当前位置:文档之家› 第三章翻译

第三章翻译

第三章翻译
第三章翻译

Chapter 3

APPLICATION OF SUPPLY AND DEMAND

Having completed our introductory survey ,we began our study of microeconomics ,which is concerned with the behavior of individual markets that make up the economy. Individual markets contain most of the grand sweep and drama of economic history and the controversies of economic policy.Within the confines of microeconomics we will study the reasons for the vast disparities in earnings between neurosurgeons and textile workers.microeconomics is crucial to understanding why computers prices have fallen so dramatically and why the use of computers has expended exponentially.we cannot hope to understand the bitter debates about health care or the minimum wage without supplying the tools of supply and demand to these sectors .Even topics such as illegal drugs or crime and punishment are usefully illuminated by considering the way the demand for addictive substances differs from that for others commodities.

完成我们的介绍性的调查后,我们开始我们的学习微观经济学,这是关心的行为个体经济市场组成。个人市场包含大部分的大扫描和戏剧的经济历史和经济政策,在微观经济学的范围的争议我们将学习神经外科医生之间的巨大收入差距的原因和纺织工作.微观经济学至关重要理解为什么电脑价格大幅下降,为什么电脑使用的消耗成指数分布.我们不能指望在没有为这些行业提供供给和需求的工具的情况下,去理解有关健康问题和最低工资的激烈讨论,例如非法贩卖毒品或犯罪的惩罚是有用的,被考虑的方式对上瘾的物质不同于其他商品的需求。

Our survey of microeconomics will proceed in three parts .In this part, we focus on the behavior of product markets,the markets for all the goods and services that firms produce. We will examine where consumer demand comes from,how business make decisions,and how prices and profits efficiently coordinate the allocation of

scarce economic resources in a perfectly competitive market.We will also examine the market failure that arise when monopolies or other forms of imperfect competitors domination industry.

微观经济学的调查将进行三个部分在本部分中,我们专注于产品市场的行为,市场公司生产的所有商品和服务。我们将研究消费者需求从哪里来,业务决策如何,以及如何在一个完全竞争市场有效地协调价格和利润分配稀缺的经济资源。还将研究时出现垄断的市场失灵或其他形式的不完善竞争对手主导产业。

Then in Part Three we turn to the study of product market,which are markets for factor of production such as labor,capital,and land.These critical markets affect us all,because the price of those factors---wages,interests,and rent--help determine what income workers,investors,and landowners will receive.We will see how prices in these markets are set and how they affect the distribution of income a market economy.

然后在三个部分中,我们将研究产品市场,这是市场生产要素如劳动、资本和土地.诸如此类的关键市场影响我们所有人,因为这些因素的价格-工资,利益,收入和租金——帮助确定工人,投资者,地主的回报.我们将看到如何在这些市场价格设置以及它们是如何影响收入分配的市场经济。

Looking further down the road, in Part Four we examine the critical role of government in the modern market economy .We will see how the government must balance efficiency and fairness in its taxation and spending policies. We will also study how government regulation can both help and hurt the workings of the economy and how government policies can help alleviate the poverty and hardship resulting from the market distribution of income. Finally, we will turn our attention to environmental economics, which proposes ways to halt environmental degradation without harming economic growth.

今后的学习中,在四部分,我们将研究政府在现代市场经济中的重要作用。

我们将看到,政府必须权衡税收和支出政策的公平与效率的平衡。我们也将从市场的收入分配角度,研究政府如何监管如何可以帮助和伤害经济的运作和政府政策怎样帮助缓解贫困。最后,我们将我们的注意力转向环境经济学,提出遏止环境恶化而不损害经济增长的方式。

A.ELASTICITY OF DEMAND AND SUPPLY

A.需求和供给的弹性

Here we start study of product markets. We have already seen in Chapter 3 how supply and demand can be combined to produce market equilibrium. The theory of supply and demand can be used to answer a wide of range of important and interesting questions. For example, when a new tax is put on gasoline, do drivers bear the burden of the tax or does it fall on the oil companies? Does raising the minimum wage help workers or hurt them? Should the airlines raise ticket prices increase the number of passengers so much that profits actually rise?

在这里,我们开始研究产品市场。我们已经在第3章看到供给与需求中如何可以被结合去产生市场均衡。供给和需求的理论可以在一个宽广的范围内回答的重要和有趣的问题。例如,当对汽油加征新的税,司机们承受税收负担还是落在石油公司身上?他们会不会提高最低工资的帮助帮助还是伤害他们?该航空公司应不应该提高门票价格增加大量乘客以至于利润实际上上升?

In order to turn supply and demand curves into truly useful tools, we need to know how much supply and demand respond to changes in price. Some purchases, like those for vacation travel, are very sensitive to price changes. Others, like food or electricity, are necessities for which consumer purchases respond very little to price

changes. These issues are analyzed using the crucial concept of elasticity, which is a way of quantifying how responsive quantities supplied and demanded are to changes in prices. The payoff will come in the second half of the chapter, when we use this new tool to examine the microeconomic impacts of taxes and other types of government intervention.

为了使供给曲线和需求曲线为真正有用的工具,我们需要知道有多少的供给和需求对价格变化反应。一些东西,像在假期旅行,对价格变化非常敏感。其他的,如食品或电力,是生活必需品,消费者购买价格变化很小。这些问题都是使用弹性的关键概念的分析,这是一种量化的反映供给和需求对价格的变化幅度。在本章的第后半将涉及收益的概念,我们那时将使用这个新的工具来研究税收和其他类型的政府干预微观经济的影响。

PRICE ELASTICITY OF DEMAND

需求的价格弹性

Let’s look first at the response of consumer demand to price changes:

让我们先看看,消费需求对价格变化的反应:

The price elasticity of demand(sometimes simply called price elasticity) measures how much the quantity demanded of a good changes when its price changes .The precise definition of price elasticity is the percentage change in quantity demanded divided by the percentage change in price

.需求的价格弹性(有时简称为价格弹性)措施多少数量的一个良好的变化,其价格变动时,需求的价格弹性。精确的定义是需求数量变动的百分比除以价格变动的百分比。

Goods vary enormously in their price elasticity,or sensitivity to price changes.When the price elasticity of a good is high,we say that the good has “elastic”demand,which means that its quantity demanded responds greatly to price changes.When the price elasticity of a good is low ,it is”inelastic”and its quantity demanded responds little to price changes.

商品价格弹性或对价格变化的敏感性有很大不同,。当一个好的价格弹性高,我们说,好有“弹性”的需求,这意味着它的需求量对价格变化的反应很大。当一个好的价格弹性较低,它是“缺乏弹性”和它的需求量对价格变化的反应点。

For necessities like food ,fuel,shoes,and prescription drugs demand tends to be inelastic.Such items are the staff of life and cannot easily be forgone when their prices rise.Bycontrast,you can substitute other goods when luxuries like European holidays,17-year-old Scotch whiskey,and Italian designer clothing rise in price

.像食物,燃料,鞋,用品,和处方药的需求往往是缺乏弹性的。这样的项目人员的生活,不能轻易放弃当他们的价格上涨。相反,你可以替代其他的商品时,奢侈品像欧洲假期,17岁的苏格兰威士忌,在意大利设计师服装价格上涨。

In addition,goods that have ready substitutes tend to have more elastic demand than those that have no substitutes. If all food or footwear prices were ti rise 20 percent tomorrow ,you would hardly expect people to stop eating or to go around barefoot ,so food and footwear demands are price-inelastic.On the other hand,if mad-cow disease drives up the price of British beef,people can turn to beef form other countries or to lamb or poultry for their meat needs.Therefore,British beef shows a high price elasticity.

此外,有准备的替代品往往比那些没有替代品有更多的弹性需求。如果所有的食品或鞋类的价格上升百分之20,明天,你很难指望人停止吃或去赤脚,所以食物和鞋类的需求小另一方面,如果疯牛病推动英国牛肉价格,人们可以把牛肉从其他国家或羔羊肉或家禽的肉的需求。因此,英国牛肉有高价格弹性。

The length of time that people have to respond to price changes also plays a role.A good example is that of gasoline.Suppose you are driving across the country when the price of gasoline suddenly increases.Is it likely that you will sell your car and abandon your vacation?notreally.So in the short run,the demand for gasoline may be very inelastic.

