2021届高考英语阅读理解长难句精读与概要写作专练passage1

2021高考英语阅读之长难句分析与练习（三）Exercise 1：长难句分析1.Treatments for jellyfish stings and snakebites have also been developed and in the last five years there have been only three deaths from jellyfish stings and about the same number from snakebites.【句式翻译】【句式分析】【词语点拨】develop v.开发，发展，研制（新产品）在过去几年里，这里的旅游业获得了相当大的发展。

那两个公司已合作研制新型赛车。

【语法点拨】现在完成时的被动语态的结构就是现在完成时态和被动语态的结构的叠合，即：has/have been done，表示“过去发生的动作对现在有影响或持续到现在，并且主语与谓语动词之间为被动关系”。

常用的时间状语：for或since 引导的时间状语及before, until now, up till now, so far, up to the moment, in the last few years等。

如：办公室看起来很干净。

它刚被打扫过。

这台机器已修了两小时了。

2. Adverts are not only made and paid for by business, but also by individuals, organizations and associations that wish to inform or educate the public. 广告不仅【句式翻译】【句式分析】【词语点拨】inform vt.通知，告知；构成短语：inform sb of sth通知某人某事我将把我到达的日期通知你。

我遗憾地告诉你我没法帮助你。

【语法点拨】一般现在时的被动语态的构成：is/are done。

2021年新高考1卷长难句分析1 (阅读B篇) Silent onstage communication is key, and each pianist has their own style of “nodding” to indicate a page turn which they need to practise with their page turner.[翻译]在舞台无声的交流很重要，每个钢琴家都有自己的“点头”风格来表示翻页，他们需要和乐谱翻页人来练习。

[句子结构分析]这是由and连接的两个并列句，在第二个并列句子中包含一个which引导的定语从句，先行词是a page turn。

2 (阅读C篇)In 1934, with the passage of the Migratory Bird Hunting Stamp Act, an increasingly concerned nation took firm action to stop the destruction of migratory waterfowl and the wetlands so vital to their survival.[翻译]1934年，随着《候鸟狩猎印花税法案》的通过，越来越关注这一问题的国家采取了坚定的行动来阻止对迁徙水禽和对它们生存至关重要的湿地的破坏。

[句子结构分析]这是一个较复杂的简单句。

句中with the passage of ...用作伴随状语，to stop the destruction 用作目的状语，so vital to their survival用作后置定语修饰the wetlands.3 (阅读C篇)The very first Federal Duck Stamp was designed by J.N. “Ding” Darling, a political cartoonist from Des Moines, Iowa, who at that time was appointed by President Franklin Roosevelt as Director of the Bureau of Biological Survey.[翻译]第一枚联邦鸭票是由杰恩·达尔灵所设计的，他是一位来自爱荷华州得梅因的政治漫画家，当时被罗斯福总统任命为生物调查局局长。

2021高考英语典型技巧01长难句的分析与理解（原卷版）备战2021年高考英语二轮复习之阅读理解“典型技巧”高效练典型技巧01 长难句的分析与理解【技巧释义】高考阅读理解的文章一般会有一些结构复杂的句子，增加了句子的长度和难度，干扰了学生正常的阅读速度和思维方式。

一、长难句的常见形式1.复合句这些句子往往较长，一个从句套着另一个从句。

其实，不管句子有多长、多复杂，它只由两部分构成，即主干和修饰成分。

主干主要指主谓宾结构(如：I want a ticket.)或主系表结构(如：The man is a teacher.)。

而修饰成分在句中只起修饰或补充主干的作用，它既可以是单词，也可以是短语，更常见的则是从句，尤其是定语从句和状语从句。

应通过仔细分析，将每个修饰成分划出来，找出句子的主干，这样整个句子结构就清晰了。

I urge you to contact your state legislators to move this legislation forward so that this weekend will be one of the last times when we have to “fall back”.分析此句的主语为I，谓语是urge, so that引导的结果状语从句。

