2019年昆明理工大学考博英语试题

2022年考研考博-考博英语-昆明理工大学考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析AB卷（带答案）一.综合题(共15题)1.单选题The （）physicist has been challenged by others in his field.问题1选项A.respectableB.respectfulC.respectiveD.respecting【答案】A【解析】考查形近词辨析。

A选项respectable“可敬的，值得尊敬的”；B选项respectful“尊敬的，有礼貌的”；C选项respective“各自的，分别的”；D选项respecting“尊敬，尊重”。

根据选项的意思，可知A选项最符合句意。

句意：这位受人尊敬的物理学家在他的领域受到了其他人的挑战。

2.单选题If only the committee （）the regulation and put them into effect as soon as possible.问题1选项A.approveB.will approveC.can approveD.would approve 【答案】D【解析】考查虚拟语气。

if only表示“要是……就好了”，此处是对将来的虚拟，因此谓语动词用would/should/could/+动词原形，选D。

句意：如果委员会能批准这项条例并尽快付诸实施就好了。

3.单选题It will be safer to walk the streets because people will not need to carry large amounts of cash. Virtually all financial（）will be conducted by computer.问题1选项A.transactionsB.transmissionsC.transitionsD.transformations【答案】A【解析】考查形近词辨析。

2022年考研考博-考博英语-昆明理工大学考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析AB卷（带答案）一.综合题(共15题)1.单选题The waste pipe is blocked; try（）it out with hot water, or just call the plumber to do it.问题1选项A.flushingB.blushingC.brushingD.crushing【答案】A【解析】考查形近词辨析。

A选项flush“发红，脸红，（用水）冲洗净，冲洗”；B选项blush“（因尴尬或害羞）脸红，（因某事）羞愧，尴尬”；C选项brush“（用刷子）刷净，刷亮”；D选项brush“压坏，压碎”。

由The waste pipe is blocked（污水管塞住了）可知A选项符合语义，表示用水冲洗。

句意：污水管塞住了，试着用热水冲洗，或者叫水管工来做。

2.单选题If only the committee （）the regulation and put them into effect as soon as possible.问题1选项A.approveB.will approveC.can approveD.would approve【答案】D【解析】考查虚拟语气。

if only表示“要是……就好了”，此处是对将来的虚拟，因此谓语动词用would/should/could/+动词原形，选D。

句意：如果委员会能批准这项条例并尽快付诸实施就好了。

3.单选题At three thousand feet, wide plains begin to appear, and there is never a moment when some distant mountain is not（）.问题1选项A.on viewB.at a glanceC.on the sceneD.in sight【答案】D【解析】考查词组辨析。