那人对价格变化的反应也起到了作用时间长。一个很好的例子是汽油。假设你开车穿越国家当汽油价格突然上涨。这会使你出售你的汽车,放弃你的假期?不是真的。所以在短期内,对汽油的需求可能是非常缺乏弹性。

In the long run,however,you can adjust your behavior to the higher price of gasoline.You can buy a smaller and more fuel-efficient car,ride a bicycle,take the train,move closer to work,or carpool with other people.For many goods,the ability to adjust consumption patterns implies that demand elasticities are higher in the long run than in the short run.

但是在长期,,你可以调整你的行为对汽油价格高。你可以买一个更小、更节能高效的车,骑自行车,乘火车,靠拢的工作,或与其他人共乘。许多商品,调整消费模式的能力意味着在长期需求弹性是高于短期。

Economic factors determine the size of price elasticities for individual goods,elasticties tend to be higher when the goods are luxuries,when substitutes are available,and when consumers have more time to adjust their behavior.

经济因素确定个人用品价格弹性的大小往往是高弹性,是当货物是奢侈的,当替代品是可用的,当消费者有更多时间调整他们的行为。

Calculating Elasticities

弹性计算

If we can observe how much quantity demanded changes when price changes,we can calculate the elasticity.The precise definition of price elasticity,Ed,is the percentage change in quantity demanded divided by the percentage change in the price.

如果我们能观察有多少需求量变化时,价格的变化,我们可以计算出的弹性。价格弹性,精确的定义,是量变动百分比除以价格变动的百分比。

We can calculate the coefficient of price elasticity numerically according to the following formula:

Price elasticity of demand =ED=percentage change in quantity demanded/percentage change in price

我们可以根据以下公式计算价格弹性系数数值:

需求的价格弹性= ED =需求量变化百分比/价格变化百分比

Now we can be more precise about the different categories of price elasticity :

现在,我们可以更精确的将价格弹性分成不同的类别:

·When a 1 percent change in price calls forth more than a 1 percent change in quantity demanded , the good has price-elastic demand .For example ,if a 1 percent increase in price yield a 5percent decrease in quantity demanded ,the commodity has a highly price-elastic demand.

当价格变化1%引起1%以上的需求数量变化时,说明这个商品具有需求弹性。例如,1%的价格变动引起了5%的需求量的下降,说明这个商品的需求价格

弹性很高。

·When a 1 percent change in price evokes less than a 1 percent change in quantity demanded ,the good has price-inelastic demand. This case occurs ,for instance, when a 1 percent increase in price yields only a 0.2percent decrease in demand.

当价格变化1%引起需求量变化小于1%,商品缺乏价格弹性需求。例如这种情况发生时,当价格增加1%,而生产上只减少了0.2%需求。

·One important special case is unit-elastic demand ,which occurs when the percentage change in quantity is exactly the same as the percentage change in price yields a 1 percent decrease in demand. We will see later that this condition implies that total expenditures on the commodity (which equal PXQ)stay the same even when the price changes.

一个重要的特殊情况是单位弹性需求,这发生在当产量变动百分比和1%价格变动所引起的需求变动百分比完全相同的时候。稍后我们将看到,这种情况意味着商品总支出(等于P价格XQ数量)保持不变,即使价格变化。

To illustrate the calculation of elasticities,let us examine the simple case of response to a price increase which is shown in Figue 4-1.In the original situation,price was 90 and quantity demanded was 240 units.A price increase to 110 led consumes to reduse their purchases to 160 units.In Figure 4-1,consumes were originally at point A but moved along their demand schedule to point B when the price rose.

图表4-1向我们解释了弹性的计算,测试了简单的价格上涨的反应。在一开始,价格是90,需求数量是240.当价格上涨到110的时候,迫使消费者削减他们的购买量到160.在图表4-1中,消费者最初在A点,当价格上涨后他们的需求移动到了B 点。

Table 4-1 shows how we calculate price elasticity.The price increase is 20 percent,with the resulting quantity decrease being 40 percent.The price elasticity of demand is evidently Ep=40/20=2.The price elasticity is greater than 1,and this good therefore displays price-elastic demand in the region from A to B.

图表4-1 向我们展示了如何计算需求弹性。价格上涨百分之二十的结果是数量削减了百分之四十。需求弹性明显是2.需求弹性超过1,商品显示了,价格弹性需求从A到了B。

In practice,calculatingelasticities is somewhat tricky,and we emphasize three key steps where you have to be especially careful.First,note that we drop the minus signs from the numbers by treating all percentage changes as positive.That means all elasticities are positive,even though prices and quantities demanded move in opposite directions because of the law of downward-sloping demand.

在现实中,计算弹性多少有点困难,我们强调三步是你需要特别小心的。首先,当我们漏掉数量百分比中最小的标记的时候,标记会变动地很快。这意味着所有的弹性都是积极的,即使价格和需求数量因为法律限制需求而向相反方向移动时。

Second, note that the definition of elasticity use percentage changes in price and demand rather than actual changes .that means that a change in the units of measurement dose not affect the elasticity .so whether we measure price in pennies or dollars ,the price elasticity stays the same.

第二,注意,弹性的定义使用价格和需求的变化,而不是实际的百分比变化。这意味着在度量单位剂量不会影响弹性。所以不管我们测量便士的价格或美元,价格弹性保持不变。

A third point concerns the exact procedure for calculating percentage changes in price and quantity .the formula for a percentage change is △P/P .the value of △P in table 4-1 is clearly 20=110 -90.but it is not immediately clear what value we

should use for pin the denominator . is it the original value of 90 ,the final value of 110 ,or something in between ?

第三点问题的确切过程计算百分比的价格和数量的变化。百分比变化的公式是△P / P。△P值如表4 - 1显然是20 = 110。但它是不清楚什么价值我们应该用于销分母。这是90年的原始价值,110年的最终值,或介于两者之间?

For very small percentage changes ,such as from 100 to 99 ,it does not much matter whether we use 99 or 100 as the denominator .but for larger changes, the difference is significant .to avoid ambiguity, we always take the average price to be the base price for calculating price changes.in table 4-1 ,we used the average of the two prices [P=(90+110)/2=100] as the base or denominator in the elasticity formula. Similarly ,we used the average quantity [Q=(160+240)/2=200] as the base for measuring the percentage change in quantity. Exact formula for calculating elasticity is therefore Ed=△Q/[(Q1+Q2)/2]/△P×[(P1+P2)/2,where P1 and Q1 represent the original price and quantity and P2 and Q2 stand for the new price and quantity。

非常小比例的变化,如从100年到99年,它不会不管我们使用99或100作为分母。但对于较大的变化,差异是显著的。为了避免歧义,我们总是以平均价格的基础价格计算价格变化。表4 - 1中,我们使用了两个平均价格[P =(90 + 110)/ 2 = 100]基地或弹性公式的分母。同样,我们使用了平均量(Q =(160 + 240)/ 2 = 200]的基础测量数量的百分比变化。完全弹性的计算公式,因此Ed =△Q /((Q1 +)/ 2)/△P ×[(P1 + P2)/ 2),P1和Q1代表原来的价格和数量和P2和Q2代表新价格和数量。

It is possible to determine price elasticities in diagrams as well.figure 4-2 illustrates the three cases of elasticities.in each case,price is cut in half and consumers change their quantity demanded from a to b.

可以确定价格弹性图。图4 - 2说明了弹性的3例。在每种情况下,价格是减少一半和消费者改变他们的数量要求从a到b。

Infigure ,a halving of price has tripled quantity demanded.like the example in

Figure4this case shows price-elastic demand.in figure4,cutting price in half led to only a 50 percent increase in quantity demanded,so this is the case of price-inelastic demand.the borderline case of unit-elastic demand is shown in figure 4-2;in this example,the doubling of quantity demanded exactly matches the halving of price.

