书面英语中语义的词汇衔接
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英语写作的过渡词和衔接词为了突出文章的层次感和逻辑性,文章应尽量使用过渡词,即表示起承转合的词汇。
过渡词有利于考生表达自己的思想,更有利于使阅卷老师顺畅地阅读考生的作文,制造清晰的得分机会。
考生绝不可轻视过渡词或衔接词的作用。
下面是店铺收集整理的英语写作的过渡词和衔接词,欢迎阅读,希望大家能够喜欢。
一、表逻辑上的先后顺序(expressions enumerating or stressing facts)1) 首先first,firstly,in the first place,in the first instance,to begin with2) 其次secondly,in the second place3) 最后,最重要的是at last,finally,last,lastly,most importantly4) 最后但并非最不重要的(一点)是,最后要说的是last but not least二、表递进关系(addition expressions)1) (副词)也;而且,还also,too,besides2) (并列连接词)而且and3) 此外in addition to,apart from4) 此外furthermore,what’s more5) 不仅……而且……not only…but also…6) 既……又……,也both…and…,as well as三、表转折或比较关系(expressions of contrast or comparison)1) (并列连接词)但是but2) (副词)然而(and)yet,while,whereas3) (副词)然而nevertheless,however4) (从属连接词)尽管,虽然though,although5) 相反,正相反,恰恰相反to the contrary,on the contrary,quite the contrary6) 与……形成对比,与……截然不同in contrast with/to7) 相反(but)rather8) 反而,代替,而不是instead,instead of9) 毕竟after all10) 同样地equally,likewise,similarly四、表例证关系(exemplification expressions)1) 也就是说namely,that is,that is to say2) 例如for example,for instance3) 举例来说to illustrate4) 例如such as5) 以……为例(来说)take…as an example五、表因果关系(cause and effect expressions)1) (后接表原因的从句)因为because2) (后接表原因的并列分句)因为for3) 因为……because of…,,owing to…,on account of…4) 因为这个那个,这些那些原因for this(that,these,those)reason(s)5) (从句1)为了……in order that6) (副词)因此,所以thus,hence,therefore7) 那么then8) 结果(是)as a result;so that(后接表结果的从句)9) 因此,结果(是)consequently10) 因此,相应地(就)accordingly六、表观点(viewpoint expressions)1) 在我看来in my opinion,in my view2) 我本人认为,我个人的看法是personally,as far as Im concerned3) 我认为I think(that从句),as a rule4) 一般来说generally(speaking),in general5) 坦率地说frankly speaking,to be frank七、表强调(expressions stressing facts or adding force)1) 显而易见obviously,apparently,clearly,certainly2) 肯定地,当然surely,to be sure,of course3) 事实上,实际上,真正地actually,as a matter of fact,indeed4) 自然地naturally5) 毫无疑问no doubt,undoubtedly八、表时间关系(expressions of time references)1) 首先first2) 起初at first3) 然后,后来,在那之后,随后then,later,after that,afterwards,consequently4) 同时,与此同时at the same time,in the meantime,meanwhile5) 最后finally,at last6) 最终,最后eventually,ultimately7) 就在那以后(不久)just then,shortly after that,immediately after that8) 不久,很快before long,soon9) 从那以后from then on10) 从现在起from now on11) 暂时,暂且for the time being12) 在以后/未来的日子里in the days to come13) 在下星期/月in the coming week/month九、表空间位置(space expressions)1) 在……的`左/右边on the left/right of...2) 在……(的)旁边besides…3) 在……的前边in front of4) 在……(内部的)前面in the front of5) 在……的顶部at the top of6) 在……的底部at the bottom of7) 在……里面;在室内inside…,indoors8) 在……外面;在室外outside,outdoors9) 在附近nearby10) 在……附近,在……隔壁,靠近……next to十、表总结(summary expressions)1) 简而言之allin all,in brief,in short2) 总的说来,总之in conclusion,to sum up,to conclude,to summarize3) 总之,一句话in a word,in one word4) 长话短说,简而言之to make/cut a long story short5) 最后(要讲的是)finally,ultimately6) 从根本上来讲essentially【英语写作的过渡词和衔接词】。
