课程：给排水科学与工程毕业设计
题目：SBR 法及其研究进展（文献）
指导老师：吴慧英老师
院系：土木工程学院
专业：给排水科学与工程
班级： 1 1 0 1班
姓名：王东浩
学号： 2 0 1 1 0 1 1 2 1 0 1
日期：2015年5月31日
SBR Method and progress of studying
T h e a r t i c l e c i t a t i o n s:d w a r d S.R u b i n,C l·i f f I.Davidson.Introduction to Engineering & the Environment.Beijing: t s i n g h u a u n i v e r s i t y p r e s s,2002.
Summary: Have introduced the preface criticizing type i n t e r m i t t e n c e p r o d u c t i o n, development and characteristic of France of active mud (SBR), survey SBR is mixing speed DO, pH , between OPR and influence to deal with result , is it is it get rid of phosphorus mechanism and SBR and other craft deal with newest progress of sewage synthetically to nitrify instead to nitrify.
Keyword: Criticizing type intermittence active mud law of the preface (SBR), Progress , Prospect
The process system of active mud , use the most extensive treatment technology in the field of sewage disposal at present. It is used in the sanitary sewage ,the treatment of municipal sewage and organism industrial sewage effectively, take measures to break through to traditional active mud technology only as second treatment technology tradition, can be as denitrification , tertiary treatment technology of getting rid of the phosphorus. SBR (sequencing batch reactor) law,namely preface criticize type intermittence active mud law, the active mud noticeable one active
mud law to deal with new craft. It Japanese sewer association and American a few rich innovation meaning and strong waste water biological treatment technology one of of competitiveness that Environmental Protection Agency assess.
1 characteristic and development
1.1 Produce and develop
SBR craft has already been developed as far back as 1914, but because monitoring means lagged behind at that time, have not been popularized and applied . L.Irvine of U.S.A. carried on deep research to SBR craft in 1979, and Culver in Indiana state improved and put a SBR sewage treatment plant into operation in 1980. As too new-type to stop up the appearance which expose to the sun the angry device and software engineering that the computer controlled technology, various kindsof after this, is it dissolve oxygen measure apparatus , fluviograph high controlling economic water quality detection instrumenting to course precision online to develop at the same time, having managed and realized automation gradually in operation of the sewage treatment plant, in addition water quality ,craft are simple that SBR melts , dealing with the result steadily, shock-resistant load strength is strong, it is fine that water quality happens, operate flexible ,floor space advantage such as being little and become including U.S.A. , Germany ,Japan , Australia , adding ,etc. a lot of hot craft that industrially developed country research and
develop competitively. Taking Australia as an example, it is up to nearly more than 600 to build up a sewage treatment plant which has adopted SBR craft in more than 10 years in the past.
Middle period began the application study to SBR law in the 1980s i n o u r c o u n t r y. 1985, Shanghai Wusong meat is it is it is it stand to put our country into operation first SBR law sewage disposal to develop to unite, designing 2400t/ d of amount of water dealt with, the operation result is good. Already there are two large-and-middle-scale sewage treatment plants which adopt SBR craft in Kunming of Yunnan Province at present, it is in sound condition to run. The sewage treatment plant that Tianjin economic and technological development zone 100,000t/ d adopts SBR craft puts into operation recently too. According to studying the situation both at home and abroad, SBR law is a kind of high-efficient, economy, reliable waste water treatment method which is suitable for the national conditions of our country.
1.2 Technological process
Main reactor of the intermittence type active mud law, expose to the sun angry operation of pool it operates to be to flow into , react , precipitate , discharge and leave unused five processes not to make up. The sewage is according to the array in the reactor, enter each response process intermittently, each operation ,SBR of reactor operate at time arranging according to order that
intermittence run too.
Before not flowing into process implement , leave unused process treated sewage already discharge, expose to the sun the remaining active mud and mixture of the high density in the angry pool. When the sewage is run into and flowed into ,exposing to the sun the angry pool can play a role in regulating the pool , is it expose to the sun angry to can is it expose to the sun angry result in advance to make , can make mud regeneration to go on, resume its activation.
The response process is main a process of SBR craft . Is it is it book volume to reach as sewage , can is it is it operate to react to begin to inject into,such as get rid of BOD , nitrify , absorption of phosphorus, and nitrify etc. instead . According to reflecting the degree that the need reaches, it is angry that the trace of carrying on short time is exposed to the sun, in order to blowand take off the bubble or nitrogen seized on the mud , so as to ensure the mashed of arranging goes on smoothly.
Arranging the mud process, it is angry and mix that stop exposing to the sun, make the mixture in static state, mud not active and moisture from, in other words two times precipitate by function of pool. After precipitating on if surfacing, discharge dealing with liquid conduct, stay during exposing to the sun pool not angry mud that precipitate as kinds of mud, play the function of the backset current mud .
Leaving the process unused, after dealing with and surfacing and discharging, the reactor stays cool, wait for the next cycle of operation. During this period, it is angry in order to the corruption of avoiding the mud that should expose to the sun disconnectedly and slightly . The active mud left unused is in the hunger state of the nutrient, so as the inflow process of entering next operation cycle, the active mud can give play to stronger ability of absorbing to strengthen and get rid of function . It is an important content in SBR craft to leave the processunused.
1.3 Craft characteristic and subject matter
SBR craft compares with active mud law of the continuous type , have the following advantage:
(1) The technological process are simple, do not need to set up two and sinking the pool and mud backset current equipment separately , can be saved and sunk the pool for the first time under most situations.
(2) The floor space is small, the fabrication cost is low; Especially the sewage disposal constant ordinary active mud law of the small town saves more than 30% of capital expenditure .
(3) The nutriment gets rid of the result and denitrification phosphorus effectually.
(4) The mud subsides of good performancly.
(5) Adaptability is good, and easy maintenance management. The
subject matter that SBR law exists is: It is complicated to o p e r a t e,e x p e c t m u c h t o t h e a u t o m a t i c c o n t r o l;
In addition own its technological process have determined the device utilization ratio of the equipment is low.
2 studies progress
2.1 Reactor DO expose to the sun the angry way
2.1.1 Influence of DO
Reactor dissolve content of oxygen influence physiological activity of microorganism in the mud, thus influence the sewage d i s p o s a l p r o c e s s,s o D O c o n t e n t level in the reactor is worth probing into very much. Jeill OH and J.Silverstein , to SBR reactor, DO suppresses and nitrifies function and carries on research instead, dissolves the research range of oxygen from 0.09 mg/ L- 5.6 mg/ L in the sewage ;Find low density very dissolve oxygen can suppress to nitrify function instead active mud finally, DO =0.09 At the mg/ L , nitrify speed can from large speed 0.0214 mg-NOx-N/ mg-MLSS/ h drop 35% of speed their to most instead. But point out at the same time , act as DO =5.6 Can is it nitrify function instead to observe still at the mg/ L, and according to experiment, to nitrify model revise instead.
2.1.2 Mix the influence of the speed
Such persons as Drigues , Jose Alberto Domingues ,etc. have carried on research in mixing the way of inflating to mix, they
deal with COD as the synthetic municipal sewage of 500 mg/ l by containing the particle mud reactor, dealing with cycle as 8 hours, handling capacity is 2.0 L. Mix research range of speed from 0 rev./ min~75rev./ min , find to get rid of rate 80~88 COD finally; Can get relatively good mud the time of staying in 50 rev./ min , does not destroy the particle and mud at the same time ; And use and mix the effective circulation that can increase the reactor to make total circulation time shorten. Experience equation and first class response dynamics model that they pointed out the remaining organic matter can be used for predicting that mix the impact on reactor of the speed.
2.2 The mud expands
Performance is good that the normal active mud subsides, the moisture content , about 99%, when the mud goes bad, the mud is difficult to precipitate, SVI value increases, mud is loosely organized and volume expansion, the moisture content rises, clarify the liquid rarly, the color changes differently, this has produced mud and expanded . Mud expands about 95% of problem relates to excessive hyperplasia of the silk form mushroom in water treatment, it is silk form fungus that is it combine water content gather high viscidity that thing causes expand more outside the high afterbirth generally to expand. SBR value generally relatively low SVI have, difficult to present question of expanding, can prevent from either sometimes.