博士研究生入学考试专业课真题 2019年桂林理工大学考博专业课真题2019考试科目代码：1001考试科目名称：英语Part I Reading Comprehension (45%)Directions: There are 3 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements.For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice.Passage OneQuestions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage.Less than two months into her breast cancer treatment, Alexandra Jn-Charles was called into a new room at SUNY Downstate Medical Center, where two treating physicians, the chief medical officer and an attorney representing the hospital told her that mistakes had been made.The skin lesions (病变) on her chest, they said, had been caused not by her illness but by the machine that was supposed to cure her. The 32-year-old had received nearly 30 radiotherapy sessions, but at this point it didn’t really make sense to count them, because a programming error had caused each installment to deliver at least three times the prescribed amount of radiation.Jn-Charles, who died two and a half years after this meeting in 2005, would eventually come to exemplify the emergence of accidental over-radiation in U.S. hospitals. The worst off have reported skin damage, inexplicable hair loss and ribs(肋骨) buckling beneath their chests — debilitating injuries suffered while undergoing screening or treatment for something that would otherwise kill them. A steep price for survival.These tragedies go to the core of an issue as pressing as it is uncomfortable to think about: Have advances in technology, improved treatment methods and more comprehensive screening protocols led to systematic, excessive irradiation of patients?The answer, according to a growing number of health experts, is yes. For example, the CT scan, which has become commonplace in response to rising cancer rates, is itself thought to increase the likelihood that a person develops cancer. The scans deliver several hundred times more radiation than an X-ray — even when guidelines and dosages are followed precisely. “What we do as physicians arguably harms people,” James Ehrlich, a clinical associate professor at the University of Colorado and an adviser for Premier Micronutrient Corp., told Newsweek.A jarring example of that came in 2010, when Walt Bogdanich published an extensive review in The New York Times that listed numerous patients whose lives had been destroyed by mistakes in hospital imaging and radiotherapy. Shortly after the article series went to press, the Food and Drug Administration began to ramp up its efforts to limit excessive exposure, eventually launching its Initiative to Reduce Unnecessary Radiation Exposure From Medical Imaging.Along with organizations like the American College of Radiology, the FDA now supports a number of so-called dose registries that allow facilities to compare radiation dose indexes to regional and national values. To date, hundreds of facilities across the U.S. have enrolled.But the FDA’s regulatory authority is generally focused on equipment manufacturers, and compliance on the state level is never guaranteed. And even compliant facilities run the risk of over-radiating patients: A 2012 paper bythe Institute of Medicine found that medical imaging is one of the leading environmental causes of breast cancer.1. The skin damage on Jn-Charles’ chest was caused by ______.A) breast cancerB) advanced technologyC) over-radiationD) treatment methods1. What does the author want to explain by exemplifying Jn-Charles?A) There is no need to waste so much money for to treat breast cancer.B) Until now, breast cancer is still an incurable illness around the world.C) There is an increasing number of young people suffering from cancer.D) There are incidents of excessive irradiation of patients in America.3. What can be learnt about the CT scan?A) It is a double-edged sword in the term of cancer.B) It has been argued in the medical profession.C) It is much safer to be used to treat breast cancer.D) The radiation dosages can be controlled easily.4. What does the word “ramp up” (Para. 6) mean?A) Heat up.B) Draw out.C) Intensify.D) Put up.5. The author thinks FDA’s solution to reduce radiation exposure is ______.A) ineffectiveB) looseC) harmfulD) unnecessaryPassage TwoQuestions 6 to 10 are based on the following passage.Like a tired marriage, the relationship between libraries and publishers has long been reassuringly dull. E-books, however, are causing heartache. Libraries know they need digital wares if they are to remain relevant, but many publishers are too wary of piracy and lost sales to co-operate. Among the big six, only Random House and HarperCollins license e-books with most libraries. The others have either denied requests or are reluctantly experimenting. In August, for example, Penguin will start a pilot with public libraries in New York.Publishers are wise to be nervous. Owners of e-readers are exactly the customers they need: book-lovers with money (neither the devices nor broadband connections come cheap). If these wonderful people switch to borrowing e-books instead of buying them, what then?Electronic borrowing is awfully convenient. Unlike printed books, which must be checked out and returned to a physical library miles from where you live, book files can be downloaded at home. Digital library catalogues are often browsed at night, from a comfy sofa. The files disappear from the device when they are due (which means no late fees, nor worry about lost or damaged books).Awkwardly for publishers, buying an e-book costs more than renting one but offers little extra value. You cannot resell it, lend it to a friend or burn it to stay warm. Owning a book is useful if you want to savour（品尝）it repeatedly, but who reads “Fifty Shades of Grey” twice?E-lending is not simple, however. There are lots of different and often incompatible e-book formats, devices and licences. Most libraries use a company called OverDrive, a global distributor that secures rights from publishers and provides e-books and audio files in every format. Some 35m titles were checked out through OverDrive in 2011, and the company now sends useful data on borrowing behaviour to participating publishers. Yet publishers and libraries are worried by OverDrive’s market dominance, as the company can increasingly dictate fees and conditions.Library boosters argue that book borrowers are also book buyers, and that libraries are vital spaces for readers to discover new work. Many were cheered by a recent Pew survey, which found that more than half of Americans with library cards say they prefer to buy their e-books. But the report also noted that few people know that e-books are available at most libraries, and that popular titles often involve long waiting lists, which may be what inspires people to buy.So publishers keep tweaking（对……稍作调整）their lending arrangements in search of the right balance. Random House raised its licensing prices earlier this year, and HarperCollins limits libraries to lending its titles 26 times. Penguin plans to keep new releases out of libraries for at least six months, and each book will expire after a year. The story of the library e-book is a nail-biter.6. What can we learn about the big six publishers?A) They know they need to cooperate with libraries.B) They have recently sold e-books to most libraries.C) Most of them hesitate in cooperation with libraries.D) They stand out against selling e-books to libraries.7. What is the advantage of electronic borrowing?A) There is no need to worry about deadlines.B) It can pay for the late fees automatically.C) Readers can lend the book files to their friends.D) It is much cheaper than traditional printed books.8. Why are publishers and libraries worried about OverDrive’s market dominance?A) Publisher and libraries will lose their market shares of e-books.B) OverDrive provides various format of e-books and audio files.C) OverDrive will increasingly divide their profit of e-books.D) E-readers will not lend e-books or audio files from libraries.9. What was shown in Pew survey?A) The desire to collect popular books inspires people to buy them.B) E-readers in America prefer to buy their e-books from libraries.C) More than half of Americans are book borrowers and book buyers.D) People with library cards usually have to wait for popular e-books.10. What does the author mean by saying “The story of the library e-book is a nail-biter.” (Para. 7)?A) Many problems about e-book lending need to be solved.B) It is wise for publishers to cooperate closely with libraries.C) Cooperation between publishers and libraries is a win-win strategy.D) Libraries will dominant the book market by lending e-books.Passage ThreeQuestions 11 to 15 are based on the following passage.Across the board, American colleges and universities are not doing a very good job of preparing their students for the workplace or their post-graduation lives. This was made clear by the work of two sociologists, Richard Arumand Josipa Roksa. In 2011 they released a landmark study titled “Academically Adrift,” which documented the lack of intellectual growth experienced by many people enrolled in college. In particular, Arum and Roksa found, college students were not developing the critical thinking, analytic reasoning and other higher-level skills that are necessary to thrive in today’s knowledge-based economy and to lead our nation in a time of complex challenges and dynamic change.Arum and Roksa placed the blame for students’ lack of learning on a watered-down college curriculum and lowered undergraduate work standards. Although going to college is supposed to be a full-time job, stu- dents spent, on average, only 12 to 14 hours a week studying and many were skating through their semesters without doing a significant amount of reading and writing. Students who take more challenging classes and spend more time studying do learn more. But the priorities of many undergraduates are with extracurricular activities, playing sports, and partying and socializing.Laura Hamilton, the author of a study on parents who pay for college, will argue in a forthcoming book that college administrations are overly concerned with the social and athletic activities of their students. In Paying for the Party, Hamilton describes what she calls the “party pathway,” which eases many students through college, helped along by various clubs that send students into the party scene and a host of easier majors. By sanctioning this watered-down version of college, universities are “catering to the social and educat ional needs of wealthy students at the expense of others” who won’t enjoy the financial backing or social connections of richer students once they graduate.These students need to build skills and knowledge during college if they are to use their degrees as a stepping-stone to middle-class mobility. But more privileged students must not waste this opportunity either. As recent graduates can testify, the job market isn’t kind to candidates who can’t demonstrate genuine competence, along with a well-cultivated willingness to work hard. Nor is the global economy forgiving of an American workforce with increasingly weak literacy, math and science abilities. College graduates will still fare better than those with only a high school education, of course. But a university degree unaccompanied by a gain in knowledge or skills is an empty achievement indeed. For students who have been coasting through college, and for American universities that have been demanding less work, offering more attractions and charging higher tuition, the party may soon be over.11. What is Arum and Roksa’s finding about higher education in America?A) It aims at stimulating the intellectual curiosity of college students.B) It fails to prepare students to face the challenges of modern times.C) It has experienced dramatic changes in recent years.D) It has tried hard to satisfy students’ various needs.12. What is responsible for the students’ lack of higher-level skills?A) The diluted college curriculum.B) The boring classroom activities.C) The absence of rigorous discipline.D) The outdated educational approach.13. What does Laura Hamilton say about college administrations?A) They fail to give adequate help to the needy students.B) They tend to offer too many less challenging courses.C) They seem to be out of touch with society.D) They prioritize non-academic activities.14. What can be learned about the socially and financially privileged students?A) They tend to have a sense of superiority over their peers.B) They can afford to choose easier majors in order to enjoy themselves.C) They spend a lot of time building strong connections with businesses.D) They can climb the social ladder even without a degree.15. What does the author suggest in the last paragraph?A) American higher education has lost its global competitiveness.B) People should not expect too much from American higher education.C) The current situation in American higher education may not last long.D) It will take a long time to change the current trend in higher education.Part II Translation (25%)Directions: For this part, you are to translate a passage from Chinese into English.西安是我国黄河流域古代文明的重要发源地之一，与雅典、罗马、开罗并称为世界四大古都。