英语作文常见衔接Common Linking Words and Phrases in English Writing。
Linking words and phrases are essential in English writing, as they help to connect ideas and make the text more coherent. Here are some of the most common linking words and phrases that you can use in your writing:1. Addition。
Additionally,…。
Furthermore,…。
Moreover,…。
In addition,…。
Also,…。
Likewise,…。
Similarly,…。
As well as,…。
Example: The company has not only increased its profits, but it has also expanded its business to new markets. Additionally, the company has hired more employees to manage its growing operations.2. Contrast。
However,…。
Nevertheless,…。
Nonetheless,…。
On the other hand,…。
In contrast,…。
Whereas,…。
While,…。
Although,…。
Even though,…。
Despite,…。
In spite of,…。
Example: The weather was hot and humid, but I decided to go for a run anyway. However, after just a few minutes, I realized that I was not prepared for the heat and had to stop.3. Cause and Effect。
英语作文几个方面的衔接词英文回答:Transition words and phrases are essential for creating a cohesive and well-structured essay. They help to connect ideas, clarify relationships, and guide the reader through the flow of your thoughts. Here are some of the most common types:Showing addition: and, again, also, besides, furthermore, moreover, in addition, too, what's more.Showing comparison: although, despite, in contrast, on the other hand, however, nevertheless, on the contrary, similarly, in the same way.Showing cause and effect: accordingly, as a result, because, consequently, hence, since, so, therefore, thus.Showing conclusion or summary: all in all, finally, inbrief, in conclusion, overall, to sum up.Showing exemplification: for example, for instance, in particular, specifically, such as, to illustrate.Showing emphasis: certainly, indeed, in fact, it is worth noting, of course, undoubtedly.Showing time: after, before, later, meanwhile, next, now, then, until, when, while.Showing space: above, below, beyond, here, nearby, there, to the left/right.Transition words and phrases can be used either within sentences or between sentences. By using them effectively, you can improve the clarity and logical flow of your essays.中文回答:衔接词和短语对于创造一篇结构严谨的散文至关重要。
英语作文使用的衔接词Title: The Importance of Linking Words in English Writing。