在结果状语从句中when引导定语从句。

2.分隔结构高考试题中出现较多的分隔结构是插入语、用破折号插入的新话题或补充信息。

此外，还有一些句子成分(一般是定语)过长而出现后置，也可以看作是插入现象。

“Th e results are pretty exciting—strong levels of reductions—but there clearly are going to be things to be learned from the areas w here the reductions are not as great.” said Penn State University professor Elizabeth McGraw.提醒分析长难句时务必注意这些非限制性修饰成分，它们打断了原来的行文逻辑，插入补充了一些额外的信息。

2021届河北衡水高中英语新高考阅读理解复习专题（01）长难句理解考点分析总结（上）随着《高中英语课程标准》的正式发布，高考英语对考生的英语水平要求越来越高。

除了词汇量的要求更高外，句子理解能力的要求也更高，主要体现在高考英语试题中长难句越来越多，因此参加高考的考生必须突破长难句理解这一关。

那么考生首先要学会分析句子结构。

句子结构根据用途句子分为陈述句，疑问句，祈使句和感叹句。

根据结构分可为简单句、并列复合句和主从复合句。

陈述句.陈述句(Declarative Sentence)：说明一个事实或陈述说话人的看法的句子叫陈述句。

朗读时一般用降调。

如：Between the two buildings lies a garden.在这两幢楼之间有一个花园。

疑问句疑问句(Interrogative Sentence)：用来提出问题的句子叫疑问句。

有四种疑问句：一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句和反意疑问句。

一般疑问句将陈述句中的作用词（助动词、情态动词、be动词或have等）提到主语之前，通常要求用肯定词yes或否定词no来回答（也可用certainly, of course, perhaps, probably, all right, with pleasure等代替yes；用never, not at all等代替no）。

一般疑问句的句末一般用升调，答语用降调。

如：--Can you help me with my English?--With pleasure.--你能帮助我学英语吗？--我非常愿意。

特殊疑问句特殊疑问句是用来对句子的特殊部分提问的疑问句。

通常用疑问词引出。

可分为疑问代词： who, whom, whose, what, which, how many, how much等和疑问副词： when, where, how, why, how long , how soon, how often,how far等两种。

2021年高考英语真题和优秀模拟题角度分析阅读理解长难句专题02 2021年高考真题角度分析阅读长难句（全国乙卷）阅读长难句之2021全国乙卷1.Even soccer fans tend to have a seat each; gone are the days of thousands standing towatch the match.语法：(1)… gone are the days of…此处有倒装的出现。

(2)…standing to watch the match. 此处doing做后置定语修饰thousands。

拓展：完全倒装之“表语+连系动词+主语”结构。

Lucky is she who was admitted to a famous university last year.她很幸运，去年被一所名牌大学录取。

Gone are the days when he was looked down upon.他被人看不起的日子一去不复返了。

词汇：tend to 倾向于做…翻译：即使是足球迷也往往每人有一个座位；成千上万人站着看比赛的日子一去不复返了。

2.For the biggest stadiums in the world, we have used data supplied by the World Atlas list so far, which ranksthem by their stated permanent capacity, as well as updated information from official stadium websites.语法：(1)…data supplied by the World Atlas list…此处supplied为done做后置定语，表示与data构成动宾关系。

(2)…which ranks them by…此处which引导非限制性定语从句。

2021高考英语阅读之长难句分析与练习（一）Exercise 1：长难句分析1. For example, adolescent boys are more likely to buy computer games than any other group, so it makes sense to make computer game ads that appeal to this group.【句式翻译】【句式分析】【词语点拨】1)likely adj. 可能的；常用于句型：sb/sth be likely to do= it is likely that… 可能做……很可能他今晚会给我发电子邮件。

这个公司可能要在我们的城市建立分公司。

2) make sense 有意义；讲得通；make sense of 理解我不理解这些指示--根本讲不通嘛。

我们我们把句子看了一遍, 但不明白它说些什么。

3) appeal to吸引；appeal to sb. for sth/appeal to sb. to do sth 呼吁某人干某事；求助于我喜欢蓝色和红色, 而不喜欢灰色或黄色。