2022年考研考博-考博英语-昆明理工大学考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析AB卷（带答案）一.综合题(共15题)1.单选题If you work under a car when repairing it, you often get very（）.问题1选项A.waxyB.stickyC.slipperyD.greasy【答案】D【解析】考查形容词辨析。

A选项waxy“蜡制的，似蜡的，质地光滑的”；B选项sticky“粘性的”；C 选项slippery“滑的，狡猾的，棘手的”；D选项greasy“多油的，油污的，油腻的”。

由“If you work under a car when repairing it，you often get very___（如果你在车底下修理汽车，你通常会____）”可知D选项符合语境。

句意：如果你在车底下修理汽车，你通常会弄得满身油污。

2.单选题He set the engine of the car（）.问题1选项A.goingB.goC.to goingD.on going【答案】A【解析】考查固定搭配。

set sth. doing表示“使……开始”；set to do表示“动手干（认真开始干，争论，拳赛，殴斗）”。

此处表示使车的引擎发动，因此选A。

句意：他发动了汽车的引擎。

3.单选题It will be safer to walk the streets because people will not need to carry large amounts of cash. Virtually all financial（）will be conducted by computer.问题1选项A.transactionsB.transmissionsC.transitionsD.transformations【答案】A【解析】考查形近词辨析。

A选项transaction“业务，交易”；B选项transmission“传送，传播”；C选项transition“过渡，转变，变迁”；D选项transformat ion“变化，改观，转变”。

昆明理工大学英语2018年考博真题博士入学试卷昆明理工大学2018年博士研究生招生考试试题（A）考试科目代码：1111 考试科目名称：英语试题适用招生专业：全校考生答题须知1．所有题目（包括填空、选择、图表等类型题目）答题答案必须做在考点发给的答题纸上，做在本试题册上无效。

请考生务必在答题纸上写清题号。

2．评卷时不评阅本试题册，答题如有做在本试题册上而影响成绩的，后果由考生自己负责。

3．答题时一律使用蓝、黑色墨水笔或圆珠笔作答（画图可用铅笔），用其它笔答题不给分。

4．答题时不准使用涂改液等具有明显标记的涂改用品。

Part I Structure and Vocabulary( 15 points )Directions: In this part, there are fifteen incomplete sentences. For each sentence four alternatives A, B, C or D are given. Decide which of the alternatives best completes the sentence and mark the corresponding letter on your ANSWER SHEET.1.When ______ at the door, she was given a warm welcome.A.appearB. appearedC. appearingD. appears2.Mr. Lee is far too wise a man not ______ that.A.seeingB. being seenC. seeD. to see3.The residents, ______ had been damaged by the flood, were given help by the Red Cross.A.all their homesB. all whose homesC.all of whose homesD. all of their homes4.______, I must do another experiment.A.Be it ever so lateB. It is ever so lateC.It be ever so lateD. So late it be ever5.I wish ______ to Stockholm when I was in Sweden. I hear it’sa beautiful city.A.I wentB. I had goneC. to goD. to have gone6.Tom ______ better than to ask Dick for help.A.shall knowB. has knownC. shouldn’t knowD. should have known7.There has been much opposition from some social groups, ______from the farmingcommunity.A.straightforwardlyB. notablyC. virtuallyD. exceptionally8.The ______ view in Britain and other Western countriesassociates aging with decline,dependency, isolation, and often poverty.A.predominantB. credulousC. inclusiveD. sustainable9.The foreman read the ______ of guilty fourteen times, one for each defendant.A.prejudiceB. verificationC. verdictD. punishment10.They fear it could have a(n) ______ effect on global financial markets.A.sizeableB. adverseC. beneficialD. consequential11.Just as you do not wish others to ______ their desires upon you, you must leave it to them tobe free to follow their own direction in life.A.inflictB. disputeC. ridiculeD. antedate12.The children have a more ______ view, only taking in consideration what will work.昆明理工大学2018年博士研究生招生考试试题第 1 页共 8 页。

2022年考研考博-考博英语-昆明理工大学考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析AB卷（带答案）一.综合题(共15题)1.单选题If you work under a car when repairing it, you often get very（）.问题1选项A.waxyB.stickyC.slipperyD.greasy【答案】D【解析】考查形容词辨析。

A选项waxy“蜡制的，似蜡的，质地光滑的”；B选项sticky“粘性的”；C 选项slippery“滑的，狡猾的，棘手的”；D选项greasy“多油的，油污的，油腻的”。

由“If you work under a car when repairing it，you often get very___（如果你在车底下修理汽车，你通常会____）”可知D选项符合语境。

句意：如果你在车底下修理汽车，你通常会弄得满身油污。

2.单选题I decide to go to the cinema as soon as I（）.问题1选项A.finish what I didB.would finish what I was doingC.finished what I didD.finished what I was doing【答案】A【解析】考查动词时态。

“as soon as”引导的为时间状语从句，由主句的谓语动词decide可知主句为一般现在时，根据主从句时态呼应，即主句用现在时，从句也用现在时，因此选A。

句意：我决定一完成我所做的事情就去看电影。

3.单选题Walter offered us a lift when he was leaving the office, but our work（）, we declined the offer.问题1选项A.was not finishedB.has not been finishedC.did not finishD.not having been finished【答案】D【解析】考查独立主格。

2022年考研考博-考博英语-昆明理工大学考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析AB卷（带答案）一.综合题(共15题)1.单选题The gloves were really too small, and it was only by （）them that I can get them on.问题1选项A.stretchingB.spreadingC.extendingD.squeezing【答案】A【解析】考查动词辨析。

A选项stretch“拉长，撑大，伸展”，指由曲变直、由短变长的伸展，不是加长，侧重“形状的变化”.；B选项spread“伸开”，指建筑，道路和时间等的延伸；C选项extend“延伸”，指在空间或时间上延伸，一般有一个大致的延伸方向；D选项squeeze“挤压”。

根据gloves（手套）可知此处表示手套太小了，只有把它们撑大才能戴上，因此选A。

句意：手套真的太小了，只有把它们伸展开来，我才能戴上。

2.单选题Most states emphasized eradication of violence, particularly domestic violence, as a National （）area in national crime prevention strategies.问题1选项A.requirementB.dominanceC.prerequisiteD.priority【答案】D【解析】考查名词辨析。

A选项requirement“所需的东西，必要条件”；B选项dominance“支配，控制”；C选项prerequisite“先决条件，前提”；D选项priority“优先事项，首要事情，优先”。

