《英语语言学》练习测试题及参考答案本科
I. Tick off the correct or the best possible answers:
1.One of the properties of language is that a language user can understand and produce sentences he/she
has never heard before. This property of language is called ________.
A. duality
B. productivity
C. displacement
D. arbitrariness
Key: B
2.The ______ function refers to the fact that language can be used for establishing a favorable atmosphere
or maintaining social contact rather than for exchanging information or ideas.
A. phatic
B. directive
C. evocative
D. performative
Key: A
3.From a functional approach, the _______ meaning of a language use consists of what is communicated
of the feelings and attitudes of the speaker/writer.
A. affective
B. associative
C. stylistic
D. collocative
Key: A
4.When –ing in ‘gangling’is removed to get a verb ‘gangle’, we call this way of creating words
________.
A. suffixation
B. back-formation
C. blending
D. acronymy
Key: B
5.______ refers to the process by which words rise from humble beginnings to positions of importance.
A. Degradation
B. Specialization
C. Elevation
D. Extension
Key: C
6.As we know, every speaker has his own pet words and expressions and special way of expressing his
ideas in language. This language variety of individual users is called ______.
A. idiolect
B. regional dialect
C. temporal dialect
D. social dialect
Key: A
7.When pitch, stress and length variations are tied to the sentence rather than to the word, they are
collectively known as ________.
A. intonation
B. tone
C. phoneme
D. sentence stress
Key: A
8._______ refers to the change of a sound as a result of the influence of an adjacent sound.
A. Addition of sound
B. Loss of sound
C. Metathesis
D. Assimilation
Key: D
9.Basically, all the languages in the world can be classified in terms of language family. Vietnamese and
Korean are two languages in the ______ family.
A. Indo-European
B. Sino-Tibetan
C. Hamito-Semitic
D. Malayo-Polynesian Key: B
10. A _______ is the minimal contrastive unit in the writing system of a language.
A. morpheme
B. phoneme
C. grapheme
D. letter
Key: C
11.All mono-morphemic words are constituted by free morphemes, and those poly-morphemic words
which consist wholly of free morphemes are called_________.
A. hyponyms
B. compounds
C. blends
D. allomorphs
Key: B
12.The requirement that the forms of two or more words of specific word classes which stand in specific
syntactic relationship with one another shall also be characterized by the same paradigmatically marked category or categories is called _______.
A. concord
B. government
C. recursiveness
D. cohesion
Key: A
13. The formation of new words by combining parts of two words or a word plus a part of another is called
_____.
A. blending
B. clipping
C. acronymy
D. compounding
Key: A
14. The distinction of ‘linguistic potential’ and ‘actual linguistic behavior’ is proposed by _______.
A. N. Chomsky
B. F. de Saussure
C. M. A. Halliday
D. J. Austin
Key: C
15. The word meaning given in the dictionary is called _____ meaning.
A. denotative
B. connotative
C. collective
D. stylistic
Key: A
16. When we consider the variation relating to what a user is trying to do with language, we are dealing with
addressee relationship—continually ca tegorized as “______”.
A. tenor of discourse
B. mode of discourse
C. field of discourse
D. idiolect
Key: A
17. According to words’ structures, Turkish is a typical ______ language.
A. isolating
B. fusional
C. analytic
D. agglutinative
Key: D
18. ______ refer to the fact that one type of utterance is typically followed by a special type of utterance.
A. Minimal pairs
B. Illocutionary acts
C. Social dialects
D. Adjacency pairs Key: D
19. The relation between “dead” and “alive” is labeled as ________.
A. gradability
B. complementarity
C. hyponymy
D. homonymy
Key: B
20. The words “encore” and “au pair” are loanwords from _______.
A. French
B. German
C. Italian
D. Spanish
Key: A
21. The distinction of langue and parole is proposed by______.
a. N. Chomsky
b. F. de Saussure
c. M. A. Halliday
d. J. Austin
Key: b
22.Which of the following is the exception to the feature of arbitrariness of language
a. native English words
b. borrowed words
c. echoic words
d. one-syllable words
Key: c
23.Which of the following feature cannot be used to describe the phone [s]
a. voiceless
b. oral
c. alveolar
d. lateral
Key: d
24.In terms of place of articulation, the two consonants [f], [v] are ________.
a. dental
b. alveolar
c. palatal
d. labiodental
Key: d
25.In terms of manner of articulation, the sounds [p], [b], [t], [d], [k], [g] are ________.
a. affricates
b. fricatives
c. bilabial
d. oral stops
Key: d
26.Which of the following statements about allophone is NOT correct
a. Allophones are different forms of the same phoneme
b. Allophones of the same phoneme are in complementary distribution.
c. Allophones distinguish meaning.
d. Allophones are language specific.
Key: c
27.Which of the following words is not a free morpheme
a. able
b. pet
c. change
d. dusty
Key: d
28.How many morphemes are there in the word discharged
a. 2
b. 3
c. 4
d. 5
Key: b
29.Which of the following words is made up of bound morphemes only
a. happiness
b. television
c. ecology
d. teacher
Key: c
30. Language is passed on from one generation to the next by teaching and learning rather than by instinct.
This property of language is called_____.
a. interchangeability
b. productivity
c. cultural transmission
d. arbitrariness
Key: c
31.The famous quotation from Shakespeare’s play Romeo and Juliet‘A rose by any other name would smell
as sweet’ well illustrates _______.
A. the conventional nature of language
B. the creative nature of language
C. the universality of language
D. the big difference between human language and animal communication
Key: A
32.Of the following sound combinations, only _______ is permissible according to the sequential rules in
English.
A. kibl
B. bkil
C. ilkb
D. ilbk
Key: A
33.The sentence that has a NP and a VP can be shown in a _______ formula “S→NP VP”.
A. hierarchical
B. linear
C. tree diagram
D. vertical
Key: B
34.It is the _______ on Case assignment that states that a Case assignor and a Case recipient should stay
adjacent to each other.
A. Case Condition
B. Case Parameter
C. Adjacent Condition
D. Adjacent Parameter Key: C
35. Predication analysis is a way to analyze _______ meaning.
A. phoneme
B. word
C. phrase
D. sentence
Key: D
36. According to Searle, those illocutionary acts whose point is to commit the speaker to some future course of action are called _______.
A. commisives
B. directives
C. expressives
D. declaratives
Key: A
37. The term _______ linguistics may be defined as a way of referring to the approach which studies language change over various periods of time and at various historical stages.
A. synchronic
B. diachronic
C. comparative
D. historical comparative Key: B
38. The way in which people address each other depends on their age, sex, social group, and personal relationship. The English system of address forms frequently used includes first name, last name, title+last name, _______, and kin term.
A. title+first name
B. title+title
C. title alone
D. first name+last name+title
Key: C
39. Language and thought may be viewed as two independent circles overlapping in some parts. When language and thought are identical or closely parallel to each other, we may regard thought as “subvocal speech,” and speech as “_______”.
A. vocal thought
B. subvocal thought
C. covert thought
D. overt thought
Key: D
of the following best states the behaviorist view of child language acquisition
A. Language acquisition is a process of habit formation.
B. Language acquisition is the species-specific property of human beings.
C. Children are born with an innate ability to acquire language.
D. Humans are equipped with the neural prerequisites for language and language use.
Key: A
41. The words “kowtow” and “tea ” are loanwords from _______.
A. Chinese
B. German
C. Italian
D. Spanish
Key: A
42. The term _______ linguistics may be defined as a way of referring to the approach which studies language change over various periods of time and at various historical stages.
A. synchronic
B. diachronic
C. comparative
D. historical comparative Key: B
43. The formation of new words by combining parts of two words or a word plus a part of another is called _____.
A. blending
B. clipping
C. acronymy
D. compounding
Key: A
44. According to words’ structures, Latin is a typical ______ language.
A. isolating
B. fusional
C. analytic
D. agglutinative
Key: B
45. The relation between “animal” and “lamb” is labeled as ________.
A. gradability
B. complementarity
C. hyponymy
D. homonymy
Key: C
46. One of the property of language is that there is no logical connection between meaning and sounds. This property of language is called________.
A. duality
B. productivity
C. displacement
D. arbitrariness
Key: D
47. The________ function refers to the use of language to create certain feelings in the hearer.
A. phatic
B. directive
C. evocative
D. performative
Key: A
48. The _______ meaning of a word consists of the associations it acquires on account of the meanings of words which tend to occur in its environment.
A. associative
B. affective
C. stylistic
D. collocative
Key: D
49. When –or in editor is removed to get a verb edit, we call this way of creating words ________.
A. suffixation
B. back-formation
C. blending
D. acronymy
Key:
50. The relation between “rose” and “flower” is labeled as ________.
A. gradability
B. complementarity
C. hyponymy
D. homonymy Key: C
51. Language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. This is what we mean by __________.
A. duality
B. productivity
C. displacement
D. arbitrariness
Key: C
52. When language is used to get the hearer to do something, then it serves a _______ function.
A. directive
B. informative
C. interrogative
D. expressive
53. The description of a language at some point in time is a ________ study.
A. diachronic
B. synchronic
C. descriptive
D. prescriptive
Key: B
54. The distinction between “competence” and “performance” was made by______ .
A. N. Chomsky
B. F. de Saussure
C. M. A. Halliday
D. L. Bloomfield
Key: A
55. According to the places of articulation, sounds in English such as [t], [l], and[z] can be labeled as
_______ ones.
A. dental
B. bilabial
C. velar
D. alveolar
Key: D
56. According to the morphological analysis, the underlined part in the word “inter nation alism” should be
regarded as a ___________ .