在图中,一半的价格需求数量增加了两倍。像Figure4这个案例中的例子显示了价格的弹性需求。价格减少一半figure4,导致需求量仅增加了50%,这是无价格弹性的需求。unit-elastic需求的疑似病例是如图4 - 2所示,在这个例子中,完全匹配要求的数量翻倍价格的一半。

Figure 4-3 displays the important polar extremes where the price elasticities are infinite and zero,or completely elastic and completely inelastic .completely inelastic demands,or ones with zero elasticity,are ones where the quantity demanded responds not at all to price changes,such demand is seen to be e vertical demand curve.Bycontrast,when demand is infinitely elastic,a tiny change in price will lead to an indefinitely large change in quantity demanded,as in the horizontal demand curve in figure 4-3.

图3 - 4显示了重要的极端极性,价格弹性是无限和零,或完全弹性和完全非弹性.completely非弹性需求,或与零的弹性,是在数量和价格的变化,要求响应不这种需求被认为是e垂直需求曲线。相比之下,当需求无限弹性时,价格的微小变化将导致一个无限期大需求量变化,如水平需求曲线如图4 - 3所示。

Warning: Elasticity is not the same as slope.

提示:弹性并不等于杠杆

We must always remember not to confuse the elasticity of a curve with its slope.

This distinction is easily seen when we examine the straight-line demand curves that are ofen found in illustrative examples.Weofendeoict demand curves as linear or straight lines because they are easy to draw.So it is only natural to ask,what is the price ellasticity of a straight-line demand curve?

警告:弹性斜率不一样。

我们必须永远记住不要混淆弹性曲线的斜率。这种区别很容易看到当我们检查直线需求曲线中经常发现说明性的例子。我们经常描述需求曲线为直线或直线,因为他们很容易画。所以只有自然要问,什么是直线的价格弹性需求曲线?

That question turns out to have a surprising answer. along a straight-line demand curve,the price elasticity varies from zero to infinity .table 4-2 gives a detailed set of elasticity calculations using the same technique as that in table 4-1.this table shows that linear demand curves start out with high price elasticity ,where price is high and quantity is low ,and end up with low elasticity ,where price is low and quantity high.

原来有一个令人惊讶的回答的问题。沿着一条直线需求曲线,价格弹性变化从零到无穷大。表4 - 2给出了一套详细的弹性计算如表4 - 1,在使用相同的技术。这个表显示,线性需求曲线开始价格弹性高,价格高,数量很低,和最终弹性较低,价格低,质量高。

This illustrates an important point .when you see a demand curve in a diagram ,it is in general not true that a steep slope for the demand curve means inelastic demand and a flat slope signifies demand .the slope is not the same as the elasticity because the demand curve's slope depends upon the changes in P and Q,whereas the elasticity depends upon the percentage changes in P and Q .The only exceptions are the polar cases of completely elastic and inelastic demands.

这说明了一个重要的点。当你看到一个需求曲线在一个图中,它一般是不正

确的,需求曲线的陡坡意味着非弹性需求和平坦的斜坡意味着需求。弹性斜率不一样因为需求曲线的斜率取决于P和Q的变化,而弹性取决于P和Q的百分比变化。唯一的例外是极地完全弹性和非弹性需求。

One way to see this point is to examine Figure-4-(b).This demand curve is clearly not a straight line with constant slope .Yet it has a constant demand elasticity of Ed=1 because the percentage in price is everywhere equal to the percentage change in quantity .SO remember : Elasticity is definitely different from slope.

看到这一点的一种方法是检查图4 -(b)。这种需求曲线与常数坡显然不是一条直线。然而,它有一个持续的需求弹性Ed = 1,因为到处都是价格的百分比等于数量比例变化。所以记住:弹性绝对不同于斜坡。

to see this,first examine fig.4-4.note that at the midpoint m the length of segment above (AM) and that of the segment below (MZ) are exactly equal,hence the elasticity is MZ/AM=1.at point B,this formula yields ED=BZ/AB=3/1=3,at R,ED=1/3

看到这,首先检查fig.4-4。注意,在上面的中点米段的长度(AM)和下面的部分(MZ)是完全平等的,因此弹性MZ / = 1。在B点,这个公式收益率ED = BZ / AB = 3/1 = 3 R,ED = 1/3

knowing how to calculate ED for a straight line enables you to calculate it for any point along a curved demand curve,as shown in fig.4-5.(1)draw the straight line tangent to the curve at your point (e.g., at B in fig. 4-5),and then (2) calculate ED for the straight line at that point (e.g.,DE at B=3).the result will be correct elasticity for the curve at point B.

知道如何计算直线ED可以计算任意点沿着弯曲的需求曲线,如fig.4-5所示。

(1)画出的直线与曲线相切的点(如。在图4 - 5),然后(2)计算直线ED(如。德,B = 3)。结果将是正确的弹性曲线在B点。

Figure 4-4 illustrates the pitfall of confusing slope and elasticity. This figure plots

a linear or straight-line demand curve. Because it is linear, it has the same slope everywhere. But the top of the line, near A, has a very small percentage price change and a very large percentage quantity change, and elasticity is extremely large. Therefore, price elasticity is relatively large when we are high on the linear DD curve. Conversely, when we are in the bottom part of the linear demand curve, the price elasticity is less than unity. Near the horizontal axis, price elasticity is close to zero.

图4 - 4说明了混乱的斜坡和弹性的陷阱。这图块线性或直线需求曲线。因为它是线性的,到处都有相同的坡。但附近的线的顶部,有一个非常小的比例的价格变化和一个非常大的数量比例的变化,和弹性非常大。因此,价格弹性相对较大,当我们很高的线性DD曲线。相反,当我们在线性需求曲线的底部,价格弹性小于团结。在水平轴附近,价格弹性是接近于零。

More generally, above the midpoint M of any straight line, demand is elastic, with E/D>1. at the midpoint, demand is unit-elastic, with E/D=1. below the midpoint, demand is inelastic, with E/D<1.

更为普遍的是,任何直线的中点M以上,需求弹性,E / D > 1。在中点,需求unit-elastic E / D = 1。在中点,需求缺乏弹性,E / D < 1。

In summary, while the extreme cases of completely elastic and completely inelastic can be determined from the slopes of the demand curves alone, for the in-between cases, which correspond to virtually all goods, elastic cannot be inferred by slope alone (see Figure 4-5 for one way to calculate elasticity from a diagram ).1

总之,在极端情况下的完全弹性和完全非弹性可以确定需求曲线的斜坡,中间的情况下,几乎所有的货物相对应,无法推断出弹性单靠斜坡(见图4 - 5为一种方法计算弹性图)1。

ELASTICITY AND REVENUE

弹性和税收

One important application of elasticity is to help clarify whether a price increase will raise or lower revenue.this is a key question for many businesses,ranging from airlines to restaurants to magazines,which must decide whether it is worthwhile to raise prices and whether the higher prices make up for lower demand.let's look at the relationship between price elasticity and total revenue.

弹性的一个重要应用是帮助澄清价格上涨是否会提高或降低收入。这是许多企业的一个关键问题,从航空公司到餐馆杂志,它们必须决定是否值得提高价格,更高的价格弥补是否降低需求。让我们看看价格弹性与总收益之间的关系。

Total revenue is by definition equal to price times quantity (or p*q).if consumers buy 5 units at $3 each,total revenue is $15.if you know the price elasticity of demand,you know what will happen to total revenue when price changes.

根据定义等于总收入单价乘以数量(或p *)。如果消费者买5台每股3美元,总收入是15美元。如果你知道需求的价格弹性,你知道会发生什么价格变化时总营收。

1.when demand is price-inelastic,a price decrease reduces total revenue.

2.when demand is price-elastic,a price decrease increases total revenue.

3.in the borderline case of unit-elastic demand.a price decrease leads to no change in total revenue.

1.当需求价格弹性时,价格下降会减少总收益。

2.当需求价格弹性时,价格下降会增加总收益。

3.unit-elastic疑似病例的需求,价格下降导致总收入没有变化

For example,business travelers have an inelastic demand for air travel,so an increase in business fare tends to raise revenue. bycontrast,leisure travelers have a much more elastic demand for air travel,because they have a far greater choice about where and when they are traveling.as a result, raising leisure fares tends to decrease revenue.

例如,商务旅行者有一个非弹性对航空旅行的需求,所以业务费用的增加会提高收入。相比之下,休闲旅行者有更多弹性对航空旅行的需求,因为他们有更大的选择,当他们在哪里旅行。因此,提高休闲票价会减少收入。

Fly the financial skies of “Elasticity Air.”

