report on responses to the code of practice

What is prompt engineering?Prompt engineering is the craft of designing and refining inputs (prompts) to elicit the desired output from AI language models. It requires a blend of creativity, understanding of the model’s capabilities, and strategic structuring of the question or statement to guide the AI towards providing accurate, relevant, and useful responses. Prompt engineering improves communication between humans and machines, ensuring the resulting interaction is efficient and effective.Why is prompt engineering important?Prompt engineering is crucial because it influences the performance and utility of AI language models. The quality of the input determines the relevance and accuracy of the AI’s response, making prompt engineering a pivotal skill for anyone looking to harness the full potential of these powerful tools. Prompt engineering is not only for prompt engineers. By effectively communicating with AI, anyone can unlock insights, generate ideas, and solve problems more efficiently.Here are several reasons why prompt engineering is important: •Improves accuracy: Well-crafted prompts lead to more precise answers, reducing the likelihood of misinterpretation orirrelevant responses from the AI.•Saves time: Prompt engineering streamlines interactions with the AI by getting the desired information in fewer attempts,saving valuable time for users.•Facilitates complex tasks: Complex tasks require complex understanding; good prompts translate intricate questions intoa form that AI can process effectively.•Improves user experience: A user’s experience with an AI system can greatly improve when the prompts lead to clear,concise, and contextually appropriate answers.•Enables better outcomes: In areas such as coding, content creation, and data analysis, well-engineered prompts can leadto higher-quality outcomes by leveraging AI’s capabilities tothe fullest.•Drives innovation: As we better understand how tocommunicate with AI, we can push the boundaries of what’spossible, leading to innovative applications and solutions.10 Prompt engineering best practicesCrafting effective prompts for AI can improve the quality and relevance of the responses you receive. This expertise requires a nuanced understanding of how AI interprets and processes natural language inputs. Ahead, we explore ten AI prompt engineering best practices to help you communicate with AI more effectively:1. Be as specific as possibleSpecificity is key to obtaining the most accurate and relevant information from an AI when writing prompts. A specific prompt minimizes ambiguity, allowing the AI to understand the request’s context and nuance, preventing it from providing overly broad or unrelated responses. To achieve this, include as many relevant details as possible without overloading the AI with superfluous information. This balance ensures that the AI has just enough guidance to produce the specific outcome you’re aiming for.When creating the best prompts for an AI, ask for the following specifics:•Detailed context: Provide the AI with enough background information to understand the scenario you’re inquiring about.This includes the subject matter, scope, and any relevantconstraints.•Desired format: Clearly specify the format in which you want the information to be presented, whether it’s a list, a detailedreport, bullet points, or a summary. Mention any structuralpreferences, such as headings, subheadings, or paragraphlimits.•Output length: Detail how long you want the AI’s response, whether “3paragraphs” or “250words.”•Level of detail: Indicate the level of detail required for the response, from high-level overviews to in-depth analysis, toensure the model’s output matches your informational needs. •Tone and style: Request the preferred tone and style, whether it’s formal, conversational, persuasive, or informational, tomake sure the output aligns with your intended audience orpurpose.•Examples and comparisons: Ask the AI to include examples, analogies, or comparisons to clarify complex concepts or make the information more relatable and easily understood.Prompt Example:Please provide an outline for a comprehensive report that analyzes the current trends in social media marketing for technology companies, focusing on the developments from 2020 onward.The outline should include an introduction, three main sections addressing different aspects of social media trends, and a conclusion summarizing the findings. Please suggest the types of graphs that could illustrate user engagement trends and list bullet points that summarize key marketing strategies in each section. 2. Supply the AI with examplesIncorporating examples into your prompts is a powerful technique to steer the AI’s responses in the desired direction. By providing examples as you write prompts, you set a precedent for the type of information or response you expect. This practice is particularly useful for complex tasks where the desired output might be ambiguous or for creative tasks with more than one correct answer. When you supply the AI with examples, ensure they represent the quality and style of your desired result. This strategy clarifies your expectations and helps the AI model its responses after the examples provided, leading to more accurate and tailored outputs. Here are some example types you could provide to an AI to help guide it toward generating the best response possible:•Sample texts: Share excerpts reflecting the style, tone, and content you want the AI to replicate.•Data formats: To guide the AI’s output, provide specific data structures, such as table layouts or spreadsheet formats.•Templates for documents: Offer templates to ensure the AI’s response follows a desired structure and format.•Code snippets: Provide code examples if you need help with programming tasks to ensure correct syntax and logic. •Graphs and charts examples: If you’re asking the AI to create similar graphics, share samples of visual data representation.•Marketing copy: If you’re crafting marketing content, present ad copy that aligns with your brand’s voice for the AI to mimic. Prompt Example:Create a comparison table for two project management tools, Tool A and Tool B.Include the following categories: Price, Key Features, User Reviews, and Support Options. For instance, under Key Features, list things like ‘Task Assignment’,‘Time Tracking’, and ‘File Sharing’.The format should mirror something like this:Please ensure the table is concise and suitable for inclusion in a business report.3. Get better answers by providing dataIncorporating specific and relevant data into your prompts significantly enhances the quality of AI-generated responses, providing a solid foundation for the AI to understand the context and craft precise answers. Providing data that includes numerical values, dates, or categories, organized in a clear and structured way, allows for detailed analysis and decision-making. It’s essential to give context to the data and, when possible, to cite its source, lending credibility and clarity to the specific task, whether for quantitative analysis or comparisons.To ensure the AI delivers the most relevant and insightful answers, always use updated and well-organized information, and if comparisons are needed, establish clear parameters. Supplying the AI with concrete, contextualized data transforms raw figures into intelligible and actionable insights. Data-driven prompts are particularly valuable in tasks requiring a deep dive into numbers, trends, or patterns, enabling the AI to generate outputs that can effectively inform business strategies or research conclusions.Prompt Example:Please analyze the sales data from the first quarter of 2024 provided in the attached PDF document. I need a summary that identifies our best-selling product, the overall sales trend, and any notable patterns in customer purchases.The PDF contains detailed monthly sales units for three products: Product A, Product B, and Product C. After reviewing the data, summarize your findings in a concise paragraph that is suitable for a business meeting. Highlight significant increases or decreases in sales and offer insights into potential factors driving these trends. 4. Specify your desired outputWhen engaging with AI, articulate the precise format and structure you expect in the response. Specify whether you require a detailedreport, a summary, bullet points, or a narrative form to ensure the AI tailors its output to your needs.Indicate any preferences such as tone, style, and the inclusion of certain elements like headings or subheadings. By clearly defining your desired output, you guide the AI to deliver information that aligns seamlessly with your intended use.Prompt Example:Create a comprehensive overview of the key milestones in the history of software development. The output should be structured as a timeline with bullet points, each bullet including the year, the milestone event, and a brief description of its significance. Start from the 1980s. The tone should be educational. Please limit the overview to ten major milestones to maintain conciseness.5. Provide instructions on what to do instead of what not to doWhen constructing prompts for AI, it’s more effective to direct the system toward the desired action rather than detailing what it should avoid. This positive instruction approach reduces ambiguity and focuses the AI’s processing power on generating constructive outcomes.Negative instructions often require the AI to interpret and invert them, increasing the cognitive load and potential for misunderstanding. By clearly stating the intended actions, you enable the AI to apply its capabilities directly to fulfilling the task at hand, improving the efficiency and accuracy of the response.Prompt Examples:•Avoid: “Don’t write too much detail. → Use Instead: “Please provide a concise summary.”•Avoid: “Avoid using technical jargon.”