A. root
B. stem
C. prefix
D. suffix
Key: B
57. Words such as “telex” and “workfare” are created through ___________.
A. affixation
B. compounding
C. conversion
D. blending
Key: D
58. According to the syntact ic construction analysis, simple sentence such as “John is a student.” belongs to
__________construction.
A. endocentric
B. exocentric
C. coordinate
D. subordinate
Key: B
59. The sense relationship between “male” and “female” is _________.
A. complementarity
B. gradability
C. relational opposites
D. hyponymy
Key: A
60. Componential analysis is a method of analyzing________ meaning.
A. sentence
B. lexical
C. grammatical
D. utterance
Key: B
II. Are the following statements true (T) or false (F)
1. A sentence cannot be a word or a fragment in strict sense, but an utterance can be a word or a fragment of
a sentence. T/F
Key: T
2.It doesn’t make sense to ask what language a sentence belongs to. T/F
Key: F
3. A stem first of all refers to any morpheme or combination of morphemes, but an affix can be added to it.
T/F
Key: T
4.Every word in a language can find at least one referent in the objective world. T/F
Key: F
5.In most cases, lexicon means vocabulary and is related to the analysis and creation of words, idioms and
collocations. T/F
Key: T
6.The use of the term ‘implicature’ is different from ‘implication’ in that it usually indicates a rather
narrowly defined logical relationship between two propositions. T/F
Key: F
7. A phrase means two or more words in sequence, intended to have meaning, that form a syntactic unit that
is less than a complete sentence. It is actually synonymous with word group. T/F
Key: F
8.Collocation is a term in lexicology used by some linguists to refer to the habitual co-occurrences of
individual lexical items, or collocates. This relation of co-occurrence usually cannot be accounted for. T/F Key: T
9.In order to understand how conversational principles work, we may consider how each maxim actually
works and how people observe these maxims in daily communication. T/F
Key: T
10.Syntax studies the rules which govern the ways words, word groups and phrases are combined to make
grammatical sentences in a language, . it deals with the relationships between elements in sentence structures. T/F
Key: T
11.Even in modern society, the primary medium is sound for all languages, and the fact that children
acquire spoken language first before they can read or write also indicates that language is primarily vocal. Key: T
12.The defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of
communication are termed design features.
Key: T
13.There are other channels, besides language, for communicating our thoughts, so language is only one
aspect of semiotics.
Key: T
14.Modern linguistics regards the spoken language as primary, written language as secondary.
Key: T
15.Descriptive linguistics aims to lay down rules for ‘correct’ language use, ., to tell people what they
should say and what should not say.
Key: F
16.Phonology is the branch of linguistics which studies the characteristics of speech sounds and their
patterns.
Key: F
17.The case category is used in the analysis of word classes to identify the syntactic relationship between
words in a sentence.
Key: T
https://www.doczj.com/doc/ba17582705.html,nguage is genetically transmitted.
Key: F
19.The grammar taught today to language learners is still basically descriptive.
Key: F
20.All the sounds produced by human are speech sounds.
Key: F
21.Generally speaking, pragmatics can be understood as a branch of linguistic study that deals with the
factors that govern our choice of language in social interaction and the effects of our choice on others. Key: T
22.[f], [v], [s], [z], [] and [] are all fricative in English, but [] and [] are alveolar while [f] and [v] are dental. Key: F
23.In most cases, sentence is synonymous with utterance.
Key: F
24.Syntax exclusively deals with the study of the interrelationships between elements in sentence structure,
and it has nothing to do with exploring the syntactic relation beyond sentence boundary.
Key: F
25.The London School proposed a functional approach towards the concept of phoneme, and N.
Trubetzkoy made the greatest contribution to the related study.
Key: F
26.A phoneme in a language is a distinctive sound which is capable of distinguishing one word or one
shape of a word from another.
Key: T
27.Every language is part of a culture, and it cannot but serve and reflect cultural needs.
Key: T
28.Sentence can be extended either by conjoining or embedding, and a construction where constituents
have been linked through the use of conjunction indicates a paratactic relation.
Key: F
29.Both Chinese and English are tone languages.
Key: F
30.Words are the smallest meaningful units of language.
Key: F
31.Derivation changes always result in change of the word class of the original words.
Key: T
32.Pitch variations may be distinctive like phonemes, and in this function they are called tones. Languages
using tones, like Chinese, are called tone language.
Key: T
33.The notion of inflection just indicates the manifestation of grammatical relationships, rather than lexical
ones, through the addition of inflectional affixes.
Key: T
34.The same morpheme always takes different forms in different contexts.
Key: T
35. According to P. Grice, whether a speaker follows or violates the Maxims of the Cooperative Principle, he produces some implicature, . a kind of extra meaning that is not contained in the utterance.
Key: T
36.In the history of any language the writing system always came into being before the spoken form.
T/F
Key: F
English, long vowels are also tense vowels because when we pronounce a long vowel such as/i:/, the larynx is in a state of tension. T/F
Key: T
compound is the combination of only two words. T/F
Key: F
39.“The student” in the sentence “The student liked the linguistic lecture”, and “The linguistic lecture” in the sentence “The linguistic lecture liked the student.” belong to the same syntactic category. T/F
Key: T
forms having the same sense may have different references in different situations while linguistic forms with the same reference always have the same sense. T/F
Key: F
important difference between presupposition and entailment is that presupposition, unlike entailment, is not vulnerable to negation. That is to say, if a sentence is negated, the original presupposition is still true. T/F Key: T
division of English into Old English, Middle English, and Modern English is non-conventional and not arbitrary. T/F
Key: F
reflects sexism in society. Language itself is not sexist, just as it is not obscene; but it can connote sexist attitudes as well as attitudes about social taboos or racism. T/F
Key: T
a child is deprived of linguistic environment, he or she is unlikely to learn a language successfully later on. T/F
Key: T
children learn to distinguish between the sounds of their language and the sounds that are not part of the language, they can acquire any sounds in their native language once their parents teach them. T/F
Key: F
46. Leonard Bloomfield maintained that linguistics should describe instead of prescribe what people actually say and should take a deductive approach in analyzing data.
Key: F
47. Chomsky believes that linguistic study and research can help explain what happens in the mind, and
linguistics should be regarded as a branch of psychology.
Key: F
48. Halliday claims that if we are given an adequate specification of the semantic properties of the context in terms of field, tenor and mode, we should be able to predict the syntactic properties of texts.
Key: F
49. Onomatopoeia indicates a non-arbitrary relationship between form and meaning.
Key: F
50. Traffic light system has the feature of duality.
Key: F
51. The distinction of ‘linguistic potential’ and ‘actual linguistic behavior’ is proposed by N. Chomsky. Key: F
52. In English there are three nasal sounds. They are [m], [n], and [l].
Key: T
53. A morpheme is the minimal contrastive unit in the writing system of a language.
Key: F
54. According to the functions of affixes, we can put them into groups: inflectional affixes and derivational affixes.
Key: T
55. Compounding is the formation of new words by joining two or more stems.
Key: T
56. Metathesis refers to the change of a sound as a result of the influence of an adjacent sound.
Key: F
57. The requirement that the forms of two or more words of specific word classes which stand in specific
syntactic relationship with one another shall also be characterized by the same paradigmatically marked category or categories is called concord.
Key: T
58. According to Searle, those illocutionary acts whose point is to commit the speaker to some future course of action are called directives
Key: F
59. The term synchronic linguistics may be defined as a way of referring to the approach which studies language change over various periods of time and at various historical stages.
Key: F
60. In terms of manner of articulation, the sounds [p], [b], [t], [d], [k], [g] are affricates
Key: F
III.Fill in the blanks:
1.It is generally believed that J. Austin and _______ made the greatest contribution to the proposition of
Speech Act Theory, an important theory in pragmatic study.
Key: J. Searle
2.According to the positions affixes occupy in words, __________ falls into prefixation and suffixation.
Key: affixation
3.The signs “&”, “@”, “%” and “$” widely used today are examples of ______ writing.
Key: word
4.Two methods can be used to reconstruct an older form of a language: internal reconstruction and the
_______ reconstruction.
Key: external
5.The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis has two major thrusts: linguistic determinism and linguistic _______ .
Key: relativity
6.In the course of communication, a speaker may change from the standard language to the non-standard
language, may shift his subject matter, or may move from one point on the formality scale to another
point. This linguistic behavior is referred to as ______.
Key: code switch
7.The different types of a language as different forms to realize a mere generalization of the language are
called “sub-languages” or _______.
Key: (language) varieties
8._________ construction refers to a construction in which the distribution of words is functionally
equivalent to that of one or more of its constituents.
Key: Endocentric_
9.It’s commonly believed that the basic function of language is that it’s used for _________.
Key: human communication
10.The degree to which a test measures what it is meant to measure is termed _________ in language
testing, and that is an important index used to evaluate the quality of a test.
Key: validity
11.By _______ is meant that language can refer to contexts removed from the immediate situation of the
speaker.
Key: displacement
https://www.doczj.com/doc/ba17582705.html,nguage is a system of two sets of structures, the structure of sound and the structure of ___________. Key: meaning
13.The three branches of phonetics are articulatory phonetics, auditory phonetics, and _________
phonetics. Key: acoustic
14.There are two kinds of stress in English. They are word stress and ________ stress.
Key: sentence
15.In English there are three nasal sounds. They are [m], [n], and ________.
Key: [];
16.Morphology is divided in two branches: __________ morphology and derivational morphology. Key: .inflectional
17.According to H. Paul Grice’s Cooperative Principle, that one should avoid obscurity and ambiguity
accords with the ________ Maxim.
Key: Manner
18.The speech sounds in the production of which there is an obstruction of the airstream at some point of
the vocal tract are called_______.
Key: consonants
19.A linguistic study is ______ if it tries to lay down rules for the correct use of language.
Key: prescriptive
sentence “H e married a blonde heiress.” ______ the sentence “He married a blonde.”
Key: entaills
21.In the course of time, the study of language has come to establish close links with other branches
of ________ studies, such as sociology and psychology.
Key: social
22. Clear［1］and dark［1］are allophones of the same one phoneme /1/.They never take the same position in sound combinations, thus they are said to be in ________ distribution.
Key: complementary
________ is often seen as part of a word, but it can never stand by itself although it bears clear, definite meaning.
Key: root
________ sentence contains two or more clauses, one of which is incorporated in the other.
Key: complex
the denial of one member of two words implies the assertion of the other is the characteristic of ________ antonyms.
Key: complementary
the meaning of a sentence is abstract and decontextualized, that of an ________ is concrete and context-dependent.
Key: utterance
rules may move phonemes from one place in the string to another. For example, Modern English verb ask was Old English askian, with the /k/ preceding the/s/. Sound change as a result of sound movement is known as ________.
Key: metathesis
many societies of the world, we find a large number of people who speak more than one language. As a characteristic of societies, ________ inevitably results from the coming into contact of people with different cultures and different languages.
Key: bilingualism
brain’s neurological specialization for language is called linguistic ________, which is specific to human beings.
Key: lateralization
order to acquire a second language, learners will subconsciously use their first language knowledge in learning a second language. This is known as language ________.
Key: transfer
31. _______ phonetics studies the physical properties of speech sounds when they are transmitted between mouth and ear.
Key: Acoustic
32. The function of establishing a set of vowels is to facilitate the_______ of vowels of languages.
Key: description
33. If two sounds occurring in the same environment do not contrast, that is, the substitution of one for the other does not produce a different word form, but merely a different pronunciation of the same word, then the two sounds are in ________variation.
Key: free
34. The principal _________features are stress, length, pitch and intonation, as all of them can be used to distinguish meaning.
Key: suprasegmental
the method of creating words by removing the supposed suffixes.