弹性在航空运运输中的应用

Understanding the demand elasticities of their passengers’ travel is worth billions of dollars each year to U.S. airlines. Ideally, airlines would like to charge the highest price they can to business travelers, while charging leisure passengers a low-enough price to fill up all their empty seats. That is haw they would raise revenues and maximize profits.

对于关国抗空公司来说,弄清乘容的铸求弹性相当于每年可带来数十亿美元的收益。在理想的情况下,航空公司希望向商务人员要求.尽可能高的票价,而向闲暇游客提供足够低的票价以填补飞机上的空座。这是航空公司为增加总收益,追求利润最大化所希望采取的措施。

But if they Charge low-elasticity business travelers one price and high-elasticity leisure passengers a lower price ,the airlines have a big problem—keeping the two

classes of passengers separate. How can they stop thelow-elasticity business travelers from buying up the cheap tickets meant for the leisure travelers and not high-elasticity leisure flyers take up seats that businesspassengers would have been willing to buy?

但是,航空公司要傅对缺乏价格弹往的商务人员和富有价格弹性的闲暇游客收取不同的票价,它们必须解决一个大难题——识别两种不同类型的乘客。它们如何阻止缺乏弹性的商务人员购买为闲暇游客准备的便宜机票?又如何避免富有弹性的闲暇乘客占用了商务人员本来愿意付费的座位?

The airlines have solved their problem by engaging in “price” discrimination" among their different customers in a way that explains different price elastic1ties. (Price discrimination is the practice of charging different prices for the same service to different customers.) Airlines offer discount fares for travelers who plan ahead and who tend to choose times when prices are low. At the Same time, airlines might require a stay over Saturday night to get the discount fate, a rule that discourages business travelers who would like to get home for the weekend. Also,discounts are often unavailable at the last minutebecause many business trips are unplanned expectations to handle an unforeseen crisis case of price inelastic demand. Airlines have devised extremely sophisticated computer programs to manage their seat availability as a way to ensuring that their low-elasticity passengers cannot benefit from discount fares. As a result their profits have continued to be healthy while they fill their planes with budget traveler.

航空公司通过对不同的乘客采用“价格歧视”的措施解决了上述难题。这也正是利用不同价格弹性获取效益的一种案例。价格歧视(price discrimination)是指同一种服务对于不同的顾客收取不同的费用的策略行为。航空公司通常会对有计划并希望选择低价位的游客提供折扣。同时,航空公司也许会要求该乘客等到周六晚上之后才能拿到打折的机票,这条规定会使得急于回家度周末的商务人员望而却步。另外,最后的时刻通常不提供折扣,因为许多商务往来事先并无计划,

而是为了处理意外的事件——这是另外一种缺乏弹性的情况。航空公司已经设计由极其复杂的计算机程序来管理机票的销售,从而确保缺乏弹性的乘客无法从折扣中获益。因此,尽管用有预算约束的旅客填补空位,航空公可仍然有利可图。

The parad ox of the bumper harvest

丰收悖论

We can use elasticities to illustrate one of the most famous paradoxes of all economics: the paradox of the bumper harvest. Imagine that in a particular year nature smiles on farming. A cold winter kills off the pests; spring comes early for planting; there are no killing frosts; rains nurture the growing shoots; and a sunny October allows a record crop to come to market .At the end of the year, family Jones happily settles down to calculate its income for the year. The Joneses are in for a major surprise: The good weather and bumper crop have lowered their and other farmers’ incomes.

我们可以用弹性来分析经济学中最著名的悖论之一:丰收悖论。设想某年大自然对农业格外恩惠,寒冷的冬季冻死了所有的害虫;适于播种的春季早早到来;没有发生恶性霜冻;好雨滋润了成长中的秧苗;阳光灿烂的十月使得收割顺利并得以运往市场。年终时,琼斯一家愉快地坐下来计算一年的收人。但他们将会大吃一惊:好年景和大丰收反而降低了他们及其他农民的收入。

How can this be? The answers lies in the elasticity of demand for foodstuffs. the demands for basic food products such as wheat and corn tend to beinelastic for these necessities consumption changes very little in response to price. But this means farmers as a whole receive lees total revenue when the harvest is

good than when it is bad. The increase in supply arising from an abundant harvest tends to lower the price. But the lower price doesn't increase quantity demanded very much. the implication is that a low price elasticity of food means that large harvest tend to be associated with low revenue(low P*Q) .

这是怎么回事?答案就在于人们对于食品的需求弹性。小麦、玉米等基本粮食作物缺乏弹性;就这些必需品而言,消费对于价格的变动反应迟钝。这意味着当收成好的时候,农民作为一个整体的总收益要低于收成不好的时候。农业丰收提高了农产品的供给,进而会降低农产品的价格。但价格的下跌并不能使需求增加很多。其背后的原理就在于食品是缺乏价格弹性的好收成(Q值大)常常伴随着低收益(P*Q值小)。

These ideas can be illustrated by referring back to figure 4-2. We begin by showing how to measure revenue in the diagram itself. ?oral revenue is the product of a rectangle is always equal to the product of its height. Therefore, total revenue at any point on a demand curve can be found by examining the area of the rectangle determined by the P and Q at that point.

这些思想可以参见图4一2。我们首先说明如何在图中衡量收益。总收益是价格与数最的乘积,P*Q。进一步,矩形的面积等于其底边与高的乘积。因此,需求曲线上任何一点的总收益都等于该点的P和Q所决定的矩形的面积。

Next we can check the relationship between elasticity and revenue for the unit-elastic case in Figure 4-2(b). Note that the shaded revenue region (P *Q) is $1000 million for both points A and B The shaded area representing total revenue are the same because of offsetting changes in the Q base and the P height This is what we should expect for the borderline case of unit-elastic demand.

其次,我们可以考察一下图4—2(b)所示的单位弹性情况下弹性与收益的关系。请注意点A和点B处总收益(P*Q)都等于10亿美元。代表总收益的阴影部分面积相等是因为底边Q的变动抵消了高P的变动。这正是我们所预料到的单

位弹性的情况。

We can also see that the Figure 4一2(a) corresponds to elastic demand. In this figure, the revenue rectangle expands from $1000 million to $1500 million when price is halved. Since total revenue goes up when price is cut, demand is elastic.

我们也能看出图4-2(a)对应的是富有弹性的情况。在这张图中,当价格减半时,收益矩形由10亿美元扩大到15亿美元。由于降低价格时,总收益会增加,因而需求是富有弹性的。

In Figure 4-2(c) the revenue rectangle falls from $40 million to $30 million when price is halved, so demand is inelastic.

图4-2(c)中,当价格减半时,收益由4000万美元降低到3000万美元,因而需求是缺乏弹性的。

Which diagram illustrates the case of agriculture, where a bumper harvest means lower total revenues for farmers? Clearly it is Figure 4-2(c). Which represents the case of vacation travel, where a lower price could mean higher revenues? Surely Figure4-2(a).

哪一幅图描绘了丰收降低农民总收益的情况?显然是图4-2(a)。在假日旅行的情况下,降低价格意味着增加总收益,哪一幅图反映了这一现象?当然是图4一2(a)。

Table 4-3 shows the major points to remember about price elasticities.

表4-3说明了记住价格弹性的要诀。

英汉笔译期末“短句翻译”复习提纲

1. Today the electronic computer is widely used in solving mathematical problems having to do with weather forecasting and putting satellites into orbit. 译文:今天, 电子计算机广泛地运用于解决一些数学问题, 这些问题与天气预报、把卫星送入轨道有关。 2. No reference books are to be taken out of the reading-room without permission 译文:本阅览室的任何参考书都不得擅自带出。 3. Youth is not a time of life; it is a state of mind. It is the freshness of the deep springs of life. 译文:青春不是人生的一个阶段,而是一种心境。青春是生命深处的一泓清泉。 4. The isolation of the rural world because of distance and the lack of transport facilities is compounded by the paucity of the information media. 译文:因为距离远,又缺乏交通工具,农村社会是与外界隔绝的。这种隔绝状态由于通信工具不足,就变得更加严重了。 5. You can fool all the people some of the time and some of the people all the time, but you cannot fool all the people all the time. 译文:骗人一夕一事易,欺众一生一世难。 6. Care should be taken at all times to protect these sophisticated instruments from dust and damp. 译文:应当始终注意保护这些精密仪器,不使其沾染灰尘,不让他们受潮。 7. The study found that non-smoking wives of men who smoke cigarettes face a much greater than normal danger of developing lung cancer.The more cigarettes smoked by the husband,the greater the threat faced by his non.smoking wife. 译文:这项研究表明,妻子不抽烟丈夫抽烟,妻子的肺癌的危险性比一般人大的多。丈夫抽的烟越多,妻子受到的威胁也就越大。 8. For the first time in the annals of space, a piloted ship had succeeded in launching an earth satellite. 译文:载人飞船成功地发射了一颗人造地球卫星,这在航天史上尚属首次。 9. The first point about chores is that they are repetitive. They come every day or thereabouts, and once done they require after a certain time to be done again. 译文:家务事的第一个特点,是反反复复。几乎天天都有,而且做完之后,过一段时间又要重做一番。 10. With determination, with luck, and with the help from lots of good people, I was able to rise from the ashes.