ShuYing Wang people utilize petrochemical industry waste w a t e r s t u d y s i l k f o r m fungus expand relation in organic load among the reactor in SBR, point out when dissolve oxygen (DO) sufficiently in the reactor , low organic load is apt to cause the mud to expand , improve the control that organic load can be effective and expand ; Under the high load , cause reason that mud expand often i n s u f f i c i e n t D O,i m p r o v e DO density can make mud is it control to expand, this result has e x p l a i n e d t o o t h e essence reason why the mud expands happens in high organic load.
ChunDi Gao ,etc. utilize beer waste water study nitrogen lack cause silk form fungus expand the problem, find the density of different organic matter and terms of ratio(counts with BOD/ N) of the total nitrogen are influential for active mud to expand in entering water, point out that is entering water BOD/ N =100/ Under4 conditions, the performance of subsiding of the mud is good, entering water BOD/N =100/ 3 and BOD/ N =100/ One o'clock, take place by to fungus glue group excessive to grow cause that silk form mushroom expand viscidity have high moisture content, entering water BOD/ N =100/ Under 0.94 conditions, it is the most serious that it was not silk form mushroom that took place to expand.
2.3 pH、ORP
The physiological activity of the microorganism and sour alkali degree (the density of hydrogen and ion) of the environment are closely related with, the density of hydrogen and ion can influence the electric charge nature on the membrane of microorganism's cytoplasm . Electric charge nature changes, microorganism's cell's function of absorbing the nutriment will change too, thus exert a bad influence on the physiological activity of the microorganism .
Gao JingFeng ,etc. that the person nitrified in order to realize SBR law instead control onlinly and fuzzily , such change characteristics while the organic matter gets rid of and nitrifies , nitrify instead as research pH and ORP ,etc.. The change of pH draws : (1) While the organic matter gets rid of, pH presents the phenomenon
(2) of rising by a wide margin when the organic matter gets rid of finishing , pH stopped rising, the ones that nitrified and reacted were dropping to and reflecting that is over constantly pH at the same time, and then pH suddenly rose or remained u n c h a n g e d f a s t.
(3) In the course of nitrifying instead, pH is rising until nitrifying and finishing presenting turning point instead constantly, then drop continuously , point out and nitrify instead and has already been over. To ORP, carry on ORP is it is it drop to moderate to show as with nitrify instead, unexpected decrease
speed while nitrifying finishing instead increase appear the flex point.
In a word, no matter which kind of carbon source does it use and is it invest with carbon source way and how prove PH and ORP have characteristic is it appear to order while nitrifying finishing instead quantity to admit, can judge through difference of speed that pH rise carbon source sufficient , adjust and control
c a r b o n s o u r c e t h r o w a n
d a d d i n g.
2.4 Study on nitrify , nitrify instead and dephosphorization 2.4.1 Getting rid of the result and operation condition of the nitrogen , phosphorus
Nitrogen one important index, water of pollution control, SBR law can degradation situation , bottom of thing change time of reacting in a flexible way according to reactor, thus realize it with oxygen with meagre oxygen , good of the pool conveniently, the biological denitrification result is good. JianHui Sun ,etc. adopt with meagre oxygen / good craft, SBR of oxygen, to carry on research with inferior ammonium law denitrification , papermaking of waste water. The ones that found SRT , NH3- N influenced total nitrogen were got rid of, and CODcr density is 1200~1800 mg/ L as entering the water, NH3- N density is 135~ 200 mg/ L, whether Nox-N density to at the 7~10 mg/ L , propose best to operate terms. It is the with meagre oxygen, fine than for1:1 of oxygen time.5,one cycle for 8 h; As without and the carbon
source, to get rid of rate 66% , throw second of adding after the sour sodium total nitrogen, to get rid of rate can rise to 85% total nitrogen.
Reactor mud particle get rid of phosphorus characteristic receive waste water water quality , operation parameter and environmental factor ,etc. influence generally. Lu RanChao , etc. find through the experiment :
(1) Sewage higher C/ N than or than with lower mud get rid of phosphorus to be favorable to living beings age in COD/ TN. (2) Enter the water proper nitrogen content or TN/ TP than is it get rid of phosphorus result and main factor , mud of particle to influence.
(3) Shorter mud is favorable to getting rid of phosphorus function age , the too short difficult denitrification effectively of age of mud .
(4) Temperature is reduced, having nitrifying function sourly and instead and is suppressed of the fermented mushroom, the nitrate is dense in the reactor, influence the reactor to get rid of phosphorus ability, get rid of phosphorus efficiency to drop. But he other operation parameter to fine oxygen forming of particle , for example dissolve oxygen , pH value , detest good oxygen replace time ,etc. correctly, have not studied further .
2.4.2 Mud age (biological solid average the time of staying)
The mud is pointed and exposed to the sun the active mud total
amount and proportion of amount of mud discharged of every day in the angry pool age . Namely active average the time of staying in exposing to the sun angry pool such as mud, because their call biological average the time of staying such as solid also. The mud is the process system of active mud age to design the important parameter operated, there are important meanings too in theory.
Kargi people study different the time of staying (whether Kargi people study different the time of staying (whether from one day, divide 6 stages into), the reactor opposes and gets rid of the result to various kinds of nutriment, thus fixed mud the time of staying to COD, nitrogen and phosphate , nitrogen of ammonia and attitude of nitre get rid of result and best age such as mud for can reach most heavy COD , ammonia nitrogen , result of getting rid of of phosphate while being about one day, include: 94%, 84%, 70%. Find it is 10 weather age in the mud at the same time , SVI value is minimum .
2.4.3 Study on carbon source
Some report as the glucose is regarded as the only carbon source , the living beings can't be finished while getting rid of phosphorus function , reason detest oxygen without straight phosphate release under the terms, but advantage bacterial can accumulate large phosphate and absorb the glucose . But Jeon, Che Ok and Park, Jong Moon, through throwing in the glucose with 13C mark in the course of experiment, analyse with the nuclear
magnetic resonance (spectrum) the track of showing finds , even when the grape is regarded as the only carbon source , the living beings get rid of phosphorus function and follow the mechanism completely different from reporting at present; In two kinds of fungus group at least: Producing the lactic acid fungus and the function of gathering the phosphorus fungus can be finished. With the consumption of the glucose in this course, the glycogen quality is accumulated rapidly. But release of the straight phosphate and the relating to density of the total organic carbon b u t c o r r e l a t e w i t h d e n s i t y o f t h e g l u c o s e s synthetically of PHAs. The phosphate is released and proportional to pH value. Quantity that the quantity of formating PHAs should be smaller than the glucose to increase, because glucose produce LPO lactic acid fungus turn into other storage material (might for lactic acid particle) is it gather. At the stage with meager oxygen, but also the absorbing of phosphate takes place by the supersession in the materials of PHAs and storage in the cell. Among SBR, glucose as only carbon source, PHAs synthetic and phosphate it gets rid of to be possible supersession route.
Louzeiro, Nuno R. Mavinic,etc. for while confirming using methyl alcohol as and carbon source of SBR reactor, have carried on a series of experiments to the influence of nitrifying the potentiality with the dephosphorization instead . They find: The ones that added methyl alcohol can observe two kinds nitrify the
speed instead ; The reaction speed slows down gradually afterwards very fast when being initial. The fast stage when initial nitrifies the speed to increase with increase of the density of the methyl alcohol instead ; With consumption of methyl alcohol , nitrify function sustain but speed slows down thereupon instead. At SBR it have only among reactor and methyl alcohol at being as carbon source for microorganism vs. the not absorbing and not releasing meaningful of phosphorus. Methyl alcohol might not use as carbon source is it raise living beings get rid of phosphorus function , but methyl alcohol it adds to be important to come, because it can consume the nitrate that can utilize , makes the living beings get rid of phosphorus function and go on.