由Most states emphasized eradication of violence, particularly domestic violence, as a National _______area in national crime prevention strategies.（大多数国家强调消除暴力，特别是家庭暴力，作为国家犯罪预防政策的______领域）可知D选项符合语境。

2022年考研考博-考博英语-昆明理工大学考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析AB卷（带答案）一.综合题(共15题)1.单选题Plastic heart valves and other human “spare parts” have （）possible many recent developments in surgery.问题1选项A.made itB.been madeC.madeD.become【答案】C【解析】考查语态。

句子的主语为Plastic heart valves and other human “spare parts”（塑料心脏瓣膜和其他人体器官“零件”），宾语为many recent developments（最近许多的发展），主语与宾语之间为主动关系，故排除B选项。

句子的宾语在possible后面不需要形式宾语，故排除A选项。

have become possible表示“……成为可能”，have made possible表示“使……成为可能”，根据句意可知C选项符合语境。

句意：塑料心脏瓣膜和其他人体器官“零件”使最近许多的发展成为可能。

2.单选题The residents, （）had been damaged by the flood, were given help by the Red Cross.问题1选项A.all their homesB.all whose homesC.all of whose homesD.all of their homes【答案】C【解析】考查非限制定语从句。

本句的主干为The residents were given help by the Red Cross. “_______had been damaged by the flood”前后有逗号，为非限制性定语从句，先行词the residents 与home之间是所属关系，故用关系代词whose，whose homes作为一个整体充当介词of的宾语。

2022年考研考博-考博英语-昆明理工大学考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析AB卷（带答案）一.综合题(共15题)1.单选题Your advice would be（）valuable to him, who is now at a loss as to what to do first.问题1选项A.exceedinglyB.excessivelyC.extensivelyD.exclusively【答案】A【解析】考查形近词辨析。

A选项exceedingly“非常，极其”；B选项excessively“过度地”；C选项extensively“广大地，广泛地”；D选项exclusively“唯一地”。

根据valuable（很重要的，宝贵的）可知A选项最为恰当，表示“非常有价值”。

句意：你的建议对他非常有价值，因为他现在不知道该先做什么。

2.单选题The close relationship between poetry and music scarcely needs to be argued. Both are aural modes which employ rhythm, rhyme, and pitch as major devices; to these the one adds linguistic meaning, connotation, and various traditional figures, and the other can add, at least in theory, all of these plus harmony, counterpoint （对位）, and orchestration techniques. In English the two are closely bound historically. Anglo-Saxon heroic poetry seems certainly to have been read or chanted to a harpist’s （竖琴师）accompaniment; the verb used in Beowulf for such a performance, the Finn episode （逸事）,is singan, to sing, and the noun gyd, song.A major source of the lyric tradition in English poetry is the songs of the troubadours. The distance between the gyd in Beowulf and the songs of Leonard Cohen or Bob Dylan may seem great, but is one of time rather than aesthetics. The lyric poem as a literary work and the lyrics of a popular song are both still essentially the same thing: poetry. Whether the title of the work be "Gerontion," or "You Ain't Nothin'. But a Hound Dog," our criteria for evaluating the work must remain the same.The most important prerequisite （先决条件）for both a significant poem and significant lyrics in a popular song is that the writer be faithful to his own personal vision or to the vision of the poem he is writing. Skill and craft for writing poetry are indeed necessary because these are the only means by which a poet can preserve the integrity of this vision in the poem. A poet must not, either because of lack of skill or because of worship of popularity, wealth, or critical acclaim, go outside of his own or his own poem’s vision — on pain of writing only the derivative（派生物）or the trivial. Historically, the writers and singers of the lyrics of popular songs have seemed often to be incapable of personal vision, and to have confused both originality and morality with a servile（奴性的）compliance to popular taste.1.According to the writer, the relationship between poetry and music（）.2.Which of the following statements is true, according to the text?3.In the text, the author focuses on（）.问题1选项A.is indisputable if you analyze historyB.is a debatable topicC.needs to be acknowledged more by poetsD.can be made but in a limited way问题2选项A.The differences between poetry and song lyrics have been overstated.B.Song lyrics and poetry must be treated analytically as the same.C.The lyrics of a song are not different from the lyrics of poetry.D.It is the time not the aesthetics that is different in most poems and song lyrics.问题3选项A.the difference between good poetry and songs and mediocre onesB.the various ways songs and poems are similarC.the shared, most important evaluation criteria in songwriting and poetryD.how to evaluate a poem and a song’s value from a lyrical standpoint【答案】第1题:A第2题:C第3题:C【解析】1.推理判断题。

2022年考研考博-考博英语-昆明理工大学考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析AB卷（带答案）一.综合题(共15题)1.翻译题Read the following paragraph carefully and then translate it into English.如果使用得当，恐惧和与之相伴的痛苦是人类和动物拥有的最有用的两样东西。

如果火烧到时不会疼痛，孩子们会一直玩火直到烧掉双手。

同样地，如果只有痛苦而没有恐惧，一个孩子会一次又一次地用火烧自己，因为恐惧不会警告他远离曾经烧到他的火。

一个真正无畏的士兵——的确存在这样的人——不是一个好士兵，因为他很快就会被杀死。

而一个死掉的士兵对他的军队没有任何用处。

所以恐惧和痛苦是两位保镖，人类和动物没有它们就会很快灭亡。

重要的不是让恐惧控制你，而是要用恐惧来做你的仆人和向导。

【答案】Fear and its companion pain are two of the most useful things that men and animals possess if they are properly used. If fire did not hurt when it burnt, children would play it until their hands were burnt away. Similarly, if pain existed but fear did not, a child would burn itself again and again, because fear would not warn the child to keep away from the fire that had burnt him or her before. A really fearless soldier—and some do exist—is not a good soldier because he is soon killed; and a dead soldier is of no use to his army. Fear and pain are therefore two guards without which men and animals might soon die out. The important thing is not to let fear rule you, but instead to use fear as your servant and guide.2.单选题You will see the lightning （）it happens, but you hear the thunder later.问题1选项A.the instantB.for an instantC.on the instantD.in an instant【答案】A【解析】考查词组辨析。

2022年考研考博-考博英语-昆明理工大学考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析AB卷（带答案）一.综合题(共15题)1.单选题We think（）possible for them to fulfill their task in a few weeks.问题1选项A.itB.thatC.whatD.this【答案】A【解析】考查形式宾语。

