翻译硕士专业学位论文参考模板探讨
作者：穆雷， 邹兵， 杨冬敏
作者单位：穆雷(广东外语外贸大学高级翻译学院,翻译学研究中心,广州510420)， 邹兵(广东外语外贸大学高级翻译学院,广州,510420)， 杨冬敏(广东外语外贸大学高级翻译学院,陕西师范大学
外国语学院,广州510420)
刊名：
学位与研究生教育
英文刊名：Academic Degrees & Graduate Education
年，卷(期)：2012(4)
本文链接：https://www.doczj.com/doc/b911974861.html,/Periodical_xwyyjsjy201204007.aspx
南京航空航天大学金城学院 毕业设计（论文）外文文献翻译 系部经济系 专业国际经济与贸易 学生姓名陈雅琼学号2011051115 指导教师邓晶职称副教授 2015年5月
Economic policy,tourism trade and productive diversification （Excerpt） Iza Lejárraga,Peter Walkenhorst The broad lesson that can be inferred from the analysis is that promoting tourism linkages with the productive capabilities of a host country is a multi-faceted approach influenced by a variety of country conditions.Among these,fixed or semi-fixed factors of production,such as land,labor,or capital,seem to have a relatively minor influence.Within the domain of natural endowments,only agricultural capital emerged as significant.This is a result that corresponds to expectations,given that foods and beverages are the primary source of demand in the tourism economy.Hence,investments in agricultural technology may foment linkages with the tourism market.It is also worth mentioning that for significant backward linkages to emerge with local agriculture,a larger scale of tourism may be important. According to the regression results,a strong tourism–agriculture nexus will not necessarily develop at a small scale of tourism demand. It appears that variables related to the entrepreneurial capital of the host economy are of notable explanatory significance.The human development index(HDI), which is used to measure a country's general level of development,is significantly and positively associated with tourism linkages.One plausible explanation for this is that international tourists,who often originate in high-income countries,may feel more comfortable and thus be inclined to consume more in a host country that has a life-style to which they can relate easily.Moreover,it is important to remember that the HDI also captures the relative achievements of countries in the level of health and education of the population.Therefore,a higher HDI reflects a healthier and more educated workforce,and thus,the quality of local entrepreneurship.Related to this point,it is important to underscore that the level of participation of women in the host economy also has a significantly positive effect on linkages.In sum, enhancing local entrepreneurial capital may expand the linkages between tourism and other sectors of the host country.
Statistical hypothesis testing Adriana Albu，Loredana Ungureanu Politehnica University Timisoara,adrianaa@aut.utt.ro Politehnica University Timisoara,loredanau@aut.utt.ro Abstract In this article,we present a Bayesian statistical hypothesis testing inspection, testing theory and the process Mentioned hypothesis testing in the real world and the importance of, and successful test of the Notes. Key words Bayesian hypothesis testing; Bayesian inference;Test of significance Introduction A statistical hypothesis test is a method of making decisions using data, whether from a controlled experiment or an observational study (not controlled). In statistics, a result is called statistically significant if it is unlikely to have occurred by chance alone, according to a pre-determined threshold probability, the significance level. The phrase "test of significance" was coined by Ronald Fisher: "Critical tests of this kind may be called tests of significance, and when such tests are available we may discover whether a second sample is or is not significantly different from the first."[1] Hypothesis testing is sometimes called confirmatory data analysis, in contrast to exploratory data analysis. In frequency probability,these decisions are almost always made using null-hypothesis tests. These are tests that answer the question Assuming that the null hypothesis is true, what is the probability of observing a value for the test statistic that is at [] least as extreme as the value that was actually observed?) 2 More formally, they represent answers to the question, posed before undertaking an experiment,of what outcomes of the experiment would lead to rejection of the null hypothesis for a pre-specified probability of an incorrect rejection. One use of hypothesis testing is deciding whether experimental results contain enough information to cast doubt on conventional wisdom. Statistical hypothesis testing is a key technique of frequentist statistical inference. The Bayesian approach to hypothesis testing is to base rejection of the hypothesis on the posterior probability.[3][4]Other approaches to reaching a decision based on data are available via decision theory and optimal decisions. The critical region of a hypothesis test is the set of all outcomes which cause the null hypothesis to be rejected in favor of the alternative hypothesis. The critical region is usually denoted by the letter C. One-sample tests are appropriate when a sample is being compared to the population from a hypothesis. The population characteristics are known from theory or are calculated from the population.