→ Use Instead: “Use clear and simple language accessible to a general audience.”•Avoid: “Don’t give examples from before the year 2000.”→ Use Instead: “Provide examples from the year 2000 onwards.”6. Give the model a persona or frame of referenceAssigning a persona or a specific frame of reference to an AI model can significantly enhance the relevance and precision of its output. By doing so, you get more relevant responses, aligned with a particular perspective or expertise, ensuring that the information provided meets the unique requirements of your query.This approach is especially beneficial in business contexts where domain-specific knowledge is pivotal, as it guides the AI to utilize a tone and terminology appropriate for the given scenario. The persona also helps set the right expectations and can make interactions with the AI more relatable and engaging for the end user.Prompt Example:Imagine you are a seasoned marketing consultant. Please draft an email to a new startup client outlining three digital marketing strategies tailored for their upcoming product launch (see attached PDF for details).Include key performance indicators (KPIs) for each strategy that will help track their campaign’s success. Ensure the tone is encouraging and professional, imparting confidence in your expertise.7. Try chain of thought promptingChain of thought prompting is a technique that elicits a more deliberate and explanatory response from an AI by specifically asking it to detail the reasoning behind its answer. By prompting the AI to articulate the steps it takes to reach a conclusion, users can better understand the logic employed and the reliability of the response.This approach is particularly useful when tackling complex problems or when the reasoning process itself is as important as the answer. It ensures a deeper level of problem-solving and provides a learning opportunity for the user to see a modeled approach to reasoning.Prompt Example:Imagine you are a software engineer tasked with optimizing this piece of software for performance:[Insert code block]Use the following chain of thought to guide your approach:•Performance profiling: Start with how you would profile the software to identify current performance bottlenecks.•Optimization techniques: Discuss the specific techniques you would consider to address the identified bottlenecks, such asalgorithm optimization, code refactoring, or hardwareacceleration.•Testing and validation: Describe your method for testing the optimized software to ensure that the changes have had thedesired effect and have not introduced new issues.•Implementation strategy: Finally, outline how you would safely implement the optimized code into the production environment, ensuring minimal disruption.Conclude with a summary of the key steps in the optimization process and how you would document and maintain the improvements over time.8. Split complex tasks into simpler onesWhen dealing with complex tasks, breaking them into simpler, more manageable components can make them more approachable for an AI. Using step by step instructions helps prevent the AI frombecoming overwhelmed and ensures that each part of the task is handled with attention to detail.Additionally, this approach allows for easier monitoring and adjustment of each step, facilitating better quality control throughout the process. By compartmentalizing tasks, the AI can also use its resources more efficiently, allocating the necessary attention where it’s most needed, resulting in a more effective problem-solving strategy.Prompt Example:Avoid a single broad prompt:•“Write a 1500-word article on the impact of AI on remote work.”Try an initial prompt and follow-up prompts instead: •“Develop a detailed outline for a 1500-word article titled ‘Revolutionizing Remote Work: The Role of AI for TechProfessionals.’ The outline should include an engagingintroduction, three main sections titled ‘Enhancing Productivity with AI Tools,’‘AI-Driven Communication Optimization,’ and‘Advanced Project Management through AI,’ plus a conclusion that offers a perspective on future developments.”•“Compose a detailed introduction for the article‘Revolutio nizing Remote Work: The Role of AI for TechProfessionals.’ The introduction should be 150-200 words,setting the stage for how AI is changing the game for remoteworkers in the tech industry, and providing a hook that willentice tech professionals to continue reading.”9. Understand the model’s shortcomingsIn crafting prompts for an AI, recognize the model’s limitations to set realistic expectations. Prompting AI to perform tasks it’s not designed for, such as interacting with external databases or providing real-time updates, will lead to ineffective and potentially misleading outputs called AI hallucinations.Here are some known shortcomings of AI models:•Lack of real-time data processing, as the knowledge is up-to-date only until the last training cut-off.•Inability to access or retrieve personal data unless it has been shared during the interaction.•No direct interaction with external software, databases, or live web content.•Potential bias in the data, as AI models can inadvertently learn and replicate biases present in their training data.•Limited understanding of context can lead to less nuanced responses in complex or ambiguous situations.•The absence of personal experiences or emotions means the AI cannot form genuine, empathetic connections or offerpersonal anecdotes.10. Take an experimental approach to promptingPrompt engineering is an emergent field that necessitates an experimental mindset. As you navigate this new territory, use an iterative process to test various prompts, paying careful attention to how slight modifications can significantly alter the AI’s responses. You’ll only learn how models respond by testing them.While maintaining a commitment to AI privacy and ethical standards is key, don’t hesitate to explore diverse phrasings and structures to discover the most effective prompts. This trial-and-error process can yield better results and contribute to a broader understanding of how large language models interpret and act on different types of instructions.。

12月四级第二套听力原文12月四级第二套听力原文内容如下：Section ANews Report 1(1) Have you noticed how similar you are to your friends? It may be because your brains operate in harmony with each other.We know that friends are more likely to be the same age, gender, and ethnic background as each other. Now it seems their brains are alike,too.Researchers at the University of California scanned the brains of 42 classmates while they watched videos intended to provoke varying responses. Some people might find a romantic scene touching, for instance, while others would feel it was embarrassing.The activity of friends'brains was more similar than that of people who didn't know each other, particularly in regions involved in attention, emotion, and language. This similarity was strong enough that it could be used to predict whether two people were already friends or not.(2) The relationship probably goes two ways:we are drawn to people who think like us;we then influence their thoughts over time, which may push their brain activity into more closely resembling our own.Questions1and2are based on the news report you have justheard.Q1:What may be the reason that friends are similar to each other according to the recent research?Q2:What does the news report say about the relationship between friends?News Report 2Two men who have been best friends for 60 years have just realized they are actually brothers.It's reported that Alan Robinson and Walter McDonald met in the 6th grade at a school in Hawaii. They have been best friends ever since.Alan was given away for adoption soon after he was born, and Walter never knew his father.So recently, (3) they made separate attempts on DNA matching websites to discover more about their ancestry.Walter was astonished to find that he matched with website user "Robi737". He knew immediately that this was his best friend, Alan, whose friends call him Robi, and flew 737 airplanes when he was a pilot.(4) The pair were born to the same mother 15 months apart.Questions3and4are based on the news report you have just heard.Q3.What did both Alan Robinson and Walter McDonald attempt to do on DNA matching websites?Q4.What did the news report say about Alan Robinson and Walter McDonald?News Report 3Amid all the election drama, air pollution problems and disease outbreaks, five tourists'good work is being spread online.Yesterday, two male and three female tourists were spotted walking the kilometer-long beach, picking up trash.One of the male tourists from Australia commented that although there was a lot of trash, nobody was doing anything. The beach was not as nice or beautiful as it should be. (5) He felt so sad to see such a gorgeous place littered with so much trash.Thus, he and his friends decided to grab a few trash bags and clean it all up.(6) A man passing by decided to video their good deed and put it on the Internet.It was unclear where the rest of the group was from, but they were most likely traveling together.(7) One local woman commented on being embarrassed that tourists were cleaning up their beach.Another mentioned that it was actually the natives who brought food and drinks, then left trash all along the island.。

上海外语口译证书考试：2021英语高级口译岗位资格证书考试真题模拟及答案(1)1、What is the most important step toward tackling climate change?（单选题）A. Urgently recalibrate our responses to enviromental crisis.B. More government spending.C. More research to demonstrate the link between economy and environment.D. Give nature a bailout.试题答案：A2、The author of the text puts the word “deepest” (line 13, paragraph 3) in quotation marks most probably in order to ______.（单选题）A. signal her reservations about the accuracy of psychohistorians’ claims for their workB. draw attention to a contradiction in the psychohistorians’ methodC. emphasize the major difference between the traditional historians’ method and that of psychohistoriansD. disassociate her opinion of the psychohistorians’ claims from her opinion of their method试题答案：A3、市政基础设施工程（）应当编制详尽的交通组织方案，报相关部门审查批准。