Introduction:Linking words play a crucial role in English writing as they help connect ideas, improve coherence, and enhance the overall quality of the composition. This essay will discuss the significance of using linking words in English writing and provide examples to illustrate their effective usage.Body:1. Enhancing Coherence:Linking words serve as bridges between sentences and paragraphs, ensuring a smooth flow of ideas. For instance, words like "however," "in addition," and "on the other hand" help to contrast or add information, making the textmore coherent and logical. Without these linking words, the writing may appear disjointed and confusing.2. Expressing Cause and Effect:Linking words such as "because," "thus," and "consequently" are essential for indicating cause andeffect relationships. They help the reader understand the reasons behind certain events or actions, making thewriting more persuasive and convincing. Without these words, the writer may fail to establish a clear connection between different parts of the text.3. Demonstrating Similarity and Contrast:Linking words like "similarly," "likewise," and "on the contrary" are used to highlight similarities or differences between ideas, arguments, or examples. These words enable the writer to present a balanced view, showcasing various perspectives and enhancing the overall credibility of the text.4. Presenting Examples:Linking words such as "for example," "for instance," and "specifically" are crucial for providing examples and supporting evidence. They help to illustrate the writer's point of view and make the text more engaging and persuasive. Without these words, the writing may lack concrete evidence and appear vague or unconvincing.5. Sequencing Ideas:Linking words like "firstly," "secondly," and "finally" are used to organize ideas in a logical sequence. They provide a clear structure and enable the reader to follow the writer's thought process effortlessly. Without these words, the text may lack coherence and appear disorganized.Conclusion:In conclusion, the use of linking words is paramount in English writing as they enhance coherence, express cause and effect relationships, demonstrate similarity andcontrast, present examples, and sequence ideas. By incorporating these words effectively, writers can improve the overall quality of their compositions and ensure a smooth flow of ideas. Therefore, mastering the usage of linking words is essential for anyone aiming to excel in English writing.。
英语写作中推介语篇衔接与语义连贯应用作者:陈有明来源:《中学教学参考·语英版》2011年第11期背景:英语写作教学是英语教学的重点和难点。
学生写作只限于被动语言翻译,忽视句与句、内容、语言间的联系。
如何在写作中应用语篇衔接与连贯,使语言通顺自然,内容紧密且可读性强。
一、首先介绍语篇衔接与语义连贯(一)衔接。
语篇衔接通过单词或短语在句子间建立联系,把句子连成一定意义的文本。
常用方式有指代、替代、连接和词汇衔接。
1.指代:用代词表示语义,分为人称、指示、比较指代。
例:(1)I just meet your brother.He is a nice boy.(2)You failed the exam.This is bad news.(3)I asked for this bag,(4(He, This, the other, someone different为指代2.替代:指用某种形式替代文中词语,分为名词、动词和分句替代。
例:(1)My watch doesn’t work.(2)——(3)——I think so(one, does, so为名词替代、动词替代、分句替代3.连接:指两语段间联系。
通过表明两语段间关系预示另一语段的存在,从而建立衔接。
连接由连词、连接副词和介词来实现。