第三章 常用翻译技巧

第三章常用翻译技巧 了解和掌握一定的翻译技巧有助于提高我们的翻译能力,一般而言,大致有下述8种基本技巧:1) 选词用字(Diction)2) 增词法(Amplification)3) 省略法(Omission)4) 转换法(Conversion)5) 重复法(Repetition)6) 语序调整(Inversion) 7) 正说反译,反说正译(Negation)8) 长句拆译(Division) &分清主从(Subordination)。 3.1 选词用字 简而言之就是“choice of words” (选词用字),就是说,在理解原文时,由于汉、英两种语言在行文用字、表达方式上的差异,对一些词或短语的理解必须结合上下文进行推敲,找出它们的内涵意义(connotation),再在译文中选用恰当的词汇使表达准确而通顺,符合译文习惯。 例1.Neat people buy everything in expensive little single portions. 译1:爱整洁的人经常买贵的、小的单一的东西。× 译2:办事讲究的人买什么都注重少而精,愿买贵的。√ 例2.They want quality, but at a budget price. 译1:他们需要质量,但却要预算价格。× 译2:他们又要货好,又要价格合算。√ 例3.On Taiwan there was little grace and less give between the two sides. (1)“little grace”和“less give”:“几乎没有优雅”、“更少的给予”?言不达意且文脉不通。 (2) 必须推敲它们在此上下文中的具体意义:既然是政治谈判,所谓“优雅”不就是“讲礼貌、讲客气”、“give”不就是“让步、妥协”之意吗? (3) “less”一词更须注意,它是前面“little”的比较级,说明“give”比“grace”更少。译文如下: 在台湾问题上,双方几乎没有多少客气可讲,更谈不上让步了。 例4. Whichever way you choose to visit Zhengzhou , you will reach here quickly and enjoy a comfortable stay, because Zhengzhou has a wide range of accommodation to suit all budgets and tastes… 文中“stay”“tastes”二字极其通俗,而“budgets”却又十分抽象。如何在译文中用符合行业规范的词语表达值得推敲。直译“逗留”“预算”“口味”均不合适,读者无法接受。根据上下文语义,结合目前流行的说法,“下榻”、“档次”、“品味”译得恰到好处。

毕业设计外文翻译附原文

外文翻译 专业机械设计制造及其自动化学生姓名刘链柱 班级机制111 学号1110101102 指导教师葛友华

外文资料名称: Design and performance evaluation of vacuum cleaners using cyclone technology 外文资料出处:Korean J. Chem. Eng., 23(6), (用外文写) 925-930 (2006) 附件: 1.外文资料翻译译文 2.外文原文

应用旋风技术真空吸尘器的设计和性能介绍 吉尔泰金,洪城铱昌,宰瑾李, 刘链柱译 摘要:旋风型分离器技术用于真空吸尘器 - 轴向进流旋风和切向进气道流旋风有效地收集粉尘和降低压力降已被实验研究。优化设计等因素作为集尘效率,压降,并切成尺寸被粒度对应于分级收集的50%的效率进行了研究。颗粒切成大小降低入口面积,体直径,减小涡取景器直径的旋风。切向入口的双流量气旋具有良好的性能考虑的350毫米汞柱的低压降和为1.5μm的质量中位直径在1米3的流量的截止尺寸。一使用切向入口的双流量旋风吸尘器示出了势是一种有效的方法,用于收集在家庭中产生的粉尘。 摘要及关键词:吸尘器; 粉尘; 旋风分离器 引言 我们这个时代的很大一部分都花在了房子,工作场所,或其他建筑,因此,室内空间应该是既舒适情绪和卫生。但室内空气中含有超过室外空气因气密性的二次污染物,毒物,食品气味。这是通过使用产生在建筑中的新材料和设备。真空吸尘器为代表的家电去除有害物质从地板到地毯所用的商用真空吸尘器房子由纸过滤,预过滤器和排气过滤器通过洁净的空气排放到大气中。虽然真空吸尘器是方便在使用中,吸入压力下降说唱空转成比例地清洗的时间,以及纸过滤器也应定期更换,由于压力下降,气味和细菌通过纸过滤器内的残留粉尘。 图1示出了大气气溶胶的粒度分布通常是双峰形,在粗颗粒(>2.0微米)模式为主要的外部来源,如风吹尘,海盐喷雾,火山,从工厂直接排放和车辆废气排放,以及那些在细颗粒模式包括燃烧或光化学反应。表1显示模式,典型的大气航空的直径和质量浓度溶胶被许多研究者测量。精细模式在0.18?0.36 在5.7到25微米尺寸范围微米尺寸范围。质量浓度为2?205微克,可直接在大气气溶胶和 3.85至36.3μg/m3柴油气溶胶。

英语翻译基础期末复习完整

《英语翻译基础》期末复习 13年12月 题型: 一、选择题(每小题2分,共20分) Section A; 选择译文中最符合原文意思的选项(考查翻译实践能力) Section B: 关于翻译理论知识的题目 二、改译句子。(每小题2分,共10分) 三、翻译句子。(每小题3分,共15分) 四、篇章翻译(每小题40分,共40分) 五、案例分析题(每小题15分,共15分) 注意:本门课程为:“闭卷(只允许考生带一本正规英汉词典参加考试,不得携带除此之外的任何查字工具。) I、Multiple Choice Questions (20 points, 2 points each) A : Directions : This part consists of five sentences, each followed by four different versions marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that is the closest equivalent of the original in terms of meaning and expressiveness. 1. I prefer driving to being driven. B A. 我喜欢开车,不喜欢别人开车。 B. 我喜欢开车,不喜欢坐车。 C. 我开车比被开车更喜欢。 D. 我喜欢开车,也喜欢被开车。 2. She had deprived herself of the advice of all but yesmen. C A.她丧失了除了唯唯诺诺的人之外的所有人的劝告。 B.她剥夺了自己的所有人的劝告,唯唯诺诺的人除外。 C.她喜欢唯唯诺诺的人,根本听不进所有其他人的劝告。 D.她剥夺了所有人的劝告,除了唯唯诺诺的人。 3.我第一次听她在晚上唱歌,她的歌声就深深地打动了我。B A.Because it was the first time I heard her sing at a party, her song moved me deeply. B. When I first heard her sing at a party, I was deeply moved. C. I first heard her singing a party, I was deeply moved. D. Because it was the first time I heard her sing at a party, her voice moved me deeply. 4.When it came to reading, they were as good as blind. B