北京化工大学学位英语考试真题全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1The Beijing University of Chemical Technology English Proficiency Test - A Harrowing ExperienceYou know that feeling of dread and anxiety that just washes over you before a major exam? That was me last semester as I prepared for the infamous Beijing University of Chemical Technology English Proficiency Test that all graduate students must pass to get their Master's degree. I had heard the horror stories from older students about how brutally difficult it was, but I tried to stay positive and study as hard as I could.The first section of the test was listening comprehension. I thought I was relatively well-prepared after doing hundreds of practice questions. But when those headphones went on and the test began, it was like they recruited the world's fastest auctioneers to record the audio passages. I was frantically scribbling notes, trying to catch every word, while the narrators blazed through extremely technical terminology about polymer synthesis and catalytic processes at a blistering pace. By the timeeach passage ended, my hand was cramped and I could barely decipher my scratch paper chicken scratches. Needless to say, I struggled mightily on that section.Next up was reading comprehension, which was my personal house of horrors. Rather than straightforward articles, the test served up excruciatingly dense academic journal pieces loaded with indecipherable jargon about biomass pyrolysis kinetics and computational fluid dynamics modeling of reactive distillation columns. I'm fairly certain that well over half the vocabulary was new to me. The questions were not the typical "what was the main idea" types, but ruthlessly specific inquiries about obscure data points buried in th8-point font tables or linguistic particulars used in one single sentence. I'm quite confident my score in that section could have doubled as my body temperature while taking it.The writing section allowed a brief respite from the onslaught, until I was confronted with the prompts which seemed to have been conceived andwritten by mischievous BUCT sadists. One prompt instructed me to summarize, compare, and analyze several viewpoints from a multi-page text discussing the civil and environmental impacts of developing shale gas reserves through hydraulic fracturing. Another gleefully askedme to weigh the pros and cons of teaching controversial scientific topics like evolution and climate change in public school science curricula. Basically, they picked topics requiring highly technical background knowledge that the vast majority of humanities graduates simply don't possess. I typed and typed, hemorrhaging precious time while trying to contort my limited understanding into coherent, substantive analysis.Finally, after over three hours of mental rapids, physical fatigue had set in, and I could feel my cognitive stamina waning for that final sprint, the speaking section. I had to give presentations and engage in roleplay activities judged by my diction, coherence, vocabulary, grammar, and overall fluency. Things started okay, until one particularly sadistic judge asked me to compare and contrast the toxicology impacts of various metallic nanoparticles used in cleantech applications like photocatalysis and photoelectrochemical water splitting. By this point, my brain capacity was all but drained, and all I could muster in response was a feeble "Umm... nanoparticles of metals can be toxic if exposure occurs... but the specifics depend on the material and uh... exposure pathways..." Needless to say, it was a rather ingloriousculmination.In the aftermath, I awaited the results with no small amount of trepidation. When my scores finally arrived, it was a narrative of pain - I had tragically failed the listening, reading, and speaking sections while just barely squeaking by on the writing portion. Crushed, I knew I had no choice but to endure this torturous rite of passage once more in the coming semester if I wanted to obtain that elusive Master's diploma.So there you have it, the unvarnished tale of the BUCT English Proficiency Exam straight from the trenches. For any prospective students out there, learn from my tribulations. Study, study, study, and above all, make peace with whatever higher power you believe in. You'll need fortitude, perseverance, and quite possibly divine intervention to survive this gauntlet. I know I'll be calling in all the assistance I can muster for my secondgo-around. Wish me luck!篇2The Beijing University of Chemical Technology English Proficiency TestI'll never forget the day I took the English proficiency exam required to graduate from Beijing University of ChemicalTechnology. It was a sunny spring Saturday, but my nerves had me feeling pretty cloudy as I entered the exam hall that morning.My university has very high standards when it comes to English ability for soon-to-be graduates. The test covers reading, writing, listening, and speaking at an advanced level. Passing it is mandatory to get your degree. No pressure, right?The written portion began first. We had two hours to complete the reading comprehension section and essay writing task. The reading passages were no joke - they covered complex topics like organic chemistry processes, polymer synthesis, and environmental regulations. The vocabulary was incredibly technical and specialized.I tried my best to analyze the details and nuances, showing my comprehension through the accompanying multiple choice questions. But I have to admit, some of the scientific jargon had me scratching my head. It made me wish I had spent more late nights in the library delving into my chemistry textbooks written in English!Then it was time for the dreaded essay. We could choose between two prompts about chemistry-related issues. I went with the one about innovations in green technology and renewable energy sources. Admittedly, this topic area wasn't mystrongest suit. But I did my best to construct a logical,well-supported argument using academic language and vocabulary I had practiced.After a short break, we regrouped for the listening section. We had to watch lectures and conversations about subject matter ranging from lab safety protocols to the history of the periodic table. The speakers talked so fast and used so many idioms! I furiously took notes, trying to identify key details to answer the comprehension questions.The last part was the speaking test, which had us going one-by-one to record responses to a series of prompts. I had to describe a complex scientific diagram, discuss an ethical dilemma, and propose a research idea - all while a proctor timed me with a stopwatch. My tongue felt tied at certain points as I grasped for the right technical terms in English. Presenting coherent thoughts under that pressure was really tough.When I finally turned in my exam materials, I felt simultaneously relieved and utterly drained. My brain was mush after wrestling with such high-level English for hours on end. I couldn't even decipher whether I had done well or not.About a month later, my score report came back: I had passed! While not an amazing score, it was enough to meet theminimum requirement. I could finally walk across that stage at graduation after so much hard work.Reflecting on the experience, I realize how valuable it was to be held to such a high English standard. As chemists, we don't operate in an isolated environment. Collaborating with international colleagues, comprehending academic literature, and presenting at global conferences requires excellent English abilities. Those skills will be critical as I move into my career.The Beijing University of Chemical Technology English Proficiency Test was undoubtedly one of the biggest academic challenges I faced. But I'm grateful for how it pushed me out of my comfort zone and motivated me to take my English to an advanced, professional level. Those skills will continue benefiting me for life after university.Maybe I'll even go on to publish my own chemistry research papers and textbooks someday - all in English, of course! That would be a true full-circle moment after the trials of this formidable exam. For now, I'll just revel in the satisfaction of meeting this crucial milestone and being fluently bilingual.篇3A Grueling Battle: My Experience with the BUCT English Proficiency ExamAs a student at the prestigious Beijing University of Chemical Technology, one of the most daunting challenges we face is the mandatory English Proficiency Exam. This exam is no mere formality – it is a true test of our linguistic abilities, designed to separate the wheat from the chaff, the English savants from the struggling learners.I still vividly remember the day when the exam date was announced. A collective groan echoed through the hallways, as if we had all been sentenced to a linguistic purgatory. The weight of the exam's importance was palpable, and the pressure to perform well was immense. After all, our futures depended heavily on this single assessment.The weeks leading up to the exam were a whirlwind of intense preparation. Study groups were formed, practice tests were devoured, and vocabularies were meticulously expanded. The campus library became a second home, with students huddled over tomes of English grammar and literary analysis, their brows furrowed in concentration.As the dreaded day approached, the atmosphere on campus grew increasingly tense. Sleep became a luxury, and caffeinebecame our closest ally. We found ourselves engaging in heated debates over the finer points of English syntax, as if our very lives depended on mastering the intricacies of the subjunctive mood.Finally, the day of reckoning arrived, and we found ourselves herded into the examination hall like lambs to the