例:(1)We began to play football.However,it started to rain,so we went home.(however表示转折,so 表示因果)(2)I didn’t study.However, I still passed.(however表示转折)(3)The teacher blamed her.Because she was late for school.(because表示因果4.词汇衔接:通过重复上文出现的词实现语篇连贯。
包括两种,即复现和同现。
英语写作中过渡与衔接的常用方式书面表达的评分标准把衔接和连贯是作为核心标准来要求的。
之所以如此强调衔接和连贯,是因为这是构成语篇的最基本的条件。
语句间的连接成份是衡量衔接与连贯很重要的标准之一。
构成语篇连接成份的过渡词语,被称为“篇章纽带”,其语篇衔接作用是不言而喻的,学生要学会正确恰当地使用这些表示逻辑关系的关联词语,使文章前后连贯,结构紧凑,过渡自然。
表示顺序的:first, then, finally 等表示时间的:in the past, now, at present, in the future 等表示转折的:but, however; on the contrary, in the mean while, at the same time, instead, unfortunately, after all 等表示递进的:What's more, besides, even, moreover, furthermore 等表示并列的:as well as, both...and, neither...nor, either...or, some... some...等表示因果的:because, as, now that, so, therefore 等表示列举的:for example, for instance, such as 等表示总结的:in a word, in all, in short, in brief, in conclusion 等表示对比的:while, on one hand, on the other hand, in the same way, just as 等表示程度的:first of all, above all, again and again等表示强调的:indeed, certainly, of course, surely, above all 等。
2016.1~2黑龙江教育·理论与实践衔接(cohesion )指文章中从句、句子之间表达连接的方式,是区分孤立的句子与语篇的特质。
词汇衔接作为衔接的一种重要方式,在学术英语写作中起着十分重要的作用。
词汇衔接运用恰当与否直接影响文章的可读性、观点的可理解性及清晰性。
因此,学习者不仅要理解词汇衔接方法,还要能在写作实践中运用。
本文旨在提高英语学习者运用这一方法的自觉意识,认识它在学术英语写作中的重要作用,同时试图在教学方法和技巧上提出一些有助于克服写作困难的建议。
一、语篇衔接在写作中的重要性20世纪60年代,随着对语篇研究的进展,语篇衔接理论应运而生。
1976年,英国著名语言学家韩礼德和哈桑合著的《语篇的衔接》一书的出版,衔接一词正式成为语言学中一个重要的术语而被广泛地应用。
他们最先提出语篇中衔接系统分析法,认为语义关系是通过语法和词汇衔接建立起来,并把衔接分为指称、替代、省略、连接、词汇衔接5种。
策略性运用主题述位范式和时态之间应是衔接的。
然而,在学术英语写作教材中多数以提高语法衔接能力为目的的特色活动却常常被忽视。
因此当学生在学术英语写作中要将语法衔接运用到合理水平时,他们的词汇衔接应用能力就显得比较有限,有时甚至是偶然做到的。
二、词汇衔接的主要形式词汇衔接是实现衔接的另一种手法。
词汇衔接是通过对词义的选择来达到衔接的目的的一种衔接手法。
韩礼德、哈桑(1976)将词汇衔接分为两类:重复和搭配。
下面介绍词汇衔接的几种主要形式。
(一)重复重复可简单亦可复杂。
简单重复包括相同形式的重复单词,而复杂重复则运用派生形式。
这种衔接方法似乎在学术英语课文中占有最显著的地位,它使写作者将重要主题重新引入语篇中。
成功写作者通常在文章转折处重复写作提示语的关键词,如主题、事实支撑句。
这正好在提示语和回答之间建立词义联结,并使写作者表明他们在回答问题。
在运用重复时,学习者会遇到很多挑战。
首先,他们可能会在全文写作中,而不是在承上启下处过渡使用重复和复述单词,给人造成文章写得很单调的感觉。
初高中英语写作中常见的句子衔接与过渡技巧英语写作是学生们学习英语的重要环节之一。
在写作过程中,句子的衔接和过渡是非常关键的,它们可以使文章的逻辑更加清晰,内容更加连贯。
本文将介绍一些初高中英语写作中常见的句子衔接与过渡技巧,希望能对同学们的写作有所帮助。
一、顺承衔接在写作中,我们常常需要表达相似或相关的观点。
这时,我们可以使用顺承衔接词来连接句子,使文章更加连贯。
例如,我们可以使用“in addition”、“furthermore”、“moreover”等词来表示增加的观点。
另外,我们还可以使用“likewise”、“similarly”、“equally”等词来表示相似的观点。
通过使用这些词语,我们可以使文章的内容更加丰富,逻辑更加清晰。
二、转折衔接有时候,我们需要在文章中表达相反或对立的观点。
为了使文章的逻辑更加明确,我们可以使用转折衔接词来连接句子。
例如,我们可以使用“however”、“but”、“although”等词来表示转折的观点。
此外,我们还可以使用“on the other hand”、“in contrast”等词来表示对立的观点。
通过使用这些词语,我们可以使文章更加有层次感,读者也能更好地理解我们的观点。
三、因果衔接在写作中,我们常常需要表达因果关系。
为了使文章的逻辑更加严谨,我们可以使用因果衔接词来连接句子。
例如,我们可以使用“because”、“since”、“as a result”等词来表示因果关系。
此外,我们还可以使用“therefore”、“thus”等词来表示结果。
通过使用这些词语,我们可以使文章的逻辑关系更加明确,读者也能更好地理解我们的观点。
四、总结衔接在写作的结尾部分,我们常常需要对文章进行总结。
为了使总结更加自然流畅,我们可以使用总结衔接词来连接句子。
例如,我们可以使用“in conclusion”、“to sum up”、“in summary”等词来表示总结。
浅谈英语对话中语篇连贯的办法语言教学的最终目的是培养学生以书面和口头的形式进行交际。
实际交际中要善于运用词汇衔接、音韵衔接,副语言特征和话语标记语,以达到成功的语言交流。