毕业设计英文翻译

使用高级分析法的钢框架创新设计 1.导言 在美国,钢结构设计方法包括允许应力设计法(ASD),塑性设计法(PD)和荷载阻力系数设计法(LRFD)。在允许应力设计中,应力计算基于一阶弹性分析,而几何非线性影响则隐含在细部设计方程中。在塑性设计中,结构分析中使用的是一阶塑性铰分析。塑性设计使整个结构体系的弹性力重新分配。尽管几何非线性和逐步高产效应并不在塑性设计之中,但它们近似细部设计方程。在荷载和阻力系数设计中,含放大系数的一阶弹性分析或单纯的二阶弹性分析被用于几何非线性分析,而梁柱的极限强度隐藏在互动设计方程。所有三个设计方法需要独立进行检查,包括系数K计算。在下面,对荷载抗力系数设计法的特点进行了简要介绍。 结构系统内的内力及稳定性和它的构件是相关的,但目前美国钢结构协会(AISC)的荷载抗力系数规范把这种分开来处理的。在目前的实际应用中,结构体系和它构件的相互影响反映在有效长度这一因素上。这一点在社会科学研究技术备忘录第五录摘录中有描述。 尽管结构最大内力和构件最大内力是相互依存的(但不一定共存),应当承认,严格考虑这种相互依存关系,很多结构是不实际的。与此同时,众所周知当遇到复杂框架设计中试图在柱设计时自动弥补整个结构的不稳定(例如通过调整柱的有效长度)是很困难的。因此,社会科学研究委员会建议在实际设计中,这两方面应单独考虑单独构件的稳定性和结构的基础及结构整体稳定性。图28.1就是这种方法的间接分析和设计方法。

在目前的美国钢结构协会荷载抗力系数规范中,分析结构体系的方法是一阶弹性分析或二阶弹性分析。在使用一阶弹性分析时,考虑到二阶效果,一阶力矩都是由B1,B2系数放大。在规范中,所有细部都是从结构体系中独立出来,他们通过细部内力曲线和规范给出的那些隐含二阶效应,非弹性,残余应力和挠度的相互作用设计的。理论解答和实验性数据的拟合曲线得到了柱曲线和梁曲线,同时Kanchanalai发现的所谓“精确”塑性区解决方案的拟合曲线确定了梁柱相互作用方程。 为了证明单个细部内力对整个结构体系的影响,使用了有效长度系数,如图28.2所示。有效长度方法为框架结构提供了一个良好的设计。然而,有效长度方法的

英语翻译期末试卷

黄山学院初等教育学院2008-2009学年度第二学期06级英语班《英语翻译》期末考试卷 班级序号姓名成绩 一、选择题。(请将答案写在序号前面)20% 1. Success in many fields depends on getting the latest information. A. 许多领域的成功都取决于能否得到最新消息。 B. 田里的收成在很多方面依靠获得最新的消息。 C. 从很多方面讲,成功主要依靠在最后的时刻还能得到信息。 D. 在众多领域里,成功是获得最晚信息的保障。 2. At least three persons died in the fire and 23 others were injured. A. 至少3人因这次火灾和另外23次火灾造成死亡。 B. 起码有3个人在大火中丧命,23个以外的人受伤。 C. 火灾造成至少3人死亡,23人受伤。 D. 至少有3人死于火海,23人被火海包围。 3. Not only has he a first-class brain, but he is also a tremendously hard worker. A. 在一班,他不仅是头领,而且,也是一个非常严肃的工作者。 B. 他有一流的头脑,是个非常难对付的家伙。 C. 他不仅头脑好用,而且,还喜欢做极端困难的工作。 D. 他不仅头脑非常聪明,而且,工作上也非常勤奋。 4. It is reported that some areas of Australia have had no rain for more than four years. A. 有报道说,澳大利亚地区已经4年多没下雨了。 B. 据报道,澳大利亚的部分地区有4年多没下雨了。 C. 澳大利亚的个别地方被报道说没下雨的时间已经超过了4年。 D. 报纸报道,某些澳大利亚地区已经有4年多没下雨的时间。 5. The village was named after the high mountain standing in front of it. A. 这个村庄是以矗立在它面前的那座高山命名的。 B. 这个村庄的名字是来自于它面前的那座高山。 C. 这个村庄的名字是在前面的那座高山之后起的。 D. 这个村庄的名字是以站立在它面前的那座高山起的。 6. It was officially announced that the birth rate dropped greatly in the past three years. A. 据官方宣布,出生率在过去的三年中有了大幅下降。 B. 正式宣布,过去三年的出生率大幅下降。 C. 正式宣布,出生率大幅下降在过去三年。 D. 据正式声明,过去三年的出生率大幅下降。 7. The introduction of the new technique reduced the cost of the product three times. A. 对新技术的介绍,使产品的成本减少到三分之一。 B. 新技术的引进使产品的成本减少了三倍。 C. 对新技术的介绍使产品的成本减少到原来的三分之二。 D. 新技术的引进使产品成本减少了三分之二。 8. If you are buying a car, you may pay for it out of savings. A. 假使你正在买一辆汽车,你也许会透支购买。 B. 如果你要买一辆汽车,你可以用自己的储蓄存款支付。 C. 假定你打算买一辆汽车,你得花掉你得全部存款。 D. 加入你买一辆汽车,你需要用你的积蓄交此款。 9. Full-service banks can offer services unavailable at smaller financial institutions. A. 全面服务的银行能提供在小财政机构所不能获得的服务。 B. 提供全方位服务的银行能提供较小的金融机构所不能提供的服务。 C. 充满了服务的银行可能提供给较小的财政机构某些无法获得的服务 D. 全面服务的银行可能提供服务,这种服务是较小的金融机构所不能提供的。 10. The following qualifications are required from the candidates for the above position. A. 我们要求应聘高职位的求职者需具备以下资历。 B. 应聘以上职位,需具备下列资格。 C. 候选人为了高职位要求自己具备以下资历。 D. 以下资历是对应聘此职位的候选人的要求。 二、用正反表达法翻译下列句子。20% 1. The teacher found some of the pupils absent. 2. I wonder if he is coming. 3. Your request is beyond my power. 4. You will fail unless you work harder. 5. That lazy boy went to class before he had prepared his lesson. 6. Be sure to lock the door when you leave. 7. Students, with no exception, are to hand in their papers this afternoon. 8. The doubt still unsolved after his repeated explanation. 9. Such flight couldn’t long escape notice. 10. All the articles are untouchable in the museum. 三、用重复法翻译下列句子。20% 1. We should learn how to analyze and solve problems. 2. It's our duty to rebuild and defend our home-land. 3. People forget your face first, then your name. 4. Each had his own business to handle. 5. Big families had their own difficulties.

电气工程与自动化专业英语翻译(第三章)

晶体管和电子管 在大多数电器和电子设备,晶体管几乎完全取代电子管。晶体管作为电子管执行相同的功能。但是,它们也有几个重要的优点。大公较小,从而使更紧凑的产品成为可能。晶体管也比电子管更坚固耐用。它通常会提供更好的性能,在一段较长的时间。最重要的是,晶体管通常需要少得多的电流和电压下正常工作。这样可以节省能源。例如,12V汽车收音机使用管吸引约2.5A。一个类似的晶体管汽车收音机提请只有一小部分的安培。低功耗晶体管电路的需求尽可能小,重量轻,随身便携产品的工作很长一段时间,小,低小的电池。 各种各样的晶体管 最常见的两种类型的晶体管是NPN型晶体管和PNP晶体管。它们通常被称为双极型晶体管,因为他们的操作取决于被布置为二极管连接在一个“背背”的方式这两种材料的移动。这样的安排形成三个区域的发射极,基极和集电极。这些地区被确定由符号E,B,和C。的一晶体管的区域接合引线或标签,它连接在晶体管电路。 晶体管封装在金属外壳经常有第四铅被称为盾铅的。将此导线安装在壳体内部,并连接到电路中的一个公共点。金属外壳的屏蔽层附近晶体管表格的静电和磁场。 符号解释: 有一个方便的方式来记住的符号是否代表了一个结晶体管NPN 或PNP型。注意代表发射器的箭头指向什么方向。如果箭头指向相差形成的基,它可以被认为是“不指向N”,因此,该符号代表一个NPN晶体管。如果箭头指向底座,它可以被认为是的“指向N”。因此,这个符号代表的P-N-P晶体管。 鉴定: 大多数晶体管标识由一些字母代码,例如2N,然后通过一系列的数字,例如,2N104,2N337,2N556。其它晶体管都确定了一系列的数字或数字和字母,例如40050,40404,和4D20的组合。 晶体上手册: 设备是否是NPN或PNP型的晶体管的识别码不表示。晶体管手册或规格表中发现这样的技术数据。这些手册也给各种不同的电路中使用的晶体管的信息。晶体管外形图提供了详细的信息,它们的大小,形状和连接。晶体管的连接通常是确定了在晶体管的基极的底视图。