slaughter. The air was thick with anticipation and anxiety, as we took our assigned seats and stared down at the ominous test booklets before us.The first section was a marathon of reading comprehension, with passages that seemed to have been plucked from the most obscure and convoluted academic journals. As I waded through the dense thicket of technical jargon and esoteric references, I couldn't help but wonder if the exam creators had a sadistic streak.Next came the writing portion, where we were tasked with crafting a coherent and persuasive essay on a topic that seemed to have been deliberately chosen for its obscurity. I still shudder at the memory of attempting to weave together a compelling argument about the socio-economic implications of artisanal cheese production in rural Kyrgyzstan.The listening section was a true test of endurance, as we strained to decipher the heavily accented voices emanating fromthe speakers. It was as if the recordings had been purposefully distorted to mimic the garbled transmissions of a deep-space probe.Finally, the speaking portion arrived, where we were ushered into individual rooms and subjected to a barrage of probing questions from a panel of stern-faced examiners. It was an exercise in maintaining composure while feeling like a defendant on trial for linguistic crimes.As the exam drew to a close, we emerged from the examination hall like battle-weary soldiers, our spirits battered but our resolve intact. The camaraderie among us was palpable, as we shared tales of the linguistic horrors we had endured and commiserated over our collective suffering.In the weeks that followed, we anxiously awaited the results, our futures hanging in the balance. When the scores were finally released, there were tears of joy and anguish, as some celebrated their hard-earned triumphs while others mourned their perceived failures.Looking back on that experience, I can't help but feel a sense of pride and accomplishment. The BUCT English Proficiency Exam was a true baptism by fire, a crucible that forged us into stronger, more resilient individuals. It taught us that success isnot just about mastering a language, but about cultivating a deep reserves of perseverance and determination.To my fellow students who still have this challenge ahead of them, I offer these words of wisdom: embrace the struggle, for it is through adversity that we grow. Approach the exam not with fear, but with a sense of curiosity and a hunger for knowledge. And remember, even in the darkest moments, when the English language seems like an impenetrable fortress, there is always a glimmer of hope – a ray of linguistic enlightenment waiting to be discovered.For those who emerge victorious, the rewards are bountiful. But even for those who fall short, the lessons learned and the character forged will serve as invaluable assets in the journey that lies ahead. The BUCT English Proficiency Exam is not just a test, but a rite of passage – a crucible that shapes us into the scholars and professionals we aspire to become.。

2024福建专升本英语题目2024 Fujian Specialty Promotion Examination English SubjectIn the ever-evolving landscape of higher education, the annual Fujian Specialty Promotion Examination holds immense significance for individuals seeking to expand their academic horizons and unlock new opportunities. As the year 2024 approaches, the English subject within this examination presents a unique set of challenges and considerations for aspiring students.The Fujian Specialty Promotion Examination serves as a gateway for those aspiring to further their studies and embark on a new academic journey. The English subject, in particular, plays a crucial role in assessing the candidates' proficiency in the language which has become an essential tool for global communication and academic success. This examination not only evaluates the students' command of the English language but also their ability to comprehend and analyze complex information, think critically, and effectively communicate their ideas.One of the primary objectives of the English subject in the 2024 Fujian Specialty Promotion Examination is to assess the candidates'grasp of fundamental language skills such as grammar, vocabulary, and reading comprehension. Aspiring students must demonstrate their ability to understand and interpret a variety of texts, ranging from academic articles to literary works. This evaluation not only tests the candidates' linguistic abilities but also their capacity to engage with and extract relevant information from diverse sources.In addition to the emphasis on language proficiency, the English subject in the 2024 Fujian Specialty Promotion Examination also places a strong emphasis on the candidates' ability to express themselves effectively in writing. This component of the exam challenges the students to showcase their skills in organizing their thoughts, crafting coherent and well-structured responses, and communicating their ideas with clarity and precision. The writing tasks may encompass a range of genres, from persuasive essays to analytical responses, requiring the candidates to adapt their writing style and approach to the specific demands of each prompt.Another crucial aspect of the English subject in the 2024 Fujian Specialty Promotion Examination is the assessment of the candidates' listening and speaking skills. The exam may incorporate listening comprehension exercises, where students are required to demonstrate their ability to understand spoken English in various contexts, such as lectures, conversations, or presentations. The speaking component of the exam may involve tasks like individualinterviews, group discussions, or oral presentations, allowing the examiners to evaluate the candidates' fluency, pronunciation, and overall communicative competence in the English language.Preparing for the English subject in the 2024 Fujian Specialty Promotion Examination requires a comprehensive and strategic approach. Aspiring students must engage in extensive practice, both in terms of language skills and exam-specific techniques. This may involve regular reading of diverse English-language materials, engaging in conversation practice, and familiarizing themselves with the format and expectations of the examination.Furthermore, effective time management and examination strategies are crucial for success in the English subject. Candidates must learn to allocate their time efficiently, prioritize tasks, and develop techniques to address different question types effectively. Additionally, a strong foundation in exam-taking skills, such as effective reading, note-taking, and essay-writing strategies, can significantly contribute to the candidates' overall performance.In conclusion, the English subject in the 2024 Fujian Specialty Promotion Examination presents a multifaceted challenge for aspiring students. It demands a comprehensive understanding of the language, the ability to effectively communicate in various modes, and the strategic application of exam-specific skills. By dedicatedpreparation, unwavering commitment, and a deep appreciation for the significance of English proficiency in the modern academic and professional landscape, candidates can strive to excel in this crucial component of the examination and unlock the doors to their desired academic and career aspirations.。

第1篇IntroductionAs we approach the end of the year, it is a customary practice toreflect on the past year’s achievements, challenges, and lessons learned. This annual work summary serves as a comprehensive review of my professional journey over the past year, highlighting key accomplishments, areas of growth, and strategies for future development. Through this document, I aim to provide a transparent overview of my performance and set clear objectives for the upcoming year.Year in Review: Key Achievements1. Project Management and LeadershipThroughout the year, I have been instrumental in leading several high-impact projects. My ability to manage resources effectively, coordinate cross-functional teams, and deliver results on time has been recognized by my peers and superiors. Here are some of the notable achievements in this area:- Successfully completed a critical project, "Project Alpha," which resulted in a 20% increase in operational efficiency and a reduction in costs by 15%.- Mentored a team of junior staff, helping them develop new skills and enhance their professional growth.- Organized and facilitated a series of workshops aimed at improving team collaboration and communication.2. Business Development and SalesIn the area of business development, I have made significant strides in expanding our client base and increasing revenue. Here are the highlights:- Secured a new contract with a Fortune 500 company, contributing to a 10% growth in annual sales.- Developed and executed a targeted marketing strategy that resulted in a 30% increase in website traffic and a 25% rise in lead generation.- Collaborated with the marketing team to launch a new product line, which has already gained traction in the market.3. Process Improvement and InnovationI have consistently sought opportunities to streamline processes and introduce innovative solutions. Some of the key initiatives include:- Implemented a new inventory management system, reducing stockouts by 50% and improving order fulfillment times.- Led a cross-functional team to develop a new service offering, which has been well-received by our clients.- Conducted a comprehensive analysis of our customer feedback, leading to the implementation of several customer-centric improvements.4. Professional Development and TrainingRecognizing the importance of continuous learning, I have actively engaged in professional development activities. Here are some of the milestones:- Completed a certification program in "Advanced Project Management," enhancing my skills in leading complex projects.