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高中英语书面表达解题技巧(1)

高中英语书面表达解题技巧(1)
高中英语书面表达解题技巧(1)

书面表达解题技巧(一)应用文

近几年来,高考英语的书面表达所占的分数比重逐渐增加,题目设置和提示信息逐步放开,趋于半开放型或开放型的表达,大都要结合提示信息和内容,发表自己的观点或看法,考生发挥的余地较大,有个人情感态度表达的机会。要求写作的形式,即文体或体裁多种多样,主要有:

1、应用文,有各种内容的书信、日记、通知、发言稿和调查报告等;

2、记叙文,有故事讲述、人物介绍和个人经历等;

3、议论文,有事理论证、观点讨论以及描述加评论等。

一、应用文写作指导

应用文写作题目的设计形式多种多样,一般通过图画、表格、提纲等形式展示表达的话题及相关信息和主要内容,一般都要有一定的汉语提示和要求。写作内容大都包括对信息内容的客观描述,还要发表自己的观点和看法;有时要求提出解决问题的办法或建议。

应用文的写作要注意以下几个方面:

1、写作的前提是明确目的,以便合理的安排文章内容和结构。除了感谢信、道歉信、邀请信、推荐信、投诉信、求职信等目的较明确外,发言稿、通知、调查报告等也要考虑写作文章的用途或听众与读者的需求;

2、写作的关键是仔细审题,通过审题,得出图画、图表或提纲提示信息,并选准表达要点,使其很好的描述现象,分析问题,解决问题,达到写作的目的;

3、注意篇章结构的整体安排:开篇点题,表明写作的目的(一般给出);描述事物的顺序和思路(按照审题得出的表达要点合理安排,要符合客观实际和人们的认知规律);合适自然的结尾(首尾呼应,提出解决问题的方法或建议)。

4、注意应用文的语言要规范、准确,要得体;选词要丰富,适量使用结构稍复杂的长短句式,如倒装句、强调句和定语从句等,确保写作信息的含量;注意过度与衔接,确保行文连贯,提高写作的质量。

5、选择恰当的人称和时态:以第一、三人称为主,主要选用现在时态。

【例题展示1】书信/电子邮件类(2006年全国卷I)

假定你是李华,应英国朋友Bob的要求,写一封短信介绍你校图书馆的基本情况。内容须包括下面两幅图中的相关信息。

注意:1.词数100左右。

2.可以适当增减细节,以使行文连贯。

3.开头语已为你写好。

Dear Bob,

Thank you for your last letter asking about our library.

_______________________________

_____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ ______________________________

Best wishes,

Li Hua

【思路点拨】

本写作题目要求“写一封短信介绍你校图书馆的基本情况”,由此判断写作的目的和主要内容:介绍图书馆的基本情况。

两幅图画分别从外部环境和内部设施两个方面提示了写作信息。第一幅突出图书馆的位置:图书馆前有花园,后有教学楼,可以用:be located in/between…,in front of…,behind…等表达表达句式。如果使用长句表达更多的信息,可以使用倒装句和定语从句相结合,如:Located in the center of our school is the big library, in front of which is a beautiful garden. 也可以使用现在分词拓展句子内容,如:Our classroom building is just behind it, making it convenient for us to enter.等。

第二幅图主要介绍图书馆内部环境,可以看到的是整齐的书架、丰富的报刊杂志、方便的阅览室,由此可以感受它的宽敞明亮,想象到种类繁多的书籍等,将所见和所想内容巧妙结合起来,考虑一定的写作顺序,可以用:When you get inside, you will see many shelves full of books on various subjects和there are also lots of newspapers and magazines in the reading room, where we can do some reading before borrowing books.等来表达;

另外,图中文字提示了图书馆功能信息,包括有关借阅、借阅数量和借期等,还有开放时间的提示等,考虑与介绍内容的衔接,可以用According to the rule 来表示过度:every student can borrow up to 5 books each time and keep them for 10 days. It is open from 9 a.m. to 7 p.m. from Monday to Friday and closed on weekends.