Key: Back-formation
36. Pronouns and prepositions are two kinds of ________ words to which new members are not regularly added.
Key: closed-class
37. The sentence “I promise to come here earlier tomorrow morning.” can be used as an example to indicate the ________ function of language.
Key: performative
38. A linguistic study is ________ if it tries to lay down rules for the correct use of language.
Key: perspective
39. The sounds in the production of which no articulators come very close together and the air-stream passes through the vocal tract without _________are called vowels.
Key: obstruction
40. The word “gentlemanly” consists of 4 syllables and ________morphemes.
Key: 3
41. Positional ______, or word order, refers to the sequential arrangement of words in a language.
Key: relation
42. English gender contrast can only be observed in pronouns and a small number of nouns, and they are mainly of the _________gender type.
Key: natural
43. Componential analysis defines the meaning of a lexical element in terms of _______ components.
Key: semantic
44. ________refers to the process of construction where one clause is included in the sentence (main clause) in syntactic subordination.
Key: subordination
45. ________ construction refers to a group of syntactically related words where none of the words is functionally equivalent to the group as a whole.
Key: exocentric
46. The _______function is the use of language to reveal something about the emotions and attitudes of the speaker.
Key: expressive
47. As language is a product and capacity of the human brain, many psychologists and linguists have tried to examine the relation between language and the brain, developing a new branch of science called________.
Key: psycholinguistics
48. The production of any speech sound involves the movement of an airstream. The majority of sounds used in languages of the world are produced by ______ egressive airstream mechanism.
Key: oral
49. Some speech sounds involves the simultaneous use of two places of articulation. For example, the English [w] has both an approximation of the two lips and that of the back of the tongue and the soft palate, and may be termed______.
Key: labial-velar
50. ________ is used to mean sameness or close similarity of meaning.
Key: synonymy
51. The ________family includes most of the European languages and marry languages spoken in North India and in the two Americas and Australia.
Key: Indo-European
52. _________or analytic languages refer to those which depend on invariable roots or stems and word order to indicate their grammatical relations.
Key: Isolating
53. When we consider the variation relating to what the user is trying to do with language, whether teaching, persuading, advertising or instructing, we are dealing with addressee relationship, contextually categorized as __________.
Key: tenor of discourse
54. ________means that any human being can be both a producer and a receiver of messages, but the communication systems of certain animals do not have this feature. For instance, some male birds posses calls which female birds do not have.
Key: Interchangeability
55. ________ refers to the influence exercised by one sound segment upon the articulation of another sound, so that the sounds become less alike.
Key: dissimilation
56. The __________ is the smallest unit in terms of relationship between expression and content, a unit which cannot be divided without destroying or drastically altering the meaning, whether it is lexical or grammatical.
Key: morpheme
57. In English, prepositions and verbs determine particular forms of pronouns according to their syntactic relation with them. This requirement is called _______ in linguistics.
Key: collocation
58. The _______ meaning of a word consists of the associations it acquires on account of the meanings of words which tend to occur in its environment.
Key: collocative
59. __________ is the making of a statement, offer, promise, etc. in uttering the sentence, such effects
being special to the circumstances of utterance.
Key: Perlocutionary act
60. Hyponymy refers to the sense relation between a more general and a more specific word. To put it
more simply, when X is a kind of Y, the lower term X is the hyponym, and the upper term Y is the _________.
Key: superordinate
IV. Use your own words to explain the following terms:
transmission (as a defining feature of human language)
Key: One of the major defining features of human language. Humans are born with the ability to acquire a language, but different from animals, the actual use of human language is not genetically transmitted, rather it is culturally transmitted, . it has to be taught and learnt.
medium of language
Key: The limited range of sounds that are used in human language communication, . the speech sounds.
Key: a collection of abstract sound features, unlike a phone, (which is a speech unit), it is a phonological unit; allophones are actual realization of a phoneme in different phonetic context.
morphemes
Key: Inflectional morphemes are morphemes that are used to indicate the grammatical relations and categories, such as-ed,-(e)s,-est in English.
Key: Reference is what a linguistic form refers to in the real world; it is a matter of the relationship between the form and the reality. For example, if we say, "The dog is barking," we must be talking about a certain dog known to both the speaker and the hearer in the situation. The actual dog the word "dog" refers to in this particular situation is the reference of the word "dog".
act
Key: Locutionary act refers to the act of uttering words, phrases, and clauses. It is the act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax, lexicon and phonology. For example, by saying "You have left the door wide open", the locutionary act performed by the speaker is that he has uttered all the words and expressed what the words literally mean.
Key: Hyponymy refers to the sense relation between a more general, more inclusive word and a more specific word. The word which is more general in meaning is called the superordinate, and the more specific words are called its hyponyms. Hyponyms of the same superordinate are co-hyponyms to each other.
dialect
Key: An ethnic dialect is a social dialect of a language, often cutting across regional differences. It is spoken mainly by a less privileged population that has experienced some form of social isolation, such as racial discrimination or segregation.
Key: Registers are language varieties appropriate for use in particular speech situations, in contrast to language varieties that are associated with the social or regional grouping of their customary users. For this reason, registers are also known as situational dialects.
10. linguistic context
Key: Linguistic context is concerned only with the probability of one word’s co-occurrence or collocation with another, which forms part of the “meaning”, and an important factor in communication.
11. competence
Key: According to Chomsky, competence refers to the ideal language user's knowledge of the rules of his language.
12. Diachronic linguistics
Key: Diachronic linguistics is the a way of referring to the approach which studies language change over
various periods of time and at various historical stages.
13. Allomorph
Key: The different phones that can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the allophones of that phoneme. Allophones are positional variants of a phoneme.
14. narrow transcriptions
Key: The way to transcribe speech sounds by using letter-symbol with diacritics to represent the finer differences between the variations of the same sound. This is called “narrow transcription”.
15. lexeme
Key: Lexeme is postulated as the abstract unit which refers to the smallest unit in the meaning system of a language that can be distinguished from other smaller units.
16. grapheme
Key: A grapheme is the minimal contrastive unit in the writing system of a language.
17. morpheme
Key: The morpheme is the smallest unit in terms of relationship between expression and content, a unit which cannot be divided without destroying or drastically altering the meaning, whether it is lexical or grammatical. 18. root
Key: A root is the base form of a word which cannot be further analyzed without total loss of identity.
19. assimilation
Key: Assimilation refers to the change of a sound as a result of the influence of an adjacent sound.
20. tone language
Key: Tones are pitch variations, which are caused by the differing rates of vibration of the vocal cords. In some languages, pitch variations can distinguish meaning just like phonemes. Such languages are called "tone languages".
21. ideolect
Key: Idiolect is a personal dialect of an individual speaker characteristic of his geographical location, social and educational background, and personal preference in using the language.
22. dialect
Key: Dialect takes into account all variations of a language related to the user, which mainly involves geographical, social and personal factors.
23. free variation
Key: If two sounds occurring in the same environment do not contrast, that is, the substitution of one for the other does not produce a different word form, but merely a different pronunciation of the same word, then the two sounds are in free variation.
24. perlocutionary act
Key: perlocutionary act is the making of a statement, offer, promise, etc. in uttering the sentence, such effects being special to the circumstances of utterance.
25. the maxim of quality
Key: The maxim of quality: Say what you believe to be true and that you have enough evidence for.
26. Diglossia
Key: Diglossia refers to the coexistence of two different varieties of the same language in a speech community with each serving a particular social function and used for a certain situations.
27. bilingualism
Key: Bilingualism refers to a linguistic situation in which two standard languages are use either by an individual or by a group of speakers.
28. code-switching
Key: A speaker does not necessarily have to follow a particular variety or dialect all the time in the course of communication. He may change from the standard language to the non-standard language, he may shift his subject matter which dominates the incidence of vocabulary, he may move from one point on the formality scale to another point. This linguistic behavior is referred to as code-switching.
29. tenor of discourse
Key: When we consider the variation relating to what the user is trying to do with language, whether teaching, persuading, advertising or instructing, we are dealing with addressee relationship, contextually categorized as tenor of discourse.
30. syntactic category
Key: Syntactic category refers to a word or phrase that performs a particular grammatical function such as the subject and object. Words and phrases are organized to the syntactic categories they belong to. Apart from sentences and clauses, a syntactic category usually refers to a word (called a lexical category) or a phrase (called a phrasal category) that performs a particular grammatical function. Constituents that can be substituted for one another without loss of grammaticality belong to the same syntactic category.
V. Discuss the following questions:
1. Explain the following definition of linguistics: Linguistics is the scientific study of language.
Key: Linguistics investigates not any particular language, but languages in general. Linguistic study is scientific because it is based on the systematic investigation of authentic language data. No serious linguistic conclusion is reached until after the linguist has done the following three things: observing the way language is actually used, formulating some hypotheses, and testing these hypotheses against linguistic facts to prove their validity.
2. What features of human language have been specified by C. Hockett to show that it is essentially different from any animal communication system
Key: Arbitrariness--- a sign of sophistication only humans are capable of
Creativity--- animals are quite limited in the messages they are able to send
Duality--- a feature totally lacking in any animal communication
Displacement--- No animal can “talk” about things removed from the immediate situation
Cultural transmisson--- Details of human language system are taught and learned while animals are born with capacity to send out certain signals as a means of limited communication.
3. What are the three branches of phonetics How do they contribute to the study of speech sounds
Key: Articulatory, auditory, and acoustic phonetics.
Articulatory phonetics describes the way our speech sounds and how they differ.
Auditory phonetics studies the physical properties of speech sounds, and reaches the important conclusion that phonetic identity is only a theoretical ideal.
Acoustic phonetics studies the physical properties of speech sounds, the way sounds travel from the speaker to the hear.
4. What is voicing and how is it caused
Key: An articulatory dimension of speech sound production. It distinguishes meaning in many languages such as English; therefore it is a phonological feature. It is caused by the vibration of the vocal cords.
5. What is a phone How is it different from a phoneme How are allophones related to a phoneme
Key: Phone--- a speech sound, a phonetic unit.
Phonology---a collection of abstract sound features, a phonological unit.
Allophones---actual realizations of a phoneme in different phonetic contexts.
6. What is a minimal pair and what is a minimal set Why is it important to identify the minimal set in a language
Key: Minimal pair---Two sound combination identical in every way except in one sound element that occurs in the same position.
Minimal set---A group of sound combinations with the above feature.
By identifying the minimal pairs or the minimal set of a language, a phonologist can identify its phonemes.
7. What are suprasegmental feature How do the major suprasegmental features of English function in conveying meaning
Key: Suprasengmental features---phonological features above the sound segment level.