2.4.4 Study on electronic receptor
Lee, Dae Sung, Jeon, think density high inferior nitrate in 10 mgNO2/ L does not can suppress with meagre oxygen state phosphorus absorb. Moreover, they think phosphorus absorb speed to be fast comparing with the time when regard nitrate as the electronic receptor at regarding inferior nitrate as electronic receptoring also; Ahn, Johwan,etc. for is it is it gather supersession behavior , phosphorus of fungus to nitrify instead to study better, in is it have active intermittence preface of mud criticize type among the reactor to inoculate, have investigated the different kinds of absorbing to phosphorus under the condition with meager oxygen of electronic receptor concretly.
They have studied three kinds of different electronic receptors: Nitric acid , inferior nitric acid and nitric acid mixed , inferior nitric acid, the result of the test verifies, regard nitric acid and inferior nitric acid as absorbing and having no inhibition to phosphorus under the condition with meagre oxygen of electronic receptor. Act as with meagre oxygen nitrogen amount produced to nitrify when equal toing , absorb quantity of phosphorus relative to take the light quantity while regarding nitrate as the electronic receptor at regarding inferior nitrate as electronic receptoring instead Under the condition with meagre oxygen, so long as there are electronic receptors to exist, the absorbing of phosphorus will happen , the absorbing of phosphorus when being with meagre oxygen has something to do with the load and type of the electronic receptor when being initial , in addition relate to MLSS which is short of oxygen state mud , when MLSS increases, the ability of absorbing of the phosphorus is shown as and dropped.
2.5 With the association application of other water treatment technology
SBR craft still belongs to developing sewage treatment technology, in the organic waste water treatment of the high density, adopt sometimes difficult to make the ideal result , combine with other crafts and often bring notable results on the basis of basic SBR craft directly. Whether appear in the newspapers to odd kinds as follows dish at home.
ABR - -SBR: ABR one detesting oxygen roll over board shed the reactor , it has the characteristics that do not flow , not stop up , need to mix , apt to start short new-type，can hydrolysis control its acid take stage and SBR is it spend to unite , result good. Zhongshan treasure full of fragrant food seasoning Co., Ltd. one with producing soy sauce seasoning food enterprise, the waste water discharged in workshop is high in density, water quality is complicated, the fluctuating range of the density is large, difficult to belong to to degrade the pollutant. After adopting the association taking ABR-SBR as subject to deal with the craft , deal with and surface the first class standard that the index can reach GB 8978- 199 .
UASB - -SBR - The ceramsite filters the craft: UASB promotes the flowing type abbreviation of detesting oxygen mud bed reactor. UASB reactor deals with the craft and has higher handling capacity and deals with efficiency, especially suitable for the treatment of the organic waste water of various kinds of high density, the ceramsite strains a quality lightly, the surface area is large, enough mechanical intensity , flood peak are lost littly , absorbs strength strongly, relatively the activated carbon is cheap at the price, it is dealt with that suitable for decolouring etc.. Li learn flat to use law this deal with Hunan some white spirit waste water of factory, sewage can reach comprehensive discharge s t a n d a r d G B8978-199s e c o n d s t a n d a r d.
The concave air of CAF whirlpool floats - -SBR: CFA is it fasten hooliganism float device , by angry to float trough water purification machine make up , mix in order to the dreg blowing machine and produce such auxiliary equipment as the dreg machine ,etc. mainly to suck by oneself, the waste water treatment result of high content to the suspended substance is obvious. Domestic peaceful equal people apply it and SBR Kunming city live pig food trade market is it is it butcher treatment of waste water to deal with to come jointly, CODCr , SS of it, moving vegetable oil of, TP , TN , colour /get rid of time ,etc. there aren't rate: 94.49%, 98.89%, 99.77%, 99.45%, 60.91%, 93.75%, the result is obvious.
Mix and congeal and float angrily - -A little electrolytic - -SBR craft: The a little electrolytic water purifier , to the change of the water quality of the waste water, especially the change of the dyestuffs kind has stronger adaptability , can cut down the density of pollutant further , ensure the steady operation of craft unit SBR; In addition it utilizes to be a little electrolytic pool principle, through electric water purifier spontaneous electrochemistry that produce is it reduce to oxidize, electricity is it collect , absorb , flocculate comprehensive function of precipitating etc. to enclose a little, it improve waste water can biochemistry, decolourization more result not more remarkable. Lin Liu , Yong Cui is it apply printing ink with
bind craft this pharmaceutical mix treatment of waste water to live, COD Cr , SS , colour / time every get rid of rate up to 97.4% ~ 98.3% ~98.0% separately , a treated one surface every index reach design standard, the result is good.
3 SBR craft prospect
Relatively traditional active mud law, SBR craft is a kind o f n e w-t y p e t e c h n o l o g y that still needs to develop , improving constantly, whether working technique its enough for science still, operation experience of management owe ripe also, is it further investigate following odd problem to need.
(1) The reactor operate of the cycle respectively microorganism's activation and population are distributed of the the active mud , and the supersession theory of the microorganism ;
(2) Biological denitrification , getting rid of the further further investigation of the microbial mechanism of the phosphorus;
(3) SBR operates the sureness of the parameter;
(4) The unions of SBR and other treatment crafts use and deal with and include the high density poisonous harmful substance i n d u s t r i a l s e w a g e;
SBR craft one high-efficient sewage disposal method, but time when staying in mud at present , fill water time these operate accurate choice of parameter compared with response time ,etc.,
and how about adopt reasonable exposing to the sun the angry way , exposing to the sun the angry intensity, confirm appropriate filling water time and response time, well realize oxygen in the same reactor - -With meager oxygen - -Detest transition person who operate a series of question , oxygen of state , remain at competence , experience of fetching value, need to do a large amount of relevant research work. It is believed that as what has b e e n s t u d i e d a b o u t S B R c r a f t g o e s o n t h o r o u g h l y .
