大学英语句子翻译要点点拨
- 格式:doc
- 大小:104.00 KB
- 文档页数:10
1 大学英语句子翻译要点点拨
杨廷君
(宁波大学外语学院 浙江宁波 315211)
改革后的大学英语四、六级试题增设了句子翻译,要求考生在五分钟之内将五个句子中的汉语翻译成英语。该试题占的分数比例不大,但测试了学生真实的语言运用能力。为了做好翻译试题,下面几点值得注意。
1、 句子的完整问题
句子的完整问题主要涉及主语。汉语是隐性结构,英语是显性结构,也就是说,汉语的主语可以不用表达出来,但根据上下文,读者一眼就知道句子的主语是什么;而英语就不同了,除了少数省略句,句子的主语是不可缺少的。例如,翻译句子“只要还有希求,我就有活着的理由,满足就是死亡。”中,我们根据下文知道“只要还有希求”的主语是谁,而将整个句子翻译成汉语就是:
As long as I have a want, I have a reason for living. Satisfaction is death.
再如句子“不论多么成功,人们都将继续面对困难”的译文同样根据后文将主语明确表达出来:
No matter how successful they become, people will continue to face difficulties.
2、 动词形式和处理方式问题
动词形式和处理方式问题主要涉及该使用哪种非谓语动词形式和出现在主语位置上的动词。翻译时,只要看见动词就要作出判断,该用谓语动词形式呢还是其它形式。例如句子“确立目标是取得成功的第一步”中,“确定目标”这个动宾结构是主语,翻译时就得使用非谓语形式,译为Setting goals
is the first step in achieving success.再如句子“将事物分类就是根据一定得计划把它们分组或排序”的主语为“将事物分类”,翻译成英语时我们就得使用非谓语形式,可以译为:To classify things
is to arrange them in groups or sequences according to a plan.
由于动词非谓语结构的句法功能多,出现在主语位置上的动词这样处理,出现在其它位置上的也应根据实际需要做相应处理。比如句子“变化要求采取正确的行动”中,动宾结构“采取行动”作“要求”的宾语,翻译成英语全句为Change requires taking the right action.
另外,除了将汉语的动宾结构处理为非谓语结构外,我们还可以借助于英语的词类转换,将动宾结构翻译成“名词1+介词+名词2”结构。例如句子“事情无论大小,注意细节对于成功至关重要”就可以翻译成:Whether it is a great matter or a small one, attention to details is vital
to success.
3、 时态照应问题
学生翻译时很容易犯的一个低级错误就是忽视前后时态的照应,表面上看将“虽然他非常痛恨过去”翻译成much he hates the past绝对没有问题,但是,如果后面分句是he wrote two books
documenting his five-year prison experience.,那情况就不同了,因为单词wrote明确限定了时间,所以,hates 就应该改为hated,这就是时态照应。再如:
The researchers concluded that the more time children spend watching television,
________(他们的学习成绩越差).
“他们的学习成绩越差”可以翻译成the poorer they perform academically,问题是前一个分句有两个动词:concluded和spend,后一个分句的动词perform该与concluded保持一致,还是与spend保持一致呢?稍加分析,我们发现The researchers concluded为主句,that引出宾语从句,分句the poorer they perform academically与the more time children spend watching television构成比例句,也就是说动词perform与动词spend联系紧密,所以使用一般现在时。 2 值得一提的是,虚拟语气是英语的一大难点,也是测试机率高的语言点。对虚拟语气的测试自然是时态。使用be型虚拟语气还是were型虚拟语气就涉及时态照应问题。如果出现这样的试题:
________(要不是因为我生病了),I would have lent him a helping hand.
译文自然是Had it not been for my illness,因为根据一般的照应规则,与过去的事实相反的虚拟语气,从句使用“had+动词过去分词”,主句使用“would/could/might/should+现在完成体”。
4、 语态问题
翻译时的语态问题包括谓语动词的被动语态,也包括非谓语动词的被动结构。关键问题是汉语使用被动语态的机率远小于英语,换句话说,从结构标志上看,汉语是主动语态的地方,翻译成英语时需要使用被动结构,尤其时那些无主句子,翻译成英语时多半使用被动结构。例如:
通常六点半开灯。The lights are usually turned on at 6:30.
为这事已经拨了大笔款项。A large sum of money has been put aside for that purpose.
有时,为了行文的需要,在句中不便更换主语或宾语,于是,我们就使用被动结构。请看非谓语结构中的情况:
当有人向他提起那封信时,他感到很尴尬。→ He found it very embarrassing to be reminded
of that letter.