本科及研究生学术论文参考文献格式 （Bibliography, Works Citied, References） 一.文学、翻译方向：MLA （一）说明 1. 文献类别标识 （1）常用文献类型用单字母标识 专著——[M]（monograph）；期刊文章——[J]（journal）；专著、论文集中的析出文献——[A]（article）；论文集——[C]（collected papers）；学位论文——[D]（dissertation）；专利——[P]（patent）；技术标准——[S]（standardization）；报纸——[N]（newspaper article）；科技报告——[R]（report）；其他未说明的文献类型，如字典——[Z] （2）电子文献载体类型用双字母标识 磁带——[MT]（magnetic tape）；磁盘——[DK]（disk）；光盘——[CD]（CD-ROM）；联机网络——[OL]（online）； （3）电子文献载体类型的参考文献类型标识（文献类型标识/载体类型标识） 联机网上数据库——[DB/OL]（data base online）；磁带数据库——[DB/MT]（data base on magnetic tape）；光盘图书——[M/CD]（monograph on CD-ROM）；磁盘软件——[CP/DK]（computer program on disk）；）网上期刊——[J/OL]（serial online）；网上电子公告——[EB/OL]（electronic bulletin board online） 2. 文献排序 （1）先外文，后中文。 （2）所有文献均按作者的姓（或机构名称）的字母顺序排列。 3. 多加注意标点符号与字句之间的空格、标点符号类型 （二）外文著录格式 为对应起见，本格式全部规则说明中的标点符号均为Times New Roman格式。为醒目之便，这里用红色标识出来。 1. 独著 姓, 名. 书名. 出版地: 出版社, 出版年代. Adams, Hazard. Critical Theory Since Plato. Boston: Heinle & Heinle Publisher, 2004. Showalter, Elaine. A Literature of Their Own: British Women Novelists from Bronte to Lessing. London: Virago Press Ltd, 2009. 2. 两至三名作者 姓, 名, 名姓, 名姓, and 名姓. 书名. 出版地: 出版社, 出版年代. Atwan, Robert, Donald Mcquade, and John Wright. Edsels, Luckies, and Frigidaires: Advertising the American Way. New York: Dell, 1979. Horton, Rod W., and Herbert W. Edwards. Backgrounds of American Literary Thought. New York:
中国石油大学（华东） 本科毕业设计（论文）外文翻译 学生姓名：王辰 学号：0607XXXX 专业班级：信息与计算科学06-2班 指导教师：陈华 2010年6月24日
（原文复印或打印材料,B5纸） In this paper based on the unique geometry and mechanical movement of beam pumping unit,we have presented a simple swing equation and computed motorial parameter;meanwhile under the conditions of the static load and inertial load of the polished-rod of a conventional pumping unit,we have also presented on equivalent dynamic model of the pumping unit system and the type-curves of net torque of the crankshaft with the characteristic of inertial counterbalance have been computed;Based on features and mechanical analysis of belt，a simple model for calculating belt transmission efficiency is developed the model can provide a theoretical base for study on the other transient variable of beam pumping unit;the cyclic loading coefficients is defined once and compute the nominal Power of the motor; at last we compare the beam pumping unit and the adjustable diameter and changeable toque pumping unit, based on this a program have been finished，and we also introduce other power saving pumping units. This graduation project mainly completes through the high accuracy data acquisition, the gain installs on the oil well oil extraction equipment the electric current, the voltage, the temperature, the pressure, the fluid position, the contact surface, the current capacity, contains water data and so on sensor, corresponds the connection with the many kinds of