本句真正的宾语为不定式引导的to fulfill their task in a few weeks，think表示“认为，以为”是及物动词，常用于“think＋it（形式宾语）+形容词或名词（宾补）+不定式／动名词／从句（直接宾语）”结构中，因此选A。

句意：我们认为他们有可能在几周内完成他们的任务。

2.单选题People who like to wear red clothes are more likely to be talkative and（）.问题1选项A.vivaciousB.perilousC.introvertedD.lucrative 【答案】A【解析】考查形容词辨析。

A选项vivacious“可爱的，活泼的”；B选项perilous“冒险的，危险的”；C选项introverted“内向的，不喜欢交往的”；D选项lucrative“获利多的，赚钱的”。

由and可知空格处与talkative（健谈的）表示的意思相同，因此选A。

句意：喜欢穿红衣服的人更有可能健谈、活泼。

3.单选题Behind his large smiles and large cigars, his eyes often seemed to（）regret.问题1选项A.teem withB.look withC.brim withe with【答案】C【解析】考查词组辨析。

A选项teem with“充满，大量涌现”，一般与数量有关，不与抽象名词连用；B选项look with“用……方式看”；C选项brim with“充满，洋溢”，常与抽象名词连用；D选项come with“伴随发生，与……一起来”。

2022年考研考博-考博英语-昆明理工大学考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析AB卷（带答案）一.综合题(共15题)1.单选题Dr. Smith failed many times but he finally（）to find a successful way to solve the problem. 问题1选项A.broke offB.broke downC.broke outD.broke through【答案】D【解析】考查词组辨析。

A选项break off“（使）分离”；B选项break down“失败”；C选项break out“突然发生，爆发”；D选项break through“突围，突破”。

根据转折连词but可知句子前面表示转折关系，由failed many times（多次失败）与finally（最终）可知D选项符合语境。

句意：史密斯医生失败了很多次，但他最终突破了，找到了解决问题的成功方法。

2.单选题The old couple decided to（）a boy and a girl though they had three children of their own. 问题1选项A.adaptB.bringC.receiveD.adopt【答案】D【解析】考查动词辨析。

A选项adapt“使适合（新用途、新情况），适应（新情况）”；B选项bring“带来，引起，导致”；C选项receive“拿到，接到，受到”；D选项adopt“收养，领养，采用”。

此处表示这对老夫妇决定领养一男一女，因此选D。

句意：这对老夫妇决定收养一男一女，尽管他们自己有三个孩子。

3.单选题Remember to ask for a （）of quality for these goods; otherwise they will not offer any maintenance.问题1选项A.warrantyB.promiseC.certificateD.receipt【答案】A【解析】考查名词辨析。