杰克真切地向朋友请求支持。

我们可以在网上查找我们需要的信息。

【语法点拨】本句中的than any other…，意为“比其他任何一个……”，所谈论的对象在比较的范围之内；若不在范围之内，则不用 other。

如：中国比亚洲任何别的国家都大。

中国比非洲的任何国家都大。

2. The more exposed young people are to financial issues, and the younger they become aware of them, the more likely they are to become responsible, forward-planning adults who manage their finances confidently and effectively.【句式翻译】【句式分析】【词语点拨】1) expose vt.揭露；使暴露；be exposed to暴露于；接触我们一定要向报社揭露这一无耻行径。

Passage 2Do Plants Talk to Each Other?1 When a leafy plant is under attack, it doesn’t sit quietly.2 Back in 1983,two scientists, Jack Schultz and Ian Baldwin, reported that young maple treesgetting bitten by insects send out a particular smell that neighboring plantscan get. 3 These chemicals come from the injured parts of the plant and seemto be an alarm. 4 What the plants pump through the air is a mixture of chemicalsknown as volatile organic compounds, VOCs for short.5 Scientists have found that all kinds of plants give out VOCs when being attacked.6 It’s a plant’s way of crying out.7 But is anyone listening？Apparently.8 Because we can watch the neighbors react.9 Some plants pump out smelly chemicals to keep insects away. 10 But others do double duty. 11 They pump out perfumes designed to attract different insects who are natural enemies to the attackers. 12 Once they arrive, the tables are turned. 13 The attacker who was lunching now becomes lunch.14 In study after study, it appears that these chemical conversations help the neighbors. 15 The damage is usually more serious on the first plant, but the neighbors, relatively speaking, stay safer because they heard the alarm and knew what to do.16 Does this mean that plants talk to each other？Scientists don’t know. 17 Maybe the first plant just madea cry of pain or was sending a message to its own branches, and so, in effect, was talking to itself. 18 Perhaps the neighbors just happened to “overhear” the cry. 19 So information was exchanged, but it wasn’t a true, intentional back and forth.20 Charles Darwin, over 150 years ago, imagined a world far busier, noisier and more intimate than the world we can see and hear. 21 Our senses are weak. 22 There’s a whole lot going on.一．单词和短语Words and expressions* leafy /ˈliːfɪ/ adj.叶茂盛的；多叶的；for short简称；缩写* perfume /ˈpɜːfjuːm/ n.香水；香味vt.洒香水于…；使…带香味in effect 实际上* overhear /əʊvəˈhɪə/ vt. & vi.无意中听到intentional /ɪnˈtenʃnəl/ adj.存心的；故意的* intimate /ˈɪntɪmət/ adj.亲密的；关系紧密的vt.暗示；透露intentionally /ɪnˈtɛnʃənəlɪ/ adv.有意地；故意地* a whole lot 许多二．参考译文Translation植物会互相交流吗？1当一株绿叶植物受到攻击时，它不会坐以待毙。

2021高考英语写作新题型之概要写作（一）Section A 概要写作篇章原文Who's whoIt has never been explained why university students seem to enjoy practical jokes more than else. Students specialize in a particular type of practical joke: the hoax. Inviting the fire brigade to put out a nonexistent fire is a crude form of deception which no self-respecting student would ever indulge in. Students often create amusing situations which are funny to everyone except the victims.When a student recently saw two workmen using a pneumatic drill outside his university, he immediately telephoned the police and informed them that two students dressed up as workmen were tearing up the road with a pneumatic drill. As soon as he had hung up, he went over to the workmen and told them that if a policeman ordered them to go away, they were not take him seriously. He added that a student had dressed up as a policeman and was playing all sorts of silly jokes on people. Both the police and the workmen were grateful to the student for this piece of advance information.The student did in an archway nearby where he could watch and hear everything that went on. Sure enough, a policeman arrived on the scene and politely asked the workmen to go away. When he received a very rude reply from one of the workmen. He threatened to remove them by force. The workmen told him to do as he pleased and the policeman telephoned for help. Shortly afterwards, four more policemen arrived and remonstrated with the workmen. As the men refused to stop working, the police attempted to seize the pneumatic drill. The workmen struggled fiercely and oneof them lost his temper. He threatened to call the police. At this, the police pointed out ironically that this would hardly be necessary as the men were already under arrest. Pretending to speak seriously, one of the workmen asked if he might make a telephone call before being taken to the station. Permission was granted and a policeman accompanied him to a pay phone. Only when he saw that the man was actually telephoning the police did he realize that they had all been the victims of a hoax.Section B 概要写作篇章译文真假难辨谁也弄不清为什么大学生好像比任何人都更喜欢恶作剧。