The major suprasegmental features in English---word stress, sentence stress, intonation.
8. What are the main features of the English compounds
Key: Orthographically a compound can be written as one word, two separate words with or without a hyphen in between.
Syntactically, the meaning of a compound is idiomatic, not calculable from the meanings of all its components. Phonetically, the word stress of a compound usually falls on the first element.
9. Morpheme is defined as the smallest unit in terms of relationship between expression and content. Then is morpheme a grammatical concept or a semantic one What is its relation to phoneme Can a morpheme and a phoneme form an organic whole
Key: Since morpheme is defined as the smallest unit interms of relationship between expression and content, it at the same time covers the grammatical and the semantic aspect of linguistic unit. A morpheme may overlap with a phoneme, such as I , but usually not, as in pig, in which the morpheme is the whole word, . an independent, free morpheme, but the phonemes are/p/, /I /, and /g/.
10. Why is it important to know the relationships a sign has with others, such as syntagmatic and paradigmatic relations
Key: As the relation between a signifier and its signified is arbitrary, the value of a sign cannot be determined by itself. To know the identity of a sign, the linguist will have to know the signs it is used together with and those it is substitutable for. The former relation is known as syntagmatic and the latter paradigmatic.
11. How can the surface structure become the sole responsible structure for semantic interpretation
Key: This is mainly achieved by the introduction of trace theory. That is, after the movement of any element, there will be a trace left in the original position, which is represented by the better t in the tree diagram. And the deep structure information concerning the underlying syntactic relations between words, such as the subject in the passive is the logical object, will be captured by the trace in the surface structure.
12. Why do we say tree diagrams are more advantageous and informative than linear structure in analyzing the constituent relationship among linguistic elements Support your statement with examples.
Key: In addition to revealing a linear order, a constituent structure tree has a hierarchical structure that groups words into structural constituents and shows the syntactic category of each structural constituent, and consequently is believed to most truthfully illustrate the constituent relationship among linguistic elements. For example, the phrase " the old men and women" may have two interpretations, . the adjective "old” may modify the noun "men", or the following two nouns "men and women". Linear order analysis cannot tell this difference, so it is ambiguous. Whereas, the constituent or tree diagrams analysis can make this difference clear. So, we say tree diagrams are more advantageous and informative than linear structure analysis.
NP NP
NP NP NP NP
The old men and the women the old men and the old women
13. What is sense and what is reference How are they related
Key: Sense refers to the inherent meaning of a linguistic form, which is a collection of semantic meanings, abstract and decontextualized. Reference is what a linguistic form refers to in the real world; it is a matter of the relationship between the form and the reality.
14. Explain with examples “homonymy,”, “polysemy”, and “hyponymy”.
Key: Homonymy---identical in form (either in sound or in spellin, or in both) but different in meaning, . night-knight, lead n., bank (a financial institution)-bank (side of a river)
Polysemy---one form having more than one meaning, . earth our planet, the soil on its surface Hyponymy---relation of semantic inclusion between a word which is more general and a word which is more specific, . furniture- table.
15. In what way is componential analysis similar to the analysis of phonemes into distinctive features
Key: In the light of componential analysis, the meaning of a word consists of a number distinctive meaning features; the analysis breaks down the meaning of the word into these features; it is these different features that distinguish word meaning. Similarly, a phoneme is considered as a collection of distinctive sound features; a phoneme can be broken down into these distinctive sound features and it is these sound features that distinguish different sounds.
16. How are sentence meaning and utterance meaning related, and how do they differ
Key: Utterance-meaning is based on sentence-meaning; the former is concrete and context-dependent and the latter is abstract and decontextualized.
17. What are the five types of illocutionary speech acts Searle has specified What is the illocutionary point of each type
Key: Representative---stating what the speaker believes to be true
