolve使逐步发展 Originality新颖、独创性 Feel your pulse把脉 Min素 Vitality Vitamin维他命 The monitor is very vigorous in action Tough-minded意志坚定 Borrowed words Acupressure=shiatsu 指压按摩House slave 房奴 House boy/girl宅男/宅女 Work as a teaching assistance in university在大学里做助教Reposition re→again Reposition 复位术改变……的位置更新 He is somewhat of a teacher他有点教师的味道、风范Expect 期望 expectation 动作 期望的行为或状态 Come up to one’s/meet one’s expectation Fall/short of one’s expectation Beyond one’s expectation Beyond somebody into silence To neglect one’s duties玩忽职守Make investigation into/on something Under investigation在调查之中Sympathetic植物感神经的 Critical moment/stage Financial crisis金融危机 Principal food 主食 Principal校长、委托人 A man full of crafts 手段很多Promoter 赞助者 关于文章的开头Begin 1、with an anecdote 2、with an incident 3、gusting a newspaper headline or sth 4、with a question 5、with an imagined 6、argument between…… 被系在……上be attached to 探索行为exploratory behavior 偶尔 on occasion 仅供学习与交流，如有侵权请联系网站删除谢谢2
写作笔记 一、八个必备句子 1、正如一名古老的中国谚语所说。 Just as an old Chinese proverb goes. 2、生命不息，奋斗不止。 Aspire to inspire until I expire! 3、尽管图画很简单，寓意却非常深刻。 Simple as the picture is,the symbolic meaning behind it is deep as ocean. 4、情况是如此令人遗憾，是该马上采取措施控制情况发展。 With current state of offairs so sorry,it is high time that we took effective to put the situation on hold. 5、在中国，文化交流现象是最明显的。 In now country other than China, it has been said that is the phenomenonof cultural integration more obvious. 6、报纸上有一张图画引起了人们的广泛关注。 There has been a heated discussion about this picture in the newspaper. 7、教育在当下是最重要的。 Never in any era of our nation have the stakes involving education been higher than now. 二、关于内容有话可说避免跑题 1、成功品质 03、 04、 06、 07、 08、 1 2、 13 2、社会道德 98、 01、 05、 06、 11、 14 3、科技环境 99、 00、 09、 11、 15 4、文化交流 02、 10 三、关于形式三段式 220字最佳 第一段：2-3句（30-60字） 第二句：4-9句（100-120字） 第三段：2-3句（30-60字） 四、关于语言句式正确—复杂多变 用词—多样 五种方法：1、加adj. adv. 2、加同位语 3、加介词短语（作状语） 4、加定语从句 5、将两个句子写成一个句子
专业英语结课报告翻译：基于AT89S51单片机的电子万年历的设计 班级：10级电子信息统本01班 姓名：席宇康 学号：101102010128
摘要 本文借助电路仿真软件Protues对基于AT89S51单片机的电子万年历的设计方法及仿真进行了全面的阐述。该电子万年历在硬件方面主要采用AT89C51单片机作为主控核心，由DS1302时钟芯片提供时钟、1602LCM点阵液晶显示屏显示。AT89C51单片机是由Atmel公司推出的，功耗小，电压可选用4～6V电压供电；DS1302时钟芯片是美国DALLAS公司推出的具有涓细电流充电功能的低功耗实时时钟芯片，它可以对年、月、日、星期、时、分、秒进行计时，还具有闰年补偿等多种功能，而且DS1302的使用寿命长，误差小；数字显示是采用的LED液晶显示屏来显示，可以同时显示年、月、日、星期、时、分、秒等信息。此外，该电子万年历还具有时间校准等功能。在软件方面，主要包括日历程序、时间调整程序，显示程序等。所有程序编写完成后，在Keil软件中进行调试，确定没有问题后，在Proteus软件中嵌入单片机内进行仿真。 论文主要研究了液晶显示器LED及时钟芯片DS1302，温度传感器DS18B20与单片机之间的硬件互联及通信，对数种硬件连接方案进行了详尽的比较，在软件方面对日历算法也进行了论述。 研究结果表明，由于万年历的应用相当普遍，所以其设计的核心在于硬件成本的节约软件算法的优化，力求做到物美价廉，才能拥有更广阔的市场前景。 关键词：单片机；DS1302；LED 绪论 随着社会、科技的发展，人类得知时间，从观太阳、摆钟到现在电子钟，不断研究、创新。为了在观测时间的同时，能够了解其它与人类密切相关的信息，比如温度、星期、日期等，电子万年历诞生了，它集时间、日期、星期和温度功能于一身，具有读取方便、显示直观、功能多样、电路简洁等诸多优点，符合电子仪器仪表的发展趋势。伴随着电子技术的迅速发展，特别是随大规模集