为使文章显得有始有终,恰当的结尾非常重要,可以简单表示个人感受,如:We all like our library very much.,也可以发出邀请,如:I wish you can come and visit it one day.等。

按照一定的写作顺序,考虑书信写作的格式,将以上信息连接起来,就可表达成文了。

【范文和评析】

June 8

Dear Bob,

Thank you for your last letter asking about our library. Located in the center of our school is the big library, in front of which is a beautiful garden. Our classroom building is just behind it, making it convenient

for us to enter. When you get inside, you will see many shelves full of books on various subjects. Besides, there are also lots of newspapers and magazines in the reading room, where we can do some reading before borrowing books. According to the rule, every student can borrow up to 5 books each time and keep them for 10 days. It is open from 9 a.m. to 7 p.m. from Monday to Friday and closed on weekends.

We all like our library very much.

Best wishes.

Li Hua 文章按照要求和图画提示内容,完全完成了试题规定的写作任务;将有效信息很好的传达给了读者,完全达到了预期的写作目的。

1)覆盖所有内容要点:全面准确的介绍了图书馆的位置,内部设施和规定与借阅规则等;

2)应用了较多的语法结构和词汇,如:表示“位置“的be located in, 表示“方便某人进入”的be convenient for us to enter;表达“各种科目的书籍”用various subjects等;语句Located in the center of our school is the big library, in front of which is a beautiful garden.中倒装和定语从句的正确使用显示了作者扎实的语言基础知识;Our classroom building is just behind it, making it convenient for us to enter.和there are also lots of newspapers and magazines in the reading room, where we can do some reading before borrowing books.等更显作者娴熟的表达技巧。

3) 语法结构或词汇方面没有错误,且尽力使用了较复杂结构或较高级词汇;具备较强的语言运用能力。

4)有效地使用了语句间的连接成分,如:Besides, According to the rule等, 使得行文连贯,过度自然,全文结构紧凑。

总之,范文能写明全部要点;语言基本无误;表达清楚。可以定为第七档作文(优秀),批卷给分是24分。(满分25分)

【写作建议】

一、图画类作文审题建议与指导。

图画类作文题目是将写作的话题和主要信息隐藏在图画内,以有形的东西,直观清楚的展示给考生,同时又给考生留有发挥的余地。审题要从三个方面考虑表达的要点:

1、首先考生要根据题目中的汉语提示,确定话题,给进一步的审题确定正确的方向。

2、然后仔细观察画面内容,抓住与话题有关的主要信息,确定描述的要点;

3、图画中的汉语提示或人物对白等也非常重要,往往是表达必不可少内容。在此基础上,将审题得到的信息转换成标准的英语句子,注意行文的连贯和语句的过度与衔接。

二、英语书信类应用语言指导。

英语书信类语言要根据书信的内容和功能来确定,常用的一些客套语言表达方式有:

1、感谢信常用句型:I am grateful to you for…; I take this opportunity to express to you my deep appreciation for the kind assistance

you rendered me.;It kind and generous of you to do this for me and I do appreciate it more than I can say.

2、致歉信常用句型:I must apologize to you for…; I regret to inform you that I am unable to do…

3、邀请信常用句型有:I am pleased to invite you to attend…;I am sure that you will enjoy yourself here; We look forward to seeing you.

4、求职信常用句型有:I wish to apply for a position of which you advertised in today’s newspaper.; I have learned from a friend that your company is looking for a…;I shall be glad to provide you with any further information concerning my education and personal experience.

【例题展示2】发言稿/通知 (2006年福建卷)

假如你们学校“英语爱好者俱乐部”将对“良好饮食习惯”这一话题进行讨论。

2.发言稿开头与结尾已为你写好,不计入总词数;

3.词数:100左右.

4.参考词汇:偏食be particular about food 零食 snack

Dear friends,

As we all know, we are what we eat. Therefore, it’s very important for us to form healthy eating habits.

__________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________ __________

That’s all. Thank you!

【思路点拨】

由题目要求可以确定写作的话题和目的是“讨论同学们的饮食习惯,准备发言稿”。从表格内容中可以获得表达的要点:

1)部分同学的饮食习惯:不吃早餐;爱吃零食;偏食;饮食过量等, (不难看出,该部分为不良习惯,是要否定和反对的) ;可以参考如下表达方式:…to like to have snacks; be particular about food; … go to school wit hout breakfast; to eat or drink too much; All these are bad habits which will surely do harm to our health.等。

2)养成良好的饮食习惯:饮食多样化;饮食定时定量等,提供健康饮食样例;(该部分是要提倡的良好行为);可以参考如下表达方式:we should have various healthy diets; … include proper amounts of fish, meat, vege tables, fruit as well as main food; we’d better have meals regularly.等。

3)个人看法:健康饮食很重要,有助于身体健康与生长等。要养成良好的饮食习惯。可以参考如下表达方式:… to develop healthy eating habits to build

up a strong body; Only in this way can we have enough energy to study better.