2021届高考英语概要写作深度解读（一）阅读下面短文，根据内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。

Until 2017, the Emperor penguin was listed as Least Concern by the International Union for Conservation of Nature, but as of 2018, they are listed as Near-Threatened because they are predicted to suffer a moderately rapid population decline over the next three generations owing to the effects of climate change. The number one threat to their survival is global warming. H ere’s how it has affected Emperor penguins and what we should do.A decrease in the amount of sea ice formation, which is caused by climate change, impacts the future of the Emperor penguin. Many Emperor penguins breed on ice shelves that only form during the Antarctic winter. There have been times in recent years when the ice shelves have melte d back faster or sooner than usual. Many of the chicks haven’t completely fledged (长出飞羽) into their waterproof feathers by the time the ice melts back to their habitats, and they are forced into the cold ocean waters, where they die of cold exposure or drowning.One thing that less sea ice definitely affects is food for the penguins. One of their food sources is krill (磷虾), and the sea-ice shelves serve as a nursery for the krill. The newly-born krill feed on the algae (水藻) that grow on the underside of the sea ice. When there is less sea ice, there is less algae for the krill to feed on, and consequently less krill is produced.Measures should be taken to protect these animals. People can donate to organizations that are working to protect Emperor penguins and other penguin species, and our oceans in general. Reducing your impact on the environment, in particular, is something you can do—you can make these tiny changes to lower your carbon footprint every day. You can also be mindful about reducing seafood consumption and eating sustainably caught seafood, as overfishing is the second greatest threat to nearly every penguin species today. Also, avoid using supplements and other products that contain krill or krill oil.【语言点津】第一段：moderately adv. 适中的，中等；Emperor penguin （皇）帝企鹅；Near-Threatened 近危物种第二段：breed vi.生育，繁殖；Antarctic adj.南极的；ice shelf 冰架；waterproof feathers 防水羽毛Many of the chicks haven’t completely fledged (长出飞羽) into their waterproof feathers by the time the ice melts back to their habitats, and they are forced into the cold ocean waters, where they die of cold exposure or drowning.[分析] 该句是一个并列复合句，主干是由and连接的并列句；by the time引导时间状语从句；where引导非限定性定语从句，修饰先行词the cold ocean waters；waters在文中指水域。

2021届高考英语阅读理解长难句精读与概要写作专练passage1Passage 1The Friendship Between Paul Newman and Me1 I first met Paul Newman in 1968, when George Roy Hill, the director of Butch Cassidy andthe Sundance Kid, introduced us in New York City. 2When the studio didn’t want me forthe film— it wanted somebody as well known as Paul— he stood up for me. 3I don’t knowhow many people would have done that; they would have listened to their agents or the studiopowers.4 The friendship that grew out of the experience of making that film and The Sting fouryears later had its root in the fact that although there was an age difference, we both came from a tradition of theater and live TV. 5We were respectful of craft and focused on digging into the characters we were going to play. 6 Both of us had the qualities and virtues that are typical of American actors: humorous, aggressive, and making fun of each other—but always with an underlying affection. 7 Those were also at the core of our relationship off the screen.8 We shared the belief that if you’re fortunate enough to have success, you should put something back—he with his Newman’s Own food and his Hole in the Wall camps for kids who are seriously ill, and me with Sundance and the institute and the festival. 9 Paul and I didn’t see each other all t hat regularly, but sharing that brought us together. 10 We supported eachother financially and by showing up at events.11 I last saw him a few months ago. 12 He’d been in and out of the hospital. 13 He and I both knew what the deal was, and we didn’t tal k about it. 14 Ours was a relationship that didn’t need a lot of words.一．单词和短语Words and expressionsstudio /?stju?d/ n.工作室；播音室；制片厂stand up for 支持；拥护have root in 起源于dig into 钻研；掘进去* underlying /?nd??la/ adj.潜在的；根本的；在下面的；* core /k??/ n.中心；核心 adj. 主要的；基本的show up 露面；露出；揭露二．参考译文Translation我和保罗.纽曼之间的友谊1我第一次见到保罗.纽曼是在1968年。