SBR 法及其研究进展
第一节层次分析 1.1句法结构的层次性和层次分析 1、句法结构的层次性： 一个句子或是句法格式表面上看是线性排列，内部有一种层次的透景。（松紧程度不一样） 如：他刚来。（这三个词内部的松紧程度不一样。“刚”和“来”关系紧密，“他”和“刚”关系疏远，“刚”和“来”先组合，再和“他”组合） 2、结构的三个特点： *整体性（作为一个结构，一定具有整体性。） *可分割性（作为一个结构，一定可以被分割成多个部分。） *有规则性（一个结构作为一个整体，一定是由好几部分组成的，这好几个部分组合的时候，它是按照一定规则组成的。） 如：形声字：形+声，再+字（“形声字”这个词，不是一些语素随便凑成，而是按一定规则组成的。）【有两个以上语素组合时，其内部一定有层次结构。】 *音节也是有层次的，如：天[tian55] 这个音节也是有层次的： 声调——超音段成分 声母+韵母——音段成分 韵母——韵头+韵部(韵基) 韵基——韵腹（主要元音）+韵尾 【由此，我们可以说的宽泛一点，这叫语言的层次构造，这种构造，是语言的基本特性。不论是语音、词汇、句子都有这样的层析构造问题。】 3、层次分析：在分析一个句子，或是句法结构的时候，将句法构造的层次性考虑进来，并按其构造层次，逐层进行分析，在分析时，指出每一层面的直接组成成分，并说明直接组成成分之间的关系。这种分析手段就是层次分析。 如：他刚来 “他刚来”的直接组成成分：他+刚来主谓 谓语“刚来”的直接组成成分：刚+来状中 4、层次分析包含两个内容： 二他所写的文章怎么切分？ 切分：怎样断句 定性： 层次分析的三种主要表示方法：从小到大、框式、树型图: 5、怎么切分？ 同一结构如何切分 例句：他所参观的工厂。 名词性偏正结构定中 他所参观？ 他所参观的工厂 他所参观的工厂会导致他和工厂有领属关系 所以他所参观的工厂 他所参观怎么分析？ 他参观
构建风险层次结构 通过选取的指标可以看出这是一个多目标的且问题涉及到许多因素，各种因素的作用相互，情况复杂。依据层次分析法处理这类复杂的问题就需要对所涉及的因素指标进行分析：哪些是需相互比较的；哪些是需相互影响的。把那些需相互比较的因素归成同一类，构造出一个各因素类之间相互联结的层次结构模型。各因素类的层次级别由其与目标的关系而定: 第一层是目标层，也就是国家风险的评价排序 第二层是准则层，这一层中是国家风险排序所涉及的国家风险类型，即政治风险、经济风险、社会风险。 第三层是子准则层，这一层是评价衡量准则层中各要素的影响因素及评价指标, 即政权凝聚力、腐败状况、相关法律政策、国际关系、官僚主义、经济政策、汇率稳定性、金融环境、内部冲突、外部冲突、民族差异等。 第四层也就是我们要选择的方案即所要选择的并购方案国家。 为了方便计算以及模型的理解，层次结构中各层次均用字母代替，目标层为A i 准则层为B，子准则层为C,方案层为D。 522重要性程度描述 为了将上述复杂的多因素综合比较问题转化为简单的两因素相对比较问题。首先找出所有两两比较的结果，并且把它们定量化；然后再运用适当的数学方法从所有两两相对比较的结果之中求出多因素综合比较的结果。进行定性的成对比较时, 我们将比较结果分为5种等级：相同、稍强、强、明显强、绝对强并将我们所做出的比较结果应用1?9个数字尺度来进行定量化，比较具体含义及相应数字对应如下表: 表5.2 AHP重要程度描述表 子准则层 方案层 图5.1风险层次结构模型 Fig.5.1 The hierarchical structure model of country
层次分析法的基本步骤和要点 结合一个具体例子，说明层次分析法的基本步骤和要点。 【案例分析】市政工程项目建设决策：层次分析法问题提出 市政部门管理人员需要对修建一项市政工程项目进行决策，可选择的方案是修建通往旅游区的高速路（简称建高速路）或修建城区地铁（简称建地铁）。除了考虑经济效益外，还要考虑社会效益、环境效益等因素，即是多准则决策问题，考虑运用层次分析法解决。 1. 建立递阶层次结构 应用AHP解决实际问题，首先明确要分析决策的问题，并把它条理化、层次化，理出递阶层次结构。 AHP要求的递阶层次结构一般由以下三个层次组成： ●目标层（最高层）：指问题的预定目标； ●准则层（中间层）：指影响目标实现的准则； ●措施层（最低层）：指促使目标实现的措施； 通过对复杂问题的分析，首先明确决策的目标，将该目标作为目标层（最高层）的元素，这个目标要求是唯一的，即目标层只有一个元素。 然后找出影响目标实现的准则，作为目标层下的准则层因素，在复杂问题中，影响目标实现的准则可能有很多，这时要详细分析各准则因素间的相互关系，即有些是主要的准则，有些是隶属于主要准则的次准则，然后根据这些关系将准则元素分成不同的层次和组，不同层次元素间一般存在隶属关系，即上一层元素由下一层元素构成并对下一层元素起支配作用，同一层元素形成若干组，同组元素性质相近，一般隶属于同一个上一层元素（受上一层元素支配），不同组元素性质不同，一般隶属于不同的上一层元素。 在关系复杂的递阶层次结构中，有时组的关系不明显，即上一层的若干元素同时对下一层的若干元素起支配作用，形成相互交叉的层次关系，但无论怎样，上下层的隶属关系应该是明显的。 最后分析为了解决决策问题（实现决策目标）、在上述准则下，有哪些最终解决方案（措施），并将它们作为措施层因素，放在递阶层次结构的最下面（最低层）。 明确各个层次的因素及其位置，并将它们之间的关系用连线连接起来，就构成了递阶层次结构。 【案例分析】市政工程项目进行决策：建立递阶层次结构 在市政工程项目决策问题中，市政管理人员希望通过选择不同的市政工程项目，使综合效益最高，即决策目标是“合理建设市政工程，使综合效益最高”。 为了实现这一目标，需要考虑的主要准则有三个，即经济效益、社会效益和环境效益。但问题绝不这么简单。通过深入思考，决策人员认为还必须考虑直接经济效益、间接经济效益、方便日常出行、方便假日出行、减少环境污染、改善城市面貌等因素（准则），从相互关系上分析，这些因素隶属于主要准则，因此放在下一层次考虑，并且分属于不同准则。 假设本问题只考虑这些准则，接下来需要明确为了实现决策目标、在上述准则下可以有哪些方案。根据题中所述，本问题有两个解决方案，即建高速路或建地铁，这两个因素作为措施层元素放在递阶层次结构的最下层。很明显，这两个方案于所有准则都相关。 将各个层次的因素按其上下关系摆放好位置，并将它们之间的关系用连线连接起来。同时，为了方便后面的定量表示，一般从上到下用A、B、C、D。。。代表不同层次，同一层次从左到右用1、2、3、4。。。代表不同因素。这样构成的递阶层次结构如下图。
翻译作业 1．His acceptance of bribes led to his arrest 他接受贿赂导致被捕。. 2．Computers have changed the way we work and play. 电脑改变了我们工作和娱乐的方式。 3．She turned towards me immediately. The elegance of every moment of her limbs and body as soon as she began to advance from the far end of the room., set me in a flutter of expectation to see her face clearly. 她立即转向我。每当她开始从房间的尽头往前走时，她每一刻举手投足的优雅都吸引着我想把她的脸看清楚。 4．The flowers smells sweet. 花香四溢。 5．It tastes too much of garlic. 蒜味很重。 6．He didn’t look or act like his usual sel f—his face was very red, his hat was on the back of his head, his hair was wildly rumpled. 他看上去和行为都和他往常不一样--面色绯红，帽子后戴，头发凌乱。 7．We are faintly conscious of the fact that this is a smallish island country.