Directive---trying to get the hearer to do something
Commissive—committing the speaker himself to some future action
Expressive---expressing feelings or attitude towards an existing state
Declaration---bringing about immediate changes by saying something
18. What distinction, if any, can you draw between bilingualism and diglossia
Key: Bilingualism refers to a linguistic situation in which two standard languages are used in a speech community; whereas in a diglossic community, two varieties of language are used for different situations, one being more standard and higher, and used for more formal matters, and the other less prestigious, and used for colloquial situations.
文学概论期末试题及答案 一、单项选择题(本大题共20小题，每小题l分，共20分)在每小题列出的四个备选项中只有一个是符合题目要求的。请将其代码填在题后的括号内。错选、多选或未选均无分。 1．艾布拉姆斯指的?文学四要素?是 ( ) A．创作、文本、传播、阅读 B．作品、作家、宇宙、读者 C．思想、生活、技巧、知识 D．情节、结构、人物、事件 2．情景交融是意境创造的 ( ) A. 本质特征 B. 形象特征 C. 结构特征 D. 美感特征 3．?为艺术而艺术?是哪种文学观念的主要口号 ( ) A．独立说 B．再现说 C．体验说 D．表现说 4．能真正体现作家的艺术品格(也即创作个性)的语体是 ( ) A. 规范语体 B. 自由语体 C. 抒情语体 D. 叙事语体 5．?距离论?的提出者是 ( ) A．布洛 B．英加登 C．荣格 D．弗洛伊德 6．把语言具体区分为?语言结构?和?言语?的语言学家是 ( ) A．童庆炳 B．英加登 C．凯塞尔 D．索绪尔 7．在广义的文化概念中，最为活跃、最易变化的因素是 ( ) A．制度文化 B．精神文化 C．物质文化 D．全部文化 8．中国最早提出?意境?这一概念的是 ( ) A．王维 B．李白 C．司空图 D．王昌龄 9．哲理性是文学象征意象的 ( ) A．本质特征 B．表现手段 C．形象特征 D．审美特征 10．故事时间长度为零而叙述文本的时间大于零的一种时距是 ( ) A．省略 B．停顿 C．概略 D．减缓 11．从人物性格给人的不同审美感受把人物区分为?扁平?和?圆型’’的是 ( ) A．格雷马斯 B．康德 C．歌德 D．福斯特 12．形成文学风格的决定因素是 ( )
语言学概论试题（一） 一、填空（每空1分，共15分） 1.语言中最单纯、最常用、最原始和最能产的词是根词。 2.语言是人类最重要的交际工具，文字是最重要的辅助交际工具。 ?3.我国古代学者为读懂古书而建立的训诂学、文字学、音韵学组成了我国的语文学，通称为“小学”。 4.英语属于印欧语系的日耳曼语族的西部语支。 ?5.语音可以从生理角度分析它的产生方式，从物理角度分析它的表现形式传递过程，从社会功能角度分析它的功能作用。 6.是否能够独立运用，是区分词和语素的根本特点。 ?7.现代大多数国家的拼音文字的字母，大多直接来源于拉丁字母。 ?8.具有不同功能的三种最基本的语法单位是语素、词、句子。 ?9.语言发展的主要特点是渐变性和不平衡性。 ?10.我国宪法 1982年第19条明确规定“国家推广全国通用的普通话”。 二、选择题（每题1分，共10分）?????? 1. 中国的传统语文学研究的薄弱环节是（ D ） ??Ａ.文字学Ｂ.语音学? ?Ｃ.词汇学Ｄ.语法学 ?2. 汉语属于（ B ） ?Ａ.屈折语Ｂ.孤立语 ?Ｃ.多式综合语Ｄ.粘着语 ?3. 一种语言中数量最少的是（ B ） ??Ａ.音素Ｂ.音位 ??Ｃ.语素Ｄ.音节 ?4. 文字的前身是（ C ） ??Ａ.结绳记事Ｂ.手势 ??Ｃ.图画记事Ｄ.实物记事 ?5. 派生词中包含（ B ） ??Ａ.词尾Ｂ.词根 ??Ｃ.虚词Ｄ.根词 ?6. 语音和语义结合的最小的语言单位是（ C ） ??Ａ.音素Ｂ.义素 ??Ｃ.语素Ｄ.音位 7. 汉语单词“忽然”出现的位置是（ C ） ??Ａ.主语位置Ｂ.谓语位置 ??Ｃ.状语位置Ｄ.定语位置 8. 以下各种语言变体中，属于社会方言的是（ D ） ???Ａ.土话Ｂ.客家话 ???Ｃ.客套话Ｄ.黑话 9. 下列语素中属于自由语素的是（ C ） ???Ａ.初Ｂ.视 ???Ｃ.人Ｄ.民 10. 在语言结构的某一环节上能够互相替换，?具有某种相同作用的各个单位之间所形成的关系叫（ D ） ??Ａ.转换关系Ｂ.组合关系 ??Ｃ.层级关系Ｄ.聚合关系 三、名词解释（每题4分，共20分） ?1.专语语言学以具体语言作为研究对象的语言学。 2.组合关系指两个以上相连续的语言符号组合而成的线性关系。 3.语流音变语流中的某些音由于相互影响而发生临时性的变化，这种变化就叫语流音变。 4.语义场由具有某些共同义素的一群词类聚而成的场。 5.语法范畴把同一性质的语法意义综合和概括所形成的语法意义的类别。 四、试以国际音标标出下列各词的读音（每题2分，共10分） 1.优秀 2.维持 3.宏观 4.精神 5.离开 五、用义素分析法分析下列各组词（每题3分，共9分） ?1.瞻仰 [+用眼 +往一定方向 +崇敬地]
一、填空题:（每空1 分，本大题共10 分） 1. （）语言学是在19世纪逐步发展和完善的，它是语言学 走上独立发展道路的标志。 2. 人的大脑分左右两半球，大脑的左半球控制（ 掌管不需要语言的感性直观思维。 3. 进入20世纪以后，语言研究的主流由历史比较语言学转为 （）。 4. 俄语属于印欧语系的（ 5. 一个音位包含的不同音素或者具体表现出来的音素叫做 （）。 6. 语言中最单纯、最常用、最原始和最能产的词是（ 7. 现代大多数国家的拼音文字的字母，大多直接来源于（）字 母。 8. 言外之意之所以能够被理解是因为（）起了补充说明的 作用。 9. 方言在社会完全分化的情况下，有可能发展成（? ）?； 在社会高度统一的情况下，会逐渐被共同语消磨直到同化。 10. 南京方言的“兰”、“南”不分，从音位变体的角度来说，[n ]和[l]是 属于（）变体。 二、单项选择题: 码填在题干上的括号内。（每小题1 分，本大题共15 分）
1. 在二十世纪，对哲学、人类学、心理学、社会学等学科产生重大影响 的语言学流派是（） A.历史比较语言学 B.心理语言学 C.结构主义语言学 D.社会语言学 2. “人有人言，兽有兽语”中的“言”属于（） A.语言 B.言语 C.言语行为 D.言语作品 3. “我爱家乡”中“爱”和“家乡”（） A.是聚合关系。 B.是组合关系。 C.既是聚合关系又是组合关系。 D. 4. 一种语言中数量最少的是 A.音素 B.音位 C.语素 D.音节 5. 英语的man—→men采用的语法手段是 A. 屈折变化 B.变换重音的位置 C. 变化中缀 D.异根 6. 在汉语普通话中没有意义区别功能的声学特征是（） A.音高 B.音强 C.音长 D.音质 7. [ε]的发音特征是 A.舌面前高不圆唇 B.舌面后高不圆唇 C.舌面前半高不圆唇 D.舌面前半低不圆唇 8. 构成“语言、身体”这两个词的语素的类型（） A.都是成词语素 B.都是不成词语素 C.“语”和“言”是成词语素，“身”和“体”是不成词语素 D.“语”和“言”是不成词语素，“身”和“体” 9. 广义地说，汉语动词词尾“着”、“了”、“过”属于语法范畴中的 （）
全国2018年1月高等教育自学考试 语言学概论试题 课程代码：00541 一、单项选择题(在每小题的四个备选答案中，选出一个正确答案，并将正确答案的序号填 在题干的括号内。每小题1分，共26分) 1.关于语言与言语的关系，下列说法中不正确的一项是( )。 A.用文字记录下来的就是语言，用声音说出来的就是言语 B.语言具有内在的一致的规律，而言语则不同，很难找到一致的规律 C.语言是言语活动中社会成员约定俗成的共同使用的部分，是均质的 D.言语具有个人特点，因此不同于社会约定俗成的“语言” 2.最早的比较全面系统地阐述“语言”一般理论的著作通常认为是德国学者( )的《论人类语言结构的差异及其对人类精神发展的影响》。 A.黑格尔 B.康德 C.洪堡特 D.歌德 3.元音音质的差别主要是由下列( )决定的。 A.发音体 B.共鸣腔的不同形状 C.发音源 D.发音部位 4.下列各组辅音中都是双唇音的一组是( )。 A.［ｐ］［ｐ‘］ B.［ｐ］［ｆ］ C.［ｐ］［ｎ］ D.［ｂ］［ｋ］ 5.语音的本质属性是( )。 A.物理属性 B.生理属性 C.心理属性 D.社会属性 6.北京人把“分配”［f n55p‘ei51］说成［f m55p‘ei51］，这种语音变化形象是( )。 A.同化 B.异化 C.弱化 D.脱落 7.下列四组合成词中，( )含有不成词语素。 A.火车 B.热爱 C.心疼 D.端详 8.一般说来，前缀在构词中通常( )。 A.只改变词的具体意义、不改变词的词类 B.只改变词的抽象意义、不改变词的词类 C.只改变词的词类、不改变词的具体意义 D.只改变词的词类、不改变词的抽象意义 1
语言学概论试题及答案 分享 首次分享者：◇﹎ゞ丫丫℡已被分享11次评论(0)复制链接分享转载举报语言学概论形成性考核作业及参考答案 语言学概论作业1 导言、第一章、第二章 一、名词解释 1、历时语言学——就各种语言的历史事实用比较的方法去研究它的“亲属”关系和历史发展的，叫历时语言学。 2、语言——语言是一种社会现象，是人类最重要的交际工具和进行思维的工具。就语言本身的结构来说，语言是由词汇和语法构成的系统。 3、符号——符号是用来代表事物的一种形式，词这样的符号是声音和意义相结合的统一体。任何符号都是由声音和意义两方面构成的。 4、语言的二层性——语言是一种分层装置，其底层是一套音位；上层是音义结合的符号和符号的序列，这一层又分为若干级，第一级是语素，第二级是由语素构成的词，第三级是由词构成的句子。 5、社会现象——语言是一种社会现象和人类社会有紧密的联系。所谓“社会”，就是指生活在一个共同的地域中，说同一种语言，有共同的风俗习惯和文化传统的人类共同体。语言对于社会全体成员来说是统一的、共同的；另一方面，语言在人们的使用中可以有不同的变异、不同的风格。 二、填空 1、结构主义语言学包括布拉格学派、哥本哈根学派、美国描写语言学三个学派。 2、历史比较语言学是在19世纪逐步发展和完善的，它是语言学走上独立发展道路的标志。 3、人的大脑分左右两半球，大脑的左半球控制语言活动，右半球掌管不需要语言的感性直观思维。 4、一个符号，如果没有意义，就失去了存在的必要，如果没有声音，我们就无法感知，符号也就失去了存在的物质基础。 5、用什么样的语音形式代表什么样的意义，完全是由使用这种语言的社会成员约定俗成。 6、语言符号具有任意性和线条性特点。 7、语言的底层是一套音位，上层是符号和符号的序列，可以分为若干级，第一级是语素，第二级是词，第三级是句子。 8、语言系统中的所有符号，既可以同别的符号组合，又可以被别的符号替换，符号之间的这两种关系是组合和聚合。 9、组合是指符号与符号相互之间在功能上的联系，聚合是指符号在性质上的归类。 三、判断正误（正确的打钩，错误的打叉） 1、文字是人类最重要的交际工具。（×） 2、地主阶级和农民阶级之间没有共同语言，这说明语言是有阶级性的。（×） 3、在现代社会，文字比语言更加重要。（×）