Passage 8Should We Get Rid of Old Devices Timely？1 We may think we’re a culture that gets rid of our worn technology at the first sight of something shiny and new, but a new study shows that we keep using our old devices well after theygo out of style. 2 That’s bad news for the environment — and our wallets —as these outdated devices consume much more energy than the newer ones that do thesame things.3 To figure out how much power these devices are using, Callie Babbitt andher colleagues at the Rochester Institute of Technology in New York tracked the environmental costs for each product throughout its life—from when its minerals are mined to when we stop using the device.4 This method provided a readout for how home energy use has evolved since the early 1990s.5 Devices were grouped by generation.6 Desktop computers, basic mobile phones, and box-set TVs defined 1992.7 Digital cameras arrived on the scene in 1997.8 And MP3 players, smart phones, and LCD TVs entered homes in 2002, before tablets and e-readers showed up in 2007.9 As we accumulated more devices, however, we didn’t throw out old ones. 10“The living-room television is replaced and gets planted in the kids’ room, and suddenly one day, you have a TV in every room of the house,” said one researcher.11 The average number of electronic devices rose from 4 per household in 1992 to 13 in 2007. 12 We’re not just keeping these old devices—We continue to use them. 13 According to the analysis of Babbitt’s team, old desktop monitors and box TVs with cathode ray tubes are the worst devices with their energy consumption and contribution to greenhouse gas emissions more than doubling during the 1992 to 2007 window.14 So what’s the solution? 15 The team’s data only went up to 2007, but the researchers also explored what would happen if consumers replaced old products with new electronics that serve more than one function, such as a tablet for word processing and TV viewing. 16 They found that more on-demand entertainment viewing on tablets instead of TVs and desktop computers could cut energy consumption by 44%.一．单词和短语Words and expressionsgo out of style 过时outdated /aʊtˈdeɪtɪd/ adj.过时的；旧式的mine /maɪn/ n.矿; 矿井; 地雷; 水雷vt. & vi.开采* readout /ˈriːdaʊt/ n.读出on the scene 在场；出现；到场* cathode /ˈkæθəʊd/ n. <电>(-)阴极；负极* cathode ray tube阴极射线管tablet /ˈtæblɪt/ n.碑；药片；写字板outmoded /aʊtˈməʊdɪd/ adj.过时的* eliminate /ɪˈlɪmɪneɪt/ v.除去；剔除；淘汰二．参考译文Translation我们应该及时摒弃旧设备吗？1我们可能认为，在我们的文化习惯中，我们一见到闪闪发光的新东西就会摒弃用旧了的技术产品，但一项新的研究表明，当旧设备过时了之后我们仍然继续使用着它们。

概要写作1：蜜蜂的分类和职能阅读下面短文，根据内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。

Bees are very strange creatures. They have their own way of telling each other that they have found a new flower. They bring some of its nectar (花蜜) back home and then do a little dance that shows where the flower is and how far away it is.In autumn the worker bees go out and collect as much nectar and pollen (花粉) as they can carry. Then they return to make honey and store it for the long cold winter.Bees build their own houses but they do not always have round tops like people draw them in storybooks. They are usually five storeys high. The queen bee always has the bottom storey. In between the bottom storey and all the rest there are bars only just wide enough for the workers to pass through. The queen bee can never go up to the other floors because she is bigger than all the other bees. The storeys the queen can’t enter are where the store rooms are. There are rooms for pollen, nectar and royal jellies (蜂王浆). If there is a fire the workers have to cover the walls and entrance of the rooms. They have to move the honey and the nectar and pollen away from the hot walls of the room.The queen is the only that can lay eggs. She mates with a male bee called a drone. Once the queen has laid the eggs she throws the drone out because a drone just sits around eating honey and nectar. He cannot go out and collect pollen because drones do not have pollen-carrying things on their legs like the workers have.Young bees are called nurses because they have to nurse the newborn bees whether they like it or not. What a bee ends up being when it grows up depends on what it eats. If it is to be a queen it must feed on royal jellies and it must never, ever set eyes on another queen. If it does they must fight till only one of them is still alive.【答案】Bees are weird animals and have a unique way to communicate with one another (要点1). Worker bees work tirelessly to store food (要点2). Unlike worker bees, the relaxing queen bee takes up the bottom storey of the five-storey house (要点3). She even deserts the drone after she finishes using him (要点4). Same as worker bees, young bees need to work to care for newborn bees, but they can only leave their futures to what they eat. (要点5)2：澳洲雪山水力发电计划阅读下面短文，根据内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。