小学英语读书笔记 《英语课程标准》指出：学生的发展是英语课程的出发点和归宿。英语课程在目标设定、教学过程、课程评价和教学资源的开发等方面都要突出以学生为主体的思想。 笔者认为，树立“对话”意识，运用新课程理念备好课是基础和前提。 一、与教材对话：源于教材，高于教材 每一套教材都代表着某一种教学理念和实践方法，教师在使用一套新教材之时，应站在编者的角度钻研全套教材，努力理解和领会教材编写者的教学思想和设计精神，把握教材的特点，使之在我们的教学中得以充分体现。与教材对话，首先要尊重教材，读透教材；与教材对话，更要超越教材，走向生活。我们不妨尝试“一课三案”：钻研教材，独立思考，形成“初案”；博采众长，融会贯通，写出“教案”；课后反思，精益求精，补充“另案”。 江苏版的《牛津小学英语》教材按照话题——功能——结构的体例编写，在备课时，我们可着力于话题生活化，功能结构协调化。在“初案”中，我们应该重点研读教材，明确教学语言与语境语言，把握关键语句与困难语句；在“教案”形成阶段，我们应分析语用因素，结合师情学情，选择设计各环节活动：课后，结合教学实际再回头看自己的教材解读，及时补充“另案”必不可少。“另案”中，可以反思一节课对教材处理的成功之举、败笔之处、学生感受，当然，对教材的“再教设计”是最终目的。我们对教材的研读应该追求从“有它无我”到“有它有我”，最后达到“有我无它”的洒脱境界。 二、与学生对话：关注学情，真心真意 学生是学习的主人，我们的“教”应该为学生的“学”服务。在备课时，教师还应该时时在心中与学生对话，在与学生充分对话的基础上进行的备课活动才能真正体现学生的学习主体地位。 “你对这个话题了解了多少?”——牛津小学英语每一个单元都有一个话题。在我们设计新单元的教学时，这个问题可以提示我们尊重学生的已有经验，关注学生的学习基础，在学生已知已会的基础之上设计教学内容，把属于学生的
1非限制性定语从句， 限制性区别，this is the street where I used to live. 一个作用是对一个现象做一说明，一个是表示因果关系。 关于环境问题，越来越多的人们注意到到全球变暖越来越严重。The global warming is getting worse and worse, from bad to worse（increasingly serious）, which is mentioned （noticed， concerned）by more and more people（human beings, persons, individuals, folks .解释一个现象。 我的工资越来越高，所以缓解了家庭的经济负担。 My salary has been increasing gradually, which eases the financial burden of my family. 我的房子在地震中依然耸立，它是一百多年前建造的。 My house, which was built a hundred years ago, stood still in the earthquake. JACK已经爱上了ROSE，这从他的眼神可以判断出来。 JACK has been falling in love with ROSE，as can be judged from his eyes． 他似乎没理解我的意思，这使我心烦。 He seems not to have understood what I meant, which seriously makes me sad. He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me. 可以用来解释名词，一个事物或事件， 在北京奥运会，中国队夺得了51枚金牌，其中50枚是女子夺得的。 In the Beijing Olympic Games, the Chinese team got 51 gold medals，50 of which were won by women． 2 同位语从句， 和定语从句比较 博物馆有很重要的教育作用，因为她给人们深入理解自己传统文化的机会。先把中文记下来。Museums have very important educational role, （museums play an important（essential 本质的， crucial决定性的，significant意味深长的 vital 及其重要的consequential （consequence产生影响的，）influential 重要的人，momentous（千钧一发），重要的时刻，比如结婚是我生命种的一个重要时刻， considerable可观的，重要的， valuable 重要价值的substantial本质的（substance物质决定意识，） material） role in education Because (for the reason that) they give support people citizens with chances to deeply understand their country’s tradition and cultures. 3 形式主语 It is no use crying over the spilt milk, Practice makes perfect 熟能生巧 Patience is the road to understanding 理解万岁