英语会话中缺乏语篇的连贯和衔接会导致语义含混甚至交际失败,因而外语学习者有必须研究衔接连贯手段,使交际能够流利顺畅地进行。
本文将从词汇衔接、音韵衔接、副语言特征、话语标记语等方面进行分析。
一、词汇衔接词汇衔接是指跨越句际的两个或多个词项相互之间词汇意义上的联系,即通过词汇的选择运用在语篇中建立一个贯穿篇章的链条来达到连贯的目的。
这些词汇或重复或由其它词语替代或共同出现,从而构成语篇会话的连贯性和完整性,以保证会话或语义取得统一,衔接语篇。
英语会话中经常使用这些方法,现举例如下:(1)He bought some bread, milk and oranges. The oranges are to make a dessert.(关键词的重复。
他买了一些面包、牛奶和桔子。
桔子用来作甜点。
)(2)He knew that this was a good way of bringing the violent, refractory Sunfu to heel.( 泛指词的运用。
他知道用这法门可以折服那刚愎狠辣的吴荪福。
)(3)I took leave, and turned to the as? I cent of the peak. The climb is perfectly easy.( 词的相似性。
我离开了,返身去攀登山峰,攀登轻松极了。
二、音韵衔接音韵在语篇中的衔接机制是最普遍且非常重要的。
英语的音韵包括话语语流中的语调和韵律特征。
一般说来口语中用升调表示疑问抑或否定,用降调表示肯定,用重音强调某一特定的语意,用音的高低长短变化使会话语篇的主次分明等等。
下例中A用的语调不同,导致B作出不同的回答。
试分析:(1)A:I can’t make bread.?坨(用降调,陈述事实。
一一一一一一一语言学研究本栏目责任编辑:谢媛媛英语语篇中的语义衔接池春姬(延边大学护理学院,吉林延吉133002)摘要:衔接理论是20世纪70年代初英国语言学家Halliday 和Hasan 提出来的。
当句子进入语段、语篇时,需要一些手段来建立句子之间的语义联系。
衔接是表层语篇的语言成分在词汇、语法或音位上有意义地相互连接的方式。
衔接是语篇创作中最常用,最有效的语言手段。
关键词:语篇;语义;衔接;连贯中图分类号:H0文献标识码:A文章编号:1009-5039(2016)18-0185-021概述英语中语篇(discourse)不论是口形式还是书面形式,都是一些意义相关的句子通过一定连接手段合乎逻辑地组织起来的语义整体。
构成话语或语篇的句子必须意义相关,这是一个最起码的条件,如果各个句子不围绕同一话题,不管它们的结构如何完整,也不可能连句成篇。
如果加上一些过渡词,显示句子与句子之间的逻辑关系,这就能贯通思想的脉络,并形成语篇所必须具有的黏着性和连贯性。
句子与句子之间的黏着性和连贯性是任何语篇形式的特征。
当句子进入语段、语段进入语篇时,往往要用一些连接手段把句子和句子、语段与语段,有时甚至是段落与段落连接起来,使它们之间建立起各种各样的语义关系,并使整个语篇在意义上具有连贯性(co⁃hence)。
2衔接衔接和连贯都属于韩礼德功能语法中的语篇纯理功能,有很强的实用性和实践性。
我们在谈到语篇中的衔接现象时常常会涉及“连贯”(coherence)。
衔接是表层语篇的语言成分在词汇、语法或音位上有意义地相互连接的方式是语片的有形网络(Beaugrande &Dressler,1981)。
连贯是一个语义概念,指的是语片中语义的关联,换言之,语篇必须是“有意义”的。
它是心理现象,它存在于发话者的头脑中,无法在语篇层面上找到线索。
有人认为,衔接是语篇的有形网络,而连贯是语篇整体意义的无形框架。
连贯不但要依靠语篇表层结构中各个句子之间的衔接,而且要符合语义、语用和认知原则。
英语语篇中的词汇衔接方式分析作者:廖珂来源:《青年时代》2017年第02期摘要:英语是高中学习中非常重要的一个部分,也是培养语言思维能力转变的关键。
对于我们高中生来讲,要正确理解语篇中的意义,掌握其中的基础知识,就要做到词语的良好衔接。
除了要明确衔接中的作用外,还要提升语篇的分析和处理能力,达到提升英语成绩的目的。
因此,本文从词语的衔接关系以及重要性入手,对衔接方式进行研究。
关键词:英语语篇;词语衔接;方式分析随着世界一体化进程的不断加快,语言的适用性也越来越强。
作为高中生的我们,除了要掌握基本的生词和词组外,还要能够做到语序的通顺化与语篇的有效衔接。
这对于我们阅读能力和写作能力的提升都有着很大的帮助。
因此,读者要在学习中体会到文章的主旨,准确把握其中的主题,就要运用词语衔接方式进行变通。
一、词语衔接关系的内涵从词语衔接的定义上来看,它主要是指在语篇中建立连续性的语言链条。
在成篇的过程中,我们要将词连成词组,再将词组绘制成句式,最终形成一个新的篇幅。
在此过程中,词汇起到了最为关键的作用,它既是最基础的组成部分,也使得语篇能够成为一个整体,实现最高级的转换。
一般来讲,语篇在高中英语学习中主要以“阅读”的形式呈现出来,而我们又在阅读中不断积累词语,学习课堂中没有了解到的内容,为写作材料的形成奠定基础。
因此,它在高中英语中是非常重要的。
按照类型来划分,词语衔接关系主要分为两大部分,第一,复现关系[1]。
它是指将一类词语归结到一起,从而形成的语篇。
例如:同义词、近义词、反义词等等。
第二,同现关系。
它是指将在一个篇幅中出现次数最多的词语,它具有倾向性与导向性,便于语篇格局的形成。
总体而言,词语衔接关系不是话题的随意展开方式,它是语言的组织优化以及最佳排列方式[2]。
二、词语衔接关系在语篇衔接中的应用(一)复现关系复现关系的应用是最为全面化一种。
通常在文章的开头作者会引出主题,并围绕着一个具体的主旨做出相应的导向,形成语篇的基本框架。