2021年高考真题角度分析阅读长难句1. When Sarah returned to her car, rather than finding a parking ticket, she surprisedly discovered a hand-written note, saying that they had “sweet talked" the traffic warden into not giving her a ticket. （2021四川成都高新区二次质检）语法：(1) …rather than finding a parking ticket, 此处为介词短语做结果状。

意思为“而不是；没有”，相当于instead of。

(2) …saying that they had “sweet talked" the traffic warden into not giving her a ticket. 此处saying属于doing做后置定语来修饰note。

词汇：(1) rather than=instead of 而不是(2) hand-written adj. 手写的翻译：莎拉回到车里，没有发现停车罚单，而是意外地发现了一张手写的纸条，上面说他们“甜言蜜语”地劝说交通管理员不给她开罚单。

2. The note she found on her car when she returned made sure a difficult day was made just a little bit easier. （2021四川成都高新区二次质检）语法：(1) 整句话的主干在the note made sure (that)…，此处make sure后为省略引导词的宾语从句。

(2) The note she found on her car…, 此处she found on her car也是省略引导词的定语从句来修饰note。

2021高考英语阅读之长难句分析与练习（十）Exercise 1：长难句分析1.The computer burst into life and second later, the screen turned into colors, shifting and changing and then two big white words appeared in the center of the screen: “SPACE TRANSPORTER.”【句式翻译】【句式分析】【词语点拨】burst into…匆匆进入（某处）；突然开始（某事）；突然进入（某种状态）门忽然推开，他闯进了屋来。

突然，比赛中的那辆领先的车出现了。

飞机突然起火, 机上的两名飞行员丧生。

2. People today prefer living together to putting their signatures on a marriage certificate because they refuse to accept responsibility for the relationship.【句式翻译】【句式分析】【词语点拨】prefer vt.更喜欢；宁愿有些人喜欢在海滩上躺着, 但我喜欢去游览.表示“宁愿……而不愿……”，“喜欢……而不喜欢……”，其基本句型是：①prefer…to…，主要用于比较两个名词或动名词我喜欢海边，不喜欢山区。

我喜欢少讲课，多提问我的学生。

②prefer…rather than…，主要用于比较两个不定式（后面的不定式通常省略to，但前面的不定式必须带to）他喜欢读书而不喜欢看电视。

【语法点拨】1）不定式to do作宾语，具体用法参见第27句。

2）doing作宾语，具体用法参见第31句。

3. In addition to encouraging reading as a pursuit to be enjoyed by all, the program allows strangers to communicate by discussing the book on the bus, as well as promoting reading as an experience to be shared in families and schools.【句式翻译】【句式分析】【词语点拨】1)in addition to 除……之外，后接名词或动名词in addition 此外；还有除工资外，他每月还有五百元钱奖金。