现代汉语语法的五种分析方法
现代汉语语法的五种分析方法 很有用，请好好学习之。 北语之声论坛专业精华转贴 现代汉语语法的五种分析方法是语法学基础里 很重要的一个内容,老师上课也会讲到,我在这 里把最简略的内容写在下面，希望能对本科生的专业课学习有所帮助 详细阐释中心词分析法、层次分析、变换分析法、语义特征分析法和语义指向分析的具体内涵：一. 中心词分析法： 分析要点： 1．分析的对象是单句； 2．认为句子又六大成分组成——主语、谓语（或述语）、宾语、补足语、形容词附加语（即定语）和副词性附加语（即状语和补语）。 这六种成分分为三个级别：主语、谓语（或述语）是主要成分，宾语、补足语是连 带成分，形容词附加语和副词性附加语是附加成分； 3．作为句子成分的只能是词； 4．分析时，先找出全句的中心词作为主语和谓
语，让其他成分分别依附于它们； 5．分析步骤是，先分清句子的主要成分，再决定有无连带成分，最后指出附加成分。 标记： 一般用║来分隔主语部分和谓语部分，用══标注主语，用——标注谓语，用~~~~~~标注宾语，用（）标注定语，用[ ]标注状语，用< >标注补语。 作用： 因其清晰明了得显示了句子的主干，可以一下子把握住一个句子的脉络，适合于中小学语文教学，对于推动汉语教学语法的发展作出了很大贡献。 还可以分化一些歧义句式。比如：我们五个人一组。 （1）我们║五个人一组。（2）我们五个人║一组。 总结：中心词分析法可以分化一些由于某些词或词组在句子中可以做不同的句子成分而造成的歧义关系。 局限性： 1．在一个层面上分析句子，
层次性不强； 2．对于一些否定句和带有修饰成分的句子，往往难以划分； 如：我们不走。≠我们走。 封建思想必须清除。≠思想清除。 3. 一些由于句子的层次关系 不同而造成的歧义句子无法分析； 如：照片放大了一点儿。咬死了猎人的狗。 二. 层次分析： 含义： 在分析一个句子或句法结构时，将句法构造的层次性考虑进来，并按其构造层次逐层进行分析，在分析时，指出每一层面的直接组成成分，这种分析就叫层次分析。 朱德熙先生认为，层次分析不能简单地将其看作是一种分析方法，而是应当看做一种分析原则，是必须遵守的。（可以说说为什么） 层次分析实际包含两部分内容：一是切分，一是定性。切分，是解决一个结构的直接组成成分到底是哪些；而定性，是解决切分所得的直接组成成分之间在句法上是什么关系。
AHP层次分析法详细讲解 。它是一种定性和定量相结合的、系统化、层次化的分析方法。由于它在处理复杂的决策问题上的实用性和有效性很快在世界范围得到重视。它的应用已遍及经济计划和管理、能源政策和分配、行为科学、军事指挥、运输、农业、教育、人才、医疗和环境等领域。 层次分析法的基本思路与人对一个复杂的决策问题的思维、判断过程大体上是一样的。不妨用假期旅游为例假如有3个旅游胜地A、B、C供你选择你会根据诸如景色、费用和居住、饮食、旅途等一些准则去反复比较这3个候选地点首先你会确定这些准则在你的心目中各占多大比重如果你经济宽绰、醉心旅游自然分别看重景色而平素俭朴或手头拮据的人则会优先考虑费用中老年旅游者还会对居住、饮食等寄以较大关注。其次你会就每一个准则将3个地点进行对比譬如A 景色最好B次之B费用最低C次之C居住等较好等等。最后你要将这两个层次的比较判断进行综合在A、B、C中确定哪个作为最佳地点。 层次分析法的基本步骤 1、建立层次结构模型。在深入分析实际问题的基础上将有关的各个因素按照不同属性自上而下 2 / 8 AHP指南-层次分析法详解地分解成若干层次同一层的诸因素从属于上一层的因素或对上层因素有影响同时又支配下一层的因素或受到下层因素的作用。最上层为目标层通常只有1个因素最下层通常为方案或对象层中间可以有一个或几个层次通常为准则或指标层。当准则过多时譬如多于9个应进一步分解出子准则层。 2、构造成对比较阵。从层次结构模型的第2层开始对于从属于或影响上一层每个因素的同一层诸因素用成对比较法和1—9比较尺度构追成对比较阵直到最下层。 3、计算权向量并做一致性检验。对于每一个成对比较阵计算最大特征根及对应特征向量利用一致性指标、随机一致性指标和一致性比率做一致性检验。若检验通过特征向量归一化后即为权向量若不通过需重新构追成对比较阵。 4、计算组合权向量并做组合一致性检验。计算最下层对目标的组合权向量并根据公式做组合一致性检验若检验通过则可按照组合权向量表示的结果进行决策否则需要重新考虑模型或重新构造那些一致性比率较大的成对比较阵。 层次分析法的优点运用层次分析法有很多优点其中最重要的一点就是简单明了。层次分析法不仅适用于存在不确定性和主观信息的情况还允许以合乎逻辑的方式运用经验、洞察力和直觉。也许层次分析法最大的优点是提出了层次本身它使得买方能够认真地考虑和衡量指标的相对重要性。 建立层次结构模型将问题包含的因素分层最高层解决问题的目的中间层实现总目标而采取的各种措施、必须考虑的准则等。也可称策略层、约束层、准则层等最低层用于解决问题的各种措施、方案等。把各种所要考虑的因素放在适当的层次内。用层次结构图清晰地表达这些因素的关系。 〔例1〕购物模型某一个顾客选购电视机时对市场正在出售的四种电视机考虑了八项准则作为评估依据建立层次分析模型如下 3 / 8 AHP指南-层次分析法详解〔例2〕选拔干部模型对三个干部候选人y1、y2 、y3按选拔干部的五个标准品德、才能、资历、年龄和群众关系构成如下层次分析模型假设有三个干部候选人y1、y2 、y3按选拔干部的五个标准品德才能资历年龄和群众关系构成如下层次分析模型构造成对比较矩阵比较第 i 个元素与第 j 个元素相对上一层某个因素的重要性时使用数量化的相对权重aij来描述。设共有 n 个元素参与比较则称为成对比较矩阵。
《形合和意合的差异与英汉互译》---英语专业论文范文 关键词：英汉互译形合意合语篇 摘要：由于英语语篇讲究形合，汉语语篇讲究意合，两种语言在联句成篇上的明显差异导致英汉互译不是原文单词与译文单词的对译，而是两种语言的语篇动态对译。掌握两者的差异，有助于更准确地理解原文，更地道地构建译文。 关键词：英汉；互译；形合；意合；语篇 一、引言 语言是文化的载体，任何一种语言都反映了与其相应的文化。西方人重形式分析和逻辑推理，强调“由一到多”的思维传统。在处理问题上，注意把具体问题从总体中分离出来，把极复杂的问题划分为比较简单的形式和部分，然后逐一去研究；汉民族讲究“天人合一”，重视整体思维，注重心理时空的思维方式。在处理问题上，注意从整体上，从一事物与他事物的联系上加以认识，予以解决。英汉民族思维模式的差异导致两种语言在结构上差异明显。英语讲究形合，语法显性，而汉语则注重“意合”，语法隐性。所谓形合，指的是句中的词语或分句之间用语言形式手段（如关联词）连接起来，表达语法意义和逻辑关系。汉语讲究意合。所谓意合，指的是词语或分句之间不用语言形式手段连接，句中的语法意义和逻辑关系通过词语或分句的含义表达。形合和意合的差异是英汉在语言学上最重要的一个区别。 二、英汉语篇形合与意合差异对英汉互译的影响 任何语言都不是独立地使用一种固定的表达模式来传递语言信息的，而是两种模式的混合自由作用。但是受文化背景、思维模式的影响，在表达过程中会表现出不同的特点。英语重形合，汉语重意合。英语行文注重结构、形式，注重显性接应，以形显意，语义连贯诉诸理性，因而句子结构严谨、完整。汉语行文注重功能、意义，注重隐性连贯，以神统形，语义连贯诉诸意向，因而汉语句子比较简洁，少用甚至不用形式连接手段。英汉在语篇的连句表意中彰显出不同的表达特色。可见英汉互译不是原文单词与译文单词的对译，而是两种语言的语篇动态对译。成功的译文应在意义上与原文等值，在遣词造句上看不出硬译的痕迹，符合译文行文要求和表达习惯，做到“信、达、雅”，即：忠实原文的实质精神，表达充分又确切，文字优雅流畅。 英汉形合、意合的差异导致汉译英时，若不加分析，一概完整地逐字、逐词、逐句照译，势必出现“汉化英语”，译文成为英文语篇中的破句或电报语，而英译汉时，则出现“英化汉语”，原文中所存在的连词在译文语篇中显得有些苍白，甚至累赘，失去了语言的简洁性、紧凑性。翻译实践证明，大量句子英汉互译时，往往需要在语篇中重新构建符合译文语言特点的表达。 1. 句子主语的调整。 英汉语句子均由主语和谓语两大部分组成，但英汉语句子主谓之间的句法关系差异明显。英语重形合，句子的主谓之间存有强制性的一致关系，决定谓语动词的人称形式和数形式，因此英语句子的主语在句中一般是不可或缺的。它是如此地不可或缺，以致当主语因修辞原因而移位时，甚至要使用形式主语来补足空位。汉语重意合，句子的主谓之间没有强制性的一致关系，主语对谓语动词的形式没有决定作用，句法地位并不十分重要，在语境（包括上下文、情景语境、常识与背景知识等）中为交际双方所共知的主语常常省去，以意承脉，因而汉语中存在大量的无主句或主语省略句。如以下汉语中的无主句，译成英语时则要补出主语。 （1）好，不再说了吧；要落泪了，真想念北平呀！ （老舍，想北平） Now，let me leave off writing，for I am on the point of shedding tears. How I miss. Peiping! （2）凭窗站了一会儿，微微的觉得凉意侵人。 （冰心，笑） Standing at the window for a while，I felt a bit chilly. （3）It is hard to find out what any county can door will do next. （Lord Dunsany：The Greatest Invention） 很难预料一个国家能做什么或是接着会干什么。 2. 句式上的调整。 意合在形态上是平级配列，而形合在形态上是次级配列。汉语的句子以说话者的意念为主轴，形成一种意念机制，表