武汉理工大学博士研究生入学考试英语试题PART I Vocabulary (15points)Section ADirections: Choose the word that is the closest synonym to the underlined word.1. The government slated new elections in the spring, largely as a result of the public clamor.A. demandB. viewC. requestD. opinion2. The most prolific writer is not necessarily the best.A. written-aboutB. productiveC. artfulD. religious3. Imagine my vexation when they said they would come to dinner and then didn't show.A. enlightenmentB. astonishmentC. annoyanceD. contrariness4. Any troop of wild animals should be approached warily.A. fearlesslyB. confidentlyC. silentlyD. prudently5. There is little learning involved when one is reprimanded two or three months after the deed.A. recommendedB. reproachedC. recompensedD. reversed6. Archaeologists are interested in pottery, figurines and other vestiges of ancient civilizations.A. tracesB. shardsC. productsD. artifactsA. extravagant D. impulsiveA. painstaking D. gaudy9. The jurors came to a deadlock in the defendant's trial for murder.A. a decision of guiltyB. a decision to punish by electrocutionC. an impasseD. an unusual verdict10. Among the lowest of the judicial ranks, justices of the peace nevertheless frequently exercise jurisdictionover a variety of misdemeanors.A. guidanceB. sovereigntyC. authorityD. suzerainty11. A mistake is rarely atoned for by a single apology, however profuse.A. extravagantB. producedC. divergentD. repetitious12. Her office in the First National Bank building is provisional.A. permanentB. temporaryC. corruptD. craven13. The burglars ransacked the room taking anything of value they found.A. demolishedB. took overC. inhabitedD. thoroughly searched14. The whole of the endowment was used to refurbish the school gymnasium.A. millionairesB. endorsementsC. governmentsD. donations15. The massacre of innocent people cannot ever be condoned.A. overlookedB. praiseC. condemnedD. satisfiedSection BDirections: Choose the answer that best completes the sentence.16. When he realized the true nature of the proposal, he ________ all communication with the group.A. convertB. avertedC. severedD. make17. The worsening financial situation made it obvious that an economic depression was _____.A. attainableB. remoteC. imminentD. eminent18. All of the dental instruments need to be _______ before the next patient is seen.A. heatedB. scaldedC. sterilizedD. burned19. Rock climbing is so popular now that many people are able to ________ the steepest face with great agility.A. scaleB. surpassC. overcomeD. mount20. If you call the 911 emergency number, they will ________ firemen, policemen, and paramedicsimmediately.A. assignB. detachC. attachD. dispatch21. His evident _______ to his wife despite her indiscretion proved him to be a man of integrity.A. personalityB. characterC. fidelityD. morality22. I don't know why he has been given ________. It wasn't his accomplishment but his wife's.A. acclaimB. confidenceC. reimbursementD. robustness23. After a concert tour in Asia, Canada and the U. S., he will _______ work on a five-language opera.A. confineB. indulgeC. resumeD. undergo24. When Ph. D candidates ________ their impending professorships, they consider housing benefits offered bythe prospective universities.A. anticipateB. assumeC. applyD. demand25. My supply of confidence slowly ________ as the deadline approached.A. withdrewB. eliminatedC. exterminatedD. diminished26. The battle is of great significance when viewed in the ________ of the progress of the war.A. prospectiveB. respectiveC. perspectiveD. prescriptive27. It has long been known that total sleep ________ is 100 percent fatal to rats, yet, upon examination of thedead bodies, the animals look completely normal.A. depositionB. destructionC. deprivationD. reduction28. In that country, hospital doctors don't go sightseeing very often because their work ________ almost alltheir time.A. takes upB. takes offC. takes apartD. takes over29. According to the law of that country, the Parliament will have to be ________ before the General Election.A. decomposedB. dispersedC. dissolvedD. disintegrated30. He failed to carry out some of the provisions of the contract, and now he has to ________ the consequences.A. answer forB. run intoC. abide byD. step intoPART Ⅱ Grammar (15 points)Section ADirections: Choose the letter that indicates the error in the sentence.31. Switzerland is best known for its majesty mountain range and thousands flock to the AlpsA B Ceach year to take advantage of their ideal skiing conditions.D32. Police were sent to disperse the crowds but ended up by shooting down protesters and itA Bwas in this chaos that the seeds of political liberation were sown.C D33. Even today, through the hustle and bustle of Nevsky Prospect, St Petersburg's main street,A Bthe classical beauty of the city mesmerizes the eye.C D34. She is furious of her son's grades in school, which explains why Mark is jealous of Julia's high AB Cmarks on the exam.D35. Smog-choked Southern California demands them. It's a car for people who never want to goAto a gas station again. But the fact is, for all the talk, selling gas-less machines has been aB Chard-sell.D36. People thought: Hey, eat a carp and you will be taking in what it is that gives you these fishA Btheir long life-span. Of course, it hasn't done a lot of good for these carp.C Dpersonal ability rating, when they are challenged but can he victorious, rather than merelyBsurmounting the mediocre.D38. In proposing such philanthropic donations, the director of the company certainly spoke fromA Ba genuine concern for the needy and not any desire for personal accolades.C D39. The armor, infantry and other military forces were held up by the enemy counter attack,A B Cthus caused the delay in the advance.D40. Just as children the world over like Christmas rooming, adults so like Christmas eveningA B Cwhen peace and calm return to the household.D41. Each employee with a modicum of intelligence would be able to undertake such a basic process.A B C D42. The economic situation will improve given that there is forecast to be less unemploymentA Band closures than in previous years.C D43. The three most important issues of concern to citizens today are prison reform,A Babusing children and toxic waste.C D44. I was on the verge of incurring Mr. Rochester's wrath by not listening to his prohibitions,A Bwhile a ray once more shone almost imperceptibly on the hallway wall and I heard his muffledC Dstep on the carpet.45. The above is the most important aspect which apes can be told from more primitive socialA B C Dgroupings.Section BDirections: Choose the answer that best fills in the blank.46. ________ that the earth was flat?A. Used it to be thoughtB. Did it used to be thoughtC. Was it need to being thoughtD. Does it used to be thought47. It is most inappropriate ________ in the college VIP lounge.A. for any students to be thereB. for there to be any studentsC. to be any students thereD. to have there any students48. She ________ much more accurate responses now, had she taken more pains in devising the questions.A. gotB. would have gotC. had gotD. would be getting49. An extensive foundation in the basic sciences should be required of all science students, ________.A. whether they are future physicists or chemists.B. be they future physicists or chemists.C. they are future physicists or chemists.D. they should be future physicists or chemists.50. The general opinion is that he is ________ to complain.A. so much a milquetoastB. too a milquetoastC. too much of a milquetoastD. so much of a milquetoast51. Although of course there are exceptions, it seems reasonably dear that in certain countries - Rwanda,Somalia and parts of the former Yugoslavia come to mind-hunger is less a result of an absolute food shortage, ________ a policy decision or the political situation.A. than ofB. rather thanC. but the result ofD. than is52. The ozone layer plays as great a role in the suability of spaceship Earth as ________ the waters of its lakes,ponds, oceans, rivers, and streams.A. doB. doesC. playD. are53. Perhaps I should not have done so, but I changed my mind about the new job even though I was ________last week.A. to be startedB. to have startedC. to have been startingD. start54. Despite an overlay of quasi-literary French vocabulary stemming from the Norman Invasion of 1066, thedaily vocabulary of English remained Germanic, _______ its grammatical structure.A. the same areB. and so areC. as didD. and so were55. Although money is always useful, it isn't all ________.A. what there is to lifeB. to which there is in lifeC. there is to lifeD. that is in life56. ________ ever so humble, there's no plane like home.A. It beB. Be itC. It wasD. Was it57. ________ all customs, no matter how sacrosanct, are essentially learned reactions appropriate, perhaps onlyto the holders thereof is a basic assumption of anthropologists.A. NearlyB. It is nearlyC. That nearlyD. When nearly58. Although women cluster to him like moths around a flame, he is none ______ happier for it.A. butB. theC. matchD. any59. The major reason why Americans enjoy an abundant food supply is that the arable land at their disposal forfood production is ________.A. three times more the world averageB. three times as much the world averageC. three times the world averageD. the world average is three times60. The sound of the roaring of a tiger is ________ heard by jungle dwellers ________ feelings of unease, for ayear does not elapse without victims falling to the tiger's ferocity.A. always...withB. ever...withoutC. ever...withD. never...withoutPART ⅢClone test (10 points)Directions: Choose the word that best completes the meaning.One of the basic characteristics of capitalism is the private ownership of the major means of production-capital. The ownership of large amounts of capital can bring __61__ profits, as well as economic and political power. Some recent theorists,63 _that they call "postindustrial" society. One important change in such society is that the ownership of 64 amounts of capital is no longer the important 65 of profits and influence; knowledge as well as 66 capital brings profits and influence.There are many 67 with the thesis above, not the least of 68 is that wealthy capitalists can buy the experts and knowledge they need to keep their profits and influence. But this does not 69 the importance of knowledge in an advanced industrial society, as the 70 of some new industries indicates. 