翻译基础期末试卷A

课程代码:0730090 第 1 页 共 4 页 出卷老师:万小磊 广东******学院 201*-201*学年第二学期期末考核试卷 适用年级、专业或班级:商英****班 考试科目:英汉翻译基础(汉译英) (闭卷)(C 卷) 总分:100分 考试时间:90分钟 一.Fill in the blanks (1 point for each blank ,6 points in total ) 1. 要胜任汉英翻译工作译者必须具备至少三种素养: 深厚的____________,广博的____________和高度的___________。 2. 以下各位分别提出了什么翻译标准? 刘重德___________, 傅雷________, 钱钟书___________。 二. Choose one proper word to fill in the blanks. Use its plural when necessary. (2 points for each blank, 14 points in total ) 1. 心有余而力不足 One’s ability falls short of one’s _________________. 2. 您的建议我会永远铭记在心。I will always bear your advice in_____________. 3. 如果你忘了她的生日她会很伤心的。You’ll hurt her____________if you forget her birthday. 4. 居心叵测 to nurser evil__________________. 5. 得人心者得天下 Those who gain___________________among the people will gain the 系别 班级 学号 姓名 - --------------- ---------- ------- ------- -------- -- - --- - -- -- -- -- -- -- - - -- -- -- -- ----- - --- - -- -- -装 订 线 - ------- ---- - -- -- -- -- - - -- -- -- -- -- -- - - -- -- -- - - -- ----- ---- - -- -- -- - - -- -- -- -- ----------------

翻译第三章3

第三周,英汉语言对比与翻译 一,翻译中英汉语言对比的重要意义 Jean Delisle, representative of French Interpretative Theory of Translation, says in his Translation: An Interpretive Approach, “In other words, each community has developed habits of expression that, over time, have been integrated into the language and lent it certain characteristics.”1 He also quotes from Edmond Cary: “Two languages can both be inflected and belong to the same family yet nevertheless differ considerably in the way they express ideas and convey meanings.” 1. Delisle, J. Translation: An Interpretive Approach[M]. Eng. trans, by Logan. P & Creery. M., Ottawa: University of Ottawa Press, 1980: 74傅雷在《〈高老头〉重译本序》中说:“译本与原作,文字既不侔,规则又大异。各种文字各有特色,各有无可模仿的优点,各有无法补救的缺陷,同时又各有不能侵犯的戒律。像英、法,英、德那样接近的语言,尚且有许多难以互译的地方;中西文字的格远过于此,要求传神达意,铢两悉称,自非死抓字典,按照原文句法拼凑堆砌所能济事。”11. 怒安. 傅雷谈翻译[M]. 沈阳:辽宁教育出版社2005:1 他也谈到了改变句法结构和保留句法结构之间的辩证关系:“我不是说原文的句法绝对可以不管,在最大限度内我们是要保持原文句法的,但无论如何,要叫人觉得尽管句法新奇而仍不失为中文。这一点当然是不容易做到的,……”1 1. 怒安. 傅雷谈翻译[M]. 沈阳:辽宁教育出版社2005:30 就保留原文句法与译文体现原作精神的问题,傅雷也有精辟的论述:“假如破坏本国文字的结构与特性,就能传达异国文字的特性而获得原作的精神,那么翻译真是太容易了。不幸那种理论非但是刻船求剑,而且结果是削足就履,两败俱伤。”1 1. 怒安. 傅雷谈翻译[M]. 沈阳:辽宁教育出版社2005:2 刘宓庆:“西方各语种在SLT与TLT之间的实现形式转换的可行性比汉外翻译大得多。……即既实现意义对应,又实现形式对应。这在汉语与西方语言之间的转换中是根本办不到的。基本上,汉外互译必须放弃拘守形式的努力而倾全力于意义。”1 思果说:“千万不能跟英文走。” 2 1.刘宓庆.翻译与语言哲学[M].北京:中国对外翻译出版公司,2001: 78.) 2.思果. 翻译研究[M]. 北京:中国对外翻译出版公司, 2001:23) 二,汉语的线性序列与英语的空间结构 1,关于英汉语言的比喻 英语句子的结构: “葡萄藤型”结构(grapevine structure),意为在短短的主干上派生出长长的枝蔓和丰硕的果实; 英语句子的结构: 汉语句子因为很少叠床架屋,节外生枝,而是一个短句接一个短句地往下延伸,因此被称为“竹竿型”结构(bamboo structure)。 1 1. 王寅. 英汉语言宏观结构区别特征. 载方梦之、马秉义编选《汉译英实践与技巧》[M]. 北京:旅游教育出版社,1996: 42 “波浪形”结构:汉语的句子关系往往是并列、并行的,因此是以时序或逻辑顺序排列的。子句与子句之间的关系须透过上下文才能决定,所以句子是意合的;而且连词的使用也不像英语中普遍,结构也较为简练明快。汉语的句式称之为“流水句”,整个句子像由一个一个独立的子句,按时间顺序或逻辑顺序层层推进。因此,有人把汉语句子结构比作“波浪形”结构,每个子句犹如波浪,前浪推后浪,宛如“万顷碧波,层层推进”。 “枝杈形结构”:英语采用主从关系的形合法(use of hypotaxis)。英语可以通过连词(如状语从句)、关系词(如定语从句)和分词、动名词及不定式等构成句子,因此构成方式是形合的;英语利用关系代词引出包孕句(embedded clause),语法结构采用层次结构,关系紧凑严密。也就是说,英语的句子结构是在一个主句中,可在不同的地方插入各种从属结构,层层展开。

毕业设计外文翻译格式实例.

理工学院毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译 专业:热能与动力工程 姓名:赵海潮 学号:09L0504133 外文出处:Applied Acoustics, 2010(71):701~707 附件: 1.外文资料翻译译文;2.外文原文。

附件1:外文资料翻译译文 基于一维CFD模型下汽车排气消声器的实验研究与预测Takeshi Yasuda, Chaoqun Wua, Noritoshi Nakagawa, Kazuteru Nagamura 摘要目前,利用实验和数值分析法对商用汽车消声器在宽开口喉部加速状态下的排气噪声进行了研究。在加热工况下发动机转速从1000转/分钟加速到6000转/分钟需要30秒。假定其排气消声器的瞬时声学特性符合一维计算流体力学模型。为了验证模拟仿真的结果,我们在符合日本工业标准(JIS D 1616)的消声室内测量了排气消声器的瞬态声学特性,结果发现在二阶发动机转速频率下仿真结果和实验结果非常吻合。但在发动机高阶转速下(从5000到6000转每分钟的四阶转速,从4200到6000转每分钟的六阶转速这样的高转速范围内),计算结果和实验结果出现了较大差异。根据结果分析,差异的产生是由于在模拟仿真中忽略了流动噪声的影响。为了满足市场需求,研究者在一维计算流体力学模型的基础上提出了一个具有可靠准确度的简化模型,相对标准化模型而言该模型能节省超过90%的执行时间。 关键字消声器排气噪声优化设计瞬态声学性能 1 引言 汽车排气消声器广泛用于减小汽车发动机及汽车其他主要部位产生的噪声。一般而言,消声器的设计应该满足以下两个条件:(1)能够衰减高频噪声,这是消声器的最基本要求。排气消声器应该有特定的消声频率范围,尤其是低频率范围,因为我们都知道大部分的噪声被限制在发动机的转动频率和它的前几阶范围内。(2)最小背压,背压代表施加在发动机排气消声器上额外的静压力。最小背压应该保持在最低限度内,因为大的背压会降低容积效率和提高耗油量。对消声器而言,这两个重要的设计要求往往是互相冲突的。对于给定的消声器,利用实验的方法,根据距离尾管500毫米且与尾管轴向成45°处声压等级相近的排气噪声来评估其噪声衰减性能,利用压力传感器可以很容易地检测背压。 近几十年来,在预测排气噪声方面广泛应用的方法有:传递矩阵法、有限元法、边界元法和计算流体力学法。其中最常用的方法是传递矩阵法(也叫四端网络法)。该方