层次分析法(AHP) AHP(Analytic Hierarchy Process)方法，是由20世纪70年代由美国著名运筹学学家T.L.Satty提出的。它是指将决策问题的有关元素分解成目标、准则、方案等层次，在此基础上进行定性分析和定量分析的一种决策方法。这一方法的特点，是在对复杂决策问题的本质、影响因素及其内在关系等进行深入分析之后，构建一个层次结构模型，然后利用较少的定量信息，把决策的思维过程数学化，从而为求解多准则或无结构特性的复杂决策问题提供了一种简便的决策方法。 AHP十分适用于具有定性的，或定性定量兼有的决策分析。这是一种十分有效的系统分析和科学决策方法，现在已广泛地应用在企业信用评级、经济管理规划、能源开发利用与资源分析、城市产业规划、企业管理、人才预测、科研管理、交通运输、水资源分析利用等方面。 一、递阶层次结构的建立 一般来说，可以将层次分为三种类型： （1）最高层：只包含一个元素，表示决策分析的总目标，因此也称为总目标层。 （2）中间层：包含若干层元素，表示实现总目标所涉及的各子目标，包含各种准则、约束、策略等，因此也称为目标层。 （3）最低层：表示实现各决策目标的可行方案、措施等，也称为方案层。 典型的递阶层次结构如下： 一个好的递阶层次结构对解决问题极为重要，因此在建立递阶层次结构时，应注意到： （1）从上到下顺序地存在支配关系，用直线段（作用线）表示上一层次因素与下一层次因素之间的关系，同一层次及不相邻元素之间不存在支配关系。 （2）整个结构不受层次限制。 （3）最高层只有一个因素，每个因素所支配元素一般不超过9个，元素过多可进一步分层。 （4）对某些具有子层次结构可引入虚元素，使之成为典型递阶层次结构。 二、构造比较判断矩阵 设有m个目标（方案或元素），根据某一准则，将这m个目标两两进行比较，把第i个目标（i=1,2,…,m）对第j个目标的相对重要性记为a ij，(j=1,2,…,m)，这样构造的m阶矩阵用于求解各个目标关于某准则的优先权重，成为权重解析判断矩阵，
SZ170420117 环境一班任云帆 Peter Newmark: The first traces of translation date from 3000 BC, during the Egyptian Old Kingdom, in the area of the First Cataract, Elephantine, where inscriptions i n two languages have been found. 最早的翻译的痕迹来自公元前3000年，那时正是古埃及王朝。在第一瀑布（注：地处埃及和苏丹的边界，亚斯旺南郊）首次发现了用两种语言篆刻的碑文。 It became a significant factor in the West in 300 BC, when the Romans took over wholesale many elements of Greek culture, including the whole religious apparatus. 一个很重要的因素是：公园前300年的西方，罗马人垄断了许多的希腊文化元素，包括整个宗教组织。In the twelfth century, the West came into contact with Islam in Moorish Sp ain. 在二十世纪，西方人开始与西班牙的摩尔穆斯林们建立联系。 The situation favoured the two essential conditions for large-scale translation (Storig, 1963): 这样的情景下推动大规模翻译的两个中重要条件是： a qualitative difference in culture (the West was inferior but scientifically acquisitive and receptive to new ideas) and continuous contact between two languages. 文化中的定性差异（西方人比较落后，但是更加贪求科技并且更易于接受新的思想）和两种语言简的持续交流 When the Moorish supremacy collapsed in Spain, the Toledo school of translato rs translated Arabic versions of Greek scientific and philosophical classics. 当摩尔人在西班牙的霸权瓦解，托莱多翻译学院翻译了很多阿拉伯语版的希腊科学和哲学的经典。Luther’s Bible translation in 1522 laid the foundations of modern German and King James’s Bible (1611) had a seminal influence on English language and literature. 卢瑟在1522年翻译的圣经立足于现代德国和金·詹姆斯在1611年翻译的版本，它对英国的语言和文学有着有着重要的影响。 Significant periods of translation preceded Shakespeare and his contemporaries, French classicism and the Romantic Movements. 莎士比亚时期，法兰西古典时期和浪漫主义运动时期都是翻译界中很重要的时期 全文： 最早的翻译的踪迹公元前3000年，那时正是古埃及王朝。在第一瀑布（注：地处埃及和苏丹的边界，亚斯旺南郊）首次发现了用两种语言篆刻的碑文。一个很重要的因素是：公园前300年的西方，罗马人垄断了许多的希腊文化元素，包括整个宗教组织。在二十世纪，西方人开始与西班牙的摩尔穆斯林们建立联系。这样的情景下，推动大规模翻译的两个中重要条件是：文化中的定性差异（西方人比较落后，但是更加贪求科技并且更易于接受新的思想）和两种语言的持续交流。摩尔人在西班牙的霸权瓦解后，托莱多翻译学院翻译了很多阿拉伯语版的希腊科学和哲学的经典。卢瑟在1522年翻译的圣经立足于现代德国和金·詹姆斯在1611年翻译的版本，它对英国的语言和文学有着有着重要的影响。莎士比亚时期，法兰西古典时期和浪漫主义运动时期都是翻译界中很重要的时期。
第二讲层次分析法 2.1 句子成分分析及其局限 句子成分分析法又叫中心词分析发。要点大致如下： （一）以单句为分析对象。 （二）句子有六大成分——主语、述语（谓语）（主要成分）；宾语、补足语（黎锦熙，如“他成了班长 ．．”“他 们请我做报告 ．．．”）（连带成分）；形容词性附加语（今天的定语）、副词性附加语（状语和补语）（附加成分）。 （三）句子成分原则上只能是词。 （四）分析手续：先找出全句主要成分主语和述语，再决定述语后有无连带成分宾语或补语，最后指出句中所有的附加成分。 句子成分分析发的优点：可以让人一下子把握住句子的脉络。在分析长句时，更能显示其优越性：（1）我国首升空的“神州－3号”模拟载人飞船经过264个小时在太空运行之后按照原先预定的时间安全、准确地返回原先计算好的我国西北某地区的地面。 句子成分分析法的局限性： 第一：离了枝叶，主干不成立或站不住，或不是原句子的意思。
（2）他贪图安逸。 （3）于福的老婆是小晴的娘．。 第二：离了枝叶，主干虽能成立，但意思发生了变化。 （4）我们都不懂。（我们懂） （5）祥林嫂死了当家人。（祥林嫂死了） （6）不合格的党员清除了。（党员清除了） 第三：不能有效分化歧义。 （7）照片放大了一点。（“放得不是很大”，“放得过于大了”） （8）我也去上海。 第四：不利于发现某些词语的用法特点。 （9）a.我们白白浪费了几个小时。*b.我们白浪费了几个小时。 2.2 句法构成的层次性 一个句子或句法结构总是按一定的句法规则一层一层地进行组合的。例如： （10）他刚到。 “刚”跟“他”不发生直接的关系，“刚”先跟“到”构成修饰关系，然后“刚到”一起再跟“他”构成主谓关系。这种构造特性一般称为“句法构造的层次性”。 2.3 关于层次分析法