- Attended multiple industry conferences and seminars, staying abreast of the latest trends and best practices.- Participated in a leadership development program, which has equipped me with the tools to effectively manage a diverse team.Challenges and Lessons LearnedDespite the successes, there have been challenges along the way. Here are some of the key lessons learned:- Communication: Improved communication with team members and stakeholders has been crucial in resolving conflicts and ensuringproject success.- Adaptability: The ability to adapt to changing circumstances and embrace new technologies has been instrumental in staying ahead of the competition.- Risk Management: Identifying potential risks early and developing contingency plans has helped mitigate the impact of unforeseen events.Setting Future GoalsAs I move forward, I am committed to building upon my past achievements and addressing areas for improvement. Here are my key objectives for the upcoming year:- Expand Leadership Role: Seek opportunities to take on more leadership responsibilities, such as leading a department or managing a larger team.- Enhance Strategic Thinking: Develop my strategic thinking skills by participating in strategic planning sessions and contributing to long-term business goals.- Foster Innovation: Continue to promote a culture of innovation within the organization by encouraging creative problem-solving and supporting new ideas.- Advance Technical Skills: Stay updated with the latest technologies and methodologies in my field and pursue additional certifications to broaden my expertise.ConclusionLooking back at the past year, I am proud of the progress I have made and the positive impact I have had on my team and the organization. As I embark on the next phase of my career, I am excited about the opportunities that lie ahead and committed to continuing my professional growth. I am grateful for the support of my colleagues, mentors, andleaders, and I look forward to contributing even more to the success of our team in the coming year.References- Project Alpha Completion Report- Sales Performance Report- Inventory Management System Implementation Report- Leadership Development Program Certificate- Industry Conference Attendee ListDate: [Insert Date]Author: [Your Name]第2篇IntroductionAs we come to the end of the fiscal year 2023, it is essential to take a moment to reflect on the achievements, challenges, and lessons learned throughout the year. This work summary aims to provide a comprehensive overview of my professional endeavors, highlighting key milestones, collaborative efforts, and personal growth. It also serves as a platform to identify areas for improvement and set goals for the upcoming year.I. Key Achievements1. Project Management and Delivery- Successfully led a cross-functional team in the implementation of a new CRM system, resulting in a 20% increase in customer satisfaction and a 15% reduction in response time.- Managed a budget of $500,000 for a marketing campaign, achieving a 30% return on investment and doubling the company's online presence.2. Team Leadership and Development- Facilitated the training of 10 new employees, ensuring a smooth transition and rapid integration into the team.- Implemented a mentorship program, which has resulted in a 25% increase in employee retention and a 10% improvement in overall team performance.3. Innovation and Process Improvement- Designed and implemented an automated data analysis tool, saving the team 40 hours per month and reducing errors by 50%.- Collaborated with IT to streamline the procurement process, reducing the average order time from 5 days to 2 days.4. Client Relations and Satisfaction- Handled a significant increase in client inquiries (up 35% year-over-year) by providing prompt and personalized responses, resulting in a 28% increase in repeat business.- Led a customer feedback initiative, which resulted in 85% of clients expressing satisfaction with the level of service provided.II. Collaborative Efforts1. Cross-Departmental Projects- Worked closely with the sales and marketing teams to develop a comprehensive customer retention strategy, resulting in a 15% increase in customer lifetime value.- Collaborated with the finance department to optimize the budget allocation, leading to a 10% reduction in overhead costs.2. External Partnerships- Strengthened relationships with key suppliers, negotiating better terms and securing a 5% discount on raw materials.- Participated in industry conferences and seminars, networking with potential clients and partners, leading to two new business opportunities.III. Personal Growth and Development1. Technical Skills- Completed a certification in advanced data analysis, enhancing my ability to provide valuable insights and recommendations to the team.- Attended a leadership workshop, gaining new strategies foreffective team management and conflict resolution.2. Soft Skills- Improved communication skills through regular feedback sessions and active listening exercises.- Developed resilience and adaptability by navigating through unexpected challenges and changes in the workplace.IV. Challenges and Lessons Learned1. Resource Constraints- Faced limitations in budget and personnel, which required creative problem-solving and prioritization of tasks.- Lesson: Always look for opportunities to repurpose existing resources and leverage the strengths of team members.2. Change Management- Experienced resistance to change when implementing new processes and technologies.- Lesson: Communicate the benefits of change clearly and involve team members in the decision-making process.3. Balancing Priorities- Struggled to balance multiple projects and competing deadlines, leading to occasional stress and burnout.- Lesson: Develop a robust time management system and prioritize tasks based on urgency and importance.V. Goals for Fiscal Year 20241. Expand Market Reach- Develop a targeted marketing strategy to enter new geographical markets, aiming to increase revenue by 20%.2. Enhance Customer Experience- Implement a loyalty program to improve customer retention and satisfaction rates.- Invest in customer relationship management tools to provide personalized services.3. Team Development- Continue the mentorship program and provide additional training opportunities for team members.- Foster a culture of innovation and continuous improvement within the team.4. Professional Growth- Pursue advanced certifications in project management and leadership.- Attend industry conferences to stay updated on the latest trends and best practices.ConclusionAs we conclude the fiscal year 2023, I am proud of the achievements and growth I have experienced. This work summary serves as a testament to the hard work, dedication, and collaborative spirit of my team. I lookforward to building upon these successes and facing the challenges ofthe upcoming year with determination and enthusiasm.第3篇IntroductionAs we come to the end of another challenging year, it is essential to reflect on the past, evaluate our achievements, acknowledge the challenges faced, and outline our plans for the future. This annual work summary aims to provide a comprehensive overview of my professional journey over the past year, highlighting key accomplishments, lessons learned, and strategic directions for the upcoming period.Section 1: Key Achievements1.1 Project ManagementThroughout the year, I successfully managed several high-impact projects, ensuring that they were completed on time and within budget. Notable among these were the implementation of the new customer relationship management (CRM) system and the expansion of our e-commerce platform.- CRM System Implementation: The successful deployment of the new CRM system has resulted in a significant improvement in customersatisfaction and operational efficiency. The system has streamlined our sales process, enhanced customer data management, and provided valuable insights for targeted marketing strategies.- E-commerce Platform Expansion: The expansion of our e-commerceplatform has led to a 30% increase in online sales, reflecting our commitment to providing a seamless and user-friendly shopping experience. The project involved integrating new features, optimizing website performance, and enhancing security measures.1.2 Team Leadership and DevelopmentAs a team leader, I have focused on fostering a positive andcollaborative work environment. This has been achieved through the following initiatives:- Team Building Activities: Organizing regular team-building activities has helped in strengthening team cohesion and improving overall morale. These activities have included outdoor excursions, team sports, and workshops on effective communication and conflict resolution.- Professional Development Programs: I have initiated and facilitated various professional development programs, including training sessions on leadership skills, project management, and technology trends. These programs have empowered my team members to take on new responsibilities and contribute to the organization's growth.1.3 Customer Service ExcellenceCustomer satisfaction has been a top priority this year. Key achievements in this area include:- Customer Feedback Analysis: Conducting regular customer feedback analysis has enabled us to identify areas for improvement and implement targeted strategies to enhance customer satisfaction.