英文作文中的衔接英文:When it comes to writing an essay, one of the most important things to consider is how to effectively connect your ideas together. In order to create a cohesive and logical piece of writing, it is crucial to use appropriate transitional phrases and words.Firstly, it is important to use transitional phrases to connect ideas within a paragraph. For example, phrases like "in addition," "furthermore," and "moreover" can be used to add information to a point. On the other hand, phrases like "however," "nevertheless," and "on the other hand" can be used to introduce a contrasting idea.Secondly, it is important to use transitional words to connect ideas between paragraphs. For example, words like "therefore," "thus," and "consequently" can be used to show the result or consequence of a previous idea. Similarly,words like "meanwhile," "in contrast," and "however" can be used to show a comparison or contrast between two ideas.Overall, using transitional phrases and words is essential for creating a well-written and cohesive essay. It helps to guide the reader through the ideas and arguments presented in the essay, making it easier for them to understand and follow.中文:写作时,最重要的一点就是如何有效地连接你的思路。
书面英语中语义的词汇衔接Lexical Cohesion of Meaning in Written English 一个段落,乃至一篇文章的内容除了在语义上应该保持连贯以外,还需要做到语义上的衔接(cohesion)。
连贯好比是钢筋混凝土浇铸成的楼房主体,人们看不出其组成成分。
衔接好比是砖与砖之间的砂浆,我们能看出它把砖连接在一起的情形。
连贯是目的,衔接是手段。
连贯避免逻辑混乱,衔接是消除前言不搭后语(incohesion)、繁复啰嗦(superfluous)、词语贫乏(flat or monotonous)和赘言(redundant)的有效方法。
请看下面三篇文章:(A) Diligence is one of the essentials for success. If a worker wants to make some achievements by trade, he must devote himself to his job and work hard. Practicing English, for example, needs much time and your energy. So if you want to speak well in English, you must be diligent…这个段落的主题句写得很好,紧接着的第一层支撑句也没问题,但是第二层支撑句的意思由于突如其来了一个第二人称代词“you”就和第一层意思有些脱节,衔接不上,前言不搭后语。
如果要把“学生”和“工人”进行类比,第三句里需要出现与上文语义相衔接的词语。
比如,我们把第三句和后面的句子改写成“Like a worker, a student also needs to make efforts in his studies. For example, practicing oral English needs his much time and energy. If he keeps practice every day, he will be sure to speak English well.”这样第三句“like a worker”里的“a worker”和第二句的“a worker”,“make efforts”和“work hard”形成了照应;第四句的“practice”和第三句中的“practicing”,“much…energy”和“make efforts”构成了衔接关系,整个语段的意思就连贯了。
(B)Great changes have taken place in my old school. Pupils study in spacious and bright classrooms. The villages, who once prevented their children from going to school, now like to send their children to the new school. The pupils are very happy to listen to their teachers every day.本段第三句中的“children”和“the new school”,第四句中的“pupils”均表现出作者词汇的贫乏单调和语义的繁冗。
如果把第三句中的“children”改成“sons and daughters”,把“the new school”改为“it”,把第四句的“pupils”改为“boys and girls”语言就较为顺畅了。
解决上述问题,要靠用于衔接的照应(anaphora)手段。
照应可以分为前照应(anaphoric reference)和后照应(cataphoric reference),或称回指和下指。
例如:The teacher I like best is John, an American teacher.我们用得最多的是词汇衔接(lexical cohesion)和指称衔接(referential cohesion),本节先讨论词汇衔接。
词汇衔接主要通过替代(substitution)来实现。
在连贯的语篇(discourse)——任何意义完整的句群——中,如果前述内容在下文中再次或多次提及时,我们总是采取替代的方式予以照应。
就是说,改变一种说法来体现语义的衔接,否则就会过于繁冗。