71 , genetic engineering and the new computer technology have 72 many new fines and made some scientists quite rich. In 73 with criticism of the postindustrial society thesis, however, it must also be 74 that those already in control of huge amounts of capital (i.e., major corporations) soon 75 to take most profits in these industries based on new knowledge.Moving down from the level of wealth and power, we still find knowledge increasingly 76 . Many new high-tech jobs are being created at the upper-skill, low-paying service 77 . Something like a caste line is emerging centered around knowledge. Individuals who fall too far behind in the 78 of knowledge at a young age will find it almost impossible to catch up later, no matter how hard they try. Illiteracy in English language has been a severe 79 for marry years in the United States, but we are also moving to the point when computer illiteracy will hinder many more people and 80 them to a life of low-skill and low-paid labor.61. A. quantitative B. extensive C. comprehensive D. sophisticated62. A. moreover B. however C. therefore D. nevertheless63. A. aggression B. proficiency C. productivity D. evolution64. A. dominant B. impressive C. magnificent D. significant65. A. source B. factor C. component D. element66. A. adequate B. profitable C. material D. spiritual67. A. advantages B. consequences C. problems D. potentials68. A. them B. those C. which D. that69. A. deny B. refuse C. admit D. acknowledge70. A. emergence B. innovation C. extinction D. discovery71. A. In addition B. For example C. Above all D. In short72. A. produced B. created C. improved D. facilitated73. A. line B. need C. doubt D. match74. A. idealized B. recognized C. supervised D. summarized75. A. stepped in B. settled down C. leaned over D. mined out76. A. accessible B. important C. popular D. abundant77. A. enterprises B. employment C. professions D. industries78. A. control B. mastery C. search D. pursuit79. A. handicap B. penalty C. inconvenience D. shortcoming80. A. enforce B. punish C. confine D. condemnPART ⅣREADING OOMPREHENSION (30 points)Directions: Answer all questions based on the information in the passages below.Passage 1Let us assume, for the moment, that labor is not prepared to work for a lower money-wage and that a reduction in the existing level of money-wages would lead, through strikes or otherwise, to a withdrawal from the labor market of labor which is now employed. Does it follow from this that the existing level of real wages accurately measures the marginal disutility of labor? Not necessarily. For, although a reduction in the existing money-wage would lead to a withdrawal of labor, it does not follow that a fall in the value of the existing money-wage in terms of wage-goods would do so, if it were due to a rise in the price of the latter. In other words, it may be the case that within a certain range the demand of labor is for a minimum money-wage and not for a minimum real wage. The classical school has tacitly assumed that this would involve no significant change in their theory. But this is not so. For if the supply of labor is not a function of real wages as its sole variable, their argument breaks down entirely and leaves the question of what the actual employment will be quite indeterminate. They do not seem to have realized that, unless the supply of labor is a function of real wages alone, their supply curve for labor will shift bodily with every movement of prices. Thus their method is tied up with their very special assumptions, and cannot be adapted to deal with the more general case.Now ordinary experience tells us, beyond doubt, that a situation where labor stipulates (within limits) for a money-wage rather than a real wage, so far from being a mere possibility, is the normal case. Whilst workers will usually resist a reduction of money-wages, it is not their practice to withdraw their labor whenever there is a rise in the price of wage-goods. It is sometimes said that it would be illogical for labor to resist a reduction of money-wages but not to resist a reduction of real wages. For reasons given below, this might not be so illogical as it appears at first; and, as we shall see later, fortunately so. But, whether logical or illogical, experience shows that this is how labor in fact behaves.Moreover, the contention that the unemployment which characterizes a depression is due to a refusal by labor to accept a reduction of money-wages is not clearly supported by the facts. It is not very plausible to assert that unemployment in the United States in 1932 was due either to labor obstinately refusing to accept a reduction of money-wages or to its obstinately demanding a real wage beyond what the productivity of the economicmachine was capable of furnishing. Wide variations are experienced in the volume of employment without any apparent change either in the minimum real demands of labor or in its productivity. Labor is not more truculent in the depression than in the boom-fax from it. Nor is its physical productivity less. These facts from experience are a prima facie ground for questioning the adequacy of the classical analysis.81. "Labor is not prepared to work for a lower money-wage". The sentence means ________.A. a fall in the value of the existing money-wage would lead to a withdrawal of laborB. a rise in the price of wage-goods would lead to a withdrawal of laborC. the demand of labor is for a rise of existing money-wageD. the demand of labor is for reduction in the value of real wages82. The classical school refers to ________.A. those scholars with traditional ideaB. the traditional schoolC. the experts who hold to the standard theoryD. all of the above83. According to the author, the supply curve for labor depends on the ________.A. red money wagesB. movement of priceC. function of money-wagesD. both A & B84. “Their" method cannot be adapted to deal with the more general case because they have not realized that________.A. a fall in the value of real wages would lead to a withdrawal of the labor from market of laborB. a reduction in the existing level of money-wages would lead to a withdrawal from the labor market oflaborC. the supply of labor is not a function of real wagesD. the demand of labor is only for a minimum money-wages85. How dose labor usually behave?A. Labor would stipulate for money-wage.B. Labor would violently resist a reduction of real wages.C. Labor would strenuously resist a reduction of both money-wages and real wages.D. Labor would stipulate for real wages.86. The last paragraph of thus passage indicates that ________.A. labor resisted a reduction of money-wages, which characterized the depression of the 1930s in the U.S.B. labor demanded a real wage, which characterized the depression of 1930s in the U. S.C. neither labor refusing to work for a lower money-wage nor demanding a real wage could characterize thedepression of 1930s in the U. S.D. both A & BPassage 2The law of private international tribunals with respect to conflicts of interest of arbitrators is quite extensive, albeit by no means uniform. It relates both to what will disqualify an arbitrator and to what the arbitrator must disclose during the selection process. Most national legal systems have statutory rules as to the type of interests, relationships, and experiences that disqualify an arbitrator. Not infrequently, the disqualifying factors are identical for arbitrators and judges, although they may treat domestic and international arbitration somewhat differently, and may indeed supplement the international roles with additional features. A closer look reveals that courts and arbitration agencies tend to apply the regulations relatively lightly, recognizing that arbitratorsmove in the highly interconnected world of affairs, and do not stand aloof from commerce as judges do. Accordingly, acquaintanceship with the parties and their counsel does not suffice to disqualify, whereas actual business or legal connections will. Inasmuch as judges do not seek more work, although arbitrators generally do, suspicions arise that an arbitrator's favor may incline to the party or counsel who has in the past and may again in the future provide employment.The uncertainty in the held is at its most troubling when arbitrators are party-appointed. Some argue that such arbitrators should fulfill he same functions and satisfy the same qualifications as third-party arbitrators, others dispute any real claim to