翻译练习一（英译汉）小组讨论情况记录 小组成员：赵一，钱二，孙三，李四 本次讨论记录、执笔人：赵一 1.本次翻译文本的目标读者是？ 2.本次翻译任务需要达成的目的是？ 3.请用注释的形式写出“翻译根据”。翻译根据包括（但不限于）根据翻译目的 对翻译方法（策略）的选择；术语的出处或论证过程；译文选词、造句、结构、篇章等方面的考虑； 原文：在国内众多的历史课本或辅导爱国读本中，讲到北宋的社会经济，往往说这时期出现了中国第一个商标。这枚传说中的白兔商标现存于中国历史博物馆，中间一个白兔图，寓“玉兔捣药”之意. 译文：In various Chinese history textbooks and patriotic readings[i], one thing is always covered in the economic development[ii] of the Northern Song Dynasty—the emergence[iii] of China’s first trademark, which is now kept in the National Museum of Chinese History[iv]. This legendary trademark was designed with a white rabbit image in the middle, implying the message of the Jade Rabbit pounding medicine[v] [i]辅导爱国读本 第一步，理解中文。 所谓“辅导爱国读本”一般指供学生课下阅读的旨在培养爱国情操的材料(当然也可以面向社会读者)，内容可以涵盖从古至今国家经济政治文化等各方面情况：讲成就可以培养人们的民族自尊心、自信心、自豪感等等；也可以讲失败、讲教训，激励人们奋发图强，建设祖国。…这些在中国都属于“爱国主义教育”的内容。文中要讲的是北宋出现了中国历史上第一枚商标，这是经济发展的标志之一，算是“成就”，同时此商标设计上又体现了浓郁的中国传统文化特色（玉兔捣药），因此自然会被写入爱国读本让大家了解。 第二步，理解基础上做出一个译文。
8.3.2 层次分析法的计算步骤 一、建立层次结构模型 运用AHP进行系统分析，首先要将所包含的因素分组，每一组作为一个层次，把问题条理化、层次化，构造层次分析的结构模型。这些层次大体上可分为3类 1、最高层：在这一层次中只有一个元素，一般是分析问题的预定目标或理想结果，因此又称目标层； 2、中间层：这一层次包括了为实现目标所涉及的中间环节，它可由若干个层次组成，包括所需要考虑的准则，子准则，因此又称为准则层； 3、最底层：表示为实现目标可供选择的各种措施、决策、方案等，因此又称为措施层或方案层。 层次分析结构中各项称为此结构模型中的元素，这里要注意，层次之间的支配关系不一定是完全的，即可以有元素（非底层元素）并不支配下一层次的所有元素而只支配其中部分元素。这种自上而下的支配关系所形成的层次结构，我们称之为递阶层次结构。 递阶层次结构中的层次数与问题的复杂程度及分析的详尽程度有关，一般可不受限制。为了避免由于支配的元素过多而给两两比较判断带来困难，每层次中各元素所支配的元素一般地不要超过9个，若多于9个时，可将该层次再划分为若干子层。 例如，大学毕业的选择问题，毕业生需要从收入、社会地位及发展机会方面考虑是否留校工作、读研究生、到某公司或当公务员，这些关系可以将其划分为如图8.1所示的层次结构模型。 图8.1 再如，国家综合实力比较的层次结构模型如图6 .2： 图6 .2 图中，最高层表示解决问题的目的，即应用AHP所要达到的目标；中间层表示采用某种措施和政策来实现预定目标所涉及的中间环节，一般又分为策略层、约束层、准则层等；最低层表示解决问题的措施或政策（即方案）。 然后，用连线表明上一层因素与下一层的联系。如果某个因素与下一层所有因素均有联系，那么称这个因素与下一层存在完全层次关系。有时存在不完全层次关系，即某个因素只与下一层次的部分因素有联系。层次之间可以建立子层次。子层次从属于主层次的某个因素。它的因素与下一层次的因素有联系，但不形成独立层次，层次结构模型往往有结构模型表示。 二、构造判断矩阵 任何系统分析都以一定的信息为基础。AHP的信息基础主要是人们对每一层次各因素的相对重要性给出的判断，这些判断用数值表示出来，写成矩阵形式就是判断矩阵。判断矩阵是AHP工作的出发点，构造判断矩阵是AHP的关键一步。 当上、下层之间关系被确定之后，需确定与上层某元素（目标A或某个准则Z）相联系的下层各元素在上层元素Z之中所占的比重。 假定A层中因素Ak与下一层次中因素B1，B2，…，Bn有联系，则我们构造的判断矩阵如表8.16所示。 表8.16 判断距阵 Ak B1 B2 …Bn
目录 一、层次分析法及与层次分析法相关的几点说明 (2) 二、层次分析法的分析步骤 (4) 三、层次分析法的原则 (4) 四、层次分析法的基本精神 (4) 五、层次分析法的优势及局限 (5)
现代汉语层次分析法 【内容摘要】层次分析法是美国描写语言学语法分析的一种方法。这种析句方法可适用于各种语言单位的切分作业，小可以切分语素,大可以切分复句乃至篇章。但也有不足之处。本文回顾了与层次分析法相关的概念、分析步骤、原则、基本精神，明确了层次分析法的优势与局限性。 【关键词】层次分析法、优势、局限 正文 一、层次分析法及与层次分析法相关的几点说明 1.成分与直接成分 这组概念在语法分析中，经常被混为一谈，事实上是有区别的。 成分就是构成一个词组或句子的所有结构单位（最小是一个词），这些单位无论处于何种层次，都是组成这个短语、句子的结构成分。直接成分则是直接构成某一个结构的两个成分（一般来说就是两个），或者说是在短语或句子某一结构层面上的两个成分。成分和直接成分是不同的概念。成分的范围要大于直接成分，直接成分也是成分，但成分不都是直接成分，只有同一个层次中切分出来的两个成分才是直接成分，所以直接成分是相对而言的。句子内部的结构成分之间并非全是直接关系，也有间接关系。直接成分就是直接发生了结构关系而构成句法结构的成分。两个直接成分总是优先组合，且按某种结构类型组合。 2.层次分析法 层次分析法即直接成分分析法（简称IC分析法），是美国描写语言学语法分析的一种方法。三十年代布龙菲尔德在《语言论》一书中提出了直接成分的概念后，结构主义学派在语法分析上就逐渐用层次分析法取代了传统的中心词分析法。四十年代和五十年代层次分析法被广泛采用，同时反复讨论了切分层次的标准，而且扩展应用到篇章结构的分析。这样，从语素组合成词，词组合成短语，短语组合成句，句组合成篇，都作层次分析。此外，也用于语音分析。这种分析
层次分析案例应用 背景资料: 某企业在扩大企业自主权后，委托某专业咨询机构分析如何合理利用企业利润。负责该项目的咨询工程师从Bl:进一步调动职工劳动积极性、B2:提高企业技术水平、B3:改善职工物质与文化生活三个方面设计问卷调查表，通过问卷调查法得出可供选择的方案有:P1：发奖金;P2：扩建集体福利事业;P3：办职工业余技校;P4：建图书馆、俱乐部;P5：引进新设备。 企业决策层按照调查结果，采用两两对比法，依据企业实际情况给出以下评价：1.B2比B1明显重要；2.B3比B1稍微重要；3.B2比B3稍微重要；基于B1调动职工积极性的目标下的评价 7.P1比P5强烈重要；8.P2比P3稍微重要；9.P2比P4既同样重要又稍微重要；10.P2比P5明显重要； 5、若已知B2、B3目标下的评价结果，作为咨询工程师，运用定量分析方法给出方案的优先顺序？ 6、简述咨询机构运用层次分析法的优缺点有哪些？
第一问：暗地卷烟（基础知识不多说）； 第二问：层次分析法的步骤： ①建立层次结构模型；②构造比较判断矩阵； ③单准则下层次排序和单准则下一致性检验；④总排序和总排序下一致性检验。 A—B
第一步：单准则下的①权重向量和②最大特征值计算，并进行③一致性检验一、权重向量的求解 二、最大特征值的求解 定义：给定某一矩阵A，寻找一个常数λ和非零向量ω，使得A·ω=λ·ω 即A·ω= =λ· A-B A·ω= = 下一步依据高中向量运算公式 即：A=λD B=λE C=λF =λ·= 故：λ=1/3*(A/B+B/E+C/D) 综上得λmax =1/3*(0.3182/0.1047+1.9354/0.6370+0.7847/0.2583)=3.0385B1-P 的计算过程不重复，λmax =5.0792 1 1/5 1/3A —B 51331/3 1 0.1047 ωA —0.6370 0.2583 11/51/351331/3 1 0.10470.63700.2583 0.1047 0.6370 0.2583 A B C D E F λD λE λF