wireless communications (for example GPRS/CDMA) transmits it to the observation and control center, as well as will receive in the central server to the parameter carries on the real-time analysis and the processing parallel intergrowth becomes the database and the curve report form. Is advantageous for the oil field management level to carry on the prompt accurate management to the scene equipment. This system depends on in the Beijing Kunlun passing condition automation software science and technology limited company's entire center cultural work
农村社会养老保险的现状、问题与对策研究社会保障对国家安定和经济发展具有重要作用，“城乡二元经济”现象日益凸现，农村社会保障问题客观上成为社会保障体系中极为重要的部分。建立和完善农村社会保障制度关系到农村乃至整个社会的经济发展，并且对我国和谐社会的构建至关重要。我国农村社会保障制度尚不完善，因此有必要加强对农村独立社会保障制度的构建，尤其对农村养老制度的改革，建立健全我国社会保障体系。从户籍制度上看，我国居民养老问题可分为城市居民养老和农村居民养老两部分。对于城市居民我国政府已有比较充足的政策与资金投人，使他们在物质和精神方面都能得到较好地照顾，基本实现了社会化养老。而农村居民的养老问题却日益突出，成为摆在我国政府面前的一个紧迫而又棘手的问题。 一、我国农村社会养老保险的现状 关于农村养老，许多地区还没有建立农村社会养老体系，已建立的地区也存在很多缺陷，运行中出现了很多问题，所以完善农村社会养老保险体系的必要性与紧迫性日益体现出来。 （一）人口老龄化加快 随着城市化步伐的加快和农村劳动力的输出，越来越多的农村青壮年人口进入城市，年龄结构出现“两头大，中间小”的局面。中国农村进入老龄社会的步伐日渐加快。第五次人口普查显示：中国65岁以上的人中农村为5938万，占老龄总人口的67.4%.在这种严峻的现实面前，农村社会养老保险的徘徊显得极其不协调。 （二）农村社会养老保险覆盖面太小 中国拥有世界上数量最多的老年人口，且大多在农村。据统计，未纳入社会保障的农村人口还很多，截止2000年底，全国7400多万农村居民参加了保险，占全部农村居民的11.18%，占成年农村居民的11.59%.另外，据国家统计局统计，我国进城务工者已从改革开放之初的不到200万人增加到2003年的1.14亿人。而基本方案中没有体现出对留在农村的农民和进城务工的农民给予区别对待。进城务工的农民既没被纳入到农村养老保险体系中，也没被纳入到城市养老保险体系中，处于法律保护的空白地带。所以很有必要考虑这个特殊群体的养老保险问题。
英语毕业论文引用和参考文献格式 英语专业毕业论文引用和参考文献格式采用APA格式及规。 一、文中夹注格式 英语学位论文引用别人的观点、方法、言论必须注明出处，注明出处时使用括号夹注的方法（一般不使用脚注或者尾注），且一般应在正文后面的参考文献中列出。关于夹注，采用APA格式。 （一）引用整篇文献的观点 引用整篇文献（即全书或全文）观点时有两种情况： 1.作者的姓氏在正文中没有出现，如： Charlotte and Emily Bronte were polar opposites, not only in their personalities but in their sources of inspiration for writing (Taylor, 1990). 2. 作者的姓氏已在正文同一句中出现，如： Taylor claims that Charlotte and Emily Bronte were polar opposites, not only in their personalities but in their sources of inspiration for writing (1990). 3. 如果作者的姓氏和文献出版年份均已在正文同一句中出现，按APA的规不需使用括号夹注，如： In a 1990 article, Taylor claims that Charlotte and Emily Bronte were polar opposites, not only in their personalities but in their sources of inspiration for writing. 4. 在英文撰写的论文中引用中文著作或者期刊，括号夹注中只需用汉语拼音标明作者的姓氏，不得使用汉字，如：(Zhang, 2005) （二）引用文献中具体观点或文字 引用文献中某一具体观点或文字时必须注明该观点或者该段文字出现的页码出版年份，没有页码是文献引用不规的表现。 1.引用一位作者的文献 （1）引用容在一页，如： Emily Bronte “expressed increasing hostility for the world of human relationships, whether sexual or social” (Taylor, 1988：11). （2）引用容在多页上，如： Newmark (1988：39-40) notes three characteristically expressive text-types: (a) serious imaginative literature (e.g. lyrical poetry); (b) authoritative statements (political speeches and documents, statutes and legal documents, philosophical and academic works by acknowledged authorities); (c) autobiography, essays, personal correspondence (when these are personal effusions).