最新翻译理论与实践(笔译)期末复习及答案

浙江广播电视大学 英语专业(开放本科) 《翻译理论与实践》期末复习 题型: 一、选择题(每小题2分,共20分) 二、翻译句子。(每小题3分,共30分) 三、篇章翻译(每小题40分,共40分) 四、案例分析题(每小题10分,共10分) 一、选择题(每小题2分,共20分) 1.美国语言学家罗曼.雅各布森把翻译分成__________。 A. 语内翻译 B. 语际翻译 C. 符际翻译 D. 以上选项都正确 2. 下面哪个选项是错误的?_________。 A. dry goods:纺织品B.white goods:白色的货物 C.white wine:白葡萄酒D.toilet water:花露水 3. “This is a special offer and is not subject to our usual discounts” 请问下面哪个译文最合适?________。 A. 这是特殊报盘,不以我方通常折扣为条件。 B. 这是特惠报盘,我方通常折扣不适应于此盘。 C. 此系特惠报盘,不另加我方通常折扣。 D. 这是特殊报盘,不局限于我们通常折扣。 4.下面哪句话的描述是错误的?________。 A.美国著名翻译理论家奈达提出了“动态对等”原则。 B.“动态对等”原则是指,运用交际理论和信息论的原理,将焦点从传统的译文与原文两个文本的比较转移到两个过程的比较,使人们注意到影响信息接收的各种语言和文化因素。C.奈达曾将“动态对等”的提法改成了“功能对等”原则。 D.翻译求的是“形式对等”,而非”动态对等”。

5._________提出了“美化之艺术,创优似竞赛”的翻译理念。 A.尤金.奈达B.泰特勒 C.许渊冲D.鲁迅 6. 下面哪个配对是错误的?_____。 A.赤脚医生:barefoot doctor B.纸老虎:paper tiger C.to show one’s cards:摊牌D.大海捞针:look for a needle in sea D B C D C D 7.哪句话的描述是正确的?______。 A. 严复提出的翻译是:重神似不重形似 B. 傅雷的翻译标准是:信、达、雅 C. 许渊冲的翻译标准是:美化之艺术,创优似竞赛 D. 泰特勒的翻译标准是:通顺 8. 下面哪个选项是错误的?_________。 A. dry State:实行禁酒的州B.white goods:白色的货物 C.dry white wine:涩白酒D.toilet water:花露水 9. 泰特勒(Tytler)提出的著名翻译原则是:_______。 A. 译文应完整地再现原文的思想内容。 B. 译文的风格、笔调应与原文的性质相同。 C. 译文应像原文一样流畅自然。 D. 以上选项都正确。 10.下面哪个选项是正确的?________。 A.bring down the house 翻译为:“推倒房子” B.pull up one's socks 翻译为:鼓起勇气 C.think a great deal of oneself 翻译为:“为自己想得很多” D.an apple of love 翻译为:“爱情之果” 11.A book, tight shut, is but a block of paper.下面哪个译文是最合适的?_____。A.一本书,紧紧合上,只是一叠纸。 B.一本书,如果紧紧合上不读,只是一叠纸。 C.一本书,如果紧紧合上不读,只是一叠废纸。 D.闲置之书只是一叠废纸。

《新英汉翻译教程》第三章课后答案.doc

is reminded by the matter in hand of a hundred things, he will, unless he has great self-control, load his pages with metaphor and simile? 我认为,如果一个人思路不清,他写文章也困惑,如果他喜怒无常的文章就会荒诞不经;如果他思想敏捷,和能,由眼前的事情,他将一百件事情,除非他有很大的自我控制、负荷在文章中隐喻和明喻。 I sincerely hope that your congratulations will be matched by your collective endeavour to seek a just and practical solution to the problem which has bedeviled the United Nations for so many years? 我真诚地希望你的祝贺将相媲美的集体努力追求公正和实际解决问题的困扰,联合国己经多年了。 Culture to him, as to the Orientals3 with whom he lived so much and sympathized so deeply, was an affair of the spirit and of mind not to be measured by material progress, or, even by the arts. 文化,在东方人,和他一起住这么多,深深同情的事情,是灵,可以不可以通过衡量物质进步、或,即使是艺术。 With Asia s economic meltdown rattling the Beijing leadership, Zhu and his colleagues now have a powerful argument that China must get its own house in order to prevent meddling by the International Monetary Fund or other outsiders?(China: Zhu is Taking a Broom to the Bureaucrats 与亚洲经济危机年代震动了北京的领导下,朱和他的同事们现在有一个强有力的论点,中国必须得到它的自己的房子为了防止干涉国际货币基金组织或其他外人。(中国:朱正在一个扫帚官僚扌宜权 that woman walks the streets? 那个妇女常在那些街上走 Bill is taking his bird to the pictures tonight. 比尔今晚带着他的女朋友去看电影。 He is not so ill but that he can come to school ?

毕业设计英文翻译资料(中文)

故障概率模型的数控车床 摘要:领域的失效分析被计算机数字化控制(CNC)车床描述。现场收集了为期两年的约80台数控车床的故障数据。编码系统代码失效数据是制定和失效分析数据库成立的数控车床。失败的位置和子系统,失效模式及原因进行了分析,以显示薄弱子系统的数控车床。另外,故障的概率模型,分析了数控车床的模糊多准则综合评价。 作者关键词:数控车床;场失败;概率模型;模糊信息 文章概述 1.介绍 2. CNC车床的概述 3.收集和整理数据 3.1. 收集数据 3.2. 领域失效数据的有效性 3.3. 数据核对和数据库 4. 失效分析 4.1. 对失败位置和子系统的频率分析 4.2. 对失败形式的频率分析 5.失败机率模型 5.1. 方法学 5.2. 分布倍之间连续的失败 5.3. 修理时间的发行 6.结论 1.介绍 在过去十年中,计算机数字化控制(CNC)车床已经越来越多地被引入到机械加工过程中。由于其固有的灵活性很大,稳定的加工精度和高生产率,数控车床是能给用户巨大的利益。然而,作为一个单一的数控车床故障也许会导致整个生产车间被停止,而且维修更加困难和昂贵,当故障发生时[1],数控车床能够给用户带来很多的麻烦。 与此同时,制造商还需要持续改进数控车床的可靠性来提高市场的竞争力。因此,数控车床的可靠性能使生产商和用户增加显著性和至关重要的意义。 需要改进数控车床的可靠性,使用户和制造商收集和分析领域的故障数据和采取措施减少停机时间。本文论述了研究失效模式及原因,失效的位置和薄弱的子系统,故障概率模型的数控车床。

图1 系统框图的数控车床 机械系统包括主轴及其传动链(固定在主轴箱),两根滑动轴(命名X、Z或者U,W在轮),车床拖板箱,转动架或刀架,尾座,床身等。主轴持续或加强连续变速,驱动交流或直流主轴电机直接或通过主传动,并有一个光电编码器的主轴车削螺纹。X和Z 两根轴的驱动交流或直流伺服车削螺纹和控制同时进行。该转动架或刀架可自动交换工

英汉翻译期末考试题 样卷

样卷 广东外语外贸大学国际商务英语学院 《英汉笔译》2011-2012学年上学期期末考试试卷(A) 考核方式:开卷 考核对象:国际商务英语学院法律英语系2009级考试时间:120分钟姓名______________ 班级________ 学号____________________ 分数___________ PART I. LEGAL TERMS (20%, one point for each) 1.outstanding liabilities 2.without prejudice to PART II. Translation Improvement (30%) Directions: There may be one or more errors or inappropriate treatment in each of the following TRANSLATED VERSIONS. Please underline it (or them) and then correct it (or them) in the corresponding space provided on the ANSWER SHEET. If you believe the whole translation is wrong or inappropriate, you are advised to underline the whole translation. Marks will be given if you have identified and properly marked the error(s). (2 points for each save as specified otherwise) 21.His retort was delivered with a strong note of vinegar. 原译:他的反驳是带着强烈的醋意发出的。 改译: 22.The new father wore a proud smile. 原译:那位新父亲面带得意笑容。 改译: PART III. SENTENCES (30%) Directions: Translate the following sentences. Employ the translation skill suggested in the brackets where appropriate. (3 points for each save as specified otherwise) https://www.doczj.com/doc/b311322420.html,mission depends on the quantity of goods ordered. (Amplification) 32.We learn that you have been dealers of Chinese products for many years. (Conversion) PART IV. PASSAGE (20%) Translate the underlined part of the following passage. 1

相关主题
文本预览
相关文档 最新文档