旅游资料的翻译 1．杭州——“人间天堂” 意大利著名旅行家马可·波罗曾这样叙述他印象中的杭州“这是世界上最美妙的城市，它使人觉得自己在天堂。”在中国也流传着这样的话：“上有天堂，下有苏杭。”杭州的名气主要在于风景如画的西湖。西湖一年四季都美不胜收，宋代著名诗人苏东坡用“淡妆浓抹总相宜”的诗句来赞誉西湖。在杭州，您可以饱览西湖的秀色，也不妨漫步街头闹市，品尝一下杭州的名菜名点，还可以购上几样名特土产。苏堤和白堤把西湖一分为二，仿佛两条绿色的缎带，飘逸于碧波之上。湖中心有三个小岛：阮公墩、湖心亭和小瀛洲。湖水泛着涟漪，四周山林茂密，点缀着楼台亭阁，是我国最有名的旅游景点之一。 杭州人观西湖有个说法：“晴湖不如雨湖，雨湖不如夜湖。”您在杭州，一定要去领略一下西湖的风韵，看看此说是否有道理。 杭州是中国著名的六大古都之一，已有两千多年的历史。杭州不仅以自然美景闻名于世，而且有着传统的文化魅力。不仅有历代文人墨客的题咏，而且有美味佳肴和漂亮的工艺品。 杭州是中国的“丝绸之府”，丝绸产品品种繁多，其中以织锦尤为引人注目。杭州还专门生产墨纸扇和檀香扇。其他特产有西湖绸伞和中国十大名茶之一的西湖龙井。 The famous Italian traveler Marco Polo was so impressed by the beauty of Hangzhou that he described it as “the most fascinating city in the world where one feels that one is in paradise.” In China, there has been a century-old popular saying pr aising the city: “In Heaven there is Paradise; on Earth there are Suzhou and Hangzhou.” Hangzhou’s fame lies mainly in its picturesque West Lake. As it is beautiful all the year round, the West Lake was compared by Su Dongpo, a celebrated poet of the Song Dynasty, to a beauty “who is always charming in either light or heavy makeup.” In Hangzhou, you will not only find the lake a perfect delight to the eye but also find it a joy to stroll along the busy streets, taste
第四节层次分析法 教学目标：1、从理论上把握层次分析法是一种怎样的方法（理论起源、依据、目的、用途、优势与不足等） 2、从实践上掌握如何使用层次分析法分析现代汉语句法结构 3、培养学生语言分析能力，形成良好语感；激发学生对经典方法论进行反思性探讨，形成科研意识；培养学生形成严谨认真细致的科学态度 教学难点：1、把握层次分析法的两个关键因素：层次与关系 2、判断层次分析是否正确的一些规则和技巧 教学重点：如何正确使用层次分析法分析句法结构 教学延伸： 1、思考层次分析法能否应用于一些不适合二分处理的特殊结构，怎样 运用是否有价值有的话有何价值 2、回忆中小学学习过的“中心词分析法”这种传统的汉语句子分析方 法，与层次分析法对比，探讨现代汉语句法分析的出路和前景。 3、介绍当今中国语言学界新崛起的“字本位”理论以及目前世界语言 学界最流行的“认知语言论”（这一理论是对层次分析法所依据的基 本语言理论——形式主义语言论的彻底颠覆），引导学生进行创新性 学术思考与争论。 课型：结合多媒体演示的讲授课 课时：3课时 第一课时 教学内容： 一、语言的线性排列与层次结构
二、何谓层次分析法 三、使用层次分析法分析现代汉语句法结构的要点 教学过程： 一、通过实例介绍语言线性排列形式下隐藏的层次结构。明确术语“线性排 列”“结构层次”的含义。 线性排列：我们平时说话，只能一个词语接一个词语地说出来，发音也只能一个音一个音地发出来，书写时一个汉字一个汉字写出来，这种按照时间 先后顺序说出或者写出的形式，就是语言的“线性排列”形式。语言 是在一维的空间里，随时间的流逝展开的。线性排列是表现出来的语 言形式。但在语言线性排列的表象下，却隐藏着一个层次关系，例如： 蔚蓝的天空中飘着洁白的云 表面上看是线性，实际上“蔚蓝的”“天空”先组合成“蔚蓝的天空”；“飘着”“洁白的”“云”组合成“飘着洁白的云”，两者再组合成“蔚蓝的天空中飘着洁白的云”这一线性结构所以，可见这些词并不是一次性组合在一起的，也不是按照线性形式一个接一个依次组合在一起的。它实际上有多个组合层次。 所以，所谓结构层次，指的是隐藏在线性排列的表象下，语言中句法单位在组合成更大的结构体时所反映出的不同的先后、亲疏、松紧关系。句法成分并不是一个接一个组合的，而是不断套叠形成的。线性排列，我们凭直觉就可以完全看出来，而结构层次关系，则需要我们深入到语言内部，通过结构分析才能揭示出来。 例子：我们班的新同学 二、介绍层次分析法产生发展的历史渊源，明确理论的来龙去脉，以及在当下 的研究进展情况、地位。弄清楚到底何为层次分析法。并对这一分析方法做
层次分析法实例讲解学习 生活实际例题： 旅游实例，有三个旅游地点供游客们选择，连云港，常州，徐州。影响游客们决策的因素主要有以下五项：景色、费用、居住、饮食、旅途。请根据个人偏好选择最佳旅游地点。 分析：旅游点是方案层，将它们分别用B,B2,B3表示，影响旅游决策的因素为准 则层AAAAA；目标层为选择旅游地，即可以建立以下模型: 建立判断矩阵： 准则层判断矩阵（即各种因素在旅客偏好选择中所占有的不同比重） 1 1/ 2 4 3 3 2 1 7 5 5 A 1/4 1/7 1 1/2 1/3 1/3 1/5 2 1 1 1/3 1/5 3 1 1 方案层判断矩阵建立（针对每一个影响因素来对方案层建立） 1 2 5 1 1/3 1/8 1 1 3 B 1/2 1 2 B1 3 1 1/3 B1 1 1 3 1/5 1/2 1 8 3 1 1/3 1/3 1 1 3 4 1 1 1/4 B1 1/3 1 1 B1 1 1 1/4 1/4 1 1 4 4 1 求准则层判断矩阵A的特征值： Matlab 运行程序：[a,b]=eig（A）
'矩阵的对角线为准则层判断矩阵 A 的特征值: 5.073 0 0 0 0 0.031 0 0 0 b 0 0 0.031 0 0 0 0 0 0.005 0 0.005 即 1 5.073, 2 0.031, 3 0.031, 4 0.005, 5 0.005 选出最大特征值： max ( 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 ) 1 最大特征值的特征向量即为准则层的影响因素所占的权重， 为： 所对应的特征向量 w 1 -0.4658 -0.8409 -0.0951 -0.1733 -0.1920 归一化(最简 matlab 程序为 w=w1./sum(w1)) w 0.2636 0.4759 0.0538 0.0981 0.1087 一致性指标的检验： 由max 是否等于5来检验判断矩阵A 是否为一致矩阵。由于特征根连续地依 赖于矩阵A 中的值，故max 比5大得越多，A 的非一致性程度也就越严重， max 对应的标准化特征向量也就越不能真实地反映出对因素 A i (i 1, ,5)的影 响中所占的比重。 计算一致性指标CI : 此题的一致性指标为 5.073-5 0.018 5-1 平均随机一致性指标RI 相对固定，如下表： RI 随机一致性指标 3456789 10 11 0.58 0.90 1.12 1.24 1.32 1.41 1.45 1.49 1.51 计算一致性比例CR : CR q RI 当CR 时，认为判断矩阵的一致性是可以接受的，否则应对判断矩阵作适当修正。 本题： CR ? 皿 0.016 0.1 RI 1.12 可行。 按照如上方式处理矩阵B, B 2, B 3, B 4, B 5得: CI max n n 1 max n n 1 CI n 1 2 RI 0