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研究生英语(下)第二单元Text B 课文英语翻译

研究生英语(下)第二单元Text B 课文英语翻译
研究生英语(下)第二单元Text B 课文英语翻译

姓名:孙瑞学号:20112340 专业:作物遗传育种

海洛因、大麻以及迷幻剂

众所周知,麻醉剂即使在内科医生的监管之下使用也是很危险的。海洛因和大麻都是非常危险的,海洛因是最强悍、最容易让人沉溺的鸦片衍生物,它可以用鼻子吸进鼻孔,也可以溶于水中并加热形成一种溶液,通过皮下静脉注射直接进入到血液当中。大麻是大麻杂草的一种引出物,它会影响使用者的神经系统和大脑,并引起一段时间的心理不平衡,要是起作用的物质即四氢大麻酚使用了足够的剂量,便能够产生和大家所熟知的最有力量的药物之一的迷幻剂一样的幻觉和精神病的效应。

重复的使用海洛因会产生心理上和身体上的依靠,会使使用者有一个无法抵抗的冲动去继续使用海洛因。身体会在血流中容忍海洛因的存在,实际上,几乎所有的身体功能会重新协调来切合这种存在。当然,一旦受害者养成了习惯,他会停下所有的事来满足它,由于海洛因被认为是不可治愈的上瘾,所以当麻醉在身体内不存在时,即使在戒掉过程中也能导致死亡。

大麻不比想象中的好多少。著名的遗传学家Sr.Louis Diaz de Souza已经花了18年的时间来研究大麻对人的身体产生的影响,在一个关于麻醉剂的实时报道中,苏珊哈克博士在一次私人采访中访问了他,了解到即使仅仅使用一次大麻便可对染色体有灾难性的危害。医生告诉她一条染色体变异或许就意味着孩子会得血友病、成为先天愚型病患者、遭受白血病的折磨。而且那种变异染色体会从一代遗传到下一代。

关于“上瘾”和“依靠”这两个词的使用已经发展了一个语义学上的争论。一些人争论到那个药物是不上瘾的,而仅仅使使用者依靠于它。但是,另一些人,例如美国加州大学的唐纳实验室的哈丁琼斯博士辩护说吸食大麻是可以习惯形成的,连续使用它便可以沉溺于此。当然,这些争论差别并不大,是因为(1)很少人是如此的富有经验以致于就能看出这两个词之间的差别,(2)大麻会使使用者脱离现实、移走正常的压抑,由此看来,它是有害的,不同于任何一个词。Smeth、Kline以及法国的实验者,在一个特别的报道中首次为教育工作者准备,发现大麻不仅损害使用者的开车能力,而且产生了一些身体上的反应,如晕眩、嘴干、瞳孔膨胀、眼睛灼烧、尿频、腹泻以及恶心反胃。

哈丁琼斯在他的调查中发现吸食大麻不仅是习惯形成的、连续使用会上瘾,而且报道了一些观点,(1)虽然它并没有通过化学成瘾导致更强毒品的使用,但是它会促进对更强药品的好奇心;(2)它的效果是渐增的,一个新手需要几个接合就“打开”,一个长期使用的人需要较高的接合;(3)它影响正常的理解力;(4)它的累积的影响带来重复的幻觉,会破坏之前的记忆;(5)从而引起数不清的目标和雄心的放弃。

有关大麻的世界著名的权威著作出自于雅典大学的Costandinos J.Miras博士,过去的

25年多他一直致力于人类和大麻之间的研究。他发现大麻使用者也有反常的脑电波阅读以及标志性的行为改变。例如,长期使用者在他们上次使用之后两年之内一直会长期昏睡、没有压抑感。当吸食的习惯难以控制时他的许多受害者陷入了很少要求工作的状态,而且会经常变得沮丧或者得意,不确定什么时候他们就有了幻觉。有的人经历了身体上的一系列改变,如大哭、大笑、行动迟缓、血糖低、出现幻觉。所以那些称大麻使用是没有害处的观点要么是忽略掉了要么是来欺骗大家。一个在马兰里州的州官员说大麻不仅使大部分人引起昏睡,而且对社会团体有一个危险的看法。

迷幻剂通常被称作幻觉剂是因为它使人产生幻觉来扭曲时间、空间、声音和颜色。所有的迷幻剂使使用者区别现实和想象的能力减弱,而且有些研究表明迷幻剂能够导致染色体变异,进而使使用者的后代产生精神匮乏以及血液疾病。在美国,关于迷幻剂最著名的著作之一出自于J.Thomas Ungerleider博士,他表明迷幻剂常被称作意识扩大药物,事实上却恰恰相反,它会使一个人集中注意力的能力减弱,因此它会减小意识的作用,而幻觉会变得很强烈。而且,理解力没有得到提高,视觉和听觉的灵敏度没有得到彻底的改革,而是更加扭曲了。迷幻剂使使用者的客观判断力变得迟钝,完全取而代之的是主观的价值观念,因此Ungerleider博士说迷幻剂会影响到一个人的价值观念。

苯丙胺和巴比妥酸盐也都是比较危险的药物。苯丙胺经常被称作活力元气药片,会产生一种激动的感觉,表现为食欲减退、长时间的不睡觉。当然,苯丙胺和巴比妥酸盐一样的危害是身体上渴望去继续使用药物。用药物上瘾的行话来说,巴比妥酸盐一般意指镇静剂,它会影响主要的神经系统和大脑,慢慢会使精神沮丧、身体的生理功能降低。在它的影响下人们会对时间、空间和人类没有判断力,也会产生一些幻想和幻觉。

很明显,这些药物不能等同于苹果派和香草冰激凌。而且任何药物都是有危害的,例如,大麻在某一时刻会使人感到他是如此的微小以致于不能走出一个八英尺的路边,但是一个小时之后便会使他感到自己是如此的强大便能步出一个十层楼的建筑物。在大麻的影响下,人们会沿着公路以每小时80英里的速度行进,但却认为自己只有每小时20英里的速度或者驾车穿过自认为是绿灯的红灯,并碰撞了一英里之外的一排汽车,这对于任何人来说都是危险的。任何药物也都是致命的,例如,迷幻剂会使一个人觉得自己能像小鸟一样飞翔,因此便从四楼跳下来,结果仅仅发现自己飞向了死亡。

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