文献综述怎么写 1) 什么是文献综述? 文献综述是研究者在其提前阅读过某一主题的文献后，经过理解、整理、融会贯通，综合分析和评价而组成的一种不同于研究论文的文体。 2) 文献综述的写作要求 1、文献综述的格式 文献综述的格式与一般研究性论文的格式有所不同。这是因为研究性的论文注重研究的方法和结果，而文献综述介绍与主题有关的详细资料、动态、进展、展望以及对以上方面的评述。因此文献综述的格式相对多样，但总的来说，一般都包含以下四部分：即前言、主题、总结和参考文献。撰写文献综述时可按这四部分拟写提纲，再根据提纲进行撰写工作。 前言，要用简明扼要的文字说明写作的目的、必要性、有关概念的定义，综述的范围，阐述有关问题的现状和动态，以及目前对主要问题争论的焦点等。前言一般200-300字为宜，不宜超过500字。 正文，是综述的重点，写法上没有固定的格式，只要能较好地表达综合的内容，作者可创造性采用诸多形式。正文主要包括论据和论证两个部分，通过提出问题、分析问题和解决问题，比较不同学者对同一问题的看法及其理论依据，进一步阐明问题的来龙去脉和作者自己的见解。当然，作者也可从问题发生的历史背景、目前现状、发展方向等提出文献的不同观点。正文部分可根据内容的多少可分为若干个小标题分别论述。 小结，是结综述正文部分作扼要的总结，作者应对各种观点进行综合评价，提出自己的看法，指出存在的问题及今后发展的方向和展望。内容单纯的综述也可不写小结。 参考文献，是综述的重要组成部分。一般参考文献的多少可体现作者阅读文献的广度和深度。对综述类论文参考文献的数量不同杂志有不同的要求，一般以30条以内为宜，以最近3-5年内的最新文献为主。 2、文献综述规定 1. 为了使选题报告有较充分的依据，要求硕士研究生在论文开题之前作文献综述。 2. 在文献综述时，研究生应系统地查阅与自己的研究方向有关的国内外文献。通常阅读文献不少于30篇，且文献搜集要客观全面 3. 在文献综述中，研究生应说明自己研究方向的发展历史，前人的主要研究成果，存在的问题及发展趋势等。 4. 文献综述要条理清晰，文字通顺简练。 5. 资料运用恰当、合理。文献引用用方括号[ ]括起来置于引用词的右上角。 6. 文献综述中要有自己的观点和见解。不能混淆作者与文献的观点。鼓励研究生多发现问题、多提出问题、并指出分析、解决问题的可能途径，针对性强。 7. 文献综述不少于3000字。 3、注意事项 ⒈搜集文献应尽量全。掌握全面、大量的文献资料是写好综述的前提，否则，随便搜集一点资料就动手撰写是不可能写出好的综述。 ⒉注意引用文献的代表性、可靠性和科学性。在搜集到的文献中可能出现观点雷同，有的文献在可靠性及科学性方面存在着差异，因此在引用文献时应注意选用代表性、可靠性和科学性较好的文献。 ⒊引用文献要忠实文献内容。由于文献综述有作者自己的评论分析，因此在撰写时应分清作者的观点和文献的内容，不能篡改文献的内容。引用文献不过多。文献综述的作者引用间接文献的现象时有所见。如果综述作者从他人引用的参考文献转引过来，这些文献在他人
吉林化工学院理学院 毕业论文外文翻译English Title（Times New Roman ，三号） 学生学号：08810219 学生姓名：袁庚文 专业班级：信息与计算科学0802 指导教师：赵瑛 职称副教授 起止日期：2012.2.27～2012.3.14 吉林化工学院 Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology
1 外文翻译的基本内容 应选择与本课题密切相关的外文文献（学术期刊网上的），译成中文，与原文装订在一起并独立成册。在毕业答辩前，同论文一起上交。译文字数不应少于3000个汉字。 2 书写规范 2.1 外文翻译的正文格式 正文版心设置为：上边距：3.5厘米，下边距：2.5厘米，左边距：3.5厘米，右边距：2厘米，页眉：2.5厘米，页脚：2厘米。 中文部分正文选用模板中的样式所定义的“正文”，每段落首行缩进2字；或者手动设置成每段落首行缩进2字，字体：宋体，字号：小四，行距：多倍行距1.3，间距：前段、后段均为0行。 这部分工作模板中已经自动设置为缺省值。 2.2标题格式 特别注意：各级标题的具体形式可参照外文原文确定。 1．第一级标题（如：第1章绪论）选用模板中的样式所定义的“标题1”，居左；或者手动设置成字体：黑体，居左，字号：三号，1.5倍行距，段后11磅，段前为11磅。 2．第二级标题（如：1.2 摘要与关键词）选用模板中的样式所定义的“标题2”，居左；或者手动设置成字体：黑体，居左，字号：四号，1.5倍行距，段后为0，段前0.5行。 3．第三级标题（如：1.2.1 摘要）选用模板中的样式所定义的“标题3”，居左；或者手动设置成字体：黑体，居左，字号：小四，1.5倍行距，段后为0，段前0.5行。 标题和后面文字之间空一格（半角）。 3 图表及公式等的格式说明 图表、公式、参考文献等的格式详见《吉林化工学院本科学生毕业设计说明书（论文）撰写规范及标准模版》中相关的说明。
Analysis of the role of complaint management in the context of relationship marketing Author: Leticia Su′arez ′Alvarez, University of Oviedo, Spain Abstract This research aims to contribute to the relationship-marketing strategy by studying the role of complaint management in long-term relationships. Two factors distinguish it from other studies: it takes into account two types of customers, consumers and firms, and the result variable selected is the probability of ending an ongoing relationship. Two questionnaires were designed for every population. One of them was auto-administrated to a sample of consumers in the north of Spain, and the other one was sent to a representative sample of Spanish