Passage 11The influence of social media on children1 Children as young as ten are becoming dependent on social media for their sense of self-worth, amajor study warned.2 It found many youngsters now measure their status by how much public approval they getonline, often through “likes”. 3 Some change their behavior in real life to improve their image on theweb.4 The report into youngsters aged from 8 to 12 was carried out by Children’s CommissionerAnne Longfield. 5 She said social media firms were exposing children to major emotional risks, with some youngsters starting secondary school ill-equipped to cope with the tremendous pressure they faced online.6 Some social apps were popular among the children even though they supposedly require users to be at least 13.7 The youngsters admitted planning trips around potential photo-opportunities and then messaging friends—and friends of friends—to demand “likes” for their online posts.8 The report found that youngsters felt their friendships could be at risk if they did not respond to social media posts quickly, and around the clock.9 Children aged 8 to 10 were “starting to feel happy” when others liked their posts. 10 However, those in the 10 to 12 age group were “concerned with how many people like their posts”, suggesting a “need” for social recognition that gets stronger the older they become.11 Miss Longfield warned that a generation of children risked growing up “worried about their appearance and image as a result of the unrealistic lifestyles they follow on platforms, and increasingly anxious about switching off due to the constant demands of social media”.12 She said, “Children are using social media with family and friends and to play games when they are in primary school. But what starts as fun usage of apps turns into tremendous pressure in real social media interaction at secondary school.”13 As their world expanded, she said, children compared themselves to others online in a way that was “hugely damaging in terms of their self-identity, in terms of their confidence, but also in terms of their ability to develop themselves”.14 Miss Longfield added, “Then there is this push to connect—if you go offline, will you miss something, will you miss out, will you show that you don’t care about those people you are following, all of those come together in a huge way at once.”15 “For children it is very, very difficult to cope emotionally.” The Children’s Commissioner for England’s study—Life in Likes—found that children as young as 8 were using social media platforms largely for play.16 However, the research—involving eight groups of 32 children aged 8 to 12—suggested that as they headed toward their teens, they became increasingly anxious online.1718 However, they still did not know how to cope with mean-spirited jokes, or the sense of incompetence they might feel if they compared themselves to celebrities or more brilliant friends online. 19 The report said they also faced pressure to respond to messages at all hours of the day—especially at secondary school when more youngsters have mobile phones.20 The Children’s Commissioner said schools and parents must now do more to prepare children for the emotional minefield they faced online.21 And she said social media companies must also “take more responsibility”. 22 They should either monitor their websites better so that children do not sign up too early, or they should adjust their websites to the needs of younger users.23 Javed Khan, of children’s charity Barnardo’s, said, “It’s vital that new compulsory age- appropriate relationship and sex educ ation lessons in England should help equip children to deal with the growing demands of social media.”24“It’s also hugely important for parents to know which apps their children are using.”一．单词和短语Words and expressionsself-worth /ˌself ˈwə:θ/n. 自我价值感youngster /ˈjʌŋstə/ n. 年轻人commissioner /kəˈmɪʃənə/ n. 专员; 委员ill-equipped /ˌɪlɪˈkwɪpt/ adj. 装备不良的tremendous /trɪˈmendəs/ adj. 巨大的; 极好的supposedly /səˈpəʊzɪdlɪ/ adv. 据称; 据传around the clock 昼夜不停地mean-spirited /ˌmi:nˈspɪrɪtɪd/ adj.小气的; 小心眼的incompetence /ɪnˈkɒmpɪtəns/ n. 不胜任minefield /ˈmaɪnfiːld/ n. 布雷区; 充满隐伏危险的事物sign up 签约参加；报名参加charity /ˈtʃærɪtɪ/ n. 慈善；施舍；慈善团体二．参考译文Translation社交媒体对孩子的影响1一项重要的研究警告称，年仅10岁的儿童为了获得自我价值感而变得依赖社交媒体。