另外,提示的内容很好的揭示了文章的主题,也为考生继续写作提供了很好的开端和参考,考生要顺着提示的内容,搞好衔接或过度。最后,还要注意参考词汇,这也一般是文章必定要包括的内容。

【范文和评析】

Dear friends,

As we all know, we are what we eat. Therefore, it’s a very important for us to from healthy eating habits. However, bad eating habits are still very common among us students. Some of us like to have snacks, and some others are particular about food. Some even often go to school without breakfast while some eat or drink too much. All these are bad habits which will surely do harm to our health.

To keep fit, we should have various healthy diets, which generally include proper amounts of fish, meat, vegetables, fruit as well as main food. Besides, we’d better have meals regularly.

In my opinion, we should try to develop healthy eating habits to build up a strong body. Only in this way can we have enough energy to study better.

That’s all. Thank you!

文章根据表格提示内容,完全完成了试题规定的写作任务;将有效信息很好的传达给了读者,完全达到了预期的写作目的。

1)覆盖所有内容要点:介绍了部分同学的(不良)饮食习惯;列举了良好的饮食习惯,发表了个人观点和看法,并提供了合理的建议;

2)应用了较多的语法结构和词汇,如:文中以短句子为主,如:Some of us like to have snacks, and some others are particular about food.等,突出演讲稿的特点;间或使用长句,如:Some even often go to school without breakfast while some eat or drink too much.等,显示作者的逻辑思维。

3) 语法结构或词汇方面没有错误,且尽力使用了较复杂结构或较高级词汇,如:定语从句To keep fit, we should have various healthy diets, which generally include proper amounts of fish, meat, vegetables, fruit as well as main food.和倒装句Only in this way can we have enough energy to study better.等,表明作者具备较强的语言运用能力。

4)有效地使用了语句间的连接成分,如表达中运用了However,even;To keep fit;In my opinion,等词语和表达方式,使得行文连贯,过度自然,全文结构紧凑。

总之,范文能写明全部要点;语言基本无误;表达清楚。可以定为第七档作文(优秀),批卷给分是24分(满分25分)。

【写作建议】

一、表格类写作审题建议与指导。

表各类文章写作一般通过表格以简单明确的方式提出表达的主要内容,审题内容较为简单,要注意将要点归纳成相关的几部分,注意各部分之间的关系。值得注意的是在对于表格内容的筛选:有时候需要将所有的要点客观的介绍出来,有时

需要选择自己认为正确的观点并加以论证与比较,这些要根据题目的要求来确定。

二、发言稿和通知的语言表达要求。

发言稿和通知类文章属于应用性很强的文体。实用性成为该类表达的最大特点,也是该类文章写作的最基本的要求。由此,该类文章的篇章结构和语言表达显得尤为重要,它们除了能显示作者的语言基础知识外,还要能很好的体现作者的逻辑思维和表达能力。为了便于口头表达,该类文章的语句不要过于复杂,要尽量使用口语化的语言,这样读起来顺口,听起来也容易理解。

【例题展示3】调查报告/海报 (2006年湖北卷)

受某英文报的委托,你最近对高中生的英语阅读兴趣做了一次调查。请根据以下信息,用英语为该报写一篇100左右的短文。短文的标题及首句已为你写好。

调查内容:在新闻、故事、科普、学习方法四种英文文章中,学生最喜欢哪一种。

调查范围:湖北省的10所中学调查对象:高中生

调查人数:

1000 调查方式:访谈

调查结果:(见下图)

Reading Interests of Senior Middle School Students

Recently a survey has been done to find out the reading interests of senior middle school students.