firms. The data analyses were conducted using structural equation modeling. The findings confirm the importance that theory accords to the relationship-marketing strategy, and also provide evidence for the importance of complaint management. Thus having a good complaint-handling system and trained and motivated staff who are fully committed to the firm’s objectives are fundamental requisites for firms to be able to build a stable customer portfolio. Keywords complaint management; relationship marketing; relationship termination; trust; satisfaction Introduction Nowadays, the main task for tourism firms is undoubtedly to deliver superior value to customers. One way that these firms can achieve part of this value is by maintaining quality relationships with their customers. In fact, it is well known that managing these relationships is critical for achieving corporate success. Thus the general aim of the present research is to analyze the most important factors that contribute to relationship stabilization between tourism firms and their customers. This research canters on retail travel agencies. We chose this particular type of tourism firm for two reasons. First, competition between retail travel agencies is becoming much more intense, fundamentally due to the advent of the Internet as an alternative distribution channel for tourism services (Wang & Cheung, 2004). The second reason is the current phenomenon of disintermediation, or the tendency of some tourism service providers to contact the end-customer directly. Because of these two developments, retail travel agencies urgently need to develop a strategy that allows them to maintain a stable portfolio of customers over time if they are to remain in the market for the long term. In order to achieve the proposed objective, we set out a causal model that incorporates a number of factors that can condition the future of the relationships between travel agencies and their customers. Specifically, we chose two variables that
毕业论文（设计）外文翻译 题目：中国上市公司偏好股权融资：非制度性因素 系部名称：经济管理系专业班级:会计082班 学生姓名：任民学号： 200880444228 指导教师：冯银波教师职称:讲师 年月日
译文： 中国上市公司偏好股权融资：非制度性因素 国际商业管理杂志 2009.10 摘要：本文把重点集中于中国上市公司的融资活动，运用西方融资理论，从非制度性因素方面，如融资成本、企业资产类型和质量、盈利能力、行业因素、股权结构因素、财务管理水平和社会文化，分析了中国上市公司倾向于股权融资的原因，并得出结论，股权融资偏好是上市公司根据中国融资环境的一种合理的选择。最后，针对公司的股权融资偏好提出了一些简明的建议。 关键词：股权融资，非制度性因素，融资成本 一、前言 中国上市公司偏好于股权融资，根据中国证券报的数据显示，1997年上市公司在资本市场的融资金额为95.87亿美元，其中股票融资的比例是72.5％，，在1998年和1999年比例分别为72.6％和72.3％，另一方面，债券融资的比例分别是17.8％，24.9％和25.1％。在这三年，股票融资的比例，在比中国发达的资本市场中却在下跌。以美国为例，当美国企业需要的资金在资本市场上，于股权融资相比他们宁愿选择债券融资。统计数据显示，从1970年到1985年，美日企业债券融资占了境外融资的91.7％，比股权融资高很多。阎达五等发现，大约中国3/4的上市公司偏好于股权融资。许多研究的学者认为，上市公司按以下顺序进行外部融资：第一个是股票基金，第二个是可转换债券，三是短期债务，最后一个是长期负债。许多研究人员通常分析我国上市公司偏好股权是由于我们国家的经济改革所带来的制度性因素。他们认为，上市公司的融资活动违背了西方古典融资理论只是因为那些制度性原因。例如，优序融资理论认为，当企业需要资金时，他们首先应该转向内部资金（折旧和留存收益），然后再进行债权融资，最后的选择是股票融资。在这篇文章中，笔者认为，这是因为具体的金融环境激活了企业的这种偏好，并结合了非制度性因素和西方金融理论，尝试解释股权融资偏好的原因。