有些书宜浅尝;有些书宜狼吞;有些则宜细嚼之后消化之。→ Some books are to be tasted,
others to be swallowed, and some fewer to be chewed and digested.
老板的车在修理,他坐地铁到的办公室。→ With the car being repaired, the boss went to
his office by subway.
5、 平行结构问题
英语中的平行结构具有极强的表达能力。平行部分可以是单词,也可以词组和句子,还可以是段落。请看:
多观察、多磨砺、多研究是治学的三大支柱。→ Seeing much, suffering much, and studying much
are the three pillars of learning. (词组平行)
珍视自己的昨天,向往自己的明天,但要过好自己的今天。Cherish your yesterday; dream your
tomorrow; but live your today.(句子平行)
使用平行结构时,一定要保证平行部分的结构对等,是名词词组,都使用名词词组,是不定式,都使用不定式。在改革后的试题中,尤其要注意or, either„or, not only„but also, not„but,
rather than等连接的平行结构。例如:
看到人们物质丰富,而精神匮乏,这是一种遗憾。→ It is a pity to find people rich in goods,
but poor in spirit.(rich in goods与poor in spirit构成对比)
显然,科学不仅涉及仔细的观察也涉及创造的愿望。→ Clearly, science may involve not only
careful observation but also a willingness to be creative.
他或是在伦敦或是在巴黎。→ He is either in London or in Paris.
6、 语序问题
句子翻译中的语序问题主要涉及倒装结构,尤其是以下几种情况:
1) only修饰状语位于句首
只有晚上和周末努力工作,他才能在期限签完成报告。→ Only by working hard at evenings and
weekends is he able to complete the report.
她回家时他才知道这消息。→ Only when she came home did he learn the news.
2) 否定词或带有否定含义的词语位于句首 3 他们不但做了音乐表演,而且简短地介绍了西方铜管乐器的历史。→ Not only did they present
a musical performance, but they also gave a brief introduction to the history of
Western brass instruments.
我不再因为得不到生活中的美好事物而诅咒世界。→ No longer do I curse at the world for
my lack of the good things in life.
一个不相信自己的人很少能获得成功。→ Rarely does a person succeed when he does not
believe in himself.
她建议他们去澳大利亚度假,他是绝对不会反对的。→ Under no circumstances will he object
to her proposal that they take a vacation to Australia together.
3) 关联连词so„that中的so位于句首
他的样子滑稽可笑,人人都盯着看。→ So absurd was his manner that everyone stared.
他感到如此沮丧,什么也不能让他开心起来。→ So depressed did he feel that nothing would
cheer him up.
7、 名词的可数与不可数问题
翻译任何一个句子一般都离不开名词,有名词就得在可数与不可数之间作出判断,就涉及冠词的有无问题。请看下面的练习:
Professor Smith’s devotion to teaching has ________(留下深刻印象)on all his students.
He is said to have been a good student until he ________(开始对电脑游戏上瘾).
A more careful secretary ___________ (就不会犯这样明显的错误).
这三个句子分别有名词“印象”、“电脑游戏”、“错误”,翻译时可以分别处理为made a deep
impression, became addicted to computer games, 和wouldn’t have made such glaring mistakes。其中,第一个名词词组有不定冠词a,第二个和第三个均使用了名词的复数形式。所以,遇到名词时,翻译后要认真检查,尽量减少错误。
值得注意的是,由于语块(chunk),即一些固定词组(如believe it or not,to be frank with
you, generally speaking)和搭配(如densely populated, bold type), 在英语学习中的作用非同小可,我们随便打开一页英语就可以找到很多,在学习过程中,我们应该多留心,日积月累。有了这些语块,再加上语法知识,做翻译试题时我们就会得心应手。
翻译练习
1. Your character will have been completed _________(当生命走到尽头时).
2. ________ (除了以身作则), there’s no better way to teach children.
3. Diligence will greatly enrich your mind, body and spirit, __________(更不用说存款了).
4. If you can’t think up a new idea, try finding _________. (一个方法更好的利用老的观点)
5. ________ (不论多么成功), people will continue to face difficulties.
6. Not until people can completely trust you ________ (你才能对他们产生积极的影响).
7. ________(对听到的事情感到震惊), he placed both his hands on his mouth.
8. The more things a man is ashamed of, ________ (他就越受人尊敬).
9. _________(为战争做好准备)is one of the most effectual means of preserving peace.
10. True wisdom consists not only in seeing what is before your eyes, ________ (而且在于预见将来的事情).
11. We’d better struggle for the future ________(而不是为过去而懊悔).
12. ________ (如果全面考虑), work is less boring than amusing oneself.