_____________________________________________________________________ __

【思路点拨】

该题目要求为报纸写一份调查报告,报告的内容是“学生喜欢阅读哪类文章”,表达的内容可以通过两方面的审题获得:

1、文字提示:调查内容(已经给出)、调查范围、方式和人数等,可以参考如下词语和句式:One thousand senior middle school students from ten schools in Hubei Province were interviewed; They were asked which they liked reading most among the four categories of English articles: news, stories, popular science articles and articles about learning methods.等;

2、分析图表及图表内的文字提示,说明调查结论:选择新闻类的最多(more than half of the students like to read news most);其次是故事类(Twenty-six percent of the students say that English stories are their favorite);再次是科普文章;最少的是学习方法类(Only seven percent of the students are most interested in reading articles about learning methods),等等。当然,调查报告少不了简单的比较,如:the number of students who enjoy reading popular science articles doubles that of those who prefer reading articles about learning methods.;如果有必要,还可以在文章的结尾处做简单的总结。

【范文和评析】

Reading Interests of Senior Middle School Students

Recently a survey has been done to find out the reading interests of senior middle school students. In this survey, one thousand senior middle school students from ten schools in Hubei Province were interviewed. They were asked which they liked reading most among the four categories of English articles: news, stories, popular science articles and articles about learning methods.

The survey shows that more than half of the students like to read news most. Twenty-six percent of the students say that English stories are their favorite. Only seven percent of the students are most interested in reading articles about learning methods. However, the number of students who enjoy reading popular science articles doubles that of those who prefer reading articles about learning methods.

文章在仔细审题的基础上,出色的完成了试题规定的写作任务;将有效信息很好的传达给了读者,完全达到了预期的写作目的。

1)覆盖所有内容要点,包括:总体说明调查背景和情况;细致描述调查结论和详情;适当总结和简单的评论。

2)应用了较多的语法结构和词汇,语法结构或词汇方面没有错误,且尽力使用了较复杂结构或较高级词汇,如:长句the number of students who enjoy reading popular science articles doubles that of those who prefer reading articles about learning methods.进行比较和概括,表明作者具备较强的语言运用能力。

4)有效地使用了语句间的连接成分,如表达中运用了In this survey;However 等词语和表达方式,使得行文连贯,过度自然,全文结构紧凑。

总之,范文能写明全部要点;语言基本无误;表达清楚。可以定为第七档作文(优秀),批卷给分是25分(满分)。

【写作建议】

一、图表类写作审题建议与指导。

图表能够直观清楚的提示有关数据和信息,并且易于比较。表达内容来源于三个方面:1、题目中文字的提示,一般包括写作话题、写作背景和整体情况;

2、图表展示内容和信息:事情状况或数字的描述与说明,有时需要做比较和变化方面(尤其是折线图显示内容)的描述;

3、总结和个人观点的简单陈述。

从以上三个方面挖掘信息,寻找表达的要点,就可以使表达内容全面准确。二、调查报告类写作的语言组织与指导。

与发言稿和通知类文章不同,调查报告类文章要准确表达丰富的内容,因而要求尽量使用结构复杂的句式,同时还要注意写作句式的多样化,丰富语言表达形式,避免词汇贫乏、结构单一。如本篇写作中,表示“喜欢阅读”哪类文章的词语和方式就比较多,例如:

like to read news most …;English stories are their favorite.;are interested in…;enjoy reading popular science… ;prefer reading… ;be fond of doing sth.;be keen on doing sth….; prefer to do sth. rather than do sth. ;be in favour of doing sth.

为使英语写作中句式的多样化,可以参考如下方法:

1、改变句子开头,可以考虑:用同位语、副词、状语、表语、宾语、短语修饰语等开头,例如:To me the news was very interesting,but to my wife very boring.(以介词短语开头)

Disturbed by the discord of American life in recent decades,Manchester took flight for the pacific islands.(以分词短语开头)

2、巧用连接词,尤其是一些表示从属关系的连接词,如 who,which,that,because,since,although,after,as,before,when,whenever,if,unless,as if等,不仅能够丰富句型,而且还能够把思想表达得更清楚,意义更连贯。例如:The Mississippi River,which is one of the longest rivers in the world,often overflows its banks in the spring time,endangering the lives of many people.

3、长短句交替使用,既体现了节奏上的要求,也是意义表达上的需要。例如: Just imagine the beautiful surroundings if we make our cities greener. Green trees line the streets. A clean river winds through the city,in which a lot of fishes abound. On the one side stand rows of willow trees. On the other side lies a stretch of grassland sprinkled with many yellow and red flowers.

4、利用倒装等灵活的表达结构,例如:In no other place in the world can one find such enthusiasm for applying for hosting the 2008 Olympic Games.

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