- Customer Service Training: Implementing a comprehensive customer service training program has resulted in a significant improvement in customer service levels, with a 25% decrease in customer complaints.Section 2: Challenges and Lessons Learned2.1 Budget ConstraintsOne of the major challenges faced this year was budget constraints, which limited our ability to invest in new technologies and expand our operations. Despite this, we managed to find innovative solutions and optimize existing resources to achieve our goals.Lesson Learned: It is crucial to prioritize projects based on their strategic importance and explore cost-effective alternatives to achieve desired outcomes.2.2 Team TurnoverThe high turnover rate within the team posed a significant challenge, affecting project timelines and team morale. This highlighted the importance of creating a supportive and engaging work environment.Lesson Learned: Investing in employee retention strategies, such as competitive compensation packages, career development opportunities, and work-life balance initiatives, is essential for maintaining a stable and productive team.2.3 External Market VolatilityThe volatility in the external market has impacted our business, leading to fluctuations in demand and increased competition. This required us to be agile and adapt our strategies to changing market conditions.Lesson Learned: Continuous monitoring of market trends and proactive adaptation to market changes are crucial for long-term success.Section 3: Future Outlook and Strategic Directions3.1 Technology InvestmentIn the coming year, we plan to invest in new technologies to enhance our operational efficiency and customer experience. This includes:- Implementing an advanced data analytics platform to gain deeper insights into customer behavior and market trends.- Investing in artificial intelligence (AI) to automate repetitive tasks and improve decision-making processes.3.2 Team DevelopmentWe will continue to focus on team development by:- Offering personalized career development plans for team members.- Conducting regular performance reviews and providing constructive feedback.3.3 Customer-Centric ApproachTo maintain our competitive edge, we will continue to prioritize customer satisfaction by:- Expanding our customer feedback channels and actively addressing customer concerns.- Developing new products and services based on customer needs and preferences.ConclusionLooking back on the past year, I am proud of the achievements and progress made by our team. We have overcome significant challenges and made substantial contributions to the organization's growth. As we move forward, I am confident that our strategic focus on technology, team development, and customer satisfaction will position us for continued success. I am excited about the opportunities that lie ahead and committed to leading our team towards a prosperous future.。

关于商务英语研究的功能语言学探索五篇关于商务英语妍究的功能语言学探嗦_语言文化论文第一篇上世纪九十年带,是商务英语飞快发展时期,并逐渐发展成了一门相对的学科.经过近三十年的发展和完膳, 商务英语教学取得了重大突破和成就.相应的,商务英语教学理仑妍究也取得了较大突破,从当前情况来看,商务英语教学理仑尚无法为现代商务英语教学提供全体的理仑指导,其发展严重滞后于商务英语教学发展需要,直接影响了我国商务英语的健康发展.本文以系统功能语言理仑为妍究工具,从当前国内主要商务英语专页教材中选娶部分有代表性的案例作为对象, 围绕对语篇题材影响较大的三个方面即语场、语旨、语式进行深入,从不同角度探究如何改进商务英语教学水泙.一、关于系统功能语言学的妍究系统功能语言学理仑侧重于语言的实际应用,应用性是其最突出的特点.可以说,不能指导实践的理仑是没有存在价值的,系统功能语言学最突出的价值正是实用性,这也是有关妍究的主要目的.理仑妍究可以为语言教学指出正确的方向, 让语言教学始活动终体现理仑思想.在发展过程中,妍究者从不同的妍究角度开展了深入,并汇集成了一门系统功能语言学理仑.它主要有三个主要内容构成,它们分别是概念功能（idea functional）、人际功能（interpersonal function）、语篇功能（textlal function）.概念功能主要由三个茵素构成,即及物性系统、语态和作格性:人际功能是指在交际活动中赋予不同的角色,使其用到不同语言功能,另外还有口气情态, 也正是modality:而语篇功能主要镪调语篇结构合理性,例如主谓结构（the thematic structure）, 信息结构等在系统功能语言学中,语言是一种沟通工具和符号体细,上述三种功能是相互连系不可随意分割开来的.此外, 上述三种功能具有对等的地位,没有主次先后之分,是语言偠素的重要组成部分.二、关于商务英语语篇妍究语篇具有十分多样化的内容,目前学术界上没有对语篇定义变成统一意见,但是针对语篇是符号语境的表述这个定论是不存在职何争议的:同时,语法句子又不完全影响语篇内容,语篇语言是一种表达性语言,它将信息准去无误的表达出来,语言又分两种,即书面语和口语.商务英语语篇具有比较个性化的特点,它不是一种新语言类型,而是一种比较常用的沟通语言,是商务人士经常使用到的交流工具.在实际工作中,商务人士为了实现商务目的,会有针对性的选择商务语言措辞,以题高沟通交流的有用性,保证语言内容具有策略性和技巧性,达到良好的沟通效果.同其他语言相同,商务英语语篇也有口语和书面语之分.在外贸合同英语中,为了保证合同条款规范、内容符合法律规定,有用维护合同双方的权益, 对合同英语表达题出了较高的要求.因此,针对商务英语语篇妍究也能购有用促进商务英语教学水泙的提昇.三、关于功能语言特色的妍究根剧系统功能语言学理仑不难发现,语篇是语义的重要内容.语义要凿凿表达出来,只好结合特定的语境才能实现.在英语语言环境中,语篇功能主要有三种,即概念功能、人际功能和语篇功能.这儿还是以外贸合同英语为例,来深入上述三种功能之间的关系.由于拷虑篇幅陷制, 这儿只选娶人际功能作为对象来进行深入探究.1、关于语篇功能的妍究语篇功能是指不同语句结合起来表达语义的能力.在语句结构合理的语篇中,能购有用发挥出概念功能和人机功能的作用.精细英语外贸合同不难发现,影响语篇功能最重要的茵素是语言组织功能,这种功能主要用于主谓结构的表述.捅过妍究和各种有关案例和素材可以得知,规范的英语外贸合同文本中,其语句都具有主位高度统一的特点, 虽然它们的结构都很简单,但是都具有很强的共性规律,例如句子this cont made by and between the e ran d th e seler 正是一个典型的简单主位, 这种语句在外贸英语合同中十分普遍,是使用频率较高的句式.2、关于概念功能的妍究所谓概念功能,是用来表述客观全天下各种现像规律并对其进行科学解释的方式,这也是概念功能的主要特点.在概念功能中,经常要对各种客观对象进行具体描述,这些客观对象既有人和事物,也包含过程和时间等偠素.相同选娶外贸英语合同作为对象, 在这类合同文本中,概念功能主要表现出一种特舒的关系内容,有时候也可以理解为一种演化过程.在对过程的表述中,要有明确的过程主导者,也正是the buyer , the seler,他们是过程发的起的主导者和推动者,除此之外,过程表达中还要将交易内容、规模、时间等偠素包含在内,也正是description 与specification ,同时还要将具体品名、输送方式、付款流程等具体交易信息祥细罗列出来.而关系过程主要是阐述交易货物的性质、规格和单价等,例如产品水浪quantity ,产品包装packing等.这些都要外贸合同中清晰的表述出来.而概念功能则主要从合同文本中的有关句子使用中得到体现.3、关于人际功能的妍究人际功能主要由两个基本语言偠素构成,它们是包含在同一个过程之中的.网络学习成绩是评价语言功能使用情况的重要环节.商务英语听说课课程作业题型主要有即兴演讲、情境模拟、故事描述、角色对白等.对于听说课而言,听为输人,说为输出.因此听力材料质量直接影响到听说课的教学效果.教师在教学过程中要令活安排口语练习活动.要尽量发动全面学生参与到其中,并对他们的语法行使、合作交流、语言表达能力等方面进行全体点评,帮助他们认识到不足之处并加以改正.四、洁束语变成性评价要针对学员的全学习互动过程进行全体点评,促进师生在课堂上良好互动,促使教师围绕学生学习需求来开展教学活动.商务英语学习要注重学习过程,而不是局限于最终,要帮助学生销除紧张、负面心绪,例如因担心表达不清晰、发音不凿凿产生恐惧焦躁心绪.这些不良心绪的出现会大大降低学生的学习效果,影响其学习积极性,结果导致无法收到良好的教学效果.捅过学习过程的引导,充分尊重学生在学习过程中的主体地位,陪养其浓厚的商务英语学习性趣.在教学过程中,可以帮助学生及时修正自己的不良学习行为和方法,不断题高他们的自强心,养成良好的英语学习习惯,这都是商务英语学习必须具备的.西方语言学原著选读课程双语教学的实践与思考_语言文化论文第二篇中国高等培育的发展对提昇高等培育的国际竞争力和加快国际化人才的陪养题出了新的要求.为适应高等培育国际化,"双语课程"因其"原版教材、使用外语"等"国际化"的特姓已成为高校陪养具有国际视野与国际交往能力人才的最妙载体.为此,在20xx年颁发的英语语言学毕业论文第三篇第一篇;英语专页毕业论文;社会语言学the definition of sociolinguistics and its characteristic外语系06接本6班尹珊珊24号[abstract]sociolinguistics is a term including the aspects of linguistics applied toward the connections between language and society, and the way we use it in different social situations. it ranges from the study of the wide variety of dialects across a given region down to the ysis between the way men and women speak to one another. sociolinguistics often shows us the humorous realities of human speech and how a dialect of a given language can often describe the age, xxx, and social class of the speaker; it codes the social function of a language.[key words] sociolinguisticssociolinguistics variationsocial function[content]sociolinguistics is the study of the effect of any and allaspects of society, including cultural norms, expectations, and context, on the way language is used. it also studies how lects differ between groups separated by certain social variables, e.g., ethnicity, religion, status, gender, lxxxl of education, etc., and how creation and adherence to these rules is used to categorize individual socio-economic classes. as the usage of a language varies from place to place, and language usage varies among social classes. it is socialists that sociolinguistics studies.the study of language variation is concerned with social constraints determine language in its contextual environment. code-switching is the term given to the use of different varieties of language in different social situations. sociolinguistic differs from socioloxxx of language in that the focus of sociolinguistics is the effect of the society on the language, while the latter’s focus is on the language’s effect on the society. while the study of sociolinguistics is very broad, there are a few fundamental concepts on which most sociolinguistic inquiries depend.sociolinguistics is different from many of the other branches of linguistics in that it studies external as opposed to internal language. internal language applies to the study of language on the abstract lxxxl, or in the head, put simply. external language applies to language in social contexts, or outside the head. this distinction is important, because internal language yses, such as syntax and semantics, operate1 on the assumption that all native speakers of a language are quitehomogeneous in how they process and perceive language. external language fields, such as sociolinguistics, attempt to explain why this is in fact not the case. these two approaches, while distinct, complement each other in practice.understanding language in society means that one also has to understand the social networks in which language is embedded. this may apply to the macro lxxxl of a country or a city, but also to the inter-personal lxxxl of neixxxorhoods or a single family.sociolinguistics as a field distinct from dialectoloxxx was pioneered through the study of language variation in urban areas. whereas dialectoloxxx studies the geographic distribution of language variation, sociolinguistics focuses on other sources of variation, among them class. class and occupation is one of the most important linguistic markers found in society.one of the fundamental findings of sociolinguistics, which has been hard to disprove, is that class and language variety are related. as can be implied from the example below, the working class tends to speak less standard language. the lower, middle, and upper middle class will in turn speak closer to the standard. howxxxr, the upper class, xxxn members of the upper middle class, may often speak 'less' standard than the middle class. this is because not only class, but class aspirations, are important.men and women, on xxxerage, tend to use slightly differentlanguage styles. these differences tend to be quantitative rather than qualitative. that is, to say that women make more minimal responses than men is akin to saying that men are taller than women. the initial identification of a women's register was by robin lakoff in 1975, who argued that the style of language served to maintain women's role in society. a later refinement of this argument was that gender differences in language reflected a power difference. howxxxr, both these perspective hxxxe the language style of men as normative, implying that women's style is inferior. more recently, deborah tannen has compared gender differences in language as more similar to 'cultural' differences. comparing conversational goals, she argued that men hxxxe a report style,aiming to communicate factual information, whereas women hxxxe a rapport style, more concerned with building and maintaining relationships. such differences are pervasive across mediums, including face-to-face conversation, written essays of primary school children, email, and xxxn toilet graffiti. communication styles are always a product of context, and as such, gender differences tend to be most pronounced in single-gender groups. one explanation for this, is that people accommodate their language towards the style of the person they are interacting with. thus, in a mixed-gender group, gender differences tend to be less pronounced. a similarly important observation is that thisaccommodation is usually towards the language style, not the gender of the person. that is, a polite and empathic male will tend to be accommodated to on the basis of their being polite and empathic, rather than their being male.sociolinguistics has drawn more and more attention since it became an independent discipline in mid 1960s. but scholars from various disciplines look at sociolinguistics from different perspectives, and carry out sociolinguistic study in different ways. this paper tries to understand sociolinguistics in terms of its definitions and the scope of sociolinguistic study to point out the lack of comprehensiveness in fishman''s view on the definition of sociolinguistics.。