objectivity. The latter view has had considerable currency, particularly in the United States, where courts and drafters of state laws regard such advocates as pawns of the appointers. Imposing standard of neutrality and disinterestedness on them would he futile.It follows from this dichotomy between party-appointed and non-party-appointed arbitrators that opinion on the question of their nationality is also split. A party needs to be expected to choose a fellow national. This question of nationality is acute when one party to the arbitration is a governmental agency and one or more of the arbitrators are likewise nationals; a foreign enterprise contract calling for such arbitration may be foolhardy. The slate is largely blank with respect to roles for the conduct of arbitrators outside the field of conflict of interests. Considering only the matter of ex-parte communications, American case law is astonishing lax, refusing to set aside awards where such communication obtained between an arbitrator and a party without the presence of the other party, thereby violating evidentiary rules requiring the attendance of both patties. The differences in views on this topic indicate how useful a set of guidelines might be.87. The best title for this passage is __________.A. International Arbitrators: Causes and SolutionsB. Arbitrators: Causes and SolutionsC. Arbitrators: Problems in PracticeD. International Arbitrators and Conflicts of Interests88. The expression "They may treat" refers to __________.A. arbitrators and judgesB. national legal systemsC. experiencesD. disqualifying factors89. Courts and agencies __________.A. do not apply their regulations strictlyB. often consider arbitrators as judgesC. understand the general relationship between business and arbitratorsD. may be described by all of the above90. A third-party arbitrator is one who is chosen __________.A. to supplement the two arbitrators chosen by the contending sidesB. to reach a final decision after the two arbitrators have submitted their decisionC. by someone not involved in the matter in disputeD. as a pawn of the appointers91. A foreign enterprises contract is a bad idea __________.A. in all casesB. when each partner picks an arbitratorC. when third party arbitrators are involvedD. when a government agency is one side of the contract92. "Ex-parte communications" refer to __________.A. something that cannot be determined by the textB. all parties being present when matters involving them are discussedC. the requirement to set aside a decisionD. impartialityPassage 3Ask an American schoolchild what he or she is learning in school these days and you might even get a reply, provided you ask it in Spanish. But don't bother, here’s the answer: Americans nowadays are not learning any of the things that we learned in our day, like reading and writing. Apparently these are considered fusty old subjects, invented by white males to oppress women and minorities.What are they learning? In a Vermont college town I found the answer sitting in a toy stone book rack, next to typical kids' books like "Heather Has Two Mommies and Daddy is 'Dysfunctional"'. It's a teacher's guide called "Happy to Be Me", subtitled "Building Self-Esteem”. Self-esteem as it turns out, is a big subject in American classrooms. Many American schools see building it as important as teaching reading and writing. They call it "whole language" teaching, borrowing terminology from the granola people to compete in the education marketplace.No one ever spent a moment building my self-esteem when I was in school. In fact, from the day I first stepped inside a classroom my self-esteem was one big demolition site. All that mattered was "the subject", be it geography, history, or mathematics. I was praised when I remembered that "near", "fit", "friendly", "pleasing", "like" and their opposites took the dative case in Latin. I was reviled when I forgot what a cosine was good for. Generally, I lived my school years beneath a torrent of castigation as consistent I eventually ceased to hear it, as people who live near the sea eventually stop hearing the waves.Schools have changed. Reviling is out, for one thing. More important, subjects have changed.Whereas I learned English, modern kids learn something called "language skills". Whereas I learned writing, modern kids learn something called "communication". Communication, the book tells us, is seven per cent words, twenty three per cent facial expression, twenty per cent tone of voice, and fifty percent body language. So this column, with its carefully chosen words, would earn at most a grade of seven per cent. That is, if the school even gave out something as oppressive and demanding as grades.The result is that, in place of English classes, American children are getting a course in "How to Win Friends and Influence People". Consider the new attitude toward journal writing: I remember one high school English class when we were required to keep a journal. The idea was to emulate those great writers who confided in dimes, searching their soul and honing their critical thinking on paper."Happy to Be Me" states that journals are a great way for students to get in touch with their feelings. Tell students they can write one sentence or a whole page. Reassure them that no one, not even you, will read what they write. After the unit, hopefully all students will be feeling good about themselves and will want to share some of their entries with the class.There was a time when no self-respecting book for English teachers would use "great” or "h opefully" that way. Moreover, back then the purpose of English courses (an antique term for "Unit") was not to help students "feel good about themselves". Which is good, because all that reviling didn’t make me feel particularly good about anything.93. In paragraph 2, "whole language" teaching is in inverted commas because __________.A. the writer is using direct speechB. the writer is questioning the education conceptC. the words quoted have been extracted from a translationD. the writer is quoting from another source94. In paragraph 3, the author is clearly expressing his idea about self-esteem. He believes that it is__________.A. essential that self-esteem should be promoted in American schools because the author used to suffer from alack of self-esteem as a childB. equally important to equip children with the necessary skills and knowledge they will require in the futureC. important to remember how mush school children used to suffer from a lack of self-esteemD. reassuring to observe that children benefit from the promotion of a positive image96. Which of the following is the writer implying in paragraph 4?A. Self-criticism has gone too far.B. Evaluating criteria are inappropriate nowadays.C. Communication is a more comprehensive category than language skills.D. This column does not meet the demanding evaluating criteria of today.96. We may infer from paragraph 4 that the writer generally disagrees with one of the following ideas__________.A. the whole concept of communication is being perceived differentlyB. the way American children communicate among themselves is more important than anything elseC. academic skills should be encouraged and promoted in the American education systemD. the progress that American children could be monitor with more traditional methods97. In this passage, the writer is clearly stating the intention which is to get the reader to _____.A. confirm current education trends and teaching methodsB. rethink and reorganize educational strategiesC. think about the various elements which constitute what we call "communication" nowadaysD. reassure the parents about the methodology currently being used in American schools98. What's the best summary for this passage?A. New educational theories will revolutionize the way our children learn.B. The influence of new methodology will spread worldwide.C. Personal values like self-esteem will become predominant for school children in the future.D. Current education trends may jeopardize the prospects of future generations.Passage 4"Sloganeering" did not originate in the 1960s. The term has a rich history. It originated from the Gaelic word slaughgharim, which signified a "host-shout," “war c ry," or "gathering word or phrase of one of the old Highland clans; hence the shout or battle cry of soldiers in the field." English-speaking people began using the term by 1704. The team at the time meant "the distinctive note, phrase, or cry of any person or body of persons." Slogans were common throughout the European continent during the middle age, and they were utilized primarily as "passwords to insure pooper recognition of individuals at right or in the confusion of battle." The American revolutionary rhetoric would not have been the same without "the Boston Massacre," "the Boston Tea Party," "the shot heard around the world," and shouts of "no taxation without representation" . Slogans operate in s ociety as social “symbols" and, as such, their intended o r perceived meaning may be difficult to grasp and their impact or stimulation may differ between and among individuals and groups.。

昆明理工大学2019年博士研究生招生考试试题
考试科目代码：2021 考试科目名称 ：概率论与数理统计
考生答题须知
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请考生务必在答题纸上写清题号。

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4． 答题时不准使用涂改液等具有明显标记的涂改用品。

(3,2)N (5,4)N A 12P P = B 12P P <)0.6B =)B =（ C 0.12 D 0.4
从中不放回地任取个球，那么刚好取到(3,)N σ。