2016年10月高等教育自学考试全国统一命题考试 语言学概论试卷(课程代码 00541) 第一部分选择题 一、单项选择题(本大题共20小题，每小题l分，共20分) 在每小题列出的四个备选项中只有一个是符合题目要求的，请将其选出并将“答题卡” 的相应代码涂黑。未涂、错涂或多涂均无分。 1.下面各项中，属于汉语北方方言的是 A.广州话 B.福州话 C.重庆话 D.上海话 2.汉语拼音字母b、p、m都是 A.舌尖音 B.唇齿音 C.正齿音 D.双唇音 3.下面各项属于自源文字的是 A.英文字母 B.甲骨文 C.腓尼基字母 D.希腊字母 4.儿童“以词代句语言”出现在 A.单词句阶段 B.语法句阶段 C.简单句阶段 D.复杂句阶段 5.“叶子岀水很高，像亭亭的舞女的裙”一句采用的修辞手法是 A.比拟 B.仿写 C.夸张 D.比喻 6.下面各项中含有轻声音节的是 A.渐渐 B.妈妈 C.声声 D.人人 7.“在家休息”是一个 A.动宾词组 B.主谓词组 C.偏正词组 D.兼语词组 8.不同行业有自己的“行话“行话”属于 A.地域方言 B.社会方言 C.亲属语言 D.混合语言 9.“半两棉花——免弹（谈)”采用的方法是 A.转移欢关 B.语义汉关 C.语音双关 D.替代双关 10.下面各项属于语言符号特点的是 A.约定性 B.自然性 C.固定性 D.想象性 11.一种语言的共同语是在某一个方言的基础上形成的，这种方言叫 A.母方言 B.底层方言 C.基础方言 D.原始方言
12.谈话体属于 A.书面语体 B.宣传语体 C.文学语体 D.口语语体 13.唐太宗名李世民，唐代人便把“世”改为“代'把“民”改成“人”，这是为了 A.避讳 B.图吉利 C.讨口彩 D.自谦 14.中国历史上推行“书同文”措施的是 A.齐桓公 B.秦始皇 C.汉武帝 D.唐玄宗 15.汉语中“罗汉、菩萨、塔、阎罗”等词的出现，是因为 A.儒家学说的兴盛 B.道教的兴起 C.名教的影响 D.佛教的传入 16.“弟弟吃苹果”不能说成“苹果弟弟吃'这是受制于语言符号的 A.组合关系 B.聚合关系C联想关系 D.分类关系 17.音高取决于声波的 A.振幅 B.数量 C.长短 D.频率 18.“这是革命的春天，这是人民的春天，这是科学的春天”，这个句子是 A.反复句 B.顶真句 C.对偶句 D.回环句 19.中国叫“绥远、定远”之类名字的地方，往往当年 A.水草丰美 B.山川秀丽 C.曾发生战乱后被抚平 D.人口特别多 20.—个民族的全体或部分成员放弃使用本民族语言转而使用另一民族语言的现象叫 A.语言混合 B.语言转用 C.克里奥尔 D.双语现象 二、多项选择题(本大题共5小题，每小题2分，共10分) 在每小题列出的五个备选项中至少有两个是符合题目要求的，请将其选出并将“答题卡”的相应代码涂黑。未涂、错涂、多涂或少涂均无分。 21.下面关于语言和民族、国家关系的说法中，正确的有 A.—个民族只能说一种语言 B.—个民族可以说多种语言 C.一个国家只有一种语言 D.—个国家可以有多种语言 E.不同民族可以说同一种语言 22.下面各项中，属于元音的有 A.[a] B.[f] C. [l] D.[o] E.[p] 23.下面各项中属于发散思维的表现形式的有 A.音乐 B.舞蹈 C.绘画 D.推理 E.文学 24.下面各项中彼此有亲属关系的语言有 A.日语 B.葡萄牙语 C.老挝语 D.朝鲜语 E.英语 25.下面各项中，属于借词的有
历年全国自考语言学概论真题 请考生按规定用笔将所有试题的答案涂、写在答题纸上。 选择题部分 注意事项： 1. 答题前,考生务必将自己的考试课程名称、姓名、准考证号用黑色字迹的签字笔或钢笔填写在答题纸规定的位置上。 2. 每小题选出答案后,用2B铅笔把答题纸上对应题目的答案标号涂黑。如需改动,用橡皮擦干净后,再选涂其他答案标号。不能答在试题卷上。 一、单项选择题(本大题共20小题,每小题1分,共20分) 在每小题列出的四个备选项中只有一个是符合题目要求的,请将其选出并将“答题纸”的相应代码涂黑。错涂、多涂或未涂均无分。 1．下列关于语言符号的表述,不正确的一项是 A．语言符号包括能指和所指 B．语言符号的音和义不可分割 C．语言符号音义关系具有任意性 D．语言符号不能分解和重新组合 2．几万、几十万个词通过排列组合可以产生无限多的句子,这主要是由于语言符号具有 A．离散性 B．强制性 C．可变性 D．任意性 3．下列关于韵律特征的表述,不正确的一项是 A．韵律特征在不同的语言中具有不同的特点 B．韵律特征自身不能单独占据一个时间段落 C．韵律特征从构成要素看是一种对比性特征 D．韵律特征包括“音质特征”和“音段特征” A．同化 B．异化 C．弱化 D．增音
6．下列关于“语”的表述,正确的一项是 A．“语”指的是那些由语素构成的固定词组 B．“语”和“词”在内部构造方面没有分别 C．“语”的结构往往不具有固定性和整体性 D．“语”的结构常常呈现为某种特定的格式 7．英语动词“like(喜欢)”的单数第三人称形式是“likes”,这属于 A．变形构词 B．变性成词C．语汇构词 D．语法构词8．“众人拾柴火焰高”属于 A．惯用语 B．谚语C．歇后语 D．成语9．主要功能是用来“造句”的同一级语法单位是 A．语素和语素组 B．语素组和词C．词和词组 D．词组和句子10．对“很中国”中“中国”一词用法的说明,正确的是 A．仍然是名词 B．变成了形容词 C．名词活用作形容词 D．名词兼形容词11．“你吃点什么吗?”这个句子是 A．一般疑问句 B．特指疑问句C．选择疑问句 D．反问疑问句12．下列词语,属于相对反义词的一组是 A．必然—偶然 B．萧条—繁荣
试卷代号：1093 语言学概论(本) 模拟试题 一、举例解释下列名词(每词5分，共10分) 1. 音位变体 2．借词 二、单项选择(每小题2分。共10分) 3．下列说法只有( )是正确的。 A．语言是人类最重要的交际工具，文字也是人类最重要的交际工具 B．不同的阶级使用语言具有不同的特点，说明语言具有阶级性 C．人类多种多样的语言说明语言具有任意性特点 D．语言是一种纯自然的现象 4. 下列说法只有( )是正确的。 A．语法的组合规则是潜在的 B．语法的聚合规则是潜在的 C．语法的组合规则存在于书面语言中 D.语法的聚合规则存在于口头语言中 5．单纯词就是由一个( )构成的词。 A．词根 B．词干 C．词缀 D．词尾6．下列各种说法只有( )是正确的。 A．词义的模糊性说明词义是不可捉摸的 B．多义词使用不当会产生歧义，如“门没有锁” C．“glass”的本义是玻璃，派生义指玻璃杯，这是隐喻 D．同义词在修辞上具有对比作用，可以利用来突出对立面 7．下列说法只有( )是错误的。 A．语法的规则可以类推，但也有例外，如“wife”的复数不是“wifes” B．}昆合语又叫克里奥尔语，它可以被孩子们作为母语来学习 C．混合语只限于某社会集团使用，缺乏广泛性 D．“墨水”原指黑墨水，现指各种颜色的墨水，这种变化是词义的扩大
三、综合分析题(共40分) 8．描写下列音素的发音特点。（8分） ① [u]： ② Ea]： ③ [m]： ④ [x]： 9．分析下面词语中各个构词语素的类别，是词根、词缀还是词尾。（12分） ① going ②老乡 ⑧绿化 10．指出下列词组的结构类型。(10分) ①学生和老师 ②空气新鲜 ③热烈欢呼 ④摆放整齐 ⑤阅读报纸 11．指出下列句子中画线词语的词尾所表示的语法意义和语法范畴。(10分) He buys many books． 四、问答题(每小题10分，共40分) 12．为什么说语言是一种特殊的社会现象? 13．语言符号是一种分层装置，这种分层的核。g,是ffA?其上层由哪些要素构成? 各要素在数量上有何特点? 14．举例说明基本词汇的特点，并简要说明这些特点之间的相互影响。 15．什么是双语现象?双语现象随着社会的发展会出现怎样的结果?
语言学概论题 2009年语言学概论试题及答案 第一部分 选择题 一、单项选择题 1．关于“语言”的定义，下列说法不正确的一项是 A．语言是一种社会现象 B．语言就是人们说出来的话 C．语言的客观存在形式首先是有声的口头语言 D．语言是一个符号系统 2．关于“言语活动”、“语言”和“言语”三者之间的关系，下列说法不正确的一项是A．“语言”等于“言语活动”减去“言语” B．“语言”是主要的，而“言语”是次要的 C．“言语”是“言语活动”中的社会部分 D．“语言”是从“言语活动”抽象出来的一个均质的系统 3．索绪尔创立的语言学可以称为 A．传统语言学 B．历史比较语言学 C．结构主义语言学 D．社会语言学 4．从音质角度划分出来的最小语音单位是 A．音渡 B．音素 C．音位 D．音节 5．[p…]的发音特征是 A．双唇送气清塞音 B．双唇不送气清塞音 C．舌尖前送气清塞音 D．舌尖前不送气清塞音 6．下列各项中，都是不圆唇元音的一组是 A．[i，u] B．[e，o] C．[A，y] D．[?，a] 7．说话人根据表达需要有意识地加上去的句重音是 A．节律重音 B．语法重音 C．固定重音 D．强调重音 8．下列关于语汇的表述中，正确的一项是 A．语汇是有意义的能独立使用的语言单位 B．语汇是最小的有意义的语言单位
C．语汇是固D．语汇是一种语言中词和语的总和 5．[p…]的发音特征是 A．双唇送气清塞音 B．双唇不送气清塞音 C．舌尖前送气清塞音 D．舌尖前不送气清塞音 6．下列各项中，都是不圆唇元音的一组是 A．[i，u] B．[e，o] C．[A，y] D．[?，a] 7．说话人根据表达需要有意识地加上去的句重音是 A．节律重音 B．语法重音 C．固定重音 D．强调重音 8．下列关于语汇的表述中，正确的一项是 A．语汇是有意义的能独立使用的语言单位 B．语汇是最小的有意义的语言单位 C．语汇是固定词组和熟语的总汇 D．语汇是一种语言中词和语的总和 9．从词的构造方式看，汉语“健儿”一词属于 A.单纯词 B．派生词 C．复合词 D．简缩词 10．下列各个汉语词语中的“子”是词根语素的是 A．笼子 B．鸽子 C．瓜子 D．日子 11．下列关于语法的表述中，不正确的一项是 A．语法是关于词的构成变化和词构成词组和句子的规则 B．语法是说本族语的人的直觉知识和约定习惯 C.语法是与语音、语汇等要素互不相关的规则 D．语法是与语音、语汇等相比变化较慢的现象 12．在“这些书我看过了”这个语言片段中，“这些书”和“我看过了”的性质是A．既是成分也是组合 B．是成分，不是组合 C．是组合，不是成分 D．不是成分也不是组合 13．下列关于词义模糊性的表述中，正确的一项是 A．词义所指范围边缘区域模糊，中心区域明确 B．词义所指范围边缘区域明确，中心区域模糊