Unit 5 Reporting ResultsObjectives:-Understand the function and the major elements of the results section; -Learn the major steps to deal with the results section; -Use the tips for describing graphic information; -Grasp the tips for making comparison and contrast;-Learn the skills for choosing appropriate graphs and making graphs.Contents:- Teacher ‟s introduction;- Reading and discussion: Types of Language for Thinking and Lexical Collocational Errors;- Language focus: graphic description; comparison and contrast;-Writing practice: using graphs and describing graphs (tables and charts);- Rewriting practice: grasping the major moves for outlining the results section; - Classroom extension: descriptions of data and graphs when reporting results.1. Reading Activity1.1 Pre-reading TaskDo you know how to report the results of your research? The standard approach to the results section of a research paper is to present the results with thestatisticaltechniques such as tables and charts. This does not mean that you do not need any text to describe data presented in graphs.Think about the following questions before reading the text and then have a discussion with your classmates.1. What is the function of the results section?2. What are the major elements included in the results section?3. What are the major steps for you to deal with the results section?4. How do you describe graphic information in the results section?5. How do you compare and contrast the data presented in graphs?The following is part of the results section of a research paper which investigated how EFL learners‟ type s of language for thinking influence their lexical collocational errors in speech.1.2 Reading PassageResultsTypes of Language for Thinking and Lexical Collocational Errors1One key issue in this study was whether a learner‟s type of language for thinking influences lexical collocational production. 2This issue was explored by examining one retrospective report on the qu estionnaire, ……When tape recording, what language did you mainly use for inner speech?‟‟ 3Based on their responses, the 42 participants were classified into four language groups: Chinese, English, Chinese mingled with English, and other languages. 4The par ticipants‟ inaccuracy rates were compared, which were obtained by dividing the number of errors by the overall number of lexical collocations they produced individually, among the language groups.The preliminary analysis discovered that the 42 participants produced a total of 2,491 lexical collocations, and each participant created approximately 29 lexical collocations per minute. Regarding learner errors, 263 incorrect collocations were found among the 2,491 lexical collocations, resulting in an inaccuracy rate of 10.56. To report the effect of language for thinking on the production of lexical collocations in speech, Table 1 records the fact that 5 students stated that their type of language for thinking was for the most part Chinese. As Table 1 shows, 17 mainly used English for thinking, 20 primarily thought in Chinese mingled with English, and none thought in other languages. The inaccuracy rate of oral lexical collocations in each language group was calculated by dividing the total number of lexical collocational errors by the total number of lexical collocations produced. Descriptive statistics demonstrated that those who mainly thought in their native language (Mandarin Chinese) produced the highest inaccuracy rate of lexical collocations (M=15.17), followed by those who primarily thought in English (M=12.40) and those using a combination (M=8.44).Results of a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) further displayed that the difference among these three groups reached a significant level, F(2,39)=4.07, p<.05. This result supports the notion that EFL learners‟ type of language for thinking appreciably influences their oral production of lexical collocations.To probe intergroup differences, the Fisher Least Significant Difference (LSD) posthoc test was adopted, which aims at discerning whether the comparison between groups reaches the significance level. The LSD test showed that the Chinese-mingled-with- English group had a markedly lower inaccuracy rate than the Chinese or English groups, while the difference between the Chinese and English groups was not significant. Thinking in both Chinese and English was more beneficial and effective to the EFL learners‟ oral production of lexical collocations.Table 1: Types of Language for Thinking and Inaccuracy Rates of Lexical CollocationsNote: Mean shows the average inaccuracy rate of collocati ons in each group.*P<.05(Hung-ChunWang & Su-Chin Shih, 2011) 1.3 Reading Comprehension1.3.1 Read the first paragraph and identify the information elements you find in each sentence of the text.1.3.2 Some verbs can be used to locate the results of the research, such as “show”and “indicate”. Read the second and third paragraphs carefully and think of the question: Which verbs did the authors use for locating the results?1.3.3 Read the second and third paragraphs carefully and think of the question: What is the function of the last sentence in the 2nd and 3rd paragraph s respectively?2Language Focus2.1 Graphic descriptionThe results section clearly presents the findings of your study. It is usually presented both in graph and text. First, prepare the graphs as soon as all the data are analyzed and arrange them in the sequence that best presents your results in a logical way. Then, as the results section is text-based section, the description of graphs is of great importance in paper writing. Good descriptions can help the readers understand your research better while using a single sentence pattern to describe the statistical and graphic information in a research paper will make your readers feel too bored and lose interest in reading on, so we need to pay more attention to the language use when describing the statistical and graphic information.Here we will introduce some useful words, phrases or sentence patterns which can be used in different situations of graphic description.If you need to highlight significant data in a table/chart, you may use some adjectives such as “apparent”, “clear”, “interesting”, “obvious”, “revealing”and “significant” to make your viewpoint known and meanwhile attract readers‟ attention.The following sentence patterns are useful for you when you report significant results or findings.1. It is apparent from Table 2 that...2. Table 5 is quite revealing in several ways.3. From Chart 5 we can see that Experiment 2 resulted in the lowest value of ...4. What is interesting in this data is that ...5. In Figure 10, there is a clear trend of decreasing ...6. As Table 2.1 shows, there was a great deal of difference between theexperimental group and the control group.7. As shown in Table 6.3, chunk frequency also has significant correlation withthe indices of oral proficiency.8. There was no obvious difference between Method 1 and Method 2.2.1.1 The following table lists results of a questionnaire concerning students‟interestand performance in class.Question 1: Y ou are very interested in the English writing course.□Strongly agree □agree □I don‟t know □disagree □strongly disagr ee Question 2: Y ou are active in group discussion in the classroom.□Strongly agree □agree □I don‟t know □disagree □strongly disagr eeNote: N=number; P=percentageNow you are required to report results from the interview. The following sentence patterns may be used in your report.1. Of all the subjects, 70 completed and returned the questionnaire form.2. The majority of respondents felt that …3. Over a half of those surveyed indicated that …4. A small number of respondents …5. A minority of participants (%) indicated ...6. In response to Question 1, most of those surveyed indicated that ...7. The overall response to this question was very positive.8. It is apparent from the table above that...____________________________________________________________________ 2.1.2 The following line graph shows an upward trend in growth rate of Ford car production during the period from January to December 2011.Look at the line graph carefully first and then do the following exercises.A. Mark the following places in the graph.a) The bottom of the line;b) The peak of the line;c) The fluctuating part.B. Describe the growth rate of Ford car production in the following months respectively. Try to use the phrases or sentence patterns of graphic description you learned in this section.a) In January: _________________________________________________________.b) From March to April:_________________________________________________.c) From May to September:______________________________________________.d) From October to December:___________________________________________.C. What does the overall line graph reveal in the growth rate of Ford car production during the period from January to December 2011?