定额市鞍钢阳光实验学校Passage3Keeping Older Drivers on the Road1 The Intelligent Transport team at Newcastle Universityhave turned an electric car into a mobile laboratory named “DriveLAB” in order to understand the challenges faced byolder drivers and to discover where the key stress pointsare.2 Research shows that giving up driving is one of the key reasons fora fall in health and well-being among older people, leading to them becoming more isolated and inactive.3 Led by Professor Phil Blythe, the Newcastle team are developing in-vehicle technologies for older drivers which they hope could help them to continue driving into later life.4 These include custom-made navigation tools, night vision systems and intelligent speed adaptations.5 Phil Blythe explains, “For many older people, particularly those living alone or in the country, driving is important for preserving their independence, giving them the freedom to get out and about without having to rely on others.”6 “But we all have to a ccept that as we get older our reactions slow down and this often results in people avoiding any potentially challenging driving conditions and losing confidence in their driving skills. The result is that people stop driving before they really need to.”7 Dr Amy Guo, the leadingresearcher on the older driver study, explains: “The Dr iveLAB is helping us to understand what the key stress points and difficulties are for older drivers and how we might use technology to address these problems.“For example, most of us would expect older drivers al ways go slower than everyone else but surprisingly, we found that in 30mph zones they struggled to keep at a constant speed and so were more likely to break the speed limit and be at risk of getting fined. We’re loo king at the benefits of systems which control their speed as a way of preventing that.”“We hope that our work will help with technological solutions to ensure that older drivers stay safer behind the wheel.”一．单词和短语Words and expressions* in-vehicle 车载式* custom-made navigation /ˈkʌstəmˈmeɪd/ /nævɪˈgeɪʃn/ 定制导航* night vision systems 夜视系统adaptation /ædəpˈteɪʃn/ n. 适应；改编；改编本address /əˈdres/ v.称呼；发表演说；提出；处理二．参考译文Translation让高龄驾驶员可以继续开车1 纽卡斯尔大学的智能交通科研组将一辆电动汽车变成了一个名为“DriveLAB”的移动实验室，以便了解高龄驾驶员面临的挑战并找出主要压力点。

D篇反馈小卷Para. 11.During the rosy years of elementary school, I enjoyed sharing my dolls and jokes, which allowed me to keep my high social status.（精准的汉语释义）___________2.My tweens and teens, and mean girls and cool kids came then.（句型转换；倒装）_________________________________________________________________________3.They rose in the ranks not by being friendly but by smoking cigarettes, breaking rules and playing jokes on others. I soon found myself among them.（句型转换；非限制性定语从句）_________________________________________________________________________Para. 21.Popularity is a well-explored subject in social psychology. （汉语释义）___________2.Mitch Prinstein, a professor of clinical psychology sorts the popular into two categories: the likable and the status seekers. （熟词生义；翻译句子）_________________________________________________________________________3. The likables’ plays-well-with-others qualities strengthen schoolyard friendships, jump-start interpersonal skills and, when tapped early, are employed ever after in life and work. （汉语释义）___________4. Then there’s the kind of popularity that appears in adolescence: status born of power and even dishonorable behavior.（汉语释义）___________Para. 31.Although the cool kids may have seemed enviable, Dr. Prinste in’s studies show unpleasant consequences.（句型转换；用as改写句子）_________________________________________________________________________2.Those who were highest in status in high school and those least liked in elementary school, are “most likely to engage in dangerous and risky behavior.”（句型转换；用as well as改写句子）_________________________________________________________________________Para. 41.In one study, Dr. Prinstein __________ (调查) the two types of popularity in 235 adolescents, scoring (汉语释义) the least liked, the most liked and the highest in status based on student surveys. _____________2.We found that the least well-liked teens had become more aggressive over time toward their classmates. But those who were high in status become more aggressive too. （句型转换；用so改写句子）_________________________________________________________________________3.It clearly showed that while likability can lead to healthy adjustment, high status has just the opposite effect on us. （翻译句子）_________________________________________________________________________Para. 51.Dr. Prinstein has also found that the qualities that made the neighbors want you on a play date （熟词生义）—sharing, kindness, openness —carry over （汉语释义）to later years and ______________________ (使你能够更好地) relate and connect with others.Para. 61.In analyzing his and other research, Dr. Prinstein ______________________ (得出另一个结论).（完成句子）2.Likability is not only related to positive life outcomes, but also responsible for those outcomes, too.（句型转换；倒装）_________________________________________________________________________3.“Being liked creates opportunities for learning and for new kinds of life experiences that help somebody ______________________ (取得优势), ” he said.（完成句子）1.花腔年华2. Then came my tweens and teens, and mean girls and cool kids.3. They rose in the ranks not by being friendly but by smoking cigarettes, breaking rules and playing jokes on others, among whom I soon found myself.Para. 21. 充分研究的2. 把……分类；临床心理学教授米奇·普林斯坦将受欢迎的人分为两类：讨人喜爱的人和地位追求者。