20XX年10月高等教育自学考试全国统一命题考试 语言学概论试卷(课程代码 00541) 第一部分选择题 一、单项选择题(本大题共20小题，每小题l分，共20分) 在每小题列出的四个备选项中只有一个是符合题目要求的，请将其选出并将“答题卡” 的相应代码涂黑。未涂、错涂或多涂均无分。 1.下面各项中，属于汉语北方方言的是 A.广州话 B.福州话 C.重庆话 D.上海话 2.汉语拼音字母b、p、m都是 A.舌尖音 B.唇齿音 C.正齿音 D.双唇音 3.下面各项属于自源文字的是 A.英文字母 B.甲骨文 C.腓尼基字母 D.希腊字母 4.儿童“以词代句语言”出现在 A.单词句阶段 B.语法句阶段 C.简单句阶段 D.复杂句阶段 5.“叶子岀水很高，像亭亭的舞女的裙”一句采用的修辞手法是 A.比拟 B.仿写 C.夸张 D.比喻 6.下面各项中含有轻声音节的是 A.渐渐 B.妈妈 C.声声 D.人人 7.“在家休息”是一个 A.动宾词组 B.主谓词组 C.偏正词组 D.兼语词组 8.不同行业有自己的“行话“行话”属于 A.地域方言 B.社会方言 C.亲属语言 D.混合语言 9.“半两棉花——免弹（谈)”采用的方法是 A.转移欢关 B.语义汉关 C.语音双关 D.替代双关 10.下面各项属于语言符号特点的是 A.约定性 B.自然性 C.固定性 D.想象性 11.一种语言的共同语是在某一个方言的基础上形成的，这种方言叫 A.母方言 B.底层方言 C.基础方言 D.原始方言
12.谈话体属于 A.书面语体 B.宣传语体 C.文学语体 D.口语语体 13.唐太宗名李世民，唐代人便把“世”改为“代'把“民”改成“人”，这是为了 A.避讳 B.图吉利 C.讨口彩 D.自谦 14.中国历史上推行“书同文”措施的是 A.齐桓公 B.秦始皇 C.汉武帝 D.唐玄宗 15.汉语中“罗汉、菩萨、塔、阎罗”等词的出现，是因为 A.儒家学说的兴盛 B.道教的兴起 C.名教的影响 D.佛教的传入 16.“弟弟吃苹果”不能说成“苹果弟弟吃'这是受制于语言符号的 A.组合关系 B.聚合关系C联想关系 D.分类关系 17.音高取决于声波的 A.振幅 B.数量 C.长短 D.频率 18.“这是革命的春天，这是人民的春天，这是科学的春天”，这个句子是 A.反复句 B.顶真句 C.对偶句 D.回环句 19.中国叫“绥远、定远”之类名字的地方，往往当年 A.水草丰美 B.山川秀丽 C.曾发生战乱后被抚平 D.人口特别多 20.—个民族的全体或部分成员放弃使用本民族语言转而使用另一民族语言的现象叫 A.语言混合 B.语言转用 C.克里奥尔 D.双语现象 二、多项选择题(本大题共5小题，每小题2分，共10分) 在每小题列出的五个备选项中至少有两个是符合题目要求的，请将其选出并将“答题卡”的相应代码涂黑。未涂、错涂、多涂或少涂均无分。 21.下面关于语言和民族、国家关系的说法中，正确的有 A.—个民族只能说一种语言 B.—个民族可以说多种语言 C.一个国家只有一种语言 D.—个国家可以有多种语言 E.不同民族可以说同一种语言 22.下面各项中，属于元音的有 A.[a] B.[f] C. [l] D.[o] E.[p] 23.下面各项中属于发散思维的表现形式的有 A.音乐 B.舞蹈 C.绘画 D.推理 E.文学 24.下面各项中彼此有亲属关系的语言有 A.日语 B.葡萄牙语 C.老挝语 D.朝鲜语 E.英语 25.下面各项中，属于借词的有
《文学概论》机考网考试题题库及答案 100%通过 《文学概论》是电大期末考试的上机考试的机考课目，本人针对该科目汇总了该科所有的题，形成一个完整的题库，并且每年都在更新（包含单选题、多选题、判断题）。该题库对考生的复习、作业和考试起着非常重要的作用，会给您节省大量的时间。做考题时，利用本文档中的查找工具，把考题中的关键字输到查找工具的查找内容框内，就可迅速查找到该题答案。本文库还有其他机考及教学考一体化答案，敬请查看。 一、单选题 1．中国古代“观物取象”的见解，强调文学作品与世界的不可分割的关系，这一观点与西方的( )最为相似。 A．信息论 B．摹仿论 C．意志论 D．反映论 2．文学“四要素”理论，是指任何一部文学作品都包含“四要素”：即宇宙、作品、艺术家与 ( ) A．观众 B．情感 C．文采 D．文化 3．读者接触文学，往往首先接触具体的文学文本，文学文本的主要特征一般包括语言系统、表意、( )、阅读期待、开放。 A．模仿 B．象征 c．假设 D．蕴藉 4．文学媒介具有自身的修辞性特点，主要表现在涉义性、物质性、( )、语境依托性。 A．中介性 B．表象性 C．表情性 D．意识性 5．在研究长篇小说的文体语言的时候，俄国学者( )创造了“杂语”这个概念。 A．车尔尼雪夫斯基 B．高尔基 C巴赫金 D．什可洛夫斯基 6．文学意象是文学作品中具有表意性功能的文学形象，其特征主要有暗示性、朦胧性、 ( ) A．独创性 B．指意性 C．感染性 D．历史性 7．( )在人类的文学活动中，是最早出现的一种文学体裁。 A．剧本 B．小说 C．散文 D．诗 8．小说家的语言意识、语言功力归根结底是建立在其( )上的，借此小说家才能捕捉并表达出对事物的独特感受。 A．母语 B．书面语 C．IZl语 D．标准语 9．文学写作的双重属性是指文学写作兼具( )与机构制作特点。 A．集体行为 B．商业运作 C．个人创造 D．历史演绎 10．文学批评是在文学接受的基础上，运用一定的理论和方法，对以(’?)为中心的特定文学现象富于理性的具体分
语言学概论试题及答案 语言学概论作业1 导言、第一章、第二章 一、名词解释 1、历时语言学——就各种语言的历史事实用比较的方法去研究它的“亲属”关系和历史发展的，叫历时语言学。 2、语言——语言是一种社会现象，是人类最重要的交际工具和进行思维的工具。就语言本身的结构来说，语言是由词汇和语法构成的系统。 3、符号——符号是用来代表事物的一种形式，词这样的符号是声音和意义相结合的统一体。任何符号都是由声音和意义两方面构成的。 4、语言的二层性——语言是一种分层装置，其底层是一套音位；上层是音义结合的符号和符号的序列，这一层又分为若干级，第一级是语素，第二级是由语素构成的词，第三级是由词构成的句子。 5、社会现象——语言是一种社会现象和人类社会有紧密的联系。所谓“社会”，就是指生活在一个共同的地域中，说同一种语言，有共同的风俗习惯和文化传统的人类共同体。语言对于社会全体成员来说是统一的、共同的；另一方面，语言在人们的使用中可以有不同的变异、不同的风格。 二、填空 1、结构主义语言学包括布拉格学派、哥本哈根学派、美国描写语言学三个学派。 2、历史比较语言学是在19世纪逐步发展和完善的，它是语言学走上独立发展道路的标志。 3、人的大脑分左右两半球，大脑的左半球控制语言活动，右半球掌管不需要语言的感性直观思维。 4、一个符号，如果没有意义，就失去了存在的必要，如果没有声音，我们就无法感知，符号也就失去了存在的物质基础。 5、用什么样的语音形式代表什么样的意义，完全是由使用这种语言的社会成员约定俗成。 6、语言符号具有任意性和线条性特点。 7、语言的底层是一套音位，上层是符号和符号的序列，可以分为若干级，第一级是语素，第二级是词，第三级是句子。 8、语言系统中的所有符号，既可以同别的符号组合，又可以被别的符号替换，符号之间的这两种关系是组合和聚合。 9、组合是指符号与符号相互之间在功能上的联系，聚合是指符号在性质上的归类。 三、判断正误（正确的打钩，错误的打叉） 1、文字是人类最重要的交际工具。（×） 2、地主阶级和农民阶级之间没有共同语言，这说明语言是有阶级性的。（×） 3、在现代社会，文字比语言更加重要。（×） 4、现代社会，沟通的方式很多，语言的重要性日渐削弱。（×） 5、语言是思维的工具，没有语言，人类就无法思维。（√） 6、语言和思维互相依存，共同发展。（√） 7、任何一种符号，都是由内容和意义两个方面构成的。（×） 8、从本质上看，语言其实是一种符号系统。（√）
09年1月-02年10月全国自学考试语言学概论试题-大题汇总 三、名词解释题（本大题共4小题，每小题3分，共12分） 26．口语（09-1） 27．仿译词（09-1） 28．语言符号的强制性（09-1） 29．语气意义（09-1） 26．音位变体（08-10） 27．语法手段（08-10） 28．语音对应关系（08-10） 29．中介语（08-10） 26. 克里奥耳语（08-1） 27. 借词（08-1） 28. 音节（08-1） 29. 词的语体色彩（08-1） 32．轻音（07-10） 33．语言规划（07-10） 34．语言遗传机制（07-10） 35．应用语言学（07-10） 26．组合关系（07-1） 27．词的理性意义（07-1） 28．双语现象（07-1） 29．音位（07-1） 30．洋泾浜（07-1） 32．发音部位（06-10） 33．向心词组（06-10） 34．音节文字（06-10） 35．第二语言教学（06-10） 26. 聚合关系（06-1） 27. 社会方言（06-1） 28. 语言符号的强制性（06-1）29. 词义的模糊性（06-1） 30. 派生词（06-1） 32．音素（05-10） 33．基础方言（05-10） 34．语言迁移（05-10） 35．语言获得（05-10） 34. 词形变化（05-1） 35. 派生词（05-1） 36. 语言转用（05-1） 32．韵律特征（04-10） 33．语系（04-10） 34．文化局限词语（04-10） 35．中介语（04-10） 32. 语法单位的形成关系（03-10） 33. 义素（03-10） 34. 音位文字（03-10） 35. 语言的亲属关系（03-10） 32. 语流音变（02-10） 33. 语法范畴（02-10） 34. 蕴含（02-10） 35. 他源文字（02-10） 五、简答题（本大题共3小题，每小题6分，共18分） 33．简述国际音标的优点。（09-1） 34．词缀和词尾有什么不同？（09-1） 35．汉语的语素、音节和汉字是一一对应的吗？ 30．举例说明语言符号的离散特征和线性特征及其对语言的作用。（08-10）31．举例说明汉语词双音节化的作用。（08-10） 32．说明什么是儿童语言获得的“模仿说”和“强化说”。（08-10） 33. 词义的模糊性和歧义有什么区别？（08-1） 34. 什么是语言符号的离散特征和线性特征？（08-1） 35. 一般语汇的主要类型有哪些？（08-1）
中央电大汉语言专科《文学概论》期末考试 论述题题库 33.以电影《魂断蓝桥》最后一段剧本文本为范例，谈谈你对影视文学特征的认识。 五十八（场） 滑铁卢桥上。 夜雾浓重。， 玛拉独自倚着桥栏杆，似乎向桥下望着什么…． 一阵皮鞋声。一个打扮妖艳但面孔浮肿的中年女人走来，她看见玛拉。 女人：（很熟识地）是你啊，玛拉，你好。……你不是嫁人了吗？ 玛拉：（嗫嚅地）没有。 女人：那个凯蒂跟我说的，说你跟了个体面的人。我说，哪有这好事？ 玛拉：是啊一 女人：别泄气，反正就是这么回事。到火车站去吗？唉，我现在是到哪儿都没法啦…… （她耸耸肩叹息着走开） 玛拉两眼滞呆呆地望着她的背影，望啊望着……对她来说，一切都绝望了，她脸上有一种从来没有过的镇静神情。 桥上，一长队军用汽车亮着车灯，轰轰隆隆地向桥头驶来。 玛拉转过头去，望着驶来的军用卡车。 车队从远处驶近。 玛拉迎着车队走去。 车队在行驶，黄色车灯在浓雾中闪烁。 玛拉继续迎着车队走。 车队飞速行进。‘ 玛拉迎面走去。 车队轰鸣，越来越近。 玛拉迎着车队走，越来越近。 玛拉宁静地向前移动，汽车灯光在她脸上照耀。 玛拉的脸，平静无表情的眼神。 巨大的刹车闸轮声，金属相磨的尖厉声。 车戛然停止，人们惊呼。 人们从四面八方向有着红十字标记的卡车拥去，顿时围成一个几层人重叠的圈子。（镜头推进）人群纷乱的脚。 地上，散乱的小手提包。一只象牙雕刻的“吉祥符”。（化） 一只手拿着“吉祥符”（《一路平安》音乐声起）。 二十年后的罗依，头发已班白，面容衰老，穿着上校军服，凄切地站在滑铁卢桥心栏杆旁。他望着手里拿着的“吉祥符”，苍老的两眼闪现出哀愁、悲切和无限眷恋的心情。 （画外玛拉的声音）我爱过你，别人我谁也没爱过，以后也不会。这是真话，罗依！我永远也不…… （强烈的苏格兰民歌《一路平安》将玛拉最后的声音淹没。） 歌声在夜雾弥漫的滑铁卢桥上空回荡……桥上，孤独地走着苍老的罗依。 罗依坐上汽车。 汽车驶去…… 《魂断蓝桥》是一部爱情经典片，表现上尉军官罗依和舞蹈演员玛拉之间，由于战争的灾难、社会的压力、道德的束缚，相亲相爱却生离死别，心心相印但难成眷属的悲剧。上面这段是玛拉从罗依处出走后第一次露面，并走向死亡的重场戏。它要表述的内容很多，——社会环境对孤独无依的玛拉的逼迫；她如果苟且偷生，未来将会是怎样的结局；玛拉对罗依坚贞不渝又无法实现的爱；她自杀的全过程；她死时人们的反应；罗依怀念玛拉时的痛苦；以及这种悲剧在人世间的普遍性等等。 答案要点： ①语言的视觉性；(4分) ②蒙太奇结构；（4分） ③动态的造型性。(4分) （要点分数12分，其余为答案组织与分析所得分数。） 33．结合自己的经验，谈谈文学批评论文写作的基本程序。 答案要点： ①反复阅读文本。 ②寻找突破口。 ③条理化。 ④确定结论。 ⑤文字表述。 评阅参考：观点提出：(5分) 论述过程：(15分) 结合实际：(4分) 注：评阅应根据学生的具体回答酌情给分。只要能够提出观点，并能够围绕观点进行必要的论证，能够持之有椐，论证合理，自圆其说即可给较高分数。 33.下面这些关于“文化文本特征”要点的归纳，是分属于“大众文化文本”、“高雅文化文本”、“民
绪论及语言本质 1.我国古代学者为读懂古书而建立的训诂学、文字学、音韵学组成了我国的语文学，通称为“小学”。 2.“语言学概论”课程容在语言学学科分类中，属于理论语言学。 3.狭义的应用语言学一般是指语言教学。 4.17世纪，法国波瓦雅的修道院里有两位学者阿尔诺.兰斯洛合编了一本普遍唯理语法。 5.历史比较语言学的出现，标志着语言学走出传统语文学，成为一门独立的科学。 6.传统语文学一般主要指古代印度、古代希腊和古代中国三个地方的语文学。中国传统的语文学通常叫小学。 7.语言系统的两种基本关系是组合关系和聚合关系。它们是打开语言的两把钥匙。 8.1786年，英国的威廉琼斯在皇家亚洲学会宣读的论文《三周年演说》中指出有共同的结构特点。为了纪念这一新发现，这一年被认为是历史比较语言学诞生的一年。 9.历史比较语言学的奠基人是丹麦的拉斯克、德国的葆朴和格里木。 10.语言的分类一般从两个方面进行：第一，按照语言的（结构/形态）特点分类；第二，按照语言的（亲属/来源）关系分类。 11.著名语言学家瑞士的索绪尔的著作《普通语言学教程》标志着结构主义语言学的诞生。 12.美国结构主义语言学的代表人物是布龙菲尔德，他的代表著作是《语言论》。 13.转换生成语言学的代表人物是乔姆斯基，他被称为“标准理论”的著作是《句法理论问题》。 14.根据语言的结构或者形态特点，一般把语言分为孤立语（词根语）、粘着语、屈折语和多式综合语（编插语）四种。 1.人类语言和动物的交际方式有着根本区别。 2.什么样的声音与什么样的意义相结合，取决于约定俗成的社会习惯。这里的“约定俗成”的容既有任意性，也有强制性。
《语言学概论》练习测试题库 一、单项选择题 1、“人有人言，兽有兽语”中的“言”属于： A. 语言。 B. 言语。 C. 言语行为。 D. 言语作品。 2、人运用语言可以说出无限多的句子，这反映了语言的：(C) A. 民族性。 B. 符号性。 C. 生成性。 D. 系统性。 3、被社团作为母语使用和学习的语言是： A. 人工语言。 B. 自然语言。 C. 共同语。 D. 世界语。 4、从语言学分科来看，《语言学概论》课属于： A. 一般语言学。 B. 具体语言学。 C. 共时语言学。 D. 历时语言学。 5、“我爱家乡”中“爱”和“家乡”： A. 是聚合关系。 B. 是组合关系。 C. 既是聚合关系又是组合关系。 D. 既非聚合关系又非组合关系。 6、汉语南方方言比北方方言更接近于古汉语，这反映了语言发展的： A. 渐变性。 B. 相关性。 C. 规律性。 D. 不平衡性。 7、下列说法正确的是： A.义项是最小的语义单位。 B.义素是最小的语义单位。 C.词义的主要内容是语法意义。 D.词义不包括语法意义。 8、有人说语言是古代文化的“活化石”，这说明语言具有： A. 交际功能。 B. 思维功能。 C. 文化录传功能。 D. 认知功能。 9、“衣领”是“衣服”的： A. 上义词。 B. 下义词。 C. 总义词。 D. 分义词。 10、转换生成语言学的代表人物是： A. 乔姆斯基。 B. 菲尔默。 C. 皮亚杰。 D. 韩礼德。 11、下列说法正确的是 A.语言是无限的，言语是有限的。 B.语言是个人的，言语是社会的。 C.语言是一般的，言语是个别的。 D.语言是具体的，言语是抽象的。 12、人类最重要的交际工具是 A.文字。 B.语言。 C.书面语。 D.手势语。 13、下列说法正确的是 A.所有的符号都有任意性。 B.有些符号有任意性。 C.只有语言符号有任意性。 D.语言符号没有任意性。 14、词汇变化比语音语法快，这体现了语言发展的 A.渐变性。 B.稳固性。 C.相关性。 D.不平衡性。 15、“小王喜欢小李”中“喜欢”和“小李” A.是组合关系。 B.是聚合关系。 C.既是聚合关系又是组合关系。 D.既非聚合关系又非组合关系。 16、语言最重要的功能是 A.思维功能。 B.标志功能。 C.交际功能。 D.认知功能。 17、日语属于 A.屈折语。 B.粘着语。 C.词根语。 D.编插语。
2017年4月高等教育自学考试全国统一命题考试 语言学概论试卷 (课程代码00541) 本试卷共4页，满分l00分，考试时间l50分钟。 考生答题注意事项： 1．本卷所有试题必须在答题卡上作答。答在试卷上无效，试卷空白处和背面均可作草稿纸。2．第一部分为选择题。必须对应试卷上的题号使用2B铅笔将“答题卡”的相应代码涂黑。3．第二部分为非选择题。必须注明大、小题号，使用0．5毫米黑色字迹签字笔作答。4．合理安排答题空间，超出答题区域无效。 第一部分选择题(共30分) 一、革项选择题(本大题共20小题，每小题l分，共20分) 在每小题列出的四个备选项中只有一个是符合题目要求的，请将其选出并将“答题卡”的相应代码涂黑。错涂、多涂或未涂均无分。 1．汉语属于 A．孤立语 B.屈折语 C．粘着语 D。复综语 2．“种花”的“花”和‘‘花钱”的“花”是 A．同义词 B．多义词 C．同音词 D．近义词 3．苏美尔人发明了 A．楔形文字 B．甲骨文 C．腓尼基字母 D.阿拉伯字母 4．第二语言学习者在使用外语时常常借助于母语的发音、词义、结构规则或习惯来表达思想的现象叫 A．语言相关 B.语言辅助 C．语言影响 D．语言迁移 5．“郭明义是当代的雷锋”中，“雷锋”属于借代中的
A．以部分代整体 B.以特征代本体 C．以具体代抽象 D．以专称代通称 6．“成立”和“建立”这两个词的词义区别主要是 A．理性意义不同 B．感情色彩不同 C．语体色彩不同 D．形象色彩不同 7．根据乔姆斯基提出的假设，人的大脑中储存的全人类语言所共有的语言知识叫 A．人类语法 B.普遍语法 C．个人语法 D．个别语法 8．从同一种语言中分化出来的各个语言叫 A．地方话 B．隐语 C．亲属语言 D．原始基础语 9．“活儿我不做了!三颗粮食，收不收有什么关系?”使用的修辞手法是 A．拟人 B．拟物 C．夸张 D．降格 10．语言符号的能指是 A．词汇 B．语音 C．语义 D．语法 11．汉语普通话以北方方言为基础方言主要出于 A．人们的喜好 B．经济上的原因 C．文化上的原因 D．政治上的原因 12．诗歌属于 A.谈话语体 B．应用语体 C．文学语体 D．宣传语体 13.纳西族语言称“大树”为“树母”、“小树”为“树男”，反映出古代纳西族曾经历过 A．群婚制阶段 B．族外婚制阶段
文学概论期末试题 班级：姓名：分数： 一、单项选择题(本大题共20小题，每小题l分，共20分)在每小题列出的四个备选项中只有一个是符合题目要求的。请将其代码填在题后的括号内。错选、多选或未选均无分。 1．艾布拉姆斯指的“文学四要素”是( ) A．创作、文本、传播、阅读 B．作品、作家、宇宙、读者 C．思想、生活、技巧、知识 D．情节、结构、人物、事件 2．情景交融是意境创造的( ) A. 本质特征 B. 形象特征 C. 结构特征 D. 美感特征 3．“为艺术而艺术”是哪种文学观念的主要口号( ) A．独立说B．再现说 C．体验说D．表现说 4．能真正体现作家的艺术品格(也即创作个性)的语体是( ) A. 规范语体 B. 自由语体 C. 抒情语体 D. 叙事语体 5．“距离论”的提出者是( ) A．布洛B．英加登 C．荣格D．弗洛伊德 6．把语言具体区分为“语言结构”和“言语”的语言学家是( ) A．童庆炳B．英加登 C．凯塞尔D．索绪尔 7．在广义的文化概念中，最为活跃、最易变化的因素是( ) A．制度文化B．精神文化 C．物质文化D．全部文化 8．中国最早提出“意境”这一概念的是( ) A．王维B．李白 C．司空图D．王昌龄 9．哲理性是文学象征意象的( ) A．本质特征B．表现手段 C．形象特征D．审美特征 10．故事时间长度为零而叙述文本的时间大于零的一种时距是( ) A．省略B．停顿 C．概略D．减缓 11．从人物性格给人的不同审美感受把人物区分为“扁平”和“圆型’’的
是( ) A．格雷马斯B．康德 C．歌德D．福斯特 12．形成文学风格的决定因素是( ) A．个人气质B．人格情操 C．创作才能D．创作个性 13．在我国，提出“文以气为主，气之清浊有体，不可力强而致。”的是( ) A．刘勰B．曹丕 C．曹植D．曹操 14．“一个大作家绝不能只有一颗印章”体现的是文学风格的( ) A．多样性B．单一性 C．稳定性D．独创性 15．刘勰在《文心雕龙》中把文学风格分为( ) A．八体B．十体 C．十二体D．二十四体 16．全面论述“眼中之竹”、“胸中之竹”、“手中之竹”关系的是( ) A．刘勰B．苏轼 C．苏辙D．郑板桥 17．文学批评的对象是( ) A．各种文学现象B．各种社会现象 C．文学作品D．作家 18．最早出现的一种文学体裁是( ) A．小说B．诗歌 C．戏剧D．散文 19．作家文体成熟的标志是( ) A. 情节设计 B. 结构严谨 C. 文学风格 D. 语言精练 20．艺术想象的过程是( ) A．从具象到抽象B．从抽象到具象 C．从具象到具象D．从抽象到抽象 二、多项选择题(本大题共5小题。每小题2分，共l0分)在每小题列出的五个备选项中至少有两个是符合题目要求的。请将其代码填写在题后的括号内。错选、多选、少选或未选均无分。 21．文学创作过程，是一种( ) A．建构性活动B．追寻秩序的活动 C．内容追寻形式的活动D．形式创造内容的活动 E．纯粹创造形式的活动 22．文学语言组织的三个层面是( ) A．语音层面B．文法层面 C．辞格层面D．词法层面 E．意义层面 23．典型人物与典型环境的关系是( ) A．前者依存于后者B．后者决定前者