模型预测油田水中溶解的碳酸钙含量： 压力和温度的影响 XXX 译 摘要：油田中水垢沉积会对储层造成伤害、堵塞地层孔道、表面以及注入设备。碳酸钙是水中最常见的结垢化合物之一，储层产生的盐水会使压力和温度降低，储层压力降低会使CaCO3的溶解度降低，进而提高体系中碳酸钙的饱和速率，而温度下降会产生相反的结果。因此温度和压力一起作用的结果可能增加或减小CaCO3溶解度，用体系温度的变化来指定其压力的变化。因此，在石油生产系统中精确的预测方法的应用备受关注。目前的研究重点是运用基于最小二乘支持向量机(LSSVM)预测模型来估计油田水中溶解碳酸钙浓度的大小。用超优化参数（r和C2）的遗传算法（GA）嵌入到LSSVM模型，这种方法可简单准确的预测油田卤水中溶解碳酸钙浓度的最小量。 1.引言 随着油田卤水压力和温度变化，气体可能会从储层到地表的运动，导致某些固体沉淀。为了保持注水井压力平衡并将油运移到生产井，有时需要将卤水注入到储层中，因此，过量的盐垢可以沉积在储层或井眼内。对于大部分油田结垢多会发生在此过程中。 碳酸钙沉积通常是一个自发的过程，沉积形成的主要原因是二氧化碳从水相逸出，导致油气层的压力下降，该过程会除去了水中的碳酸，直到方解石溶解完全。在恒定二氧化碳分压下，方解石的溶解性随温度的降低而降低[1-4]。根据公式（1），碳酸钙沉积垢来自碳酸钙沉淀： Ca2+ + CO32-→ CaCO3↓ 下面的公式为碳酸的电离式[5–7]： CO2 + H2O → H2CO3 H2CO3→ H+ + HCO3- HCO3-→ H+ + CO32- 若要形成碳酸氢根离子和氢离子，碳酸要电离，因为碳酸的第一电离常数远大于它的第二电离常数，从碳酸第一电离离子化的氢离子与水中自由的碳酸根离子结合。此外，碳酸钙沉淀的方程式可以说明[8–10]：
Technique summary on the deformation monitoring towards the high side-slope of the diversion tunnel Abstract.This paper discusses in length the deformation monitoring towards the high side-slope of the diversion tunnel. The diversion tunnel lies on the left side of the dam. Its main task is to diverse the water so that the construction on the dam can be fulfilled successfully. On one hand, it tells us how to build the plane (two-dimensional) control network and how to conduct the horizontal displacement; on the other hand, it tells us how to set up the vertical control network and how to carry out the vertical displacement. Keywords:diversion tunnel, high side-slope, deformation monitoring, Horizontal displacement, vertical displacement 1 Introduction to the diversion tunnel The diversion tunnel and its related projects lies on the opposite side of the underground workplace, namely, the left bank of the Shuibuya Valley. Its natural slope is 255 meters high, consisting of soft rocks and hard rocks. The geological structure is so complicated. Specifically speaking, the slope contains two parts, with the above part hard and the below part soft; meanwhile, it also contains lots of fissures. To protect the worker’s safety during the construction period, it is quite necessary to carry out the rigorous monitoring towards the high side-slope. 2 Coordinate system (1)Beijing Geodetic Coordinate System, 1954; (2)Wusong Altitude system, 1956; (3)Gauss projection 3° Zone; (4)Central Meridian 111°. 3 Introdution to deformation of Structures When the structure is being constructed and in use, so many factors will cause five phenomena, such as: structure subsidence, structure displacement, structure oblique and structure fissure etc. These factors mainly include: the uneven geological component of the foundation, the difference of the physical attribute of the soil, the rigid deformation of the soil, the change in the underground water, the change of the atmospheric temperature, the self