例如:(C) Yesterday Mary bought three dresses. She bought a yellow dress, a green dress, and a white dress.在这个语段中,“dress”一共用了四次,很繁冗。
若做如下改动,就好多了:(C1) Yesterday Mary bought three garments: a yellow dress, a green skirt, and a white shirt.在书面表达中,我们经常用到的替代方式有:下义关系、同义关系、借代、提喻、重复关系等。
1. 下义关系下义关系(hyponym)是指词与词之间的一种语义关系,其中一个或多个词的意义包含在另一个词的意义之内。
例如:cat是animal的下义词,chair是furniture的下义词,各对之间的关系就是下义关系。
在写作时,人们可以利用下义关系使文章内容上下照应。
同时,还可以使文章生动、活泼、有趣。
例如:Model 1An EnjoymentOn the New Year’s Eve our family members got together to enjoy the evening party coming from CCTV.All my family burst into laughter while watching a short comic play. The play was chiefly performed by Zhao Lirong, a comic actress enjoying a nation-wide reputation. When she posed herself as a Chinese boxer, we all laughed. My younger sister giggled. My brother grinned. Mysister-in-law leered with a sneer. I myself guffawed, “What a fun!” My little nephew chortled very much. My mother smiled from ear to ear. Even my father gave a chuckle though he usually looks grave in his appearance as a judge.We all enjoyed ourselves very much throughout the party.Note: grin(露齿而笑),leer with a sneer(斜眼冷笑),guffaw(大笑着说),chortle(哈哈大笑),chuckle(窃笑)。
2. 同义关系两个意义相同(same/identical)或相近(similar)的词是同义词(synonym), 它们之间的关系成为同义关系(synonym)。
但是,这种关系是有条件的,即只有在某些语境或上下文中,两者才同义。
例如:I must buy/get some more stamps at the post office. I got/gained more stamps from my father as my birthday present.Model 2How to Overcome the Fear of DeathSome old people are oppressed by the fear of death. They are terribly wrong.The best way to overcome it—so that at least it seems to me—is to make your interest gradually wider and more impersonal. Thus, the walls of self will recede bit by bit, and your life will become increasingly merged in the universal life. An individual human existence should b like a river—small at first, narrowly contained within its banks, and rushing passionately past boulders and over waterfalls. Gradually the river grows wider, the banks move back, the waters floe more quietly, and in the end without any visible break, they become merged in the sea, and painlessly lose their individual being. The man, in old age, can see his life in this way, will not suffer from the fear of death, since the things he cares for will continue. And if, with the decay of vitality, weariness increases, the thought of rest will be not unwelcome. I should wish to die while still at work, knowing that others will carry on what I can no longer do…Death, like birth, is a natural thing which nobody can escape from. If man all takes an active attitude toward it, he will bravely go to meet it when his life ends up with fulfillment.(根据New Concept English第四册短文改写) 这篇文章里有四组同义词:death,die,rest(长眠)和end up;recede和move back;existence 和being;interest和cares for。