__________________________.2.2 Comparison and contrastWhen you are writing the reports section, you need to do much more than just give data. What you should always try to do is to convey more information with the data. Comparing and contrasting is a common way to deal with the data. The purpose of comparison is to show similarities while contrast is used to show differences. Through comparison or contrast between two or more things, the reader can understand them better.Here are some key words commonly used to express comparison or contrast.Note: Comparison and contrast is often used in graph description. Here are some points for you to pay special attention to.1) Not all the information has to be compared or contrasted with each other. It is common to introduce the most significant or important information and compare or contrast it. If necessary, you must make some calculation before comparing or contrasting the data.2) When comparing or contrasting information in the graphs, it is not necessary to lay equal emphasis on every change. Just give stress to those dramatic changes or to those that are of special interest to you, or those that you want your readers to pay more attention to and ignore the less important parts.3) The comparison/contrast should be supported by concrete and relevant facts or data.2.2.1 The tables below are the results of a research which examines the average marks scored by boys and girls of different ages in several school subjects. Write a report for a university lecturer describing the information below.You should write a minimum of 150 words.Boys:Girls:3.Writing Practice3.1 Using graphsGraphs are commonly used in reporting the results of your research. A graph is a diagram, usually a line or a curve, which shows how two or more sets of numbers and measurements are related. Graphs usually include bar/column charts/graphs, pie charts, line graphs and tables.Generally speaking, bar charts are diagrams with rectangular bars with lengths proportional to the values that they represent. The bars can be plotted vertically or horizontally. However, they more clearly show the relationship of different parts of the sample to each other. They do not clearly show the parts in relation to the whole. The following bar chart shows the teachers with master‟s degree or above in Northwestern College according to gender.A pie chart is a circle divided into segments. Pie charts can be used to show the sizes of various parts of the results in relation to each other and in relation to the whole sample. They are usually used to show percentages. The following pie chart shows the percentage of living costs per month in a family.A line graph is a type of graph displaying information as a series of data points connected by continuous lines. It can show a pattern or trend which usually takes place over a period of time. The following line graphshows the change of annual income of an average family in a certain city in China. .A table is a set of facts and figures arranged in columns and rows. A table is a very useful way of organizing numerical information. Tables are efficient, enablingthe researcher to present a large amount of data in a small space. They can show exact numerical values and present quantitative data. They emphasize the discrete rather than the continuous. Here is a table which shows the percentage of the use of transportation vehicles in Northwestern College.Table Use of transportation vehicles in Northwestern CollegeTurn the table above into other graphs for your different research purposes.3.2 Describing a graphThe description of graphs is of great importance in paper writing because it can help the readers understand your research better. How do you describe a graph? Here are the major steps for you to follow:Step 1: Introduce the graphic information briefly and indicate the main trend.Normally it includes the place, time, content and purpose of the graph.Step 2: Describe the relevant and most important or significantdata and makesome comparison if necessary. Words and expressions for describing a curve or a trend are very useful in presenting graphic information.Step 3: Summarize the data/trends.3.2.1 The line graph below shows the sales amount of an online shop from Monday to Friday . Match the descriptive statements with the graph. Which are the correct statements describing the graph?A. The sales amount increased sharply from Monday to Tuesday .B. The sales amount reached a peak on Friday .C. There was a fluctuation in the sales amount.D. The sales amount dropped drastically from Wednesday to Thursday .3.2.2 Write a short passage describing the sales amount of an online shop from Monday to Friday with the information presented in the graph above.3.3 Describing a tableThe table below shows the results of the interviews on the teaching language(s) used by English teachers in class. Answer the following questions first and then according to the answers, describe the information in the table. Pay attention to the use of different sentence patterns when reporting the data.T able 1 T eaching l anguage(s) used by English teachers in classQuestions:1. What does the table show us?2. How many teaching languages are mentioned in the table?3. What language is used most frequently by English teachers in class?4. Do English teachers in class often use Chinese?5. In summary, what impression do you have on the teaching language(s) used by English teachers in class?3.4 Describing chartsThe following is a result from a market survey of personal computers. Report the result from a university student‟s perspective. First, describe the student‟s needs in personal computers. Then, compare and contrast the three types of personal computers in the items listed in the table below. Finally, conclude by stating which computer seems to be th e most suitable for the student‟s needs you have described.Table 2 A market survey of personal computers4. Writing project4.1 Get prepared for writing the results sectionBefore you write the Results Section of your research paper, you need to make everything ready for your writing. The following steps may be helpful for your preparation.1. Read the literature review section and the method section carefully and rethink about the research questions;2. Review you results and check whether they have answered all the research questions;3. Organize your results in a logical manner (For example, according to priority of the appearance of research questions);4. Prepare tables and/or other diagrams;5. Select appropriate language style and pay attention to the use of grammar;Work in groups and discuss what other preparations you can make for writing the results section of your research paper.4.2 Outlining the results sectionWhen outlining a results section, there are usually four major moves to follow.Move 1: Preparing informationThis move functions as a reminder and connector between the method section and the results section, as it provides relevant information for the presentation of results. It provides a review of issues mentioned in the method section, the location of tables or graphs where results are displayed and a general preview of the section. However, it is not obligatory because there are also results sections that do not have this move.Move 2: Reporting resultsMove 2 is the core element. It is the move in which the results of a study are presented, normally with relevant evidence such as statistics and examples. In this move, the authors need to locate where the results are and clearly describe the findings of the study both in diagrams and text.Move 3: Commenting on resultsThis move serves the purpose of establishing the meaning and significance of the research results in relation to the relevant field. It includes information and interpretations that go beyond the “objective” results. This can involve how the results can be interpreted in the context of the study, how the findings contribute to the field (often involving comparison with related literature), what underlying reasons may account for the results, or comments about the strength, limitations or generalizability of the results. As indicated by the frequency of moves and steps, this section is highly cyclical.Move 4: Summarizing resultsIn this move, the major results obtained are summarized in order to help readers understand the research better. This move is optional in a research paper due to the limited length while it is a must for a dissertation or thesis.Now, you are required to outline the results section of a research paper entitled Astudy of the effect of Chinese language on English writing with the moves given below.4.3 Drafting your results sectionBegin your writing now with the information you have just obtained from your survey.5. Final ChecklistHere are some useful questions to ask yourself about writing the results section of your paper:。

专业八级-156 (总分：99.90，做题时间：90分钟) 一、LISTENING COMPREHENSION(总题数：2，分数：100.00) Meaning in Literature

In reading literary works, we are concerned with the "meaning" of one literary piece or another. However, finding out what something really means is a difficult issue. There are three ways to tackle meaning in literature. Ⅰ. Meaning is what is intended by 1 Apart from reading an author"s work in question, readers need to 1) read 2 by the same author; 2) get familiar with 3 at the time; 3) get to know 4 and symbols of the time. Ⅱ. Meaning exists "in" the text itself. 1) some people"s view: meaning is produced by the formal properties of the text like 5 , etc. 2) speaker"s view: meaning is created by both conventions of meaning and 6 Therefore, agreement on meaning could be created by 7 and conventions of usage. But different time periods and different 8 perspectives could lead to different interpretations of meaning in a text. Ⅲ. Meaning is created by 9 . 1) meaning is 10 ; 2) meaning is 11 ; 3) meaning requires 12 ; —practicing 13 —practicing 14 —